Concentric Spheres With Radiation

Chapter 44: Concentric Spheres with Radiation
Concentric Spheres
44 with Radiation

Summary 799

Introduction 800

Modeling Details 800

Material Modeling 807

Solution Procedure 807

Results 808

Modeling Tips 809

Pre- and Postprocess with SimXpert 810
 Input File(s) 853

Video 854
CHAPTER 44 799
Concentric Spheres with Radiation
Summary
Title Chapter 44: Concentric Spheres with Radiation
Features Hemi-cube versus Gaussian Integration Methods
Geometry T∞ = 0 t = 0.05
i 2
ε = 0.7
2
R = 1.5 o
T=? ε = 1.0
2
o
ε = 0.9
1
t = 0.01
R=1 1
T = 1000
Units: inch, watt, K
Material properties k 1 = 4.0W   in – K  k 2 = 6.0W   in – K 

2 4
 = 3.66x10 – 11 W   in – K 
Analysis characteristics • Nonlinear steady state thermal analysis

Boundary conditions Inside sphere temperature fixed at 1000 K. The heat sink is ambient temperature at zero
K where the radiation to space boundary condition is applied on the outer sphere.
Stefan-Boltzmann constant is  (above).
Element type 4-node QUAD4
FE results Outer sphere temperature using different radiation schemes and compared to an
analytic solution
Temperature K (Grid 367)

Analytic 710.30
710.5
Gaussian integration 709.85
Hemi-cube 708.91
710.0
709.5
709.0
708.5
708.0
Analytic Gaussian integration Hemi-cube
800 MD Demonstration Problems
CHAPTER 44
Introduction
This problem demonstrates the ability of the Nastran SOL 400 thermal nonlinear solution sequence to perform thermal
radiation view factor calculations using the Hemi-cube and Gaussian integration methods. The Gaussian adaptive
integration view factor calculation method has been with Nastran for many years. The view factor computed by the
Gaussian method is extremely accurate. However, as the problems get big, computation time is roughly proportional
to the number of surfaces squared. The introduction of Hemi-cube method in MD Nastran permits the solution of very
large scale view factor problems where previously the use of the Gaussian method was overly time intensive. As
compared to the adaptive Gaussian method, we have seen an improvement in CPU speed of 33 times in some
problems. The CPU time increases linearly with the number of radiation surfaces because in Hemi-cube, the
computation time is linearly proportional to the number of surfaces. In this problem, we have an analytical solution in
which we compare both Hemi-cube and the Adaptive Gaussian integration methods to see which method offers the
most accuracy.
Modeling Details
Figure 44-1 Concentric Spheres (top sector of outer sphere removed)
As shown in (Figure 44-1), the inner sphere with radius equal to 1 inch is subjected to a constant temperature of
1000°K (red). There is radiation exchange between the inner and the outer sphere (orange). The outer sphere radiates
to space at an ambient temperature of zero K with view factors equal to 1.0.
Reference Solution
For these two diffuse isothermal concentric spheres, the view factors need to be determined. Since all of the energy
leaving the inner sphere (1) will arrive at the outer sphere (2), F 1 – 2 = 1.0 . The reciprocity relation for view factors
CHAPTER 44 801
gives A 1 F 1 – 2 = A 2 F 2 – 1 , or F 2 – 1 =  R 1  R 2  2 . Since the inner sphere cannot see itself, F 1 – 1 = 0 . Finally since energy
must be conserved, the sum of all view factors of a closed cavity must be unity, which yields, F 2 – 2 = 1 –  R 1  R 2  2 .
Notice how the number of view factors grow as the square of the number of surfaces, i.e. two surfaces yield 4 view
factors. Given the geometry of the spheres as R 1 = 1 and R 2 = 1.5 , the four view factors become:
F1 – 1 = 0 F1 – 2 = 1
4 5 . Below is an equation for calculation of outer sphere temperature where the outer sphere is
F 2 – 1 = --- F 2 – 2 = ---
9 9
radiating to space at absolute zero and a view factor of 1. (Holman, Jack P. Holman Heat Transfer. McGraw-Hill,
2001).
 1 = 0.9 2 = 1 2 = 0.7
ou t inner
T 1 = 1000
2 2
A1 = 4    R1 A2 = 4    R2
A 1 = 12.566 A 2 = 28.274
1 A1  1 
C = ----- + ------  ---------------- – 1 C = 1.302
1 A2  2 
inner
4
A1  T1
D 2 = --------------------------------------------
-
A1 + C  2  A2
out
D 2 = 2.545  10 11 T2 = D2
0.25 T 2 = 710.299
This solution assumes perfect conduction (no resistance to heat flow) in the outer sphere.
While, in general, the view factors cannot be obtained from analytical solutions, in this simple problem, the view
factors can be found analytically and we can use these view factors in a simple three grid model to check our analytic
solution above. One grid represents the inner sphere, another represents the outer sphere, and the last grid represents
the ambient temperature of the outer sphere.
Nastran test file: user1_point.dat
$Model concentric sphere with two nodes
$ Length in Inches
$! NASTRAN Control Section
NASTRAN SYSTEM(316)=19
$! File Management Section
$! Executive Control Section
SOL 400
CEND
ECHO = NONE
$! Case Control Section
TEMPERATURE(INITIAL) = 21
TITLE=MSC.Nastran job created on 05-Dec-03 at 13:33:05
CHAPTER 44
SUBCASE 1
$! Subcase name : subcase_1
$LBCSET SUBCASE1 lbcset_1
SUBTITLE=Default
SPCFORCES(SORT1,PRINT,REAL)=ALL
OLOAD(SORT1,PRINT,REAL)=ALL
THERMAL(SORT1,PRINT)=ALL
FLUX(PRINT)=ALL
ANALYSIS = HSTAT
SPC = 23
NLSTEP = 1
BEGIN BULK
$! Bulk Data Pre Section
PARAM SNORM 20.
PARAM K6ROT 100.
PARAM WTMASS 1.
PARAM* SIGMA 3.6580E-11
PARAM POST 1
PARAM TABS 0.0
$! Bulk Data Model Section
RADM 11 0.0 0.9 RadMat_1
RADM 12 0.0 0.7 RadMat_1
RADM 13 0.0 1. RadMat_1
PHBDY 1 12.566 PHBDY_1_
PHBDY 2 28.274 PHBDY_2_
GRID 101 0.0 0.0 0.0
GRID 102 1. 0.0 0.0
$!
SPOINT 777
CHBDYP 1 1 point 10 101 +
+ 11 1. 0.0 0.0
CHBDYP 2 2 point 10 102 +
+ 12 -1. 0.0 0.0
CHBDYP 3 2 point 102 +
+ 13 -1. 0.0 0.0
SPC 23 101 1 1000.
SPC 23 777 1 0.0
RADBC 777 1. 3
RADCAV 1 +
+
VIEW 10 1
VIEW3D 10
RADSET 1
RADMTX 10 1 0.012.56637
RADMTX 10 215.70922
RADLST 1 1 1 2
TEMPD 21 900.
TEMP 21 777 0.0
TEMP 21 101 1000.
NLSTEP 1 1. +
+ GENERAL 25 +
+ FIXED 1 1 +
+ HEAT PW 0.001 1.E-7AUTO 5
CHAPTER 44 803
ENDDATA b1272084
Notice that the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (sigma) is 3.66e-11 W/in2/K4 and, the radiation matrix is define above by
A1 F1 – 1 = 0 A 1 F 1 – 2 =  12.566   1
the RADLST and RADMTX, RADMTX = = 0 12.56637
4 5
A2 F2 – 1 =  28.274   --- A 2 F 2 – 2 =  12.566   --- sym 15.70796
9 9
The radiation matrix must be symmetric to conserve energy (reciprocity relation A 1 F 1 – 2 = A 2 F 2 – 1 ), and the
symmetric terms are not entered. Running this three node problem yields the output below with the temperature of the
outer sphere of 710.31, agreeing to within 4-digits of our analytic solution of 710.3.
T E M P E R A T U R E V E C T O R
POINT ID. TYPE ID VALUE ID+1 VALUE ID+2 VALUE ID+3 VALUE ID+4 VALUE ID+5 VALUE
101 S 1.000000E+03 7.103098E+02
777 S 0.0
Solution Highlights
The following are highlights of the Nastran input file necessary to model this problem using 700 elements to represent
the inner and outer spheres with 1268 radiating surfaces:
$! NASTRAN Control Section
NASTRAN SYSTEM(316)=19
$! File Management Section
$! Executive Control Section
SOL 400
CEND
ECHO = SORT
$! Case Control Section
TEMPERATURE(INITIAL) = 33
SUBCASE 1
$! Subcase name : NewLoadcase
$LBCSET SUBCASE1 DefaultLbcSet
THERMAL(SORT1,PRINT)=ALL
FLUX(PRINT)=ALL
ANALYSIS = HSTAT
SPC = 35
NLSTEP = 1
BEGIN BULK
$! Bulk Data Pre Section
PARAM WTMASS 1.
PARAM GRDPNT 0
NLMOPTS HEMICUBE1
PARAM* SIGMA 3.6580E-11
PARAM POST 1
$! Bulk Data Model Section
PARAM OGEOM NO
PARAM MAXRATIO 1e+8
CHAPTER 44
The use of a steady-state thermal analysis is indicated by ANALY=HSTAT. The NLMOPTS parameters indicate that we
are using the Hemi-cube method as the view factor calculation method. If one desires to run the Gaussian integration
method, then you do not need the NLMOPTS bulk data entry.
The inner sphere is composed of CHBDYG elements (see command details below) numbered from 6987 through
7214, and the outer sphere is from 7215 to 7734. The set1 ID option is used on the RADCAV bulk data entry to sum
up all the view factors between the inner and outer spheres for comparisons against theory.
Loading and Boundary Conditions
Radiation- View Factor Calculation (CHBDYG Element)

The CHBDYG element is used in Nastran thermal analysis for any surface heat transfer phenomenon such as radiation
or convection or imposing heat flux on these elements.
CHBDYG 6987 AREA4 2 3
3390 3389 3397 3398
CHBDYG 6988 AREA4 2 3
3404 3403 3389 3390
RADM 3 0.9 0.9 Radm_3

RADM 4 0.7 0.7 Radm_4
RADM 5 1. 1. Radm_5
RADSET 4
RADCAV 4 YES 4 0.1
VIEW3D 4 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
$!
VIEW 2 4 KSHD 1 1
CHAPTER 44 805
In this case, we have CHBDYG element 6987 with TYPE='AREA4' bounded by grid 3390, 3389, 3397, 3398. The
normal vector is defined by the grid connectivity and is directed from the inner sphere to the outer sphere (Figure 44-2
and Figure 44-3). The internal sphere has KSHD defined on the 4th field of the VIEW data entry, which means that this
group of elements can shade the view of other elements. The external sphere has KBSHD defined which means that
these elements can also be shaded by other elements. The reason that we have specified the shading flag is to speed
up the sorting for these potential blockers in the view factor calculations. In general when the surface is very complex,
the use of the flag called BOTH is recommended. The RADSET option tells us there is only 1 cavity in the model, and
the 2nd field on the VIEW points to the IVIEWF or IVIEWB on the CHBDYG field 5th or 6th, respectively. For a plate
element, there is top and the bottom surface for view factor calculations. For a solid element, only the front side
IVIEWF should be used. The inner sphere here is represented by number as 1 on the field 5 (IVIEWF) on the CHBDYG.
The 7th and 8th represent the ID for the RADM option where 7th field is the top surface RADM ID and the 8th field is
the bottom surface RADM ID. The RADM specified the emissivity used for the sphere and, in this case, the emissivity
for the inner sphere is equal to 0.7.
The RADCAV bulk data entry indicates that we will print the summary of view factor calculations. In this case, we
have a complete enclosure and, therefore, the view factor summation should equal 1.0. The surface numbers 703, 704
are the ID numbers for the CHBDYG that has the radiation exchange.
*** VIEW FACTOR MODULE *** OUTPUT DATA *** CAVITY ID = 4 ***
ELEMENT TO ELEMENT VIEW FACTORS

SURF-I SURF-J AREA-I AI*FIJ FIJ SCALE
6987 -SUM OF 5.19803E-02 9.99998E-01

6988 -SUM OF 6.14400E-02 9.99997E-01
6989 -SUM OF 4.30822E-02 9.99988E-01
6990 -SUM OF 4.36718E-02 1.00000E+00
6991 -SUM OF 5.08568E-02 1.00000E+00
The continuation field on the RADCAV is optional.
Radiation - RADBC (radiation to space)

On the outer sphere, we have a radiation to space using the view factor supplied on the 3rd field on the RADBC. (see
Example below) The 2nd field on the RADBC points to the ambient grid ID 100001 and, in this case, we have the grid
fixed at 0° K.
SPOINT 6497
SPC 5 6497 1 0.0
TEMP 33 6497 0.0
RADBC 6497 1. 0 -6467
CHBDYG 6467 AREA4 5
5987 5975 5976 5986
RADBC 6497 1. 0 -6468
CHBDYG 6468 AREA4 5
5989 5976 5975 5988
RADBC 6497 1. 0 -6469
CHBDYG 6469 AREA4 5
5997 5996 5975 5987
CHAPTER 44
Please note the negative EID represents that the radiation to space is effected from the back surface (opposite to the
direction of normal) of the element.
Also, we have the temperature boundary conditions applied to all grids on the inner sphere at 1000 K via the SPC
option.
SPC 1 1 1 1000.
RADBC Space Radiation Specification
Specifies an CHBDYi element face for application of radiation boundary conditions.
Format
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RADBC NODAMB FAMB CNTRLND EID1 EID2 EID3 -etc.-
Example
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RADBC 5 1.0 101 10
Field Contents Type Default

NODAMB Ambient point for radiation exchange. I>0
FAMB Radiation view factor between the face and the ambient point. R>0
CNTRLND Control point for radiation boundary condition. (Integer > 0; Default = 0) I>0 0
EIDi CHBDYi element identification number. ( Integer  0 or “THRU” or “BY”)
Remarks:
1. The basic exchange relationship is:
• if CNTRLND = 0, then q =   FAMB   e   T 4e – T 4amb 
• if CNTRLND > 0, then
4 4
q =   FAMB  u CNTRLND   e   T e – T amb 
CHAPTER 44 807
Figure 44-2 Normal Vectors Point Outward from the Inner Sphere
Figure 44-3 Normal Vectors Point Inward for the Outer Sphere
Material Modeling
Thermal conductivity value is supplied on the MAT4 bulk data entry.
MAT4 1 4. Iso_1
MAT4 2 6. Iso_2
Solution Procedure
The nonlinear procedure used is defined using the following NLPARM entry:
NLSTEP 1 1. +
+ FIXED 1 +
+ HEAT UPW 0.001 0.001 1.E-7PFNT
CHAPTER 44
In thermal analysis, the TEMPD bulk data entry specifies the initial temperature for the nonlinear radiation analysis.
In this case, an initial guessed temperature of 800° was used. A casual selection of initial guessed temperature is not
so important in a nonlinear conduction and convection thermal analysis. However, for nonlinear radiation analysis
where the thermal radiation transfer is given by Q = A  T 14 – T 24  , an initial guess is very helpful. The error (residual)
is proportional to the temperature to the 4th power. It is. therefore, recommended to specify a higher estimated
temperature in a radiation dominant problem.
The default method for the NLPARM is the AUTO method in SOL 400 analyses. The convergence criterion is based
on UPW. In this problem, you can achieve convergence by either the PFNT method (as above) or the AUTO method:
NLSTEP 1 1. +
+ FIXED 1 +
+ HEAT UPW 0.001 0.001 1.E-7AUTO
The U convergence criterion measures the error tolerance for the temperature. It has a recommended value of 1.0e-3
or smaller for thermal problem. The P and W convergence criteria measure the error tolerances for the load and work,
respectively.
The number of increments is specified on the 3rd field of the NLPARM data entry (NINC). This should be set to 1 for
steady-state thermal analyses since convergence can be achieved in one step only. This, typically, is not the case for
structural analyses, where NINC is set to 10 by default. Generally, the PFNT or FNT methods are used for highly
nonlinear mechanical analyses.
Results
Analytic 710.30
710.5
Hemi-cube 708.91
710.0
709.5
709.0
708.5
708.0
Both methods yield temperatures very close to the analytical solution.

CHAPTER 44 809
Figure 44-4 Hemi-cube Results
Modeling Tips
The current model uses 1268 surfaces to define the radiating surfaces of both spheres. The CPU run times for the
Gaussian and Hemi-cube methods are nearly the same, at 27 seconds.
Figure 44-5, however, shows the dramatic increase in run time for the Gaussian model and the clear benefits of the
Hemi-cube method as the number of surfaces increases.
At 20,000 surfaces, the Gaussian model takes 33 time longer to complete.
CPU Time (s)

12000
10000
Gaussian
8000 Hemi-cube
6000
4000
2000
0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Number of Surfaces
Figure 44-5 CPU Run Times
CHAPTER 44
Pre- and Postprocess with SimXpert

The same physical model will now be built, run and postprocessed with SimXpert. The Gaussian integration scheme
will be used to compute the viewfactors. While the dimensions of length in the summary and nug*.dat files is inches,
the model built here with SimXpert will use the same geometry but with units of meters. The only other change will
be in the selection of the correct units of the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (p. 844).
Units
a. Tools: Options
b. Observe the User Options window
c. Select Units Manager
d. For Basic Units, specify the model units:
e. Length = m, Mass = kg, Time = s, Temperature = Kelvin, and Force = N
c e
a
CHAPTER 44 811
Create First Hemispherical Surface
a. Geometry tab: Curve/Arc

b. Select Arc
c. Select 3 Points
d. For X,Y,Z, Coordinate, enter 0.0245, 0, 0; input, click OK
e. For X,Y,Z, Coordinate, enter 0, 0.0245, 0; input, click OK (not shown)
f. For X,Y,Z, Coordinate, enter -0.0245, 0, 0; click OK (not shown)
g. Click OK
h. Observe in the Model Browser tree: Part 1
l. Observe the curve arc
b
a c
h
i
CHAPTER 44
Create First Hemispherical Surface (continued)
a. Geometry tab: Surface/Revolve

b. Select Vector
c. For X,Y,Z Coordinate, enter 0 0 0; click OK
d. Click OK
e. For Axis, select X; click OK
f. For Entities screen select the Curve arc
g. For Angel Of Spin (Degrees), enter 180; click OK
h. Observe the first hemispherical surface
a
b
f
g
j
h
-
CHAPTER 44 813
Create Part for Second Hemispherical Surface
a. Assemble tab: Parts/Create Part

b. Use defaults of form
c. Click OK
d. Observe Part_2 in the Model Browser Tree
d
CHAPTER 44
Create Second Hemispherical Surface
a. Geometry tab: Curve/Arc

b. Select Arc
c. Select 3 Points
d. For X,Y,Z, Coordinate, enter 0.0381, 0, 0; input, click OK
e. For X,Y,Z, Coordinate, enter 0, 0.0381, 0; input, click OK (not shown)
f. For X,Y,Z, Coordinate, enter -0.0381, 0, 0; click OK (not shown)
g. Click OK
h. Observe the curve arc
b
c
h
-
CHAPTER 44 815
Create Second Hemispherical Surface (continued)
a. Geometry tab: Surface/Revolve

b. Select Vector
c. For X,Y,Z Coordinate, enter 0 0 0; click OK
d. Click OK
e. For Axis, select X; click OK
f. For Entities screen select the Curve arc
g. For Angel Of Spin (Degrees), enter 180;
h. Click OK
i. Observe the second hemispherical surface
a
b
f
g
ik
CHAPTER 44
Create Third Hemispherical Surface
a. Tools: Transform/Reflect
b. Select X-Y Plane
c. Select Make Copy
d. Select Inner (smaller) hemispherical surface
e. Click Done; then click Exit
f. A third hemispherical surface is created that is the same color as the copied surface
g. Observe that there is another Part in the Model Browser tree
b
c
g
CHAPTER 44 817
Create Third Hemispherical Surface (continued)
a. In the Model Browser tree, right click on PART_1.COPY; select Change Color
b. Select a different color
c. Observe that the third hemispherical surface is now a different color
a c
CHAPTER 44
Create Fourth Hemispherical Surface
a. Tools: Transform/Reflect
b. Select X-Y Plane
c. Select Make Copy
d. Select outer (larger) hemispherical surface
e. Click Done; then click Exit
f. A fourth hemispherical surface is created that is the same color as the copied surface
g. Observe that there is another Part in the Model Browser tree
b
c
e g
a
f
CHAPTER 44 819
Create Fourth Hemispherical Surface (continued)
a. In the Model Browser tree, right click on PART_2.COPY; select Change Color
b. Select a different color
c. Observe that the fourth hemispherical surface is now a different color
a
CHAPTER 44
Create Material Properties
a. Materials and Properties tab: Material/Isotropic

b. For Name enter Inner_sphere
c. For Description enter a description
d. For Young’s Modulus enter 10e9 (needed for the software to run)
e. For Poisson’s Ratio enter 0.28 (needed for the software to run)
f. For Thermal Conductivity enter 157.48
g. Click OK
b
c
d
e
gf
h
CHAPTER 44 821
Create Material Properties (continued)
a. Materials and Properties tab: Material/Isotropic

b. For Name enter Outer_sphere
c. For Description enter a description
d. For Young’s Modulus enter 10e9 (needed for the software to run)
e. For Poisson’s Ratio enter 0.28 (needed for the software to run)
f. For Thermal Conductivity enter 236.22
g. Click OK
b
c
d
e
h
CHAPTER 44
Create Inner Sphere Element Property
a. Create the element property for the inner sphere

b. Right click on PART_2; select HIDE to hide the outer hemispherical surfaces
c. Repeat Step b. for PART_2.COPY
d. Create the element property for the inner sphere
c
CHAPTER 44 823
Create Inner Sphere Element Property (continued)
a. Materials and Properties tab: 2D Properties/Shell

b. For Name, enter Inner_sphere
c. For Entities screen, select the two inner hemispherical surfaces
d. For Material, select Inner_sphere from the Model Browser tree
e. For Part thickness, enter 2.54e-4
f. Click OK
c
d
e c
f
CHAPTER 44
Create Outer Sphere Element Property
a. Create the element property for the outer sphere

b. Right click on PART_1; select HIDE to hide the outer hemispherical surfaces
c. Repeat Step b. for PART_1.COPY
d. Right click on PART_2; select SHOW to show the outer hemispherical surfaces
e. Repeat Step d. for PART_2.COPY
f. Create the element property for the outer sphere
f
CHAPTER 44 825
Create Outer Sphere Element Property (continued)
a. Materials and Properties tab: 2D Properties/Shell

b. For Name, enter Outer_sphere
c. For Entities screen, select the two outer hemispherical surfaces
d. For Material, select Outer_sphere from the Model Browser tree
e. For Part thickness, enter 1.27e-3
f. Click OK
c
d
e
c
f
CHAPTER 44
Create Surface Mesh for Outer Sphere
a. Meshing tab: Automesh/Surface

b. For Surface to mesh screen, select both surfaces
c. For Element Size, enter 0.35
d. For Mesh type, select Quad Dominant
e. For Element property, select Outer_sphere from the Model Browser tree
f. Click OK
b b
f
CHAPTER 44 827
Create Surface Mesh for Outer Sphere (continued)
a. Display the geometric surfaces in wireframe

b. Display the elements as shaded
c. Observe resulting mesh for the outer sphere
d. Notice the elements at the geometric interface are congruent
e. Verify that the elements at the interface are connected
e
CHAPTER 44
Create Surface Mesh for Inner Sphere
a. Display only the inner sphere using the picks in the Model Browser tree and those of the Render toolbar
for Geometry and FE.
a
CHAPTER 44 829
Create Surface Mesh for Inner Sphere (continued)
a. Meshing tab: Automesh/Surface

b. For Surface to mesh screen, select both surfaces
c. For Element Size, enter 0.35
d. For Mesh type, select Quad Dominant
e. For Element property, select Inner_sphere from the Model Browser tree
f. Click OK
b b
f
CHAPTER 44
Create Surface Mesh for Inner Sphere (continued)
a. Display the geometric surfaces in wireframe

b. Display the elements as shaded
c. Observe resulting mesh for the inner sphere
d. The elements at the geometric interface are congruent
e. Verify that the elements ar the interface are connected
e
CHAPTER 44 831
Equivalence All Nodes
a. Right Click Part_1 Show All

b. Nodes/Elements Modify/Equivalence
c. Select All
d. Observe Highlighted Nodes
e. OK
f. Observe 52 merged unreferenced nodes deleted
a d
f
CHAPTER 44
Create Fixed Temperature LBC for Inner Sphere
a. LBCs tab: Heat Transfer/Temperature BC

b. For Name, enter Temperature_inner
c. For Entities screen, select the two inner hemispherical surfaces; best to have only the Pick Surfaces
icon active and pick near the center of an element away from the nodes.
d. For Temperature, enter 1000
e. Click OK
c c
d
e
CHAPTER 44 833
Create Fixed Temperature LBC for Inner Sphere (continued)
a. Observe the applied temperatures as values

b. Display temperature values; turn Detailed Rendering On/Off
c. Set Geometry and FE to Wireframe
d. Double click on Temperature_Inner under LBC in the Model Browser
e. Click on Visualization tab
f. Select Short under LBC Type and Value Labels
g. Select Associated Geometry under Display on Geometry / FEM
h. Click OK
h
CHAPTER 44
Create Fixed Temperature LBC for Inner Sphere (continued)
a. Observe the applied temperatures (red dots)

b. Select FE Shaded
a
CHAPTER 44 835
Create Radiation Enclosure LBC Between Spheres
a. Create two radiation enclosure faces (inner and outer spheres)

b. LBCs tab: Heat Transfer/Encl Rad Face
c. For Name, enter Encl Rad Face_Inner
d. For Entities screen, select both the inner hemispherical surfaces
e. Click on Advanced
f. For Shell surface option select, Front; direction of the element normals is found by
Quality tab: edit/fix Elements/Fix Elements/Normals
g. For Shell surface option, select Front
h. For Absorptivity, enter 0.9
i. For Emissivity, enter 0.9
j. Click OK
e
f
g
h
i
j
CHAPTER 44
Create Radiation Enclosure LBC Between Spheres (continued)

b. Display only the outer sphere surfaces
c. Using the Model Browser tree, hide the inner surfaces and show the outer surfaces
d. Observe the outer surfaces
d
CHAPTER 44 837

b. LBCs tab: Heat Transfer/Encl Rad Face
c. For Name, enter Encl Rad Face_outer
d. For Entities screen, select both the outer hemispherical surfaces
e. Click on Advanced
f. For Shell surface option select, Front; direction of the element normals is found by
Quality tab: edit/fix Elements/Fix Elements/Normals
g. For Shell surface option, select Back
h. For Absorptivity, enter 0.7
i. For Emissivity, enter 0.7
j. Click OK
d
e
g
h f
i
j
CHAPTER 44
a. Create a single radiation enclosure

b. LBCs tab: Heat Transfer/Radiation Enclosure
c. For Name, enter Rad Enclosure
d. For Shadowing Option, select NO
e. For Unused Enclosure Faces, select Encl Rad Face_outer
f. Click the > icon
g. For Unused Enclosure Faces, select Encl Rad Face_inner
h. Click the > icon
i. Click OK
g
f
e h
i
CHAPTER 44 839
Radiation Enclosure LBC Between Spheres (continued)
a. Create a single radiation enclosure; display created Radiation Enclosure LBS form
b. In the Model Browser tree under LBC, double click Radiation Enclosure
c. Observe the form for Rad Enclosure
b
CHAPTER 44
Create Radiation to Space From Outer Sphere
a. Create radiation to space (ambient)

b. LBCs tab: Heat Transfer/Rad to Space
c. For Name, enter Rad to Space
d. For Entities screen, select the two outer surfaces
e. For Ambient temperature, enter 0.0
f. For View Factor, enter 1.0
g. For Absorptivity, enter 1.0
h. For Emissivity, enter 1.0
i. For Shell surface option, enter Front
j. Click OK
d d
e
f
g
h
i
j
CHAPTER 44 841
Create SimXpert Analysis File
a. Specify parameter values for SOL 400 analysis

b. Right click on FileSet
c. Select Create new Nastran job
d. For Job Name, enter a title
e. For Solution Type, select SOL 400
f. For Solver Input File, specify the fine name and its path
g. Unselect Create Default Layout
h. Click OK
b
c
h
CHAPTER 44
Create SimXpert Analysis File (continued)

b. Right click on Load Cases
c. Select Create Loadcase
d. For Name (Title), enter NewLoadcase
e. For Analysis Type, select Nonlinear Steady Heat Trans
f. Click OK
f
CHAPTER 44 843

b. Right click on Load/Boundaries
c. Select Select Lbc Set
d. For Selected Lbc Set, select DefaultLbcSet in the Model Browser tree
e. Click OK
f. To see the contents of DefaultLbcSet, click on it in the Model Browser tree
d
CHAPTER 44

Remember that our length unit is meter, so the correct Stefan-Boltzmann constant to pick will have units of W/M2/K4.

b. Select Solution 400 Nonlinear Parameters
c. For Default Init Temp, enter 750.0
d. For Absolute Temp Scale, select 0.0
e. For Stefan-Boltzmann, select 5.6696e-8 W/M2/K4 (Expert)
f. Click Apply
d
e
CHAPTER 44 845

Finally let’s pick the hemicube viewfactor algorithm
a. Right Click Solver Control

b. Select Direct Input (BULK)
c.Enter nlmopts,hemicube,1
d. Check box Export this Section
e. Click Apply and Close
c nlmopts,hemicube,1
a
d
e
CHAPTER 44

b. Select Output File Properties
c. For Text Output, select Print
d. Click Apply
c
b
d
CHAPTER 44 847
a. Specify parameter values for Sol 400 analysis

b. Double click on Loadcase Control
c. Select Subcase Steady State Heat
d. Click Temp Error
e. For Temperature Tolerance, enter 0.01
f. Click Load Error
g. For Load Tolerance, enter 1e-5
h. Click Apply
i. Click Close
d
e
f
g
b
CHAPTER 44
a. Specify parameter values for Sol 400 analysis

b. Right click on Output Requests
c. Select Nodal Output Requests
d. Select Create Temperature Output
e. Click OK
b
e
CHAPTER 44 849
Perform SimXpert SOL 400 Thermal Analysis
a. Perform steady state heat transfer analysis Sol 400

b. Right click on rad_between_concentric_spheres
c. Select Run
d. After the analysis is complete, the shown files are created
c
CHAPTER 44
Attach the Analysis Results File
a. Analysis complete, attach the .xdb results file

b. File: Attach Results
c. Select Results
d. Click OK
d
CHAPTER 44 851
Display the Temperature Results
a. Create a fringe plot for the temperature results

b. Display just the two original surfaces (PART_1 and PART_2)
c. Results tab: Results/Fringe
d. For Result Cases, select Non-linear: 100. % of Load
e. For Result type, select Temperatures
f. Click Target entities
g. Screen select the elements for the two surfaces
f
e
g
CHAPTER 44
Display the Temperature Results (continued)

b. Click Label attributes
c. Set color to black
d. Set format to Fixed
e. Click Update
c
d
e
CHAPTER 44 853
Display the Temperature Results (continued)

b. Observe the fringe plot
b
709.3
1000
Input File(s)
File Description
nug_44a.dat MD Nastran input using Hemi-cube method
nug_44b.dat MD Nastran input using Gaussian integration method
MD Nastran input with simple three grid model with user-defined
nug_44c.dat
radiation matrix
Ch_44b.SimXpert SimXpert model file
Ch_44c.SimXpert SimXpert model file
CHAPTER 44
Video
Click on the image or caption below to view a streaming video of this problem; it lasts approximately 24 minutes and
explains how the steps are performed.

Analytic 710.30
710.5
Hemi-cube 708.91
710.0
709.5
709.0
708.5
708.0
Figure 44-6 Video of the Above Steps

Concentric Spheres With Radiation

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Concentric Spheres With Radiation

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Chapter 44: Concentric Spheres with Radiation

Units: inch, watt, K

Material properties k 1 = 4.0W   in – K  k 2 = 6.0W   in – K 

Analysis characteristics • Nonlinear steady state thermal analysis

Temperature K (Grid 367)

Figure 44-1 Concentric Spheres (top sector of outer sphere removed)

Loading and Boundary Conditions

Radiation- View Factor Calculation (CHBDYG Element)

RADM 3 0.9 0.9 Radm_3

ELEMENT TO ELEMENT VIEW FACTORS

6987 -SUM OF 5.19803E-02 9.99998E-01

The continuation field on the RADCAV is optional.

Radiation - RADBC (radiation to space)

RADBC Space Radiation Specification

Specifies an CHBDYi element face for application of radiation boundary conditions.

Field Contents Type Default

Both methods yield temperatures very close to the analytical solution.

Figure 44-4 Hemi-cube Results

CPU Time (s)

Pre- and Postprocess with SimXpert

Create First Hemispherical Surface

a. Geometry tab: Curve/Arc

Create First Hemispherical Surface (continued)

a. Geometry tab: Surface/Revolve

Create Part for Second Hemispherical Surface

a. Assemble tab: Parts/Create Part

Create Second Hemispherical Surface

a. Geometry tab: Curve/Arc

Create Second Hemispherical Surface (continued)

a. Geometry tab: Surface/Revolve

Create Third Hemispherical Surface

Create Third Hemispherical Surface (continued)

Create Fourth Hemispherical Surface

Create Fourth Hemispherical Surface (continued)

Create Material Properties

a. Materials and Properties tab: Material/Isotropic

Create Material Properties (continued)

a. Materials and Properties tab: Material/Isotropic

Create Inner Sphere Element Property

a. Create the element property for the inner sphere

Create Inner Sphere Element Property (continued)

a. Materials and Properties tab: 2D Properties/Shell

Create Outer Sphere Element Property

a. Create the element property for the outer sphere

Create Outer Sphere Element Property (continued)

a. Materials and Properties tab: 2D Properties/Shell

Create Surface Mesh for Outer Sphere

a. Meshing tab: Automesh/Surface

Create Surface Mesh for Outer Sphere (continued)

a. Display the geometric surfaces in wireframe

Create Surface Mesh for Inner Sphere

Create Surface Mesh for Inner Sphere (continued)

a. Meshing tab: Automesh/Surface

Create Surface Mesh for Inner Sphere (continued)

a. Display the geometric surfaces in wireframe

Equivalence All Nodes

a. Right Click Part_1 Show All

Create Fixed Temperature LBC for Inner Sphere

a. LBCs tab: Heat Transfer/Temperature BC

Create Fixed Temperature LBC for Inner Sphere (continued)

a. Observe the applied temperatures as values

Create Fixed Temperature LBC for Inner Sphere (continued)

a. Observe the applied temperatures (red dots)