WCDMA RAN Planning and Optimization Book1 WRNPO Basics

WCDMA RAN Fundamental
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Objectives
z
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the development of 3G Outline the advantage of CDMA principle Characterize code sequence Outline the fundamentals of RAN Describe feature of wireless propagation
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Contents
1. 3G Overview 2. CDMA Principle 3. WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure 4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
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Contents
Page3
Different Service, Different Technology

1G 1980s Analog
AMPS
2G 1990s Digital
GSM GSM
Technologies drive
3G IMT-2000
TACS NMT Others
CDMA CDMA IS-95 IS-95 TDMA TDMA IS-136 IS-136 PDC PDC
UMTS UMTS WCDMA WCDMA

Demands drive
cdma cdma 2000 2000 TDTDSCDMA SCDMA
3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page4
The first generation is the analog cellular mobile communication network in the time period from the middle of 1970s to the middle of 1980s. The most important breakthrough in this period is the concept of cellular networks put forward by the Bell Labs in the 1970s, as compared to the former mobile communication systems. The cellular network system is based on cells to implement frequency reuse and thus greatly enhances the system capacity. The typical examples of the first generation mobile communication systems are the AMPS system and the later enhanced TACS of USA, the NMT and the others. The AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) uses the 800 MHz band of the analog cellular transmission system and it is widely applied in North America, South America and some Circum-Pacific countries. The TACS (Total Access Communication System) uses the 900 MHz band. It is widely applied in Britain, Japan and some Asian countries. The main feature of the first generation mobile communication systems is that they use the frequency reuse technology, adopt analog modulation for voice signals and provide an analog subscriber channel every other 30 kHz/25 kHz. However, their defects are also obvious:

Low utilization of the frequency spectrum Limited types of services No high-speed data services Poor confidentiality and high vulnerability to interception and number embezzlement High equipment cost
To solve these fundamental technical defects of the analog systems, the digital mobile communication technologies emerged and the second generation mobile communication systems represented by GSM and IS-95 came into being in the middle of 1980s. The typical examples of the second generation cellular mobile communication systems are the DAMPS of USA, the IS-95 and the European GSM system. The GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is originated from Europe. Designed as the TDMA standard for mobile digital cellular communications, it supports the 64 kbps data rate and can interconnect with the ISDN. It uses the 900 MHz band while the DCS1800 system uses the 1800 MHz band. The GSM system uses the FDD and TDMA modes and each carrier supports eight channels with the signal bandwidth of 200 kHz. The DAMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System) is also called the IS-54 (North America Digital Cellular System). Using the 800 MHz bandwidth, it is the earlier of the two North America digital cellular standards and specifies the use of the TDMA mode. The IS-95 standard is another digital cellular standard of North America. Using the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz band, it specifies the use of the CDMA mode and has already become the first choice among the technologies of American PCS (Personal Communication System) networks. Since the 2G mobile communication systems focus on the transmission of voice and low-speed data services, the 2.5G mobile communication systems emerged in 1996 to address the medium-rate data transmission needs. These systems include GPRS and IS-95B. The CDMA system has a very large capacity that is equivalent to ten or even twenty times that of the analog systems. But the narrowband CDMA technologies come into maturity at a time later than the GSM technologies, their application far lags behind the GSM ones and currently they have only found large-scale commercial applications in North America, Korea and China. The major services of mobile communications are currently still voice services and low-speed data services. With the development of networks, data and multimedia communications have also witnessed rapid development; therefore, the target of the 3G mobile communication is to implement broadband multimedia communication.
The 3G mobile communication systems are a kind of communication system that can provide multiple kinds of high quality multimedia services and implement global seamless coverage and global roaming. They are compatible with the fixed networks and can implement any kind of communication at any time and any place with portable terminals.
3G Evolution
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Proposal of 3G
IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile communication system
The third generation mobile communication was first proposed in 1985and was renamed as IMT-2000 in the year of 1996
Commercialization: around the year of 2000 Work band : around 2000MHz The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps
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Put forward in 1985 by the ITU (International Telecommunication Union), the 3G mobile communication system was called the FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication System) and was later renamed as IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunication-2000). The major systems include WCDMA, cdma2000 and UWC-136. On November 5, 1999, the 18th conference of ITU-R TG8/1 passed the Recommended Specification of Radio Interfaces of IMT-2000 and the TD-SCDMA technologies put forward by China were incorporated into the IMT-2000 CDMA TDD part of the technical specification. This showed that the work of the TG8/1 in formulating the technical specifications of radio interfaces in 3G mobile communication systems had basically come into an end and the development and application of the 3G mobile communication systems would enter a new and essential phase. The 3GPP is an organization that develops specifications for a 3G system based on the UTRA radio interface and on the enhanced GSM core network. The 3GPP2 initiative is the other major 3G standardization organization. It promotes the CDMA2000 system, which is also based on a form of WCDMA technology. In the world of IMT-2000, this proposal is known as IMT-MC. The major difference between the 3GPP and the 3GPP2 approaches into the air interface specification development is that 3GPP has specified a completely new air interface without any constraints from the past, whereas 3GPP2 has specified a system that is backward compatible with IS95 systems.
3G Spectrum Allocation
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ITU has allocated 230 MHz frequency for the 3G mobile communication system IMT2000: 1885 ~ 2025MHz in the uplink and 2110~ 2200 MHz in the downlink. Of them, the frequency range of 1980 MHz ~ 2010 MHz (uplink) and that of 2170 MHz ~ 2200 MHz (downlink) are used for mobile satellite services. As the uplink and the downlink bands are asymmetrical, the use of dual-frequency FDD mode or the single-frequency TDD mode may be considered. This plan was passed in WRC92 and new additional bands were approved on the basis of the WRC-92 in the WRC2000 conference in the year 2000: 806 MHz ~ 960 MHz, 1710 MHz ~ 1885 MHz and 2500 MHz ~ 2690 MHz.
Bands WCDMA Used

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Main bands
1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz 1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA) 1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan) 890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia) ...
Supplementary bands: different country maybe different

Frequency channel numbercentral frequency5, for main band:

UL frequency channel number 96129888 DL frequency channel number : 1056210838

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The WCDMA system uses the following frequency spectrum (bands other than those specified by 3GPP may also be used): Uplink 1920 MHz ~ 1980 MHz and downlink 2110 MHz ~ 2170 MHz. Each carrier frequency has the 5M band and the duplex spacing is 190 MHz. In America, the used frequency spectrum is 1850 MHz ~ 1910 MHz in the uplink and 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz in the downlink and the duplex spacing is 80 MHz.
3G Application Service
Error Ratio
conversational
streaming
interactive
background
Time Delay
Compatible with abundant services and applications of 2G, 3G system has an open integrated service platform to provide a wide prospect for various 3G services. Features of 3G Services 3G services are inherited from 2G services. In a new architecture, new service capabilities are generated, and more service types are available. Service characteristics vary greatly, so each service features differently. Generally, there are several features as follows:
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Compatible backward with all the services provided by GSM. The real-time services (conversational) such as voice service generally have the QoS requirement. The concept of multimedia service (streaming, interactive, background) is introduced.
The Core technology of 3G: CDMA

WCDMA WCDMA
CN: based on MAP and GPRS RTT: WCDMA
cdma2000
CN: based on ANSI 41 and MIP RTT: cdma2000
TD-SCDMA
CDMA
CN: based on MAP and GPRS RTT: TD-SCDMA
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Formulated by the European standardization organization 3GPP, the core network evolves on the basis of GSM/GPRS and can thus be compatible with the existing GSM/GPRS networks. It can be based on the TDM, ATM and IP technologies to evolve towards the all-IP network architecture. Based on the ATM technology, the UTRAN uniformly processes voice and packet services and evolves towards the IP network architecture. The cdma2000 system is a 3G standard put forward on the basis of the IS-95 standard. Its standardization work is currently undertaken by 3GPP2. Circuit Switched (CS) domain is adapted from the 2G IS95 CDMA network, Packet Switched (PS) domain is A packet network based on the Mobile IP technology. Radio Access Network (RAN) is based on the ATM switch platform, it provides abundant adaptation layer interfaces. The TD-SCDMA standard is put forward by the Chinese Wireless Telecommunication Standard (CWTS) Group and now it has been merged into the specifications related to the WCDMA-TDD of 3GPP. The core network evolves on the basis of GSM/GPRS. The air interface adopts the TD-SCDMA mode.
Contents
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Multiple Access and Duplex Technology

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Multiple Access Technology
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) Time division multiple access (TDMA) Code division multiple access (CDMA)
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In mobile communication systems, GSM adopts TDMA; WCDMA, cdma2000 and TDSCDMA adopt CDMA.
Multiple Access Technology

FDMA TDMA
Power
y
Power
Tim e
eq Fr
nc ue
CDMA
Tim
qu Fre
en
cy
Power
Time
Freque
ncy
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Frequency Division Multiple Access means dividing the whole available spectrum into many single radio channels (transmit/receive carrier pair). Each channel can transmit one-way voice or control information. Analog cellular system is a typical example of FDMA structure. Time Division Multiple Access means that the wireless carrier of one bandwidth is divided into multiple time division channels in terms of time (or called timeslot). Each user occupies a timeslot and receives/transmits signals within this specified timeslot. Therefore, it is called time division multiple access. This multiple access mode is adopted in both digital cellular system and GSM. CDMA is a multiple access mode implemented by Spreading Modulation. Unlike FDMA and TDMA, both of which separate the user information in terms of time and frequency, CDMA can transmit the information of multiple users on a channel at the same time. The key is that every information before transmission should be modulated by different Spreading Code to broadband signal, then all the signals should be mixed and send. The mixed signal would be demodulated by different Spreading Code at the different receiver. Because all the Spreading Code is orthogonal, only the information that was be demodulated by same Spreading Code can be reverted in mixed signal.
Multiple Access and Duplex Technology

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Duplex Technology
Frequency division duplex (FDD) Time division duplex (TDD)
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In third generation mobile communication systems, WCDMA and cdma2000 adopt frequency division duplex (FDD), TD-SCDMA adopts time division duplex (TDD).
Duplex Technology
Power Time
USER 2
FDD
UL
USER 1
DL
Frequency
Power
Time
DL UL DL DL UL
USER 2 USER 1
TDD
Frequency
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Contents
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WCDMA Network Architecture

CN
RNS Iur RNC RNC Iub Node B Iub Node B Iub Node B Core Network CS Iu-CS PS Iu-PS CS Iu-CS RNS PS Iu-PS
UTRAN
Iub Node B
Uu
UE
WCDMA including the RAN (Radio Access Network) and the CN (Core Network). The RAN is used to process all the radio-related functions, while the CN is used to process all voice calls and data connections within the UMTS system, and implements the function of external network switching and routing. Logically, the CN is divided into the CS (Circuit Switched) Domain and the PS (Packet Switched) Domain. UTRAN, CN and UE (User Equipment) together constitute the whole UMTS system A RNS is composed of one RNC and one or several Node Bs. The Iu interface is used between RNC and CN while the Iub interface is adopted between RNC and Node B. Within UTRAN, RNCs connect with one another through the Iur interface. The Iur interface can connect RNCs via the direct physical connections among them or connect them through the transport network. RNC is used to allocate and control the radio resources of the connected or related Node B. However, Node B serves to convert the data flows between the Iub interface and the Uu interface, and at the same time, it also participates in part of radio resource management.
WCDMA Network Version Evolution

MBMS HSUPA
GSM/GPRS CN WCDMA RTT
CS domain change to NGN WCDMA RTT
IMS HSDPA
3GPP Rel6
3GPP Rel5
3GPP Rel4 3GPP Rel99
2000
2001
2002
2005
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The overall structure of the WCDMA network is defined in 3GPP TS 23.002. Now, there are the following three versions: R99, R4, R5. 3GPP began to formulate 3G specifications at the end of 1998 and beginning of 1999. As scheduled, the R99 version would be completed at the end of 1999, but in fact it was not completed until March, 2000. To guarantee the investment benefits of operators, the CS domain of R99 version do not fundamentally change., so as to support the smooth transition of GSM/GPRS/3G. After R99, the version was no longer named by the year. At the same time, the functions of R2000 are implemented by the following two phases: R4 and R5. In the R4 network, MSC as the CS domain of the CN is divided into the MSC Server and the MGW, at the same time, a SGW is added, and HLR can be replaced by HSS (not explicitly specified in the specification). In the R5 network, the end-to-end VOIP is supported and the core network adopts plentiful new function entities, which have thus changed the original call procedures. With IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), the network can use HSS instead of HLR. In the R5 network, HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) is also supported, it can support high speed data service. In the R6 network, the HSUPA is supported which can provide UL service rate up to 5.76Mbps. And MBMS (MultiMedia Broadcast Multicast Service) is also supported.
WCDMA Network Version Evolution

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Features of R6
MBMS is introduced HSUPA is introduced to achieve the service rate up to 5.76Mbps
Features of R7
HSPA+ is introduced, which adopts higher order modulation and MIMO Max DL rate: 28Mbps, Max UL rate:11Mbps
Features of R8
WCDMA LTE (Long term evolution) is introduced OFDMA is adopted instead of CDMA Max DL rate: 50Mbps, Max UL rate: 100Mbps (with 20MHz bandwidth)
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Contents
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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System

Source Coding
Service Signal
Channel Coding & Interleaving
Spreading
Modulation
Transmission
bit
symbol
chip
modulated signal
Radio Channel
Service Signal
Source Decoding
Channel Decoding Despreading & Deinterleaving
Demodulation
Reception
Receiver
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z z z z
Source coding can increase the transmitting efficiency. Channel coding can make the transmission more reliable. Spreading can increase the capability of overcoming interference. Through the modulation, the signals will transfer to radio signals from digital signals.
Bit, Symbol, Chip
Bit : data after source coding Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving Chip: data after spreading
WCDMA Source Coding

z
AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) Speech
CODEC AMR_12.20 AMR_10.20 AMR_7.95 AMR_7.40 AMR_6.70 AMR_5.90 AMR_5.15 AMR_4.75
Bit Rate (kbps) 12.2 (GSM EFR) 10.2 7.95 7.4 (TDMA EFR) 6.7 (PDC EFR) 5.9 5.15 4.75
A integrated speech codec with 8 source rates The AMR bit rates can be controlled by the RAN depending on the system load and quality of the speech connections
Video Phone Service
H.324 is used for VP Service in CS domain Includes: video codec, speech codec, data protocols, multiplexing and etc.
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AMR is compatible with current mobile communication system (GSM, IS-95, PDC and so on), thus, it will make multi-mode terminal design easier. The AMR codec offers the possibility to adapt the coding scheme to the radio channel conditions. The most robust codec mode is selected in bad propagation conditions. The codec mode providing the highest source rate is selected in good propagation conditions. During an AMR communication, the receiver measures the radio link quality and must return to the transmitter either the quality measurements or the actual codec mode the transmitter should use during the next frame. That exchange has to be done as fast as possible in order to better follow the evolution of the channels quality.

Transmitter
Service Signal Source Coding Channel Coding & Interleaving Spreading Modulation Transmission
bit
symbol
chip
modulated signal
Radio Channel
Service Signal
Source Decoding
Demodulation
Reception
Receiver
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z z z z z
Source coding can increase the transmitting efficiency. Channel coding can make the transmission more reliable. Spreading can increase the capability of overcoming interference. Scrambling can make transmission in security. Through the modulation, the signals will transfer to radio signals from digital signals.
Bit, Symbol, Chip
WCDMA Block Coding - CRC

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Block coding is used to detect if there are any uncorrected errors left after error correction.
The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a common method of block coding.
Adding the CRC bits is done before the channel encoding and they are checked after the channel decoding.
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During the transmission, there are many interferences and fading. To guarantee reliable transmission, system should overcome these influence through the channel coding which includes block coding, channel coding and interleaving. Block coding: The encoder adds some redundant bits to the block of bits and the decoder uses them to determine whether an error has occurred during the transmission. This is used to calculate Block Error Ratio (BLER) used in the outer loop power control. The CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) is used for error checking of the transport blocks at the receiving end. The CRC length that can be inserted has four different values: 0, 8, 12, 16 and 24 bits. The more bits the CRC contains, the lower is the probability of an undetected error in the transport block in the receiver. Note that certain types of block codes can also be used for error correction, although these are not used in WCDMA.
WCDMA Channel Coding

z
Effect
Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when interference occurs Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the delay
Types
No Coding Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3) Turbo Coding (1/3)

No Coding 1/2 Convolutional Coding Code Block of N Bits 1/3 Convolutional Coding 1/3 Turbo Coding Uncoded N bits Coded 2N+16 bits Coded 3N+24 bits Coded 3N+12 bits
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UTRAN employs two FEC schemes: convolutional codes and turbo codes. The idea is to add redundancy to the transmitted bit stream, sO that occasional bit errors can be corrected in the receiving entity. The first is convolution that is used for anti-interference. Through the technology, many redundant bits will be inserted in original information. When error code is caused by interference, the redundant bits can be used to recover the original information. Convolutional codes are typically used when the timing constraints are tight. The coded data must contain enough redundant information to make it possible to correct some of the detected errors without asking for repeats. Turbo codes are found to be very efficient because they can perform close to the theoretical limit set by the Shannons Law. Their efficiency is best with high data rate services, but poor on low rate services. At higher bit rates, turbo coding is more efficient than convolutional coding. In WCDMA network, both Convolution code and Turbo code are used. Convolution code applies to voice service while Turbo code applies to high rate data service. Note that both block codes and channel codes are used in the UTRAN. The idea behind this arrangement is that the channel decoder (either a convolutional or turbo decoder) tries to correct as many errors as possible, and then the block decoder (CRC check) offers its judgment on whether the resulting information is good enough to be used in the higher layers.
WCDMA Interleaving
z
Effect
Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits error Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with more delay
Input bits 0010000 ... 10111
0 0 ... ... 0 0 0 ... ... 0
1 0 0 ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 1 1 1 1 0
Interleaving periods: 20, 40, or 80 ms
000101001011
Output bits
Inter-column permutation
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Channel coding works well against random errors, but it is quite vulnerable to bursts of errors, which are typical in mobile radio systems. The especially fast moving UE in CDMA systems can cause consecutive errors if the power control is not fast enough to manage the interference. Most coding schemes perform better on random data errors than on blocks of errors. This problem can be eased with interleaving, which spreads the erroneous bits over a longer period of time. By interleaving, no two adjacent bits are transmitted near to each other, and the data errors are randomized. The longer the interleaving period, the better the protection provided by the time diversity. However, longer interleaving increases transmission delays and a balance must be found between the error resistance capabilities and the delay introduced.

Source Coding
Service Signal
Spreading
Modulation
Transmission
bit
symbol
chip
modulated signal
Radio Channel
Service Signal
Source Decoding
Demodulation
Reception
Receiver
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z z z z z
Bit, Symbol, Chip
Correlation
z z
Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signals. Identical and Orthogonal signals:
+1
C1
-1
C2
+1 -1 +1
-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1
Correlation = 1 Identical signals
C1 C2
+1 -1 +1 +1 -1
-1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1
Correlation = 0 Orthogonal signals
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Correlation is used to measure similarity of any two arbitrary signals. It is computed by multiplying the two signals and then summing (integrating) the result over a defined time windows. The two signals of figure (a) are identical and therefore their correlation is 1 or 100 percent. In figure (b) , however, the two signals are uncorrelated, and therefore knowing one of them does not provide any information on the other.
Orthogonal Code Usage - Coding

UE1: UE1: UE2: UE2:
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
:: C 11 C C 2 :: C 2 UE1 c1 UE1 c1 UE2 c2 UE2 c2 UE1 c1 c2 UE1 c1 UE2 UE2 c2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0
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By spreading, each symbol is multiplied with all the chips in the orthogonal sequence assigned to the user. The resulting sequence is processed and is then transmitted over the physical channel along with other spread symbols. In this figure, 4-digit codes are used. The product of the user symbols and the spreading code is a sequence of digits that must be transmitted at 4 times the rate of the original encoded binary signal.
Orthogonal Code Usage - Decoding

UE1 C C :: 11 22 UE1 C UE2 UE2 C
2 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 4 1) 4 1) 4(means (means 1) 4(means (means 1)
UE1 UE1Dispreading Dispreadingby byc1: c1: Dispreading Dispreadingresult: result: Integral Integraljudgment: judgment:
UE2 UE2Dispreading Dispreadingby byc2: c2: Dispreading Dispreadingresult: result: Integral Integraljudgment: judgment:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 4 1) 4 1) 4(means (means 1) 4(means (means 1)
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The receiver dispreads the chips by using the same code used in the transmitter. Notice that under no-noise conditions, the symbols or digits are completely recovered without any error. In reality, the channel is not noise-free, but CDMA system employ Forward Error Correction techniques to combat the effects of noise and enhance the performance of the system. When the wrong code is used for dispreading, the resulting correlation yields an average of zero. This is a clear demonstration of the advantage of the orthogonal property of the codes. Whether the wrong code is mistakenly used by the target user or other users attempting to decode the received signal, the resulting correlation is always zero because of the orthogonal property of codes.
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading

P(f) Spreading code P(f)
f Narrowband signal
f Broadband signal P(f) f Noise & Other Signal
Recovered signal P(f)
Signal Combination
Noise+Broadband signal P(f)
Spreading code
Page31
Traditional radio communication systems transmit data using the minimum bandwidth required to carry it as a narrowband signal. CDMA system mix their input data with a fast spreading sequence and transmit a wideband signal. The spreading sequence is independently regenerated at the receiver and mixed with the incoming wideband signal to recover the original data. The dispreading gives substantial gain proportional to the bandwidth of the spread-spectrum signal. The gain can be used to increase system performance and range, or allow multiple coded users, or both. A digital bit stream sent over a radio link requires a definite bandwidth to be successfully transmitted and received.
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading

Eb / No = Ec / No PG
Power
Ebit
Eb/No Requiremen t
Max allowed interference
Processing Gain
Max interference caused by UE and others
Interference from other UE
Echip
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Process Gain
z
Process Gain
Pr ocess Gain = 10 log(
chip rate ) bit rate
Process gain differs for each service. If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is smaller, UE needs more power for this service, then the coverage of this service will be smaller, vice versa.
Page33
For common services, the bit rate of voice call is 12.2kbps, the bit rate of video phone is 64kbps, and the highest packet service bit rate is 384kbps(R99). After the spreading, the chip rate of different service all become 3.84Mcps.
Spreading Technology
z
Spreading consists of 2 steps:
Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal
Data symbol
Chips after spreading
channelization
scrambling
Page34
Spreading means increasing the bandwidth of the signal beyond the bandwidth normally required to accommodate the information. The spreading process in UTRAN consists of two separate operations: channelization and scrambling. The first operation is the channelization operation, which transforms every data symbol into a number of chips, thus increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading Factor (SF). Channelization codes are orthogonal codes, meaning that in ideal environment they do not interfere each other. The second operation is the scrambling operation. Scrambling is used on top of spreading, so it does not change the signal bandwidth but only makes the signals from different sources separable from each other. As the chip rate is already achieved in channelization by the channelization codes, the chip rate is not affected by the scrambling.
WCDMA Channelization Code

z
OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) is used as channelization code

Cch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,8,0 = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1) Cch,8,1 = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1) Cch,8,2 = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1) Cch,8,3 = (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,2,1 = (1, -1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) Cch,8,4 = (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1) Cch,8,5 = (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1) Cch,8,6 = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1) Cch,8,7 = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
SF = 8
Page35
Orthogonal codes are easily generated by starting with a seed of 1, repeating the 1 horizontally and vertically, and then complementing the -1 diagonally. This process is to be continued with the newly generated block until the desired codes with the proper length are generated. Sequences created in this way are referred as Walsh code. Channelization uses OVSF code, for keeping the orthogonality of different subscriber physical channels. OVSF can be defined as the code tree illustrated in the following diagram. Channelization code is defined as Cch SF, k,, where, SF is the spreading factor of the code, and k is the sequence of code, 0kSF-1. Each level definition length of code tree is SF channelization code, and the left most value of each spreading code character is corresponding to the chip which is transmitted earliest.
WCDMA Channelization Code

z
SF = chip rate / symbol rate
High data rates low SF code Low data rates high SF code
Radio bearer Speech 12.2 UL Data 64 kbps UL Data 128 kbps UL Data 144 kbps UL Data 384 kbps UL SF 64 16 8 8 4 Radio bearer Speech 12.2 DL Data 64 kbps DL Data 128 kbps DL Data 144 kbps DL Data 384 kbps DL SF 128 32 16 16 8
Page36
The channelization codes are Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes. They are used to preserve orthogonality between different physical channels. They also increase the clock rate to 3.84 Mcps. The OVSF codes are defined using a code tree. In the code tree, the channelization codes are individually described by Cch,SF,k, where SF is the Spreading Factor of the code and k the code number, 0 k SF-1. A channelization sequence modulates one users bit. Because the chip rate is constant, the different lengths of codes enable to have different user data rates. Low SFs are reserved for high rate services while high SFs are for low rate services. The length of an OVSF code is an even number of chips and the number of codes (for one SF) is equal to the number of chips and to the SF value. The generated codes within the same layer constitute a set of orthogonal codes. Furthermore, any two codes of different layers are orthogonal except when one of the two codes is a mother code of the other. For example C4,3 is not orthogonal with C1,0 and C2,1, but is orthogonal with C2,0. SF in uplink is from 4 to 256. SF in downlink is from 4 to 512.
z z
Purpose of Channelization Code

z
Channelization code is used to distinguish different physical channels of one transmitter
For downlink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different physical channels of one cell
For uplink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different physical channels of one UE
Page37
For voice service (AMR), downlink SF is 128, it means there are 128 voice services maximum can be supported in one WCDMA carrier; For Video Phone (64k packet data) service, downlink SF is 32, it means there are 32 voice services maximum can be supported in one WCDMA carrier.
Purpose of Scrambling Code

z
Scrambling code is used to distinguish different transmitters
For downlink, scrambling code is used to separate different cells in one carrier
For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate different UEs in one carrier
Page38
In addition to spreading, part of the process in the transmitter is the scrambling operation. This is needed to separate terminals or base stations from each other.
Scrambling Code
z z
Scrambling code: GOLD sequence. There are 224 long uplink scrambling codes which are used for scrambling of the uplink signals. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by RNC.
For downlink, 512 primary scrambling codes are used.
Page39
z z z z
Different scrambling codes will be planned to different cells in downlink. Different scrambling codes will be allocated to different UEs in uplink. The scrambling code is always applied to one 10 ms frame. In UMTS, Gold codes are chosen for their very low peak cross-correlation.
Primary Scrambling Code Group

Primary scrambling code 0 Group 0 Primary scrambling code 1 Primary scrambling code 8 Primary scrambling code 8*63
Primary scrambling codes for downlink physical channels
Group 1
Group 63
Primary scrambling code 8*63 +7
512 primary scrambling codes
64 primary scrambling code groups
Each group consists of 8 primary scrambling codes

Page40
There are totally 512 primary scrambling codes defined by 3GPP. They are further divided into 64 primary scrambling code groups. There are 8 primary scrambling codes in every group. Each cell is allocated with only one primary scrambling code.
Code Multiplexing
z
Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code Channelization code 1 User 1 signal Channelization code 2 User 2 signal Channelization code 3 User 3 signal
NodeB
Page41
Code Multiplexing
z
Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code 1 Channelization code User 1 signal Scrambling code 2 Channelization code User 2 signal
NodeB
Scrambling code 3 Channelization code User 3 signal
Page42

Source Coding
Service Signal
Spreading
Modulation
Transmission
bit
symbol
chip
modulated signal
Radio Channel
Service Signal
Source Decoding
Demodulation
Reception
Receiver
Page43
z z z z z
Bit, Symbol, Chip
Modulation Overview
Data to be transmitted: Digital Input
0
time
Basic steady radio wave: carrier = A.cos(2Ft+) Amplitude Shift Keying: A.cos(2Ft+) Frequency Shift Keying: A.cos(2Ft+) Phase Shift Keying: A.cos(2Ft+)
Page44
A data-modulation scheme defines how the data bits are mixed with the carrier signal, which is always a sine wave. There are three basic ways to modulate a carrier signal in a digital sense: amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK). In ASK the amplitude of the carrier signal is modified by the digital signal. In FSK the frequency of the carrier signal is modified by the digital signal. The PSK family is the most widely used modulation scheme in modern cellular systems. There are many variants in this family, and only a few of them are mentioned here.
z z z
Modulation Overview
z
Digital Modulation - BPSK

1
1 0 1
1
Digital Input
10
Information signal
t
NRZ coding
t
-1
High Frequency Carrier
Carrier
fo
10
BPSK Waveform
=0 = =0
Modulated BPSK signal BPSK
Page45
In binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation, each data bit is transformed into a separate data symbol. The mapping rule is 1 > + 1 and 0 > 1. There are only two possible phase shifts in BPSK, 0 and radians. NRZ means none return zero.
Modulation Overview
z
Digital Modulation - QPSK

1 NRZ Input I di-Bit Stream Q di-Bit Stream 1 1 1 2 1 3 -1 -1 1 4 1 5 -1 -1 1 6 1 7 1 1 -1 8 -1 9 -1 -1 -1 10 -1
I Component
Q Component
QPSK Waveform 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Page46
10
The quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation has four phases: 0, /2, , and 3/2 radians. Two data bits are transformed into one complex data symbol; A symbol is any change (keying) of the carrier.
Modulation Overview
A NRZ coding Acos(ot) I(t)
fo QPSK
90o
NRZ coding A
Q(t) Acos(ot + /2)
QPSK
1 1 -1 -1
: A 2 cos( o + )
1 -1 1 -1 /4 7/4 3/4 5/4
Page47
Demodulation
z
QPSK Constellation Diagram

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
QPSK Waveform
1,1
-1,1
-1,1 1,-1 -1,-1
NRZ Output
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Page48
WCDMA Modulation
z
Different modulation methods corresponding to different transmitting abilities in air interface

R99/R4: QPSK HSDPA: QPSK or 16QAM
Page49
The UTRAN air interface uses QPSK modulation in the downlink, although HSDPA may also employ 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16QAM). 16QAM requires good radio conditions to work well. As seen, with 16QAM also the amplitude of the signal matters. As explained, in QPSK one symbol carries two data bits; in 16QAM each symbol includes four bits. Thus, a QPSK system with a chip rate of 3.84Mcps could theoretically transfer 2 3.84 = 7.68 Mbps, and a 16QAM system could transfer 4 3.84 Mbps = 15.36 Mbps. In 3GPP also the usage of 64QAM with HSDPA has been studied.

Transmitter
Service Signal Source Coding Channel Coding Spreading Modulation Transmission
bit
symbol
chip
modulated signal
Radio Channel
Service Signal
Source Decoding
Channel Decoding
Despreading
Demodulation
Reception
Receiver
Page50
z z z z z
Bit, Symbol, Chip
Wireless Propagation
Transmitted Signal
Amplitude
Transmission Loss: Path Loss + Multi-path Fading
Received Signal
Time
Page51
A mobile communication channel is a multi-path fading channel and any transmitted signal reaches a receive end by means of multiple transmission paths, such as direct transmission, reflection, scatter, etc.
Propagation of Radio Signal

20 15 10 5 dBm 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 0 -5 -10 -15 dB -20 -25 -30 -35 -40
Signal at Transmitter
Signal at Receiver
Fading
Fading Categories
z
Fading Categories
Slow Fading Fast Fading
Page53
Furthermore, with the moving of a mobile station, the signal amplitude, delay and phase on various transmission paths vary with time and place. Therefore, the levels of received signals are fluctuating and unstable and these multi-path signals, if overlaid, will lead to fast fading. Fast fading conforms to Rayleigh distribution. The mid-value field strength of fast fading has relatively gentle change and is called slow fading. Slow fading conforms to lognormal distribution.
Diversity Technique
z
Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals for combining
Reduce the effects of fading
Fast fading caused by multi-path Slow fading caused by shadowing
Improve the reliability of communication Increase the coverage and capacity
Page54
Diversity technology means that after receiving two or more input signals with mutually uncorrelated fading at the same time, the system demodulates these signals and adds them up. Thus, the system can receive more useful signals and overcome fading.
Diversity
z
Time diversity
Channel coding, Block interleaving
Frequency diversity
The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth frequency spectrum
z z
Space diversity Polarization diversity
Page55
Diversity technology is an effective way to overcome overlaid fading. Because it can be selected in terms of frequency, time and space, diversity technology includes frequency diversity, time diversity and space diversity. Time diversity: Channel coding Frequency diversity: WCDMA is a kind of frequency diversity. The signal energy is distributed on the whole bandwidth. Space diversity: using two antennas
z z
Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1 Correlator 2 Receive set Correlator 3 Searcher correlator s(t) s(t) Calculate the time delay and signal strength Combiner The combined signal
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance of the system
The RAKE receiver is a technique which uses several baseband correlators to individually process multipath signal components. The outputs from the different correlators are combined to achieve improved reliability and performance. When WCDMA system is designed for cellular system, the inherent wide-bandwidth signals with their orthogonal Walsh functions were natural for implementing a RAKE receiver. In WCDMA system, the bandwidth is wider than the coherence bandwidth of the cellular. Thus, when the multi-path components are resolved in the receiver, the signals from different paths are uncorrelated with each other. The receiver can then combine them using some combining schemes. So with RAKE receiver WCDMA system can use the multi-path characteristics of the channel to get signal with better quality.
Summary
z
In this course, we have discussed basic concepts of WCDMA:
Spreading / Despreading principle UTRAN Voice Coding UTRAN Channel Coding UTRAN Spreading Code UTRAN Scrambling Code UTRAN Modulation UTRAN Transmission/Receiving
Page57
Thank you
www.huawei.com
WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer
www.huawei.com
Foreword
z z
The physical layer offers data transport services to higher layers. The physical layer is expected to perform the following functions in order to provide the data transport service, for example: spreading, modulation and demodulation, despreading, Inner-loop power control and etc.
Page1
Objectives
z
Outline radio interface protocol Architecture Describe structure and functions of different physical channels Describe UMTS physical layer procedures
Page2
Contents
1. Physical Layer Overview 2. Physical Channels 3. Physical Layer Procedure
Page3
Contents
Page4
UTRAN Network Structure

CN
Core Network CS Iu-CS RNS Iur RNC RNC Iub NodeB Iub NodeB Iub NodeB PS Iu-PS CS Iu-CS RNS PS Iu-PS
UTRAN
Iub NodeB
Uu
UE
z z
UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network. The UTRAN consists of a set of Radio Network Subsystems connected to the Core Network through the Iu interface.
A RNS consists of a Radio Network Controller and one or more NodeBs. A NodeB is connected to the RNC through the Iub interface.
Inside the UTRAN, the RNCs of the RNS can be interconnected together through the Iur. Iu(s) and Iur are logical interfaces. Iur can be conveyed over direct physical connection between RNCs or virtual networks using any suitable transport network.
Uu Interface Protocol Structure

GC Nt DC
Duplication avoidance
GC C-plane signaling Nt DC U-plane information control UuS boundary
control
control
RRC
control control
L3
radio bearer PDCP PDCP BMC RLC
L2/PDCP L2/BMC L2/RLC

logical channel
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC RLC RLC
RLC
MAC PHY
L2/MAC
transport channel
L1
The layer 1 supports all functions required for the transmission of bit streams on the physical medium. It is also in charge of measurements function consisting in indicating to higher layers, for example, Frame Error Rate (FER), Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR), interference power, transmit power, It is basically composed of a layer 1 management entity, a transport channel entity, and a physical channel entity.
The layer 2 protocol is responsible for providing functions such as mapping, ciphering, retransmission and segmentation. It is made of four sub-layers: MAC (Medium Access Control), RLC (Radio Link Control), PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) and BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Control).
The layer 3 is split into 2 parts: the access stratum and the non access stratum. The access stratum part is made of RRC (Radio Resource Control) entity and duplication avoidance entity. duplication avoidance terminates in the CN but is part of the Access Stratum. The higher layer signalling such as Mobility Management (MM) and Call Control (CC) is assumed to belong to the non-access stratum, and therefore not in the scope of 3GPP TSG RAN. In the C-plane, the interface between 'Duplication avoidance' and higher L3 sub-layers (CC, MM) is defined by the General Control (GC), Notification (Nt) and Dedicated Control (DC) SAPs.
Not shown on the figure are connections between RRC and all the other protocol layers (RLC, MAC, PDCP, BMC and L1), which provide local inter-layer control services.
The protocol layers are located in the UE and the peer entities are in the NodeB or the RNC.
Many functions are managed by the RRC layer. Here is the list of the most important:
Establishment, re-establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE and UTRAN: it includes an optional cell reselection, an admission control, and a layer 2 signaling link establishment. When a RNC is in charge of a specific connection towards a UE, it acts as the Serving RNC.
Establishment, reconfiguration and release of Radio Bearers: a number of Radio Bearers can be established for a UE at the same time. These bearers are configured depending on the requested QoS. The RNC is also in charge of ensuring that the requested QoS can be met.
Assignment, reconfiguration and release of radio resources for the RRC connection: it handles the assignment of radio resources (e.g. codes, shared channels). RRC communicates with the UE to indicate new resources allocation when handovers are managed.
Paging/Notification: it broadcasts paging information from network to UEs. Broadcasting of information provided by the non-access stratum (Core Network) or access Stratum. This corresponds to system information regularly repeated.
UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting: RRC indicates what to measure, when and how to report.
Outer loop power control: controls setting of the target values. Control of ciphering: provides procedures for setting of ciphering.
The RRC layer is defined in the 25.331 specification from 3GPP.
The RLCs main function is the transfer of data from either the user or the control plane over the Radio interface. Two different transfer modes are used: transparent and non-transparent. In non-transparent mode, 2 sub-modes are used: acknowledged or unacknowledged.
RLC provides services to upper layers:
data transfer (transparent, acknowledged and unacknowledged modes). QoS setting: the retransmission protocol (for AM only) shall be configurable by layer 3 to provide different QoS.
notification of unrecoverable errors: RLC notifies the upper layers of errors that cannot be resolved by RLC.
The RLC functions are:
mapping between higher layer PDUs and logical channels. ciphering: prevents unauthorized acquisition of data; performed in RLC layer for non-transparent RLC mode. segmentation/reassembly: this function performs segmentation/reassembly of variable-length higher layer PDUs into/from smaller RLC Payload Units. The RLC size is adjustable to the actual set of transport formats (decided when service is established). Concatenation and padding may also be used.
error correction: done by retransmission (acknowledged data transfer mode only). flow control: allows the RLC receiver to control the rate at which the peer RLC transmitting entity may send information.
MAC services include:
Data transfer: service providing unacknowledged transfer of MAC SDUs between peer MAC entities.
Reallocation of radio resources and MAC parameters: reconfiguration of MAC functions such as change of identity of UE. Requested by the RRC layer.
Reporting of measurements: local measurements such as traffic volume and quality indication are reported to the RRC layer.
The functions accomplished by the MAC sub-layer are listed above. Heres a quick explanation for some of them:
Priority handling between the data flows of one UE: since UMTS is multimedia, a user may activate several services at the same time, having possibly different profiles (priority, QoS parameters...). Priority handling consists in setting the right transport format for a high bit rate service and for a low bit rate service.
Priority handling between UEs: use for efficient spectrum resources utilization for bursty transfers on common and shared channels. Ciphering: to prevent unauthorized acquisition of data. Performed in the MAC layer for transparent RLC mode. Access Service Class (ACS) selection for RACH transmission: the RACH resources are divided between different ACSs in order to provide different priorities on a random access procedure.
PDCP
UMTS supports several network layer protocols providing protocol transparency for the users of the service.
Using these protocols (and new ones) shall be possible without any changes to UTRAN protocols. In order to perform this requirement, the PDCP layer has been introduced. Then, functions related to transfer of packets from higher layers shall be carried out in a transparent way by the UTRAN network entities.
PDCP shall also be responsible for implementing different kinds of optimization methods. The currently known methods are standardized IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) header compression algorithms.
Algorithm types and their parameters are negotiated by RRC and indicated to PDCP.
Header compression and decompression are specific for each network layer protocol type.
In order to know which compression method is used, an identifier (PID: Packet Identifier) is inserted. Compression algorithms exist for TCP/IP, RTP/UDP/IP, Another function of PDCP is to provide numbering of PDUs. This is done if lossless SRNS relocation is required. To accomplish this function, each PDCP-SDUs (UL and DL) is buffered and numbered. Numbering is done after header compression. SDUs are kept until information of successful transmission of PDCP-PDU has been received from RLC. PDCP sequence number ranges from 0 to 65,535.
BMC (broadcast/multicast control protocol)
The main function of BMC protocol are: Storage of cell broadcast message. the BMC in RNC stores the cell broadcast message received over the CBC-RNC interface for scheduled transmission.
Traffic volume monitoring and radio resource request for CBS. On the UTRAN side, the BMC calculates the required transmission rate for the cell broadcast service based on the messages received over the CBC-RNC interface, and requests appropriate .CTCH/FACH resources from from RRC
Scheduling of BMC message. The BMC receives scheduling information together with each cell broadcast message over the CBC-RNC interface. Based on this scheduling information, on the UTRAN side the BMC generates schedule message and schedules BMC message sequences accordingly. On the UE side ,the BMC evaluates the schedule messages and indicates scheduling parameters to RRC, which are used by RRC to configure the lower layers for CBS discontinuous reception.
Transmission of BMC message to UE. The function transmits the BMC messages according to the schedule Delivery of cell broadcast messages to the upper layer. This UE function delivers the received non-corrupted cell broadcast messages to the upper layer
The layer 1 (physical layer) is used to transmit information under the form of electrical signals corresponding to bits, between the network and the mobile user. This information can be voice, circuit or packet data, and network signaling.
The UMTS layer 1 offers data transport services to higher layers. The access to these services is through the use of transport channels via the MAC sub-layer. These services are provided by radio links which are established by signaling procedures. These links are managed by the layer 1 management entity. One radio link is made of one or several transport channels, and one physical channel.
The UMTS layer 1 is divided into two sub-layers: the transport and the physical sublayers. All the processing (channel coding, interleaving, etc.) is done by the transport sub-layer in order to provide different services and their associated QoS. The physical sub-layer is responsible for the modulation, which corresponds to the association of bits (coming from the transport sub-layer) to electrical signals that can be carried over the air interface. The spreading operation is also done by the physical sub-layer.
These two parts of layer 1 are controlled by the layer 1 management (L1M) entity. It is made of several units located in each equipment, which exchange information through the use of control channels.
RAB, RB and RL
RAB RB UE RL NodeB
RNC
CN
UTRAN
Page13
RAB: The service that the access stratum provides to the non-access stratum for transfer of user data between User Equipment and CN. RB: The service provided by the layer 2 for transfer of user data between User Equipment and Serving RNC. RL: A "radio link" is a logical association between single User Equipment and a single UTRAN access point. Its physical realization comprises one or more radio bearer transmissions.
Contents
Page14
Contents
2. Physical Channels
2.1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions 2.2 Channel Mapping
Page15
WCDMA Radio Interface Channel Definition

z
Logical Channel = information container
Defined by <What type of information> is transferred
Transport Channel = characteristics of transmission
Described by <How> and with <What characteristics> data is transmitted over the radio interface
Physical Channel = specification of the information global content
providing the real transmission resource, maybe a frequency , a specific set of codes and phase
Page16
In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three types of channels: physical channel, transport channel and logical channel. Logical channel: Carrying user services directly. According to the types of the carried services, it is divided into two types: control channel and service channel.
Transport channel: It is the interface between radio interface layer 2 and layer 1, and it is the service provided for MAC layer by the physical layer. According to whether the information transported is dedicated information for a user or common information for all users, it is divided into dedicated channel and common channel.
Physical channel: It is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of information when they are transmitted on radio interface. Each channel which uses dedicated carrier frequency, code (spreading code and scramble) and carrier phase (I or Q) can be regarded as a physical channel.
Logical Channel
Dedicated traffic channel Common traffic channel (DTCH) (CTCH) Traffic channel
Broadcast control channel Paging control channel Dedicate control channel Common control channel
(BCCH) (PCCH) (DCCH) (CCCH) Control channel
Page17
z z z
As in GSM, UMTS uses the concept of logical channels. A logical channel is characterized by the type of information that is transferred. As in GSM, logical channels can be divided into two groups: control channels for control plane information and traffic channel for user plane information. The traffic channels are:
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH): a point-to-point bi-directional channel, that transmits dedicated user information between a UE and the network. That information can be speech, circuit switched data or packet switched data. The payload bits on this channel come from a higher layer application (the AMR codec for example). Control bits can be added by the RLC (protocol information) in case of a non transparent transfer. The MAC sub-layer will also add a header to the RLC PDU. Common Traffic Channel (CTCH): a point-to-multipoint downlink channel for transfer of dedicated user information for all or a group of specified UEs. This channel is used to broadcast BMC messages. These messages can either be cell broadcast data from higher layers or schedule messages for support of Discontinuous Reception (DRX) of cell broadcast data at the UE. Cell broadcast messages are services offered by the operator, like indication of weather, traffic, location or rate information.
Logical Channel
Dedicated traffic channel Common traffic channel (DTCH) (CTCH) Traffic channel
Broadcast control channel Paging control channel Dedicate control channel Common control channel
(BCCH) (PCCH) (DCCH) (CCCH) Control channel
Page18
The control channels are:
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): a downlink channel that broadcasts all system information types (except type 14 that is only used in TDD). For example, system information type 3 gives the cell identity. UEs decode system information on the BCH except when in Cell_DCH mode. In that case, they can decode system information type 10 on the FACH and other important signaling is sent on a DCCH. Paging Control Channel (PCCH): a downlink channel that transfers paging information. It is used to reach a UE (or several UEs) in idle mode or in connected mode (Cell_PCH or URA_PCH state). The paging type 1 message is sent on the PCCH. When a UE receives a page on the PCCH in connected mode, it shall enter Cell_FACH state and make a cell update procedure. Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH): a point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits dedicated control information between a UE and the network. This channel is used for dedicated signaling after a RRC connection has been done. For example, it is used for inter-frequency handover procedure, for dedicated paging, for the active set update procedure and for the control and report of measurements. Common Control Channel (CCCH): a bi-directional channel for transmitting control information between network and UEs. It is used to send messages related to RRC connection, cell update and URA update. This channel is a bit like the DCCH, but will be used when the UE has not yet been identified by the network (or by the new cell). For example, it is used to send the RRC connection request message, which is the first message sent by the UE to get into connected mode. The network will respond on the same channel, and will send him its temporary identities (cell and UTRAN identities). After these initial messages, the DCCH will be used.
Transport Channel
Dedicated transport channel
Dedicated Channel
(DCH)
Broadcast channel Forward access channel Paging channel Random access channel
(BCH) (FACH) (PCH) (RACH)
Common transport channel
High-speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH)
Page19
In order to carry logical channels, several transport channels are defined. They are:
Broadcast Channel (BCH): a downlink channel used for broadcast of system information into the entire cell. Paging Channel (PCH): a downlink channel used for broadcast of control information into the entire cell, such as paging. Random Access Channel (RACH): a contention based uplink channel used for initial access or for transmission of relatively small amounts of data (non real-time dedicated control or traffic data). Forward Access Channel (FACH): a common downlink channel used for dedicated signaling (answer to a RACH typically), or for transmission of relatively small amounts of data. Dedicated Channel (DCH): a channel dedicated to one UE used in uplink or downlink.
Physical Channel
z
A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code (scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase.
In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading code) can distinguish the channels.
Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio frame consists of 15 time slots.
Two types of physical channel: UL and DL

Physical Channel
Frequency, Code, Phase
Page20
Now we will begin to discuss the physical channel. Physical channel is the most important and complex channel, and a physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code and relative phase. In CDMA system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading code) can distinguish the channel. Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio frame consists of 15 time slots. There are two types of physical channel: UL and DL.
Downlink Physical Channel

z
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DL DPCH) Downlink Common Physical Channel
Primary Common Control Physical Channel
(P-CCPCH)
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH) Synchronization Channel Paging Indicator Channel Acquisition Indicator Channel Common Pilot Channel (SCH) (PICH) (AICH) (CPICH)
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
Page21
The different physical channels are: Synchronization Channel (SCH): used for cell search procedure. There is the primary and the secondary SCHs. Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH): used to carry common control information such as the scrambling code used in DL (there is a primary CCPCH and additional secondary CCPCH). Common Pilot Channels (P-CPICH and S-CPICH): used for coherent detection of common channels. They indicate the phase reference. Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH): used to carry dedicated data coming from layer 2 and above (coming from DCH). Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH): used to carry dedicated control information generated in layer 1 (such as pilot, TPC and TFCI bits). Page Indicator Channel (PICH): carries indication to inform the UE that paging information is available on the S-CCPCH. Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH): it is used to inform a UE that the network has received its access request. High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH): it is used to carry subscribers BE service data (mapping on HSDPA) coming from layer 2. High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH): it is used to carry control message to HS-PDSCH such as modulation scheme, UE ID etc.
Uplink Physical Channel

z
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (Uplink DPDCH) Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (Uplink DPCCH) High-Speed Dedicated Physical Channel (HS-DPCCH)
Uplink Common Physical Channel
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Page22
The different physical channels are:
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH): used to carry dedicated data coming from layer 2 and above (coming from DCH). Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH): used to carry dedicated control information generated in layer 1 (such as pilot, TPC and TFCI bits). Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH): used to carry random access information when a UE wants to access the network. High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH): it is used to carry feedback message to HS-PDSCH such CQI,ACK/NACK.
Function of Physical Channel

Cell Search Channels
P-CPICH--Primary P-CPICH--Primary Common Common Pilot Pilot Channel Channel SCH--Synchronisation SCH--Synchronisation Channel Channel
P-CCPCH-Primary P-CCPCH-Primary Common Common Control Control Physical Physical Channel Channel
Paging Channels
PICH--Paging PICH--Paging Indicator Indicator Channel Channel
SCCPCH--Secondary SCCPCH--Secondary Common Common Control Control Physical Physical Channel Channel
Random Access Channels
NodeB
AICH--Acquisition AICH--Acquisition Indicator Indicator Channel Channel PRACH--Physical PRACH--Physical Random Random Access Access Channel Channel
UE
Dedicated Channels
DPDCH--Dedicated DPDCH--Dedicated Physical Physical Data Data Channel Channel DPCCH--Dedicated DPCCH--Dedicated Physical Physical Control Control Channel Channel
High Speed Downlink Share Channels

HS-SCCH--High HS-SCCH--High Speed Speed Share Share Control Control Channel Channel HS-PDSCH--High HS-PDSCH--High Speed Speed Physical Physical Downlink Downlink Share Share Channel Channel HS-DPCCH--High HS-DPCCH--High Speed Speed Dedicated Dedicated Physical Physical Control Control Channel Channel
Page23
Synchronization Channels (P-SCH & SSCH)

z z z
Used for cell search Two sub channels: P-SCH and S-SCH SCH is transmitted at the first 256 chips of every time slot
Slot #0 Slot #1
Primary synchronization code is transmitted repeatedly in each time slot
Secondary synchronization code specifies the scrambling code groups of the cell
Slot #14
Primary SCH Secondary SCH
ac p ac si,0 256 chips 2560 chips
ac p ac si,1
ac p acsi,14
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
Page24
When a UE is turned on, the first thing it does is to scan the UMTS spectrum and find a UMTS cell. After that, it has to find the primary scrambling code used by that cell in order to be able to decode the BCCH (for system information). This is done with the help of the Synchronization Channel. Each cell of a NodeB has its own SCH timing, so that there is no overlapping. The SCH is a pure downlink physical channel broadcasted over the entire cell. It is transmitted unscrambled during the first 256 chips of each time slot, in time multiplex with the P-CCPCH. It is the only channel that is not spread over the entire radio frame. The SCH provides the primary scrambling code group (one out of 64 groups), as well as the radio frame and time slot synchronization. The SCH consists of two sub-channels, the primary and secondary SCH. These subchannels are sent in parallel using code division during the first 256 chips of each time slot. P-SCH always transmits primary synchronization code. S-SCH transmits secondary synchronization codes. The primary synchronization code is repeated at the beginning of each time slot. The same code is used by all the cells and enables the mobiles to detect the existence of the UMTS cell and to synchronize itself on the time slot boundaries. This is normally done with a single matched filter or any similar device. The slot timing of the cell is obtained by detecting peaks in the matched filter output. This is the first step of the cell search procedure. The second step is done using the secondary synchronization channel.
z z
Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH)

Scrambling Code Group Group 0 Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 61 Group 62 Group 63 #0 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 #1 1 1 2 2 2 10 11 12 #2 2 5 1 3 16 13 12 10 #3 8 16 15 1 6 10 15 15 #4 9 7 5 8 6 11 12 13 #5 10 3 5 6 11 15 9 14 slot number #6 #7 #8 15 14 12 5 15 15 13 9 8 16 16 2 5 9 13 14 10 3 6 5 12 16 11 15 #9 16 10 11 8 1 12 14 11 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 2 5 2 4 15 14 10 11 7 12 16 4 12 13 16 13 15 14 11 6 16 16 15 12 7 12 15 3 11 14 14 16 16 10 12 7 2 11 16 10
Slot # ? P-SCH S-SCH
Slot #?
Slot #?
acp 16
256 chips
acp 6
acp 11
..
Group 2 Slot 7, 8, 9
Page25
The S-SCH also consists of a code, the Secondary Synchronization Code (SSC) that indicates which of the 64 scrambling code groups the cells downlink scrambling code belongs to. 16 different SSCs are defined. Each SSC is a 256 chip long sequence.
There is one specific SSC transmitted in each time slot, giving us a sequence of 15 SSCs. There is a total of 64 different sequences of 15 SSCs, corresponding to the 64 primary scrambling code groups. These 64 sequences are constructed so that one sequence is different from any other one, and different from any rotated version of any sequence. The UE correlates the received signal with the 16 SSCs and identifies the maximum correlation value.
The S-SCH provides the information required to find the frame boundaries and the downlink scrambling code group (one out of 64 groups). The scrambling code (one out of 8) can be determined afterwards by decoding the P-CPICH. The mobile will then be able to decode the BCH.
Primary Common Pilot Channel (PCPICH)

z
Primary PCPICH
Carrying pre-defined sequence Fixed channel code: Cch, 256, 0, Fixed rate 30Kbps Scrambled by the primary scrambling code Broadcast over the entire cell A phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH and downlink DPCH, Only one PCPICH per cell
Pre-defined symbol sequence
Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot # i 1 radio frame: Tr = 10 ms
Slot #14
Page26
The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) is a pure physical control channel broadcasted over the entire cell. It is not linked to any transport channel. It consists of a sequence of known bits that are transmitted in parallel with the primary and secondary CCPCH. The PCPICH is used by the mobile to determine which of the 8 possible primary scrambling codes is used by the cell, and to provide the phase reference for common channels. Finding the primary scrambling code is done during the cell search procedure through a symbol-by-symbol correlation with all the codes within the code group. After the primary scrambling code has been identified, the UE can decode system information on the P-CCPCH. The P-CPICH is the phase reference for the SCH, P-CCPCH, AICH and PICH. It is broadcasted over the entire cell. The channelization code used to spread the PCPICH is always Cch,256,0 (all ones). Thus, the P-CPICH is a fixed rate channel. Also, it is always scrambled with the primary scrambling code of the cell.
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH)

z z z
Carrying BCH transport channel Fixed rate, fixed OVSF code (30kbpsCch, 256, 1) The PCCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each time slot
256 chips SCH T PCCPCH Data 18 bits slot = 2560 chips,20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i 1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
Slot #14
Page27
The Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) is a fixed rate (SF=256) downlink physical channel used to carry the BCH transport channel. It is broadcasted continuously over the entire cell like the P-CPICH. The figure above shows the frame structure of the P-CCPCH. The frame structure is special because it does not contain any layer 1 control bits. The P-CCPCH only has one fix predefined transport format combination, and the only bits transmitted are data bits from the BCH transport channel. It is important to note that the P-CCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of the slot. In fact, another physical channel (SCH) is transmitted during that period of time. Thus, the SCH and the P-CCPCH are time multiplexed on every time slot.
Channelization code Cch,256,1 is always used to spread the P-CCPCH.
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

z z z
Carrying Paging Indicators (PI) Fixed rate (30kbps), SF = 256 N paging indicators {PI0, , PIN-1} in each PICH frame, N=18, 36, 72, or 144
288 bits for paging indication
b0 b1
12 bits (undefined)
b 287 b 288 b 299
One radio frame (10 ms)
Page28
The Page Indicator Channel (PICH) is a fixed rate (30kbps, SF=256) physical channel used by the NodeB to inform a UE (or a group of UEs) that a paging information will soon be transmitted on the PCH. Thus, the mobile only decodes the SCCPCH when it is informed to do so by the PICH. This enables to do other processing and to save the mobiles battery. The PICH carries Paging Indicators (PI), which are user specific and calculated by higher layers. It is always associated with the S-CCPCH to which the PCH is mapped. The frame structure of the PICH is illustrated above. It is 10 ms long, and always contains 300 bits (SF=256). 288 of these bits are used to carry paging indicators, while the remaining 12 are not formally part of the PICH and shall not be transmitted. That part of the frame (last 12 bits) is reserved for possible future use. In order not to waste radio resources, several PIs are multiplexed in time on the PICH. Depending on the configuration of the cell, 18, 36, 72 or 144 paging indicators can be multiplexed on one PICH radio frame. Thus, the number of bits reserved for each PI depends of the number of PIs per radio frame. For example, if there is 72 PIs in one radio frame, there will be 4 (288/72) consecutive bits for each PI. These bits are all identical. If the PI in a certain frame is 1, it is an indication that the UE associated with that PI should read the corresponding frame of the S-CCPCH.
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH)

z
Carrying FACH and PCH, SF = 256 - 4
Pilot: used for demodulation TFCI: Transport Format Control Indication, used for describe data format
TFCI N TFCI bits
Data N Data bits T slot = 2560 chips, 20*2 k bits (k=0..6)
Pilot N Pilot bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i 1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
Slot #14
Page29
The Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH) is used to carry the FACH and PCH transport channels. Unlike the P-CCPCH, it is not broadcasted continuously. It is only transmitted when there is a PCH or FACH information to transmit. At the mobile side, the mobile only decodes the S-CCPCH when it expects a useful message on the PCH or FACH. A UE will expect a message on the PCH after indication from the PICH (page indicator channel), and it will expect a message on the FACH after it has transmitted something on the RACH. The FACH and the PCH can be mapped on the same or on separate S-CCPCHs. If they are mapped on the same S-CCPCH, TFCI bits have to be sent to support multiple transport formats The figure above shows the frame structure of the S-CCPCH. There are 18 different slot formats determining the exact number of data, pilot and TFCI bits. The data bits correspond to the PCH and/or FACH bits coming from the transport sub-layer. Pilot bit are typically used when beamforming techniques are used. The SF ranges from 4 to 256. The channelization code is assigned by the RRC layer as is the scrambling code, and they are fixed during the communication. They are sent on the BCCH so that every UE can decode the channel. As said before, FACH can be used to carry user data. The difference with the dedicated channel is that it cannot use fast power control, nor soft handover. The advantage is that it is a fast access channel.
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

z
Carrying uplink signaling and data, consist of two parts:
One or several preambles: 16 kinds of available preambles 10 or 20ms message part
Preamble 4096 chips
Preamble
Preamble
Message part
10 ms (one radio frame) Message part 20 ms (two radio frames)
Preamble 4096 chips
Preamble
Preamble
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The Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) is used by the UE to access the network and to carry small data packets. It carries the RACH transport channel. The PRACH is an open loop power control channel, with contention resolution mechanisms (ALOHA approach) to enable a random access from several users.
The PRACH is composed of two different parts: the preamble part and the message part that carries the RACH message. The preamble is an identifier which consists of 256 repetitions of a 16 chip long signature (total of 4096 chips). There are 16 possible signatures, basically, the UE randomly selects one of the 16 possible preambles and transmits it at increasing power until it gets a response from the network (on the AICH). That preamble is scrambled before being sent. That is a sign that the power level is high enough and that the UE is authorized to transmit, which it will do after acknowledgment from the network. If the UE doesnt get a response from the network, it has to select a new signature to transmit.
The message part is 10 or 20 ms long (split into 15 or 30 time slots) and is made of the RACH data and the layer 1 control information.
PRACH Message Structure

Data
Data N data bits
Control
Pilot N Pilot bits T slot = 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k=0..3)
TFCI N TFCI bits
Slot # 0
Slot # 1
Slot # i
Slot # 14
Message part radio frame T = 10 ms
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The data and control bits of the message part are processed in parallel. The SF of the data part can be 32, 64, 128 or 256 while the SF of the control part is always 256. The control part consists of 8 pilot bits for channel estimation and 2 TFCI bits to indicate the transport format of the RACH (transport channel), for a total of 10 bits per slot.
The OVSF codes to use (one for RACH data and one for control) depend on the signature that was used for the preamble (for signatures s=0 to s=15: OVSFcontrol= Cch,256,m, where m=16s + 15; OVSFdata= Cch,SF,m, where m=SF*s/16.
PRACH Access Timeslot Structure

radio frame: 10 ms 5120 chips radio frame: 10 ms
#1 Access slot #0 Access slot #1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
Random Access Transmission Random Access Transmission Random Access Transmission Random Access Transmission
Access slot #7 Access slot #8
Access slot #14
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The PRACH transmission is based on the access frame structure. The access frame is access of 15 access slots and lasts 20 ms (2 radio frames). To avoid too many collisions and to limit interference, a UE must wait at least 3 or 4 access slots between two consecutive preambles. The PRACH resources (access slots and preamble signatures) can be divided between different Access Service Classes (ASC) in order to provide different priorities of RACH usage. The ASC number ranges from 0 (highest priority) to 7 (lowest priority).
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

z
Carrying the Acquisition Indicators (AI), SF = 256
There are 16 kinds of Signature to generate AI
AI part a0 a1 a2 a30 a31 a32 a33
Unused part a38 a39
AS #14
AS #0
AS #1
AS #i 20 ms
AS #14
AS #0
Page33
The Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) is a common downlink channel used to control the uplink random accesses. It carries the Acquisition Indicators (AI), each corresponding to a signature on the PRACH (uplink). When the NodeB receives the random access from a mobile, it sends back the signature of the mobile to grant its access. If the NodeB receives multiple signatures, it can sent all these signatures back by adding the together. At reception, the UE can apply its signature to check if the NodeB sent an acknowledgement (taking advantage of the orthogonality of the signatures). The AICH consists of a burst of data transmitted regularly every access slot frame. One access slot frame is formed of 15 access slots, and lasts 2 radio frames (20 ms). Each access slot consists of two parts, an acquisition indicator part of 32 real-valued symbols and a long part during which nothing is transmitted to avoid overlapping due to propagation delays. s (with values 0, +1 and -1, corresponding to the answer from the network to a specific user) and the 32 chip long sequence <bs,j> is given by a predefined table. There are 16 sequences <bs,j>, each corresponding to one PRACH signatures. A maximum of 16 AIs can be sent in each access slot. The user can multiply the received multi-level signal by the signature it used to know if its access was granted. The SF used is always 256 and the OVSF code used by the cell is indicated in system information type 5.
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH&DPCCH)

z
Uplink DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code division multiplexed (CDM) within each radio frame
DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer, the OVSF code is Cch,SF,SF/4, where SF is from 256 to 4
DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1, the OVSF code is Cch,256,0
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There are two kinds of uplink dedicated physical channels, the Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) and the Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH). The DPDCH is used to carry the DCH transport channel. The DPCCH is used to carry the physical sub-layer control bits.
z z z z z
Each DPCCH time slot consists of Pilot, TFCIFBITPC Pilot is used to help demodulation TFCI: transport format control indicator FBI:used for the FBTD. (feedback TX diversity) TPC: used to transport power control command.
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH&DPCCH)

z
Frame Structure of Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
DPDCH DPCCH Pilot Npilot bits
Data Ndata bits TFCI NTFCI bits FBI NFBI bits TPC NTPC bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..6)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i 1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
Slot #14
Page35
On the figure above, we can see the DPDCH and DPCCH time slot constitution. The parameter k determines the number of symbols per slot. It is related to the spreading factor (SF) of the DPDCH by this simple equation: SF=256/2k. The DPDCH SF ranges from 4 to 256. The SF for the uplink DPCCH is always 256, which gives us 10 bits per slot. The exact number of pilot, TFCI, TPC and FBI bits is configured by higher layers. This configuration is chosen from 12 possible slot formats. It is important to note that symbols are transmitted during all slots for the DPDCH
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH+DPCCH)

z
Downlink DPDCH and DPCCH is time division multiplexing (TDM).
z z z
DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1 SF of downlink DPCH is from 512 to 4
Page36
The uplink DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed. But the downlink DPDCH and DPCCH is time multiplexed. This is main difference. Basically, there are two types of downlink DPCH. They are distinguished by the use or non use of the TFCI field. TFCI bits are not used for fixed rate services or when the TFC doesnt change.
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH+DPCCH)

z
Frame Structure of Downlink DPCH (DPDCH+DPCCH)
DPDCH Data1 Ndata1 bits
DPCCH TPC NTPC bits TFCI NTFCI bits
DPDCH Data2 Ndata2 bits
DPCCH Pilot Npilot bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 20*2k bits (k=-1..6)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms
Slot #14
Page37
We have known that the uplink DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed. But the downlink DPDCH and DPCCH is time multiplexed. This is main difference. The parameter k in the figure above determines the total number of bits per time slot. It is related to the SF, which ranges from 4 to 512. The chips of one slot is also 2560.
Downlink physical channels are used to carry user specific information like speech, data or signaling, as well as layer 1 control bits. Like it was mentioned before, the payload from the DPDCH and the control bits from the DPCCH are time multiplexed on every time slot. The figure above shows how these two channels are multiplexed. There is only one DPCCH in downlink for one user.
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)

z
Bearing service data and layer 2 overhead bits mapped from the transport channel SF=16, can be configured several channels to increase data service
Data Ndata1 bits Tslot = 2560 chips, M*10*2k bits (k=4)
Slot #0
Slot#1 1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms
Slot #2
Page38
HS-PDSCH is a downlink physical channel that carries user data and layer 2 overhead bits mapped from the transport channel: HS-DSCH. The user data and layer 2 overhead bits from HS-DSCH is mapped onto one or several HS-PDSCH and transferred in 2ms subframe using one or several channelization code with fixed SF=16.
High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)

z
Carries physical layer signalling to a single UE ,such as modulation scheme (1 bit) ,channelization code set (7 bit), transport block size (6bit),HARQ process number (3bit), redundancy version (3bit), new data indicator (1bit), UE identity (16bit) HS-SCCH is a fixed rate (60 kbps, SF=128) downlink physical channel used to carry downlink signalling related to HS-DSCH transmission
Data Ndata1 bits Tslot = 2560 chips, 40 bits
Slot #0
Slot#1 1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms
Slot #2
Page39
HS-SCCH uses a SF=128 and has q time structure based on a sub-frame of length 2 ms, i.e. the same length as the HS-DSCH TTI. The timing of HS-SCCH starts two slot prior to the start of the HS-PDSCH subframe. The following information is carried on the HS-SCCH (7 items)
Modulation scheme(1bit) QPSK or 16QAM Channelization code set (7bits) Transport block size ( 6bits) HARQ process number (3bits) Redundancy version (3bits) New Data Indicator (1bit) UE identity (16 bits)
In each 2 ms interval corresponding to one HS-DSCH TTI , one HS-SCCH carries physical-layer signalling to a single UE. As there should be a possibility for HS-DSCH transmission to multiple users in parallel (code multiplex), multiplex HS-SCCH may be needed in a cell. The specification allows for up to four HS-SCCHs as seen from a UE point of view .i.e. UE must be able to decode four HS-SCCH.
High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH )

z
Carrying information to acknowledge downlink transport blocks and feedback information to the system for scheduling and link adaptation of transport block
CQI and ACK/NACK
Physical Channel, Uplink, SF=256

Tslot = 2560 chips ACK/NACK 2 Tslot = 5120 chips CQI One HS-DPCCH subframe ( 2ms )
Subframe #0
Subframe #i 1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
Subframe #n
Page40
The uplink HS-DPCCH consists of:
Acknowledgements for HARQ Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
As the HS-DPCCH uses SF=256, there are a total of 30 channel bits per 2 ms sub frame (3 time slot). The HS-DPCCH information is divided in such a way that the HARQ acknowledgement is transmitted in the first slot of the subframe while the channel quality indication is transmitted in the rest slot.
Contents
2. Physical Channels
2.1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions 2.2 Channel Mapping
Page41
Mapping Between Channels

Logical channels BCCH Transport channels BCH FACH PCCH CCCH PCH RACH FACH CTCH DCCH, DTCH FACH DCH HS-DSCH RACH, FACH Physical channels P-CCPCH S-CCPCH S-CCPCH PRACH S-CCPCH S-CCPCH DPDCH HS-PDSCH PRACH, S-CCPCH
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This page indicates how the mapping can be done between logical, transport and physical channels. Not all physical channels are represented because not all physical channels correspond to a transport channel. The mapping between logical channels and transport channels is done by the MAC sub-layer. Different connections can be made between logical and transport channels:
BCCH is connected to BCH and may also be connected to FACH; DTCH can be connected to either RACH and FACH, to RACH and DSCH, to DCH and DSCH, to a DCH or a CPCH;
CTCH is connected to FACH; DCCH can be connected to either RACH and FACH, to RACH and DSCH, to DCH and DSCH, to a DCH or a CPCH;
PCCH is connected to PCH; CCCH is connected to RACH and FACH.
These connections depend on the type of information on the logical channels.
Contents
Page43
Synchronization Procedure - Cell Search

Slot Synchronization
UE uses PSC to acquire slot synchronization to a cell
Frame synchronization & Code Group Identification
UE uses SSC to find frame synchronization and identify the code group of the cell found in the first step
Scrambling Code Identification
UE determines the primary scrambling code through correlation over the PCPICH with all codes within the identified group, and then detects the PCCPCH and reads BCH information
Page44
The purpose of the Cell Search Procedure is to give the UE the possibility of finding a cell and of determining the downlink scrambling code and frame synchronization of that cell. This is typically performed in 3 steps:
PSCH (Slot synchronization): The UE uses the SCHs primary synchronization code to acquire slot synchronization to a cell. The primary synchronization code is used by the UE to detect the existence of a cell and to synchronize the mobile on the TS boundaries. This is typically done with a single filter (or any similar device) matched to the primary synchronization code which is common to all cells. The slot timing of the cell can be obtained by detecting peaks in the matched filter output. SSCH (Frame synchronization and code-group identification): The secondary synchronization codes provide the information required to find the frame boundaries and the group number. Each group number corresponds to a unique set of 8 primary scrambling codes. The frame boundary and the group number are provided indirectly by selecting a suite of 15 secondary codes. 16 secondary codes have been defined C1, C2, .C16. 64 possible suites have been defined, each suite corresponds to one of the 64 groups. Each suite of secondary codes is composed of 15 secondary codes (chosen in the set of 16), each of which will be transmitted in one time slot. When the received codes matches one of the possible suites, the UE has both determined the frame boundary and the group number. PCPICH (Scrambling-code identification): The UE determines the exact primary scrambling code used by the found cell. The primary scrambling code is typically identified through symbol-by-symbol correlation over the PCPICH with all the codes within the code group identified in the second step. After the primary scrambling code has been identified, the Primary CCPCH can be detected and the system- and cell specific BCH information can be read.
Random Access Procedure
START Choose a RACH sub channel from available ones
Get available signatures
Set Preamble Retrans Max
Set Preamble_Initial_Power
Send a preamble No AI Choose a access slot again Choose a signature and increase preamble transmit power The counter of preamble retransmit Subtract 1, Commanded preamble power increased by Power Ramp Step Y Counter> 0 & Preamble power < maximum allowed power N Set physical status to be Nack on AICH received Check the corresponding AI Get positive AI Increase message part power by p-m based on preamble power Send the corresponding message part Get negative AI
Set physical status to be RACH message transmitted Report the physical status to MAC
Set physical status to be Nack on AICH received
END
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Physical random access procedure
1. Derive the available uplink access slots, in the next full access slot set, for the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC. Randomly select one access slot among the ones previously determined. If there is no access slot available in the selected set, randomly select one uplink access slot corresponding to the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC from the next access slot set. The random function shall be such that each of the allowed selections is chosen with equal probability 2. Randomly select a signature from the set of available signatures within the given ASC. 3. Set the Preamble Retransmission Counter to Preamble_ Retrans_ Max 4. Set the parameter Commanded Preamble Power to Preamble_Initial_Power 5. Transmit a preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and preamble transmission power. 6. If no positive or negative acquisition indicator (AI +1 nor 1) corresponding to the selected signature is detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot: A: Select the next available access slot in the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC; B: select a signature; C: Increase the Commanded Preamble Power; D: Decrease the Preamble Retransmission Counter by one. If the Preamble Retransmission Counter > 0 then repeat from step 6. Otherwise exit the physical random access procedure. 7. If a negative acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected signature is detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot, exit the physical random access procedure Signature
8. If a positive acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected signature is detected , Transmit the random access message three or four uplink access slots after the uplink access slot of the last transmitted preamble 9. exit the physical random access procedure
Transmit Diversity Mode

z
Application of Tx diversity modes on downlink physical channel

Physical channel type Open loop mode TSTD P-CCPCH SCH S-CCPCH DPCH PICH HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH AICH applied STTD applied applied applied applied applied applied applied Closed loop mode Mode 1 applied applied
Page46
Mode 2 applied
Transmitter-antenna diversity can be used to generate multi-path diversity in places where it would not otherwise exist. Multi-path diversity is a useful phenomenon, especially if it can be controlled. It can protect the UE against fading and shadowing. TX diversity is designed for downlink usage. Transmitter diversity needs two antennas, which would be an expensive solution for the UEs.
The UTRA specifications divide the transmitter diversity modes into two categories: (1) open-loop mode and (2) closed-loop mode. In the open-loop mode no feedback information from the UE to the NodeB is available. Thus the UTRAN has to determine by itself the appropriate parameters for the TX diversity. In the closed-loop mode the UE sends feedback information up to the NodeB in order to optimize the transmissions from the diversity antennas.
Thus it is quite natural that the open-loop mode is used for the common channels, as they typically do not provide an uplink return channel for the feedback information. Even if there was a feedback channel, the NodeB cannot really optimize its common channel transmissions according to measurements made by one particular UE. Common channels are common for everyone; what is good for one UE may be bad for another. The closed-loop mode is used for dedicated physical channels, as they have an existing uplink channel for feedback information. Note that shared channels can also employ closed loop power control, as they are allocated for only one user at a time, and they also have a return channel in the uplink. There are two specified methods to achieve the transmission diversity in the open-loop mode and two methods in closed-loop mode
Transmit Diversity - STTD

z
Space time block coding based transmit antenna diversity (STTD)
4 consecutive bits b0, b1, b2, b3 using STTD coding b0 b1 b2 b3 b0 b1 b2 b3 -b2 b3 b0 -b1 Channel bits STTD encoded channel bits for antenna 1 and antenna 2. Antenna 2 Antenna 1
Page47
The TX diversity methods in the open-loop mode are
space time-block coding-based transmit-antenna diversity (STTD) time-switched transmit diversity (TSTD).
In STTD the data to be transmitted is divided between two transmission antennas at the base station site and transmitted simultaneously. The channel-coded data is processed in blocks of four bits. The bits are time reversed and complex conjugated, as shown in above slide. The STTD method, in fact, provides two brands of diversity. The physical separation of the antennas provides the space diversity, and the time difference derived from the bit-reversing process provides the time diversity.
These features together make the decoding process in the receiver more reliable. In addition to data signals, pilot signals are also transmitted via both antennas. The normal pilot is sent via the first antenna and the diversity pilot via the second antenna.
The two pilot sequences are orthogonal, which enables the receiving UE to extract the phase information for both antennas.
The STTD encoding is optional in the UTRAN, but its support is mandatory for the UEs receiver.
Transmit Diversity - TSTD

z
Time switching transmit diversity (TSTD) is used only on SCH channel

Slot #0 Slot #1
(Tx OFF) (Tx OFF)
Slot #2
Slot #14
acp
Antenna 1
acp acs
i,2
acp aci,14 s
(Tx OFF) (Tx OFF)
acs
i,0
(Tx OFF)
acp acs
i,1
(Tx OFF) (Tx OFF)
Antenna 2
(Tx OFF)
Page48
Time-switched transmit diversity (TSTD) can be applied to the SCH. Just like STTD, the support of TSTD is optional in the UTRAN, but mandatory in the UE. The principle of TSTD is to transmit the synchronization channels via the two base station antennas in turn. In even-numbered time slots the SCHs are transmitted via antenna 1, and in odd-numbered slots via antenna 2. This is depicted in above Figure. Note that SCH channels only use the first 256 chips of each time slot (i.e., one-tenth of each slot).
Closed Loop Mode

z
Used in DPCH and HS-PDSCH
Page49
The closed-loop-mode transmit diversity can only be applied to the downlink channel if there is an associated uplink channel. Thus this mode can only be used with dedicated channels. The chief operating principle of the closed loop mode is that the UE can control the transmit diversity in the base station by sending adjustment commands in FBI bits on the uplink DPCCH. The UE uses the base stations common pilot channels to estimate the channels separately. Based on this estimation, it generates the adjustment information and sends it to the UTRAN to maximize the UEs received power.
There are actually two modes in the closed-loop method. In mode 1 only the phase can be adjusted; in mode 2 the amplitude is adjustable as well as the phase. Each uplink time slot has one FBI bit for closed-loop-diversity control. In mode 1 each bit forms a separate adjustment command, but in mode 2 four bits are needed to compose a command.
This functions can be configured by LMT command ADD CELLSETUP.
References
z z z
TS 25.104 UTRA (BS) FDD Radio Transmission and Reception TS 25.201 Physical layer-general description TS 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD) TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD) TS 25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD) TS 25.214 Physical layer procedures (FDD) TS 25.308 UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) TR 25.877 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) - Iub/Iur Protocol Aspects TR 25.858 Physical layer aspects of UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
z z z z z
Page50
Summary
z
This course mainly introduces the basic concept, key technology and procedures of WCDMA physical layer.
These knowledge is very important for understanding Uu interface and further study.
Page51
Thank you
www.huawei.com
WCDMA UTRAN Interface and Signaling Procedure
www.huawei.com
Objectives
z
Understand UTRAN interface and structure Understand the definitions about UTRAN network elements Understand UTRAN signaling procedure
Page1
Contents
1. UTRAN Network Overview 2. Basic Concepts about UTRAN 3. UTRAN Signaling Procedure
Page2
Contents
Page3
UMTS Network Structure

CN
Core Network CS Iu-CS RNS Iur RNC RNC Iub NodeB Iub NodeB Iub NodeB PS Iu-PS CS Iu-CS RNS PS Iu-PS
UTRAN
Iub NodeB
Uu
UE
UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access network) structure
The UTRAN consists of one or several Radio Network Subsystem ( RNS ), each containing one RNC and one or several NodeB
Interface
Iu interface: the Iu interface connects the UTRAN to the CN and is split in two parts. The Iu-CS is the interface between the RNC and the circuit switched domain of the CN. The Iu-PS interface is the interface between the RNC and the packet switched domain of the CN. Uu interface: the Uu interface is the WCDMA radio interface with in UMTS. It is the interface through which the UE accesses the fixed part of the network. Iub interface: the Iub interface connects the NodeB and the RNC. Contrarily to GSM, this interface is fully open in UMTS and thus more competition is expected. Iur interface: the RNC-RNC interface was initially designed in order to provide inter RNC soft handover, but more features were added during the development.
Uu Interface
GC Nt DC
Duplication avoidance
GC C-plane signaling Nt DC U-plane information control UuS boundary
control
control
RRC
control control
L3
radio bearer PDCP PDCP BMC RLC
L2/PDCP L2/BMC L2/RLC

logical channel
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC RLC RLC
RLC
MAC PHY
L2/MAC
transport channel
L1
The layer 1 supports all functions required for the transmission of bit streams on the physical medium. It is also in charge of measurements function consisting in indicating to higher layers, for example, Frame Error Rate (FER), Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR), interference power, transmit power, It is basically composed of a layer 1 management entity, a transport channel entity, and a physical channel entity. The layer 2 protocol is responsible for providing functions such as mapping, ciphering, retransmission and segmentation. It is made of four sublayers: MAC (Medium Access Control), RLC (Radio Link Control), PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) and BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Control). The layer 3 is split into 2 parts: the access stratum and the non access stratum. The access stratum part is made of RRC (Radio Resource Control) entity and duplication avoidance entity. The non access stratum part is made of CC, MM parts. Not shown on the figure are connections between RRC and all the other protocol layers (RLC, MAC, PDCP, BMC and L1), which provide local inter-layer control services. The protocol layers are located in the UE and the peer entities are in the NodeB or the RNC.
General Protocol Mode for UTRAN Terrestrial Interface

z
The structure is based on the principle that the layers and planes are logically independent of each other.
Radio Network Layer Control Plane Application Protocol
Transport Network User Plane Transport Network Control Plane
User Plane Data Stream(s)
Transport Network Layer
Transport Network User Plane
ALCAP(s) Signaling Bearer(s) Signaling Bearer(s)

Physical Layer
Data Bearer(s)
Page6
Protocol structures in UTRAN terrestrial interfaces are designed according to the same general protocol model. This model is shown in above slide. The structure is based on the principle that the layers and planes are logically independent of each other and, if needed, parts of the protocol structure may be changed in the future while other parts remain intact. Horizontal Layers
The protocol structure consists of two main layers, the Radio Network Layer (RNL) and the Transport Network Layer (TNL). All UTRAN-related issues are visible only in the Radio Network Layer, and the Transport Network Layer represents standard transport technology that is selected to be used for UTRAN but without any UTRAN-specific changes.
Vertical Planes
Control Plane The Control Plane is used for all UMTS-specific control signaling. It includes the Application Protocol (i.e. RANAP in Iu, RNSAP in Iur and NBAP in Iub), and the Signaling Bearer for transporting the Application Protocol messages. The Application Protocol is used, among other things, for setting up bearers to the UE (i.e. the Radio Access Bearer in Iu and subsequently the Radio Link in Iur and Iub). In the three plane structure the bearer parameters in the Application Protocol are not directly tied to the User Plane technology, but rather are general bearer parameters. The Signaling Bearer for the Application Protocol may or may not be of the same type as the Signaling Bearer for the ALCAP. It is always set up by O&M actions.
User Plane All information sent and received by the user, such as the coded voice in a voice call or the packets in an Internet connection, are transported via the User Plane. The User Plane includes the Data Stream(s), and the Data Bearer (s) for the Data Stream(s). Each Data Stream is characterized by one or more frame protocols specified for that interface. Transport Network Control Plane The Transport Network Control Plane is used for all control signaling within the Transport Layer. It does not include any Radio Network Layer information. It includes the ALCAP protocol that is needed to set up the transport bearers (Data Bearer) for the User Plane. It also includes the Signaling Bearer needed for the ALCAP. The Transport Network Control Plane is a plane that acts between the Control Plane and the User Plane. The introduction of the Transport Network Control Plane makes it possible for the Application Protocol in the Radio Network Control Plane to be completely independent of the technology selected for the Data Bearer in the User Plane.
About AAl2 and AAL5
Above the ATM layer we usually find an ATM adaptation layer (AAL). Its function is to process the data from higher layers for ATM transmission. This means segmenting the data into 48-byte chunks and reassembling the original data frames on the receiving side. There are five different AALs (0, 1, 2, 3/4, and 5). AAL0 means that no adaptation is needed. The other adaptation layers have different properties based on three parameters:
Real-time requirements; Constant or variable bit rate; Connection-oriented or connectionless data transfer.
The usage of ATM is promoted by the ATM Forum. The Iu interface uses two AALs: AAL2 and AAL5. AAL2 is designed for the transmission of connection oriented, real-time data streams with variable bit rates. AAL5 is designed for the transmission of connectionless data streams with variable bit rates.
RNL Control Plane Application Protocol

CN
RANAP RRC RNSAP
UE
RNC
NBAP
RNC
NodeB
NBAP RANAP RNSAP RRC Node B Application Part Radio Access Network Application Part Radio Network Subsystem Application Part Radio Resource Control
Page8
RANAP is the signaling protocol in Iu that contains all the control information specified for the Radio Network Layer. RNSAP is the signaling protocol in Iur that contains all the control information specified for the Radio Network Layer. NBAP is the signaling protocol in Iub that contains all the control information specified for the Radio Network Layer. RRC is the signaling protocol in Uu that locate in the Uu interface layer 3.
Iu-CS Interface
Radio Network Layer
Control Plane RANAP User plane Iu UP
Transport Network Control Plane
ALCAP ALCAP
SCCP A MTP3-B SAAL NNI B MTP3-B SAAL NNI AAL2 PATH
ATM Physical Layer
Page9
Protocol Structure for Iu CS
The Iu CS overall protocol structure is depicted in above slide. The three planes in the Iu interface share a common ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) transport which is used for all planes. The physical layer is the interface to the physical medium: optical fiber, radio link or copper cable. The physical layer implementation can be selected from a variety of standard off-the-shelf transmission technologies, such as SONET, STM1, or E1.
Iu CS Control Plane Protocol Stack
The Control Plane protocol stack consists of RANAP, on top of Broadband (BB) SS7 (Signaling System #7) protocols. The applicable layers are the Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP), the Message Transfer Part (MTP3-b) and SAAL-NNI (Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer for Network to Network Interfaces).
Iu CS Transport Network Control Plane Protocol Stack
The Transport Network Control Plane protocol stack consists of the Signaling Protocol for setting up AAL2 connections (Q.2630.1 and adaptation layer Q.2150.1), on top of BB SS7 protocols. The applicable BB SS7 are those described above without the SCCP layer.
Iu CS User Plane Protocol Stack
A dedicated AAL2 connection is reserved for each individual CS service.
Iu-PS Interface
Radio Network Layer
Control Plane RANAP User plane Iu UP
Transport Network User Plane SCCP MTP3-B
Transport Network User Plane GTP-U C UDP IP AAL Type 5
SAAL NNI
ATM Physical Layer
Page10
Protocol Structure for Iu PS
The Iu PS protocol structure is represented in above slide. Again, a common ATM transport is applied for both User and Control Plane. Also the physical layer is as specified for Iu CS.
Iu PS Control Plane Protocol Stack
The Control Plane protocol stack consists of RANAP, on top of Broadband (BB) SS7 (Signaling System #7) protocols. The applicable layers are the Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP), the Message Transfer Part (MTP3-b) and SAAL-NNI (Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer for Network to Network Interfaces).
Iu PS Transport Network Control Plane Protocol Stack
The Transport Network Control Plane is not applied to Iu PS. The setting up of the GTP tunnel requires only an identifier for the tunnel, and the IP addresses for both directions, and these are already included in the RANAP RAB Assignment messages.
Iu PS User Plane Protocol Stack
In the Iu PS User Plane, multiple packet data flows are multiplexed on one or several AAL5 PVCs. The GTP-U (User Plane part of the GPRS Tunneling Protocol) is the multiplexing layer that provides identities for individual packet data flow. Each flow uses UDP connectionless transport and IP addressing.
Iub Interface
Radio Network Layer Control Plane NBAP NCP CCP Transport Network Control Plane Transport Network Layer Transport Network User Plane ALCAP ALCAP Transport Network User Plane User plane Iub FP
SAAL UNI
SAAL UNI
AAL2 PATH
ATM Physical Layer
Page11
The Iub interface is the terrestrial interface between NodeB and RNC. The Radio Network Layer defines procedures related to the operation of the NodeB. The Transport Network Layer defines procedures for establishing physical connections between the NodeB and the RNC.
The Iub application protocol, NodeB application part ( NBAP ) initiates the establishment of a signaling connection over Iub . It is divided into two essential components, CCP and NCP.
NCP is used for signaling that initiates a UE context for a dedicated UE or signals that is not related to specific UE. Example of NBAP-C procedure are cell configuration , handling of common channels and radio link setup
CCP is used for signaling relating to a specific UE context. SAAL is an ATM Adaptation Layer that supports communication between signaling entities over an ATM link. The user plane Iub Frame Protocol ( FP ), defined the structure of the frames and the basic in band control procedure for every type of transport channel. There are DCH-FP, RACH-FP, FACH-FP, HS-DSCH FP and PCH FP.
Iur Interface
Radio Network Layer
Control Plane RANAP User plane Iur Data Stream Transport Network Control Plane
ALCAP ALCAP
SCCP A MTP3-B SAAL NNI B MTP3-B SAAL NNI AAL2 PATH
ATM Physical Layer
Page12
z z
Iur interface connects two RNCs. The protocol stack for the Iur is shown in above slide. The RNSAP protocol is the signaling protocol defined for the Iur interface.
Contents
Page13
SRNC / DRNC
CN
Iu Iur
SRNC
DRNC
z z
SRNC and DRNC are concepts for a connected UE. The SRNC handles the connection to one UE, and may borrow radio resources of a certain cell from the DRNC. Drift RNCs support the Serving RNC by providing radio resources A UE in connection state has at least one and only one SRNC, but can has 0 or multiple DRNCs
Page14
z z
Inside the UTRAN, the RNCs of the Radio Network Subsystems can be interconnected together through the Iur. Iu(s) and Iur are logical interfaces. Iur can be conveyed over direct physical connection between RNCs or virtual networks using any suitable transport network . For each connection between User Equipment and the UTRAN, One RNC is the Serving RNC. When required, Drift RNCs support the Serving RNC by providing radio resources. The role of an RNC (Serving or Drift) is on a per connection basis between a UE and the UTRAN.
RAB, RB and RL
RAB RB UE RL NodeB
RNC
CN
UTRAN
Page15
RAB: The service that the access stratum provides to the non-access stratum for transfer of user data between User Equipment and CN. RB: The service provided by the layer2 for transfer of user data between User Equipment and Serving RNC. RL: A "radio link" is a logical association between single User Equipment and a single UTRAN access point. Its physical realization comprises one or more radio bearer transmissions.
UE Working Modes and States

z z
Idle Mode Connected Mode
CELL_DCH CELL_FACH CELL_PCH URA_PCH
Page16
z z z
If RRC connection does not exit between UE and RNC, then the UE is in idle mode. If RRC connection exits between UE and RNC, then the UE is in connected mode. Based on UE mobility and activity UE in connected mode may be allocated to four different states: CELL_DCH, CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH and URA_PCH. The UE leaves the connected mode and returns to idle mode when the RRC connection is released or at RRC connection failure.
Idle Mode
z
The UE has no relation to UTRAN, only to CN. For data transfer, a signaling connection has to be established.
UE camps on a cell
It enables the UE to receive system information from the PLMN UE can monitor PICH of a cell for paging
The idle mode tasks can be divided into three processes:
PLMN selection and reselection Cell selection and reselection Location registration
Page17
When a UE is switched on, a public land mobile network (PLMN) is selected and the UE searches for a suitable cell of this PLMN to camp on. The UE searches for a suitable cell of the chosen PLMN and chooses that cell to provide available services, and tunes to its control channel. This choosing is known as "camping on the cell". The UE will, if necessary, then register its presence, by means of a NAS registration procedure, in the registration area of the chosen cell. If the UE finds a more suitable cell, it reselects onto that cell and camps on it. If the new cell is in a different registration area, location registration is performed.
Connected Mode
z
When UE is in connected mode
The UE position can be known on different levels:
Cell level (CELL_DCH/CELL_FACH/CELL_PCH) UTRAN Registration Area (URA) level (URA_PCH)
The UE can use different types of channels in connected mode
Dedicated transport channels (CELL_DCH) Common transport channels (CELL_FACH)
Page18
Assuming that there exists an RRC connection, there are two basic families of RRC connection mobility procedures, URA updating and handover. Different families of RRC connection mobility procedures are used in different levels of UE connection (cell level and URA level):
URA updating is a family of procedures that updates the UTRAN registration area of a UE when an RRC connection exists and the position of the UE is known on URA level in the UTRAN; Handover is a family of procedures that adds or removes one or several radio links between one UE and UTRAN when an RRC connection exists and the position of the UE is known on cell level in the UTRAN.
Which type of transport channel is used by UE in connected mode is decided by RNC according to the UE activity.
Connected Mode
z
Cell-DCH
In active state Communicating via its dedicated channels UTRAN knows which cell UE stays in
Page19
If there is huge data to be transmitted, it must allocate dedicated channel. Thus UE will be in Cell-DCH. UE in Cell-DCH state is communicating via DCH (downlink and uplink) with UTRAN.
Connected Mode
z
Cell-FACH
In active state Few data to be transmitted both in uplink and in downlink. There is no need to allocate dedicated channel for this UE
Downlink uses FACH and uplink uses RACH UE needs to monitor the FACH for its information UTRAN knows which cell the UE stays in
Page20
If there is only few data to be transmitted, there is no need to allocate dedicated channel. Thus UE will be in Cell-FACH. UE in Cell-FACH state is communicating via FACH (downlink) and RACH (uplink) with UTRAN. UE need to monitor the FACH for its relative information because FACH is shared for all users in the cell.
Connected Mode
z
Cell-PCH
No data to be transmitted or received Monitor PICH, to receive its paging UTRAN knows which cell the UE stays in UTRAN has to update cell information of UE when UE roams to another cell
Lower the power consumption of UE
Page21
If UE has no data to be transmitted or received, UE will be in Cell-PCH or URA-PCH. In these two states, UE needs to monitor PICH,to receive its paging. UTRAN knows which cell or URA UE is now in. The difference between Cell-PCH and URA-PCH is that UTRAN update UE information only after UE which is in URA-PCH state has roamed to other URA. UTRAN have to update cell information of UE when UE roams to another cell. UE migrates to cell-FACH state to complete the cell update. If there is also no data to be transmitted or received, UE is back to CELL-PCH state after cell update. If the cell update times in a fixed time reach a preset value, UTRAN will let UE migrate to URAPCH. URA is an area of several cells.
Connected Mode
z
URA-PCH
No data to be transmitted or received Monitor PICH, to receive its paging UTRAN only knows which URA (which consists of multiple cells) that UE stays
UTRAN updates UE information only after UE has roamed to other URA
A better way to reduce the resource occupancy and signaling transmission
Page22
It is the same as the CELL-PCH state. UE should migrate to CELL-FACH state to complete the URA update.
UE Working Modes and States

- Reduce activity further - Avoid unnecessary signaling
RRC Connection
- Reduce activity, DTX, and save power
URA_PCH
CELL_PCH
CELL_DCH
- Dedicated channel - Common service, such as voice
CELL_FACH
- Common channel - PS service with few data to transmit
IDLE
- Monitor paging channel - Cell re-selection
DEAD
- Scan networks (PLMN) - Camp on a cell
Page23
This is the UE states figure. These states are significant only for UTRAN and UE. They are transparent to CN. Lets focus on the switch between the states.
Contents
Page24
Contents
3. UTRAN Signaling Procedure
3.1 System Information Broadcast 3.2 Paging 3.3 Call Process 3.4 Handover
Page25
System Information Broadcast Flow

UE Node B
NBAP 1. System Information Update Request NBAP 2. System Information Update Response
RNC
NBAP
NBAP
RRC
3. BCCH: System Information
RRC
RRC
RRC
RRC
RRC
Page26
Introduction of System Information

z
MIB:
PLMN tag Scheduling information for SB (Scheduling Block) Scheduling information for SIB (System Information Block)
z z
SB1: scheduling information for SIB SB2: scheduling information for SIB (extended)
Page27

z
SIB1: System information for NAS and the timer/counter for UE
z z z
SIB2: URA information SIB3: Parameters for cell selection and cell re-selection SIB4: Parameters for cell selection and cell re-selection while UE is in connected mode
SIB5: Parameters for the common physical channels of the cell
SIB6: Parameters for the common physical channels of the cell while UE is in connected mode
Page28

z z z z
SIB7: uplink interference level and the refreshing timer SIB8: the CPCH static information SIB9: the CPCH dynamic information SIB10: information to be used by UEs having their DCH controlled by a DRAC procedure
z z
SIB11: measurement controlling information SIB12: measurement controlling information in connected mode
Page29

z z z z
SIB13: ANSI-41 system information SIB14: the information in TDD mode SIB15: the position service information SIB16: the needed pre-configuration information for handover from other RAT to UTRAN
z z
SIB17: the configuration information for TDD SIB18: the PLMN identities of the neighboring cells to be used in shared networks to help with the cell reselection process
Page30
System Information Block Type 1

z
System information type 1
The NAS system information CS domain DRX: K=6, then DRX period is 2^k= 2^6= 64TTI=640 ms
PS domain DRX: K=6, then DRX period is 2^k=2^6=64TTI =640 ms
Page31

z
System info type 2
URA information
Page32

z
The references for cell selection and re-selection
Qhyst2s Sintrasearch Sintersearch Sinterratsearch Qqualmin Qrxlemin T reselection Max Allowed UE TX power
Page33

z
The configuration information for the following physical channels and the counterpart transport channels
PCCPCH SCCPCH PICH AICH PRACH
Page34
System Information Block Type 7 and 11

z
System info type 7
Including the UL interference level which is used for open loop power control
Including the Expiration Time Factor which is used for refreshing the SIB7 periodically
System info type 11
The neighbor cell information for cell re-selection in IDLE mode
Page35
Contents
Page36
Paging Initiation
z
CN initiated paging
z
Establish a signaling connection
UTRAN initiated paging

z z
Trigger the cell update procedure Trigger reading of updated system information
Page37
For CN originated paging:
In order to request UTRAN connect to UE, CN initiates the paging procedure, transmits paging message to the UTRAN through Iu interface, and UTRAN transmits the paging message from CN to UE through the paging procedure on Uu interface, which will make the UE initiate a signaling connection setup process with the CN.
For UTRAN originated paging:
UE state transition: In order to trigger UE in the CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state to carry out state transition (for example, transition to the CELL_FACH state), the UTRAN will perform a paging process. Meanwhile, the UE will initiate a cell update or URA update process, as a reply to the paging.
When the cell system message is updated: When system messages change, the UTRAN will trigger paging process in order to inform UE in the idle, CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state to carry out the system message update, so that the UE can read the updated system message.
Paging Type 1
z
If UE is in CELL_PCH,URA_PCH or IDLE statethe paging message will be transmitted on PCCH with paging type 1
CN PAGING RANAP RANAP RNC1 RNC2 NODEB1.1 NODEB2.1 UE
RANAP
PAGING
RANAP
PCCH: PAGING TYPE 1
PCCH: PAGING TYPE 1
Page38
Paging type 1:
The message is transmitted in one LA or RA according to LAI or RAI. After calculating the paging time, the paging message will be transmitted at that time If UE is in CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state, the UTRAN transmits the paging information in PAGING TYPE 1 message to UE. After received paging message, UE performs a cell update procedure to transit state to CELL_FACH.
As shown in the above figure, the CN initiates paging in a location area (LA), which is covered by two RNCs. After receiving a paging message, the RNC searches all the cells corresponding to the LAI, and then calculates the paging time, at which it will send the PAGING TYPE 1 message to these cells through the PCCH.
Paging Type 2
z
If UE is in CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH statethe paging message will be transmitted on DCCH with paging type 2
CN SRNC UE
PAGING RANAP RANAP
DCCH: PAGING TYPE 2 RRC RRC
Page39
Paging type 2:
If UE is in CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH statethe paging message will be transmitted on DCCH with paging type 2 The message will be only transmitted in a cell
As shown in the above figure, if the UE is in the CELL_-DCH or CELL_FACH state, the UTRAN will immediately transmit PAGING TYPE 2 message to the paged UE on DCCH channel.
Contents
Page40
Introduction of Call Process

z
In WCDMA system, a call process includes the following basic signaling flows:
RRC connection flow Direct transfer message flow Authentication flow (optional) Security flow (optional) RAB establish flow Call proceeding NAS signaling before correlative bearer release Correlative bearer release
Page41
RRC Connection Establishment Flow (CCCH)

UE Serving RNC
RRC
1. CCCH: RRC Connection Request
RRC
RRC
2. CCCH: RRC Connection Set up
RRC
RRC
3. DCCH: RRC Connection Setup Complete
RRC
Page42
In the idle mode, when the non-access layer of the UE requests to establish a signaling connection, the UE will initiate the RRC connection procedure. Each UE has up to one RRC connection only. When the SRNC receives an RRC CONNECTION REQUEST message from the UE, the Radio Resource Management (RRM) module of the RNC determines whether to accept or reject the RRC connection request according to a specific algorithm. If accepting the request, the RRM module determines whether to set up the RRC connection on a Dedicated Channel (DCH) or on a Common Channel (CCH) according to a specific RRM algorithm.
Description:
The UE sends an RRC CONNECTION REQUEST message to the SRNC through the uplink CCCH, requesting the establishment of an RRC connection. Based on the RRC connection request cause and the system resource state, the SRNC decides to establish the connection on the common channel.
The SRNC sends an RRC CONNECTION SETUP message to the UE through the downlink CCCH. The message contains the information about the CCH.
The UE sends an RRC CONNECTION SETUP COMPLETE message to the SRNC through the uplink CCCH.
RRC Connection Establishment Flow (DCCH)

UE
RRC
Node B
1. CCCH: RRC Connection Request
Serving RNC
RRC Allocate RNTI Select L1 and L2 parameters
NBAP
2. Radio Link Setup Request
NBAP
Start RX
NBAP
3. Radio Link Setup Response
NBAP
4. ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup

DCH - FP DCH - FP
5. Downlink Synchronization 6. Uplink Synchronization
DCH - FP DCH - FP
Start TX
RRC
7. CCCH: RRC Connection Set up

NBAP
RRC NBAP RRC
8. Radio Link Restore Indication
RRC
9. DCCH: RRC Connection Setup Complete
Page43
z z
Typically, an RRC connection is set up on the DCH. Description:
The UE sends an RRC Connection Request message via the uplink CCCH to request to establish an RRC connection. Based on the RRC connection request cause and the system resource state, the SRNC decides to establish the connection on the dedicated channel, and allocates the RNTI and L1 and L2 resources. The SRNC sends a Radio Link Setup Request message to Node B, requesting the Node B to allocate specific radio link resources required by the RRC connection. After successfully preparing the resources, the Node B responds to the SRNC with the Radio Link Setup Response message. The SRNC initiates the establishment of Iub user plane transport bearer with the ALCAP protocol and completes the synchronization between the RNC and the Node B. The SRNC sends an RRC Connection Setup message to the UE in the downlink CCCH. The UE sends an RRC Connection Setup Complete message to the SRNC in the uplink DCCH.
ID ORIGCONVCALLEST ORIGSTREAMCALLEST ORIGINTERCALLEST ORIGBKGCALLEST ORIGSUBSTRAFFCALLEST TERMCONVCALLEST TERMSTREAMCALLEST TERMINTERCALLEST TERMBKGCALLEST EMERGCALLEST INTERRATCELLRESELEST INTERRATCELLCHGORDERE ST REGISTEST DETACHEST ORIGHIGHPRIORSIGEST ORIGLOWPRIORSIGEST CALLREEST TERMHIGHPRIORSIGEST TERMLOWPRIORSIGEST TERMCAUSEUNKNOWN DEFAULTEST
Name Originating Conversational Call Originating Streaming Call Originating Interactive Call Originating Background Call Originating Subscribed traffic Call Terminating Conversational Call Terminating Streaming Call Terminating Interactive Call Terminating Background Call Emergency Call RRC establish type Inter-RAT cell re-selection Inter-RAT cell change order Registration Detach Originating High Priority Signaling Originating Low Priority Signaling Call re-establishment Terminating High Priority Signaling Terminating Low Priority Signaling Terminating cause unknown Spare RRC establish
Recommended value DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING DCH_3.4K_SIGNALLING DCH_3.4K_SIGNALLING DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING FACH DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING FACH DCH_3.4K_SIGNALLING DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING FACH FACH DCH_3.4K_SIGNALLING
Direct Transfer Message Flow

UE
RRC
NodeB
Initial DT
RNC
RRC SCCP SCCP RANAP RANAP Connect Request Connect Confirm Initial UE Message Common ID
CN
SCCP SCCP RANAP RANAP
In Iu interface, radio network layer reports the RANAP information and NAS information. NAS information is taken as directed message in RANAP information.
Page45
After the RRC connection between the UE and the UTRAN is successfully set up, the UE sets up a signaling connection with the CN via the RNC for NAS information exchange between the UE and the CN, such as authentication, service request and connection setup. This is also called the NAS signaling setup procedure.
For the RNC, the signaling exchanged between the UE and the CN is a direct transfer message. After receiving the first direct transfer message, that is, the Initial Direct Transfer message, the RNC sets up a signaling connection with the CN on the SCCP. The procedure is shown in the above figure:
The specific procedure is given as follows:
After the RRC connection is established, the UE sends the Initial Direct Transfer message to the RNC via the RRC connection. This message carries the NAS information content sent to the CN by the UE.
After receiving the Initial Direct Transfer message from the UE, the RNC sends the SCCP Connection Request (CR) message to the CN via the Iu interface. The message content is the Initial UE Message sent from the RNC to the CN, and carries the message content sent from the UE to the CN.
If the CN is ready to accept the connection request, then it returns the SCCP Connection Confirm (CC) message to the RNC. The SCCP connection is successfully set up. The RNC receives the message and confirms the signaling connection setup success.
If the CN cannot accept the connection request, then it returns the SCCP Connection Reject (CJ) message to the RNC. The SCCP connection setup fails. The RNC receives the message and confirms the signaling connection setup failure. Then it initiates the RRC release procedure.
After the signaling connection is successfully set up, the message sent by the UE to the CN is forwarded to the RNC via the Uplink Direct Transfer message, and the RNC converts it into the Direct Transfer message to send to the CN. The message sent by the CN to the UE is forwarded to the RNC via the Direct Transfer message, and the RNC converts it into the Downlink Direct Transfer to send to the UE.
Common ID
Page47
Authentication and Security Flow

UE
RRC Connection Setup Initial DT
RNC
Initial UE Message (CM Service Request) Common ID DL DT (Authentication Request) DL DT (Authentication Response) DL DT (Authentication Response) Security Mode Command Security Mode Command DL DT (Authentication Request)
CN
Security Mode Command Complete
Security Mode Command Complete
UL Direct Transfer (Setup)
Direct Transfer (Setup) Direct Transfer (Call Proceeding)
DL Direct Transfer (Call Proceeding)
RAB Assignment
Page48
z z
Authentication is used for the validity of CN and UE. Security flow includes the encrypt process and integrity protection.
RAB Establishment Flow

UE NodeB RNC
RANAP Q.AAL2 Q.AAL2 NBAP NBAP Q.AAL2 Q.AAL2 FP FP RRC NBAP RRC
CN
RAB Ass Req AAL2 Setup Req AAL2 Setup Rsp
RANAP Q.AAL2 Q.AAL2
RL Recfg Prep RL Recfg Ready AAL2 Setup Req AAL2 Setup Rsp DL Sync UL Sync RB Setup RL Recfg Commit RB Setup Complete
NBAP NBAP Q.AAL2 Q.AAL2 FP FP RRC NBAP RRC RANAP
RAB Ass Rsp
RANAP
Page49
z z
RAB is the carrier which is provided by AS for NAS. RAB is the carrier in user plane, which is for transferring the voice service, data service or multiple media service between UE and CN. RAB establishment flow mainly includes the AAL2 PATH establishment of Iu and Iub interface, also includes the reconfiguration process of radio resource. The RAB refers to the user plane bearer that is used to transfer voice, data and multimedia services between the UE and the CN. The UE needs to complete the RRC connection establishment before setting up the RAB. The RAB setup is initiated by the CN and executed by the UTRAN. The basic procedure is as follows:
1.
First the CN sends the RAB assignment request message to the UTRAN, requesting the UTRAN to establish the RAB. The SRNC in the UTRAN initiates the establishment of the data transport bearer between the Iu interface and the Iub interface (Iur interface). The SRNC sends the RB setup request to the UE. After completing the RB establishment, the UE responds to the SRNC with the RB setup complete message. The SRNC responds to the CN with the RAB assignment response message and the RAB setup procedure ends.
2.
3.
4.
5.
When the RAB is successfully established, a basic call is set up and the UE enters the conversation process.
NAS Signaling (CS)

UE MSC MSC
Paging RRC and NAS signaling Connection Setup CM Service Request Authentication Request Authentication Response Security Mode Command Security Mode Command Complete Setup Call Proceeding RAB Assignment Alerting Connect Connect ACK Disconnect Release Release Complete RRC and NAS signaling Connection Setup Paging Response Authentication Request Authentication Response Security Mode Command Security Mode Command Complete Setup Call Confirmed RAB Assignment Alerting Connect Connect ACK Disconnect Release Release Complete
UE
UE Outgoing Call
UE Terminating Call
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z z
Authentication and security flow are optional. CN does not need to the CM Service Response if the security mode is used.
NAS Signaling (PS)

UE SGSN SGSN
Paging RRC and NAS signaling Connection Setup Service Request Authenticate and Ciphering Req Authenticate and Ciphering Rsp Security Mode Command Security Mode Command Complete Request PDP Context Activation Activate PDP Context Req RAB Assignment Activate PDP Context Accept Deactivate PDP Context Req Deactivate PDP Context Accept
UE
RRC and NAS signaling Connection Setup Service Request Authenticate and Ciphering Req Authenticate and Ciphering Rsp Security Mode Command Security Mode Command Complete Service Accept Activate PDP Context Req RAB Assignment Activate PDP Context Accept Deactivate PDP Context Req Deactivate PDP Context Accept
UE Outgoing Call
UE Terminating Call
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UE to UE CS Call Process (1)
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Page57
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Activate PDP Context from UE (1)
Page59
Activate PDP Context from UE (2)
Page60
Activate PDP Context from Network (1)
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Activate PDP Context from Network (2)
Page62
Contents
Page63
Concepts about Soft Handover

z
Soft handover: the signals from different NodeBs are merged in RNC
Softer handover: the signals from different cells, but from the same NodeB are merged in NodeB
Page64
In the WCDMA system, since the intra-frequency exists among neighboring cells, the UE can communicate with the network via multiple radio links, and can select one with good signal quality by comparison when these radio links are merged, thus optimizing the communication quality. The soft handover can be conducted only in the FDD mode. The soft handover falls into the following cases according to the locations of the cells. The first case is the soft handover among difference cells of the Node B. In this case, the radio links can be merged within the Node B or the SRNC. If they are merged within the Node B, it is called softer handover. The second case is the soft handover among different Node Bs within the same RNC and among different RNCs. An important issue during the soft handover is the merge of multiple radio links. In the WCDMA system, the MACRO DIVERSITY technology is adopted for the merge of the radio links, that is, the system compares the data from different radio links based on certain standards (such as BER), and selects the data with better quality to send to the upper layer. Soft handover:
Selection combination in uplink Maximum combination in downlink
Softer handover
Maximum combination in uplink and downlink
Soft Handover Flow (Intra-RNC)

CN CN CN
SRNC
SRNC
SRNC
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB
Before Handover
During Handover
After Handover
Page65
During the soft handover, two or more radio links are connected with UE, and data in each RL are same. The following are some key concepts about the neighboring cell in the soft handover:
Active set: The set of cells currently used by the UE. The execution result of the soft handover indicates the increase or decrease of the cells in the active set. Monitor set: The set of cells that are not in the active set but are being observed by the UE based on the neighboring cell information from the UTRAN. The UE measures the cells in the observation set. When the measurement results satisfy certain conditions, the cells may be added to the active set. Therefore, the observation set sometimes is also called the candidate set. Detected set: The set of cells that have been detected by the UE but do not belong to the active set or the observation set. The UTRAN can request the UE to report the measurement result of the detected set. Since the cells in the detected set are not listed in the neighboring cell list, this set is also called the unlisted set.
Soft Handover Flow

Core Network
RNC (SRNC)
Node B
AirBridge AirBridge AirBridge
Page66
It is no handover in this slide, only one radio links is connected with UE.
Soft Handover Flow

Core Network
RNC (SRNC)
Node B
Merged in NodeB
Page67
It is softer handover. During the handover, the cells in active set belong to one NodeB. The NodeB uses the RAKE receiver to combine the data, and the UE also combines the data in RAKE receiver.
Soft Handover Flow

Core Network
RNC (SRNC)
Node B
Merged in RNC
Page68
It is soft handover. During the handover, the cells in active set belong to one RNC, but different NodeBs. So the UE can combine the data in RAKE receiver. But in uplink, the data are combined with selection combination in RNC.
Soft Handover Flow (SRNC-DRNC)

Core Network Serving RNC
Drift RNC
Node B
Merged in SRNC
Page69
It is soft handover. During the handover, the cells in active set belong to different RNCs. So the UE can combine the data in RAKE receiver. But in uplink, the data are combined with selection combination in SRNC.
Soft Handover Flow (SRNC Relocation)

Core Network
RNC
Serving RNC
Node B
Page70
There is no handover, but the SRNC has been changed.
Typical Soft Handover Flow (L3 Signaling)

z
Soft handover is triggered by 1A/1B/1C or 1D event

UE RRC Connection Setup Procedure Measurement Control Measurement Report (1A/1B/1C or 1D) Active Set Update Active Set Update Complete Measurement Control RNC
Page71
The soft handover procedure comprises the following steps:
Based on the Measurement Control information from the RNC, the UE measures the intra-frequency neighboring cells, and reports the measurement result to the RNC via Measurement Report. The RNC compares the reported measurement result with the set threshold to decide the cells to be added and deleted. (If some cells are to be added, the RNC notifies the Node B to get ready. ) The RNC notifies the UE to add and/or delete cells via the Active Set Update message. After the UE successfully update the active set, UE will send Active Set Update Complete to inform RNC. (if the cells are deleted, the Node B will be notified to release the corresponding resources. ) After the soft handover, perhaps the measurement control information changes, if it is, RNC will send new Measurement Control to UE.
The original communication is not affected during the soft handover procedure so that smooth handover from a cell to another can be successfully completed.
Soft Handover Flow (Add Branch in AS)
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For adding a cell into Active Set, RNC will notify NodeB to prepare the new RL before sending Active Set Update.
Soft Handover Flow (Del Branch from AS)
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For deleting a cell from Active Set, RNC sends Active Set Update to UE first. After UE deleting the RL successfully, RNC will inform NodeB to delete the RL.
Hard Handover
CN CN
SRNC
SRNC
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB
Before Handover
After Handover
Radio Link can not exist simultaneously

It is hard handover. The UE disconnects the original radio link, then connects to the target cell. It happens in intra-frequency, inter-frequency and inter-RAT.
Intra-Frequency Hard Handover

z
Intra-Frequency hard handover is triggered by 1D event

UE RRC Connection Setup Procedure Measurement Control (Intra-freq) Measurement Report (1D) Decision to setup new RL Physical Channel Reconfiguration Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete Measurement Control (Intra-Freq) RNC
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Inter-frequency Handover
UE RRC Connection Setup Procedure Measurement Control (Intra-freq) Measurement Control (2D & 2F) Measurement Report(2D) Decision to enter compress mode Physical Channel Reconfiguration Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete Measurement Control (Inter-Freq) Measurement Report Decision to setup new RL Physical Channel Reconfiguration Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete Measurement Control (Intra-freq) RNC
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Description:
Step 1 to step 5 is similar with soft handover, the differences are: The SRNC sends the Physical Channel Reconfiguration message carrying the target cell information to the UE via the downlink DCCH. After the UE hands over from the source cell to the target cell, the Node B of the source cell detects the radio link communication failure and then sends the Radio Link Failure Indication message to the SRNC, indicating the radio link failure. After successfully handing over to the target cell, the UE sends the Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete message to the SRNC via the DCCH, notifying the SRNC that the physical cannel reconfiguration is complete. The Node B where the source cell is deletes the radio link resources, and then responds to the SRNC with the Radio Link Deletion Response message. The SRNC adopts the ALCAP protocol to release the Iub interface transport bearer of the SRNC and the Node B where the source cell is.
Inter-RAT Handover Flow (UMTS->GSM)

UE RRC Connection Setup Procedure Measurement Control (Intra-freq) Measurement Control (2D & 2F) Measurement Report(2D) Decision to enter compress mode Physical Channel Reconfiguration Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete Measurement Control (Inter-RAT) Measurement Report (GSM) Decision to handover to GSM Relocation Required Prepare Handover Handover Request Handover Request ACK Relocation Command Inter-System Handover Command Handover Complete Handover Compltet Send END Signal Request Iu Release Command Iu Release Complete Prepare Handover Response RNC 3G MSC 3G MSC BSC
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Inter-RAT Handover Flow (GSM->UMTS)
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Thank you
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WCDMA HSDPA Principles
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Course Learning Objectives

z z z z z z z
Review WCDMA and HSDPA evolution and standards Define HSDPA protocol stack Describe new channels for HSDPA Explain the physical channel processing HSDPA impact on protocol stack Identify HSDPA UE categories Define HSDPA protocols of Mac sub-layer
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References
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3GPP Release 6 Specification References

TS 25.308 HSDPA overall description stage2 TS 25.211 Physical channel and mapping of transport channels onto physical channel (FDD) TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD) TS 25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD) TS 25.214 Physical layer procedure (FDD) TS 25.306 UE radio access capabilities TS 25.321 Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification TS 25.322 Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol specification TS 25.331 Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol specification
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Contents
1. HSDPA Introduction 2. HSDPA Key Techniques 3. HSDPA Physical Layer Channels 4. HSDPA Physical Layer Processing 5. HSDPA Layer2 Protocol
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WCDMA Evolution
GSM GPRS WCDMA R99 HSDPA R5 HSUPA R6
EDGE
Downlink Peak Data Rate (Typical Deployment) GSM GPRS EDGE R99 WCDMA HSDPA 9.6kbps 40kbps 120kbps 384kbps 10.0Mbps
Downlink Peak Data Rate (Theoretical Maximum) 9.6kbps 171kbps 473kbps 2.0Mbps 14.4Mbps
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WCDMA Evolution WCDMA evolved from GSM/GPRS, inheriting much of the upper layer functionality directly from those systems. The first commercial deployments of WCDMA are based on a version of the standards called Release 99. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is another system in the GSM/GPRS family that some operators have deployed as an intermediate step before deploying WCDMA. HSDPA was introduced in WCDMA Release 5 to offer higher speed Downlink data services. Release 6 introduces the Enhanced Uplink (i.e. HSUPA) that will provide faster data services for the Uplink.
High Speed Downlink Packet Access

z
z
What are the benefits of HSDPA

Higher Data Rates
Peak data rate up to 14Mbps per user
Higher Capacity
More subscribers and throughput Further reduces the cost per megabyte
Richer Application
Low latency improvement for streaming ,interactive, background applications
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Data Services and High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) Data Services are expected to grow significantly within the next few years. Current 2.5G and 3G operators are already reporting that a significant proportion of usage is now due to data, implying an increasing demand for high-data-rate, content-rich multimedia services. Although current Release 99 WCDMA systems offer a maximum practical data rate of 384 kbps, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) have included in Release 5 of the specifications a new high-speed, low-delay feature referred to as High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). HSDPA provides significant enhancements to the Downlink compared to WCDMA Release 99 in terms of peak data rate, cell throughput, and round trip delay. This is achieved through the implementation of a fast channel control and allocation mechanism that employs such features as Adaptive Modulation and Coding and fast Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ). Shorter Physical Layer frames are also employed.
Release 99 Packet Data

z
How is Packet Data handled in Release 99 (FDD) ?
DCH ( Dedicated Channel )
Spreading codes assigned per user Closed loop power control

Node B
Soft handover
FACH ( Common Channel )
Common Spreading code No closed loop power control

Node B
No soft handover
Page6
Release 99 Packet Data There are different techniques defined in the Release 99 specification to enable Downlink packet data. Most commonly, data transmission is supported using either the Dedicated Channel (DCH) or the Forward Access Channel (FACH). The DCH is the primary means of supporting packet data services. Each user is assigned a unique Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) code dependent on the required data rate. Fast closed loop Power Control is employed to ensure that a target Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) is maintained in order to control the block error rate (BLER). Macro Diversity is supported using soft handover. Data transfer can also be supported on the FACH. This common channel employs a fixed OVSF code. As it needs to be received by all UEs, higher data rates are generally not supported. Macro Diversity is also not supported and the channel operates with a fixed (or slow changing) power allocation. Each data block contains a unique UE identifier that allows a given UE to keep itsown data and discard that belonging to other UEs.
Release 99 Downlink Limitation

z
Dedicated Channel Features ( DCH )
Maximum implemented downlink of 384kbps OVSF code limitation for high data rate users Rate change according to burst throughput is slow Outer loop power control responds slowly to channel
Common Channel Features ( FACH )
Good for burst data application Only low data rates supported Fixed transmit power
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Release 99 Downlink Limitations

1.
Although WCDMA Release 99 standard allows for maximum data rates of up to 2.0 Mbps, it has only been widely implemented with a maximum data rate of 384 kbps. This data rate is achieved by allocating a dedicated channel to each user. The use of dedicated resources can be a limitation, especially for data applications with bursty characteristics. Each dedicated channel uses an OVSF code. Shorter codes are used for higher data rates and longer codes for lower data rates. When an OVSF of a particular length is used, all longer OVSF codes derived from that code become unavailable. This limits the number of simultaneous high speed data users in a given cell. The Release 99 standards provide support for a Secondary Scrambling Code, which eases this limitation, but it has not been widely implemented in commercial systems and will likely be removed from future versions of the specification. The data rate of a dedicated channel can be adjusted to accommodate varying requirements of a data service application, but the procedure for doing so is slow and thus inefficient. Capacity is controlled both by the maximum amount of PA power that is available and by the power requirement of each data service. In dedicated mode, fast power control is used so that a target Eb/No is achieved on the Downlink. However, the required Eb/No set point changes at a much slower rate. This can result in wasted resources whereby a better than required Eb/No is achieved for the required BLER.

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The differences between HSDPA and R99
Set of high data rate channel Channels are shared by multiple users Each user may be assigned all or part of the resource every 2ms
Big shared pipe Code multiplexing for HSDPA
Node B HSDPA user#1 HSDPA user#2 HSDPA user#3 HSDPA user#4 2ms
a set of HS-PDSCHs
Page8
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) In HSDPA, the NodeB allocates a set of high speed channels. These channels are assigned to a user using a fast scheduling algorithm that allocates the channels every 2 ms. All or part of the channels may be assigned to a given user during any 2 ms period. The rapid scheduling of HSDPA is well-suited to the bursty nature of packet data. During periods of high activity, a given user may get a larger percentage of the channel bandwidth, while it gets little or no bandwidth during periods of low activity.

z
How will HSDPA figure out the limitations of R99
Adaptive modulation and coding
Fast feedback of Channel condition QPSK and16QAM Channel coding rate from 1/3 to 1
Multi-code operation
Multiple codes allocated per user Fixed spreading factor
NodeB fast Scheduling
Physical Layer HARQ ( Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest )
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HSDPA Basic Concepts In HSDPA a common channel with fixed power is employed for data transfer. Users are separated in both the time and code domains. A fixed spreading factor is employed but multi codes operation is possible for increased data rates. Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) replaces the role of power control so that the modulation and coding rate are changed depending on the channel condition. This is accomplished by locating the scheduling algorithm for channel allocation at the NodeB instead of the RNC in Release 99.

z
Comparison Summary
Mode Channel Type DCH
Dedicated Closed Inner Loop at 1500Hz & Closed Outer Loop Supported Poor Medium
FACH
Shared
HSDPA
Shared Fixed Power with link adaptation Not Supported Good High
Power Control
No
Soft Handover Suitability for Bursty Data Rate
Not Supported Good Low
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Comparison Summary DCH and FACH are the two Release 99 channels typically used for packet switched data in practice. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are apparent. Whereas DCH is suited for medium high data rates (with a maximum rate of 384 kbps), rate switching is slow, making it unsuitable and inefficient for bursty data such as a Web browsing application. By contrast, FACH provides good support for bursty data but is a common channel without power control or other mechanism to account for channel conditions. This makes it unsuitable for higher data rates. Switching from DCH to FACH is slow and inefficient, due in part to the typical timer values used to detect inactivity HSDPA is suitable to high date rates for a bursty application, though we will see that the absence of soft handover makes it more suitable for stationary or lowmobility users than for highly mobile users. HSDPA typically operates at a fixed power, but feedback from the UE can instruct the NodeB to use lower power when the UE is in good channel conditions. Link adaptation is used to adjust data rate, coding, and modulation to quickly respond to changing channel conditions.
Contents
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HSDPA Key Techniques

Block 1 Block 1 Block 2
Block 1?
Block 1 + Block 1?
AMC (Adaptive Modulation & Coding) Data rate adapted to radio condition on 2ms
HARQHybrid ARQwith Soft combing Reduce round trip time
Fast Scheduling based on CQI and fairness Scheduling of user on 2ms
SF16, 2ms and CDM/TDM Dynamic shared in Time and code domain
16QAM 16QAM in complement to QPSK for higher peak bit rates
3 New Physical Channels
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Adaptive Modulation and Coding

z
AMC ( Adaptive Modulation and Coding ) in accordance with CQI ( Channel Quality Indicator )
Adjust data rate to compensation channel condition
Good channel condition higher data rate Bad channel condition lower data rate
Adjust channel coding rate to compensation channel condition
Good channel condition channel coding rate is higher e.g. 3/4 Bad channel condition channel coding rate is higher e.g. 1/3
Adjust the modulation scheme to compensation channel condition
Good channel condition high order modulation scheme e.g. 16QAM Bad channel condition low order modulation scheme e.g. QPSK
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Adaptive Modulation and Coding

z
AMC ( Adaptive Modulation and Coding ) based on CQI ( Channel Quality Indicator )
CQI ( channel quality indicator )
UE measures the channel quality and reports to NodeB every 2ms or more cycle
NodeB selects modulation scheme ,data block size based on CQI

Power Control Rate Adaptation
Bad channel condition More power Good channel condition less power
Bad channel condition
Node B
low data rate Good channel condition high data rate
Node B
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CQI mapping table for UE category 10

CQI value
0 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 28 29 30
Transport Block Size

N/A 137 173 2279 2583 3319 3565 4189 4664 23370 24222 25558
Number of HSHS-PDSCH
Modulation
Out of range
Reference power adjustment
1 1 4 4 5 5 5 5 15 15 15
QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 1616-QAM 1616-QAM 1616-QAM 1616-QAM 1616-QAM 1616-QAM
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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CQI Mapping Table The CQI table consists of 30 entries, where each entry indicates a different TFRC. Transport Format Resource Combination (TFRC) points to the combination of number of HS-PDSCH channelization codes, modulation scheme, and the HS-DSCH transport block size. The 5-bit CQI reported by a UE is an index into this table containing all possible TFRC combinations for that UE category. The TFRC combinations are different for UEs with different HS-DSCH UE categories because of the differences in the UE capabilities. Along with TFRC, CQI may also indicate a power offset relative to the current HS-PDSCH power. The CQI table shown in the slide is for UE categories supporting up to 15 HS-PDSCH codes (HSDPA terminal category 10)
HSDPA UE Categories
UE Category Maximum Number of HSDSCH Codes Received
5 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 15 15 5 5
Minimum Inter-TTI Interval

3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
Maximum Number of Bits of an HS-DSCH Transport Block Received Within an HS-DSCH TTI
7298 7298 7298 7298 7298 7298 14411 14411 20251 27952 3630 3630
Total Number of Soft Channel Bits

19200 28800 28800 38400 57600 67200 115200 134400 172800 172800 14400 28800
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5 Category 6 Category 7 Category 8 Category 9 Category 10 Category 11 Category 12
HSDPA RF performance depends on UE capability

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UE Categories HSDPA is advertised with data rates up to 14 Mbps. However, the actual HS-DSCH peak data rate depends on the UEs HS-DSCH category. As shown in the table, only a category 10 UE can achieve the maximum HSDPA throughput of 14 Mbps when using all 15 HS-PDSCHs simultaneously. Factors that decide the UEs HS-DSCH category are: HS-PDSCH codes Determines the number of simultaneous HS-PDSCH channels that can be decoded by a UE. Inter-TTI interval Determines the minimum interval (in terms of HS-DSCH TTI) between two successive HS-PDSCH assignments. The more HARQ processes a UE supports, the shorter the inter-TTI interval. A minimum inter-TTI of 1 requires at least 6 simultaneous HARQ processes. Transport Block size Determines the maximum size of transport block that can be sent on HS-DSCH in a TTI. It is dependent on the number of HS-PDSCH codes and the modulation scheme. IR buffer size Determines the maximum number of soft bits that can be buffered by a UE across all simultaneously running HARQ processes.
Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest

z
Conventional ARQ
In a conventional ARQ scheme, received data blocks that can not be correctly decoded are discarded and retransmitted data blocks are separately decoded
Hybrid ARQ ( HARQ )
In case of Hybrid ARQ with soft combining, received data blocks that can not be correctly decoded are not discarded. Instead the corresponding received signal is buffered and soft combined with later received retransmission of information bits. Decoding is then applied to the combined signal
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Example for HARQ
The use of HARQ with soft combining increases the effective received Eb/Io for each retransmission and thus increases the probability for correct decoding of retransmissions, compare to conventional ARQ
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The maximum retransmission amount of HARQ procedure can be set. (NodeB LMT)

z
There are many different schemes for HARQ with soft combining
These schemes differ in the structure of retransmissions and in the way by which the soft combining is carried out at the receiver
In case of Chase combining ( CC ) each retransmission is an identical copy of the original transmission
In case of Incremental Redundancy ( IR ) each retransmission may add new redundancy
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HARQ is a technique that transmitter sends new set of parity bits if the previous transmission failed (NACK) and receiver buffer the failed decodes for soft combining with later retransmission. Example for Chase Combining ( CC ) Scheme
Example for Incremental Redundancy ( IR ) Scheme

z
Each HSDPA assignment is handled by a HARQ process
HARQ processes run in NodeB and UE
The UE HARQ process is responsible for:
Attempting to decode the data Deciding whether to send ACK or NACK Soft combining of retransmitted data
The NodeB HARQ process is responsible for:
Selecting the corrected bits to send according to the selected retransmission scheme and UE capability
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Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) To support consecutive assignments, HSDPA defines a Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) protocol. This protocol is implemented in both the NodeB and the UE, and consists of procedures implemented in both the MAC-hs sublayer and the Physical Layer. When the NodeB assigns an HSDPA subframe to a UE, it also assigns a HARQ process to handle the data transfer. The UE HARQ process is responsible for
Decoding the initial transmission Sending an ACK or NACK Soft-combining retransmissions of the data packet until it is successfully decoded or until NodeB aborts the packet
The maximum number of HARQ processes that a UE supports is a function of its HSDPA category. The minimum number of HARQ processes supported by any UE is 2, which corresponds to a UE that uses an inter-TTI interval of 3.
Short TTI (2ms)

z
Shorter TTI ( Transmission Time Interval ) is to reduce RTT ( round trip time )
Shorter TTI is necessary to benefit from other functionalities such as AMC, scheduling algorithm and HARQ
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Shared Channel Transmission

z
In HSDPA, a new DL transport channel is introduced call HSDSCH. The idea is that a part of the total downlink code resource is dynamically shared between HSDPA and Release 99
Page23
Shared channel transmission implies that a certain amount of radio resource of a cell (code and power) is seem as a common resource that is dynamically shared between users.

z
In HSDPA, a new DL transport channel is introduced call HSDSCH. The idea is that a part of the total downlink power resource is dynamically shared between HSDPA and Release 99
Power margin for DCH power control Time Higher power utility efficiency Allowed power for HSDPA
Total Power
DPCH Power for CCH Time
Page24
Shared channel transmission implies that a certain amount of radio resource of a cell (code and power) is seem as a common resource that is dynamically shared between users. The NodeB transmit power allocation algorithm is not specified by the standard, but two possible schemes are likely: Static A fixed amount of power is allocated to HSDPA channels (i.e. the HS-PDSCHs and HS-SCCHs). Remaining power is distributed among common channels and power controlled dedicated channels. The overall transmit power fluctuates as a function of the power controlled channels. Dynamic HSDAP( i.e.HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH ) power is allocated dynamically as a function of the remaining available power, which fluctuates due to the power controlled dedicated channels. The overall transmit power of the cell remains constant. The above diagram does not consider the Node Bs power margin, whereby the Node Bs power fluctuates. The Node Bpower doesnt really remain constant, due to the peak-toaverage ratio of transmit power.

z
The codes are assigned to HSDPA user only when they are actually to be used for transmission, which leads to efficient code and power utilization
In HSDPA, the idea is that a part of the total downlink code resource is dynamically shared between a set of HSDPA users
Page25
There can be multiple (up to 15) HS-PDSCHs in a serving cell, which enables use of both time division and code division multiple access methods.
Higher-Order Modulation Scheme

z
HSDPA modulation scheme
QPSK 16QAM
Page26
WCDMA R99 uses QPSK data modulation for downlink transmission. To support higher data rate, higher order data modulation, such as 16QAM can be used. Compared to QPSK modulation, higher order modulation is more bandwidth efficient i.e. can carry more bits per Hertz
Fast Scheduling
z
Fast scheduling is about to decided to which terminal the shared channel transmission should be directed at any given moment
Page27
The basic idea of fast scheduling is to transmit at the fading peaks of the channel in order to increase the throughput and to use resource more efficiently. But this might lead to large variations in data rate of the users. The trade-off is between the cell throughput and fairness against users. There are a number of scheduling algorithms that take into consideration the trade-off between throughput and fairness: Round Robin (RR): radio resource are allocated to communication links on a sequential basis, not taking into account the instantaneous radio channel conditions experienced by each link. Max C/I: for maximum cell throughput ,the radio resource should be as much as possible be allocated to communication links with the best instantaneous channel condition. Proportional Fair (PF): allocates the channel to the user with relatively best channel quality. Enhanced Proportional Fair (EPF): allocates the channel to the user according to relatively best channel quality, fairness, guarantee bit rate requirement.
HSDPA New Physical Channels
Page28
Contents
Page29
R99 Physical Channels
Page30
Release 99 Channels This diagram shows possible mappings of logical, transport, and physical channels in the control and user planes for UMTS Release 99. Some channels exist only in Physical Layer (CPICH, SCH, DPCCH, AICH, PICH). These channels carry no upper layer signaling or user data. Transport channels carry the following types of information: Broadcast Control Channel (BCH) Broadcast information that defines overall system configuration. Paging Channel (PCH) Paging notification messages. A Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) is associated with a PCH to allow a UE to quickly determine whether it needs to read the PCH during its assigned paging occasion. Forward Access Channel (FACH) Common Downlink signaling messages. Also carries dedicated Downlink signaling and user information to a UE operating in Cell_FACH state. Random Access Channel (RACH) Common Uplink signaling messages. Also carries dedicated Uplink signaling and user information to a UE operating in Cell_FACH state. Dedicated Channel (DCH) Dedicated signaling and user information for a UE operating in the Cell_DCH state. DCH is mapped to a Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH). An associated Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) carries Physical Layer control information, such as power control commands.
HSDPA Physical Layer Channels

z
New HSDPA Channels
High Speed Downlink shared Channel ( HS-DSCH )
Downlink Transport Channel
High Speed Shared Control Channel ( HS-SCCH )
Downlink Control Channel
High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel ( HS-PDSCH )
Downlink Physical Channel
High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel ( HS-DPCCH )
Uplink Control Channel
Page31
HSDPA introduces three new Downlink channels and one new Uplink channel: High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) A Downlink transport channel shared by several UEs. The HS-DSCH is associated with one or several Shared Control Channels (HS-SCCH). It operates on a 2 ms Transmission Time Interval (TTI). High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) A Downlink physical channel used to carry Downlink control information related to HS-DSCH transmission. The UE monitors this channel continuously to determine when to read its data from the HS-DSCH, and the modulation scheme used on the assigned physical channel. High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) A Downlink physical channel shared by several UEs. It supports Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM) and multicode transmission. It is allocated to a user at 2 ms intervals. High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH) An Uplink physical channel that carries feedback from the UE to assist the Node Bs scheduling algorithm. The feedback includes a Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) and a positive or negative acknowledgement (ACK/NACK) of a previous HSDSCH transmission.
HSDPA Physical Channels
Page32
HSDPA Channels (continued) Only dedicated logical user data channels may be mapped to HS-DSCH. When DTCH is mapped to HS-DSCH, only Unacknowledged Mode (UM) and Acknowledged Mode (AM) channels may be used. A UE operating in HSDPA mode also has at least one Release 99 dedicated channel (DCH/DPDCH) allocated, to ensure that RRC and NAS signaling can always be sent, even if the UE is not able to receive the high speed channels. The HS-DPCCH is a Physical Layer control channel. It carries no upper layer information, and therefore has no logical or transport channel mapping.
Physical layer Frame Duration

z
Frame Duration
10ms radio frame, 15 slots 2ms HSDPA sub-frame, 3 slots
1 HS-DSCH Transport Time interval (TTI)

R99 radio frame 10ms
Slot Duration
2560chips per slot
7680 chips per HSDPA sub-frame
HSDPA sub-frame 2ms
Symbol Timing
QPSK: 2bits / symbol 16QAM: 4bits / symbol

Time slot 0.67ms
Page33
Physical Layer Frame Timing A basic WCDMA radio frame is 10 ms long and has 15 slots. HSDPA introduces the notion of sub-frames within a WCDMA radio frame. An HSDPA sub-frame is 2 ms (3 slots) long and all the HS-channels use this sub-frame timing. The sub-frame allows fast user switching where the shared channel can potentially be assigned to a different user every sub-frame. As the HSDPA sub-frame is only 2ms long, it alleviates the need for power control. HS-DSCH has a fixed TTI of 2 ms. Each HS-DSCH transport block is mapped to an HS-PDSCH sub-frame. HS-SCCH and HSDPCCH also use the 2ms sub-frame to transmit control and feedback respectively. Each HSDPA sub-frame has 3 slots and each slot is comprised of symbols. The number of symbols in a slot depends on the spreading factor used for that channel. HS-PDSCH, HS-SCCH,and HS-DPCCH use SF 16, 128, and 256 respectively, giving number of symbols per slot as 160 (HS-PDSCH), 20 (HS-SCCH), and 10 (HS-DPCCH). A symbol is made up of 1 or more bits and each bit is spread using SF to an equivalent number of chips. A QPSK symbol consists of two consecutive bits, one bit each mapped onto the I and Q branch. A 16-QAM symbol, on the other hand, has four consecutive bits with two bits on each branch. HSDPA use 2ms TTI. Shorter TTI mechanism can reduce the latency ,and then increase fast schedule times. Shorter TTI mechanism can better trace the variation of wireless environment
HS-PDSCH sub-frame Structure

z
HS-PDSCH sub-frame structure
3 time slots constituted one TTI (2ms) , only one TB will be sent during one TTI Fixed spreading factor ( SF=16 ) May use QPSK or 16QAM modulation scheme Up to 15 HS-PDSCH may be assigned simultaneously
UE capability indicated max. number of codes it supports
All HS-PDSCH used to carry users data UE can be assigned multiple OVSF code ( SF=16 ) based on UE Categories
Page34
HS-PDSCH When the UE decodes the HS-SCCH and determines that there is an HS-DSCH assignment in the next TTI, it decodes the assigned HS-PDSCHs. Each HS-PDSCH uses an OVSF of length 16. If multiple HS-PDSCHs are assigned simultaneously to one UE, they must use consecutive OVSF codes. The HS-SCCH indicates the first OVSF code and the number of codes for each assignment. The High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS- PDSCH) is used to carry the High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH). An HS-PDSCH may use QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM modulation symbols. In above figure, M is the number of bits per modulation symbols i.e. M=2 for QPSK, M=4 for 16QAM and M=6 for 64QAM. A UE is a member of one of 12 categories, as a function of its hardware capabilities. Each category represents different values of the following parameters: Number of simultaneous HS-PDSCH codes (5, 10, or 15) Maximum transport block size Inter-TTI interval minimum time between consecutive assignments. Incremental redundancy buffer size used to soft-combine symbols from retransmissions.
HS-SCCH sub-frame Structure

z
HS-SCCH sub- frame structure
3 time slots constitutes one TTI ( 2ms ) HS-SCCH SF=128, QPSK only, Fixed rate of 60kbps HS-SCCH carries the following control messages: Xue, Xccs, Xms, Xrv, Xtbs, Xhap and Xnd
UE demodulates HS-SCCH sub-frame and find out the received data addressed to the UE with Xue. Then UE demodulates HS-PDSCH sub-frame with Xccs, Xms, Xrv, Xhap, Xtbs and Xnd are used for HARQ Process
UE may need to simultaneous monitor up to four HS-SCCHs
Page35
Xue [16bits]:UE identity, Multiple UEs may be monitoring the same set of HS-SCCHs. Each UE has an assigned identity called the H-RNTI. Xccs [7bits]:channelization code set, The HS-SCCH indicates which of the OVSF codes allocated to the HS-PDSCHs will be used. HS-PDSCH uses multi-code transmission, which means that multiple OVSF codes may be assigned to one UE at the same time Xms [1bit]:modulation scheme, HS-PDSCH uses either QPSK or 16-QAM modulation. This can change from one assignment to the next, and HS-SCCH indicates which method will be used. Xrv[3bits]:redundancy version, The HARQ protocol supports retransmissions and incremental redundancy. These parameters allow the UE to differentiate new transmissions from retransmissions. Xtbs [6bits]:transport block size, The HS-SCCH indicates how much data will be sent during the next assignment Xhap [3bits]:HARQ process number Xnd [1bit]:new data indicator
HS-DPCCH sub-frame Structure

z
HS-DPCCH sub-frame structure
TTI=2ms ( 3 time slots ), SF=256, Fixed rate of 15kbps, carry 2 types of HSDPA
uplink physical layer control message, including ACK/NACK CQI
ACK and NACK notifies NodeB that UE has received correct downlink data or not.
The field defines like this: 1-NACK, 0-ACK
CQI reflects physical channel quality indicator based on CPICH strength, and
reported by period range from 0 to 160ms ( 0 means no transmission ). Usually the period is 2ms ( one TTI )
ACK/NACK and CQI having different function may be controlled independently by
different parameters.
Page36
HS-DPCCH Whenever the UE is operating in HSDPA mode, it uses the HS-DPCCH to give feedback to the serving Node B. This feedback consist of two parts: ACK/NACK The UE sends a positive or negative acknowledgement for each HSDSCH assignment. UTRAN may configure the UE to repeat the ACK/NACK, up to a maximum of 4 transmissions. The first ACK/NACK for a given HS-DSCH assignment is sent 5 ms (7.5 slots) after the end of the HS-DSCH transmission. Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) The UE measures the channel quality of the Downlink CPICH and computes a CQI value. The value is an index into a table, and corresponds to the maximum data rate that the UE can decode with an error rate of less than 10%, assuming the channel conditions dont change. UTRAN may configure the UE to repeat the CQI, up to a maximum of 4 transmissions. UTRAN may also configure the periodicity of CQI reporting, ranging from 2 ms to 160 ms.
Uplink HS-DPCCH preamble and postamble

z z z
Transmit Preamble and Postamble on HS-DPCCH around ACK / NACK Eases the decoding, which allows HS-DPCCH to operate at lower power The general rule of when N_acknack_transmit > 1
Page37
In R5, whether the data is received by UE is judged based on ACK/NACK. Pre/Postamble is introduced since R6. Position is the 1st slot in HS-DPCCH sub-frame, same as ACK/NACK. Advantage of Pre/Postamble More coding gain is introduced, since Node B could judge whether the data is received by UE on the basis of more correlative slots If ensuring the same demodulation performance of ACK/NACK, PO (ACK/NACK) could be reduced. Accordingly, UL interference to be reduced Problem of Pre/Postamble More decoding complexity is introduced More power is consumed by UE to send Pre/Postamble
Associated physical channel A -DPCH

z
Besides 3 physical channels on top. There is another physical channel
named DPCH, which is a dedicated channel . DPCH is also called associated channel used for signalling transmission and power control
z
DPCH does not carry service generally, sometimes carry real time (RT)
service such as AMR service
HSDPA Serving Cell

HS_SCCH
Downlink DPDCH&DPCCH (i.e. associated DPCH)
HS_DPCCH
HS_PDSCH
Uplink DPDCH&DPCCH (i.e. associated DPCH)
UE
Page39
When a DL RAB is mapped onto the HS-DSCH, UL DCH is set up regardless of the existence of UL data. UL DCH transmits the UL signaling, UL RLC acknowledgement message and possible UL service data. DL DCH is set up to transmit the DL signaling. These DCHs are called associated DCHs. When the UE is in soft handover or softer handover, the HS-DSCH data can be transmitted only in the HSDPA serving cell while the DCH data can be transmitted in all the cells in the active set. F-DPCH ( Fractional Dedicated Physical Channel ) is a new downlink physical channel in release 6. Release 6 supports mapping the SRB to the HS channels on both the Downlink and the Uplink (provided that HS channels are activated). This results in faster signaling and, for PS-only calls, the DCH (i.e. associated DCHs) is not reserved for signaling. To maintain closed loop power control functionality without the DCH (i.e. associated DCH), a new physical channel is introduced: the F-DPCH (Fractional DPCH).
Fractional Dedicated Physical Channel (F-DPCH)

z z
The F-DPCH is a new physical channel in Release 6 Purpose of F-DPCH introduction is to keep the closed loop power control working for HSDPA users without an assigned DPCH (A-DPCH)
The difference of HSDPA physical channels between Release5 and Release6
The F-DPCH is a shared physical channel. It has only TPC bits information
The Downlink A-DPCH occupies one code per user in the cell
Page40
The F-DPCH is a new physical channel in release 6. Huawei RAN10 product support this physical channel The F-DPCH is a special case of the Downlink DPCCH. It has only TPC bits information; no Pilot or data fields are carried. It multiplexes the TCP bits for a maximum of 10 UEs with different frame offsets. The TPC bits forwarded on the F-DPCH are needed to control the power of the HS-DPCCH (Uplink channel)
Fractional Dedicated Physical Channel (F-DPCH)

z
The F-DPCH carries control information generated at layer 1 (TPC commands). It is a special case of downlink DPCCH Following figure shows the frame structure of the F-DPCH
Each frame of length 10ms is split into 15 slots, each of length Tslot = 2560 chips, corresponding to one power-control period, SF=256
Each user occupy one Symbol in one slot to bear TPC command, Pilot and TFCI is not needed Up to 10 users can be multiplexed on one F-DPCH
(Tx OFF) NOFF1 bits TPC NTPC bits (Tx OFF) NOFF2 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips
Slot #0 Slot #1
Slot #i 1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
Slot #14
Page41
10 users can be multiplexed on one F-DPCH

P-CCPCH frame TPC TPC TPC TPC TPC TPC TPC TPC TPC TPC TPC TPC TPC offset256chip UE1 0 UE2 UE3 UE4 UE5 UE6 UE7 UE8 UE9 UE10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Advantage of F-DPCH introduction Code utilization efficiency is improved up to 90%, especially used for large number of VoIP users Problem of F-DPCH introduction Code utilization efficiency could be downgraded in SHO due to the timing restrictions on when TPC bits can be transmitted to UEs in SHO zones
HSDPA Physical Channels Timing

z z
Start of HS-SCCH is aligned with the start of PCCPCH HS-PDSCH, subframe is transmitted two slots after the associated
HS-SCCH subframe
10 ms
P -C C P C H
3 slo ts = 2 m s
R ad io fram e w ith (S F N m o d u lo 2 ) = 0
R a d io fram e w ith (S F N m o d u lo 2 )= 1
H S -S C C H
S u b fram e # 0
S u b fram e # 1
S u b fram e # 2
S u b fram e # 3
S u b fra m e # 4
3 slo ts = 2 m s
H S -P D S C H
2 slo ts
S u b fram e # 0
S u b fram e # 1
S u b fram e # 2
S u b fram e # 3
S u b fram e # 4
1 5 slo ts = 1 0 m s
DPCH
S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t
D PC H
H S -D P C C H
~ 7 .5 slo ts 3 slo ts = 2 m s
Page42
HSPDA Channel Timing HSDPA channel timing is based on a time interval of 2 ms, or 3 slots
1.
The UE measures the Downlink channel quality and sends a CQI report on the HSDPCCH. An ACK or NACK from a previously received block may also be included in this transmission
2.
If the NodeB decides to send data to the UE, it will send information on the HS-SCCH to assign the physical channel and give the UE information about how the data was encoded. The earliest that this assignment can be made is in the sub-frame following the end of CQI report.
3.
During the next 2ms HS-DSCH transmission time, one or more HS-PDSCHs carry the UEs data. The HS-SCCH transmission overlaps the HS-PDSCH transmission
4.
After the UE decodes the data, it sends an ACK or NACK on the HS-DPCCH. The UE must send the ACK or NACK 5ms(i.e. 7.5 slots) after the end of the HS-DSCH transmission. If the UE sends a NACK, the NodeBmay send the data again during a later time slot, or may choose not to retransmit the data. A CQI report may also be included in this transmission
Theoretical HSDPA Maximum Data Rate

z z
Theoretical HSDPA Maximum data rate is 14.4Mbps How do we get to 14.4Mbps ?
Multi-code transmission
NodeB must allocate all 15 OVSF codes ( SF =16 ) to one UE
Consecutive assignments using multiple HARQ process
NodeB must allocate all time slots to one UE UE must decode all transmission correctly on the first transmission
Low channel coding gain

Effective code rate = 1 Requires very good channel conditions to decode
16QAM
Requires very good channel condition

Page43
Theoretical HSDPA Maximum Data Rate The theoretical maximum data rate is 14.4 Mbps. The following techniques are used to achieve this data rate: Multi-code transmission Up to 15 HS-PDSCH channels may be assigned to a single UE during one 2 ms TTI. Consecutive assignments The HARQ procedure allows the NodeB to send backto-back assignments at 2 ms intervals. Lower Coding Gain Higher data rates can be achieved by puncturing more bits for a higher effective code rate (and thus lower coding gain). 16-QAM This modulation scheme increases the data rate over QPSK by a factor of 2.
More Data Rate Factors

z
More factors that affect HSDPA data rate
Inter- TTI interval Retransmission ACK / NACK Repetition
Assuming
5 OVSF code for HS-PDSCH Consecutive assignment QPSK Turbo code rate =1/3 Retransmission
75% of data block decoded on first transmission 25% of data block decoded on second transmission
Page44
Other factors that influence the maximum data rate are: Inter-TTI Interval The interval between consecutive assignments is called the inter-TTI interval. If the UE supports an inter-TTI interval of 1, then it is capable of receiving a new HSDPA assignment every 2 ms. Allowed values of the inter-TTI interval are 1, 2, and 3 Retransmissions If the UE NACKs a transmission, the NodeB may retransmit that data in a subsequent assignment. The retransmission may consist of identical symbols that were sent previously, or may be a different redundancy version of the turbo coded output symbols ACK/NACK Repetition The NodeB may configure the UE to send the ACK/NACK transmission up to four times
More Data Rate Factors

z
5 OVSF code for HS-PDSCH
14.4Mbps / 3 = 4.8Mbps
QPSK
4.8Mbps / 2 = 2.4Mbps
Turbo code rate =1/3
2.4Mbps / 3 = 0.8Mbps 0.8Mbps 0.8 = 640 kbps
Retransmission
Decoded on 1st transmit
Decoded on 2nd transmit
Page45
Contents
Page46
HSDPA Physical Layer ModelDownlink

NodeB PHY UE PHY
HS-PDSCH carries actual information payload from HS-DSCH HS-SCCH carries Physical Layer control information including HARQ parameters, OVSF codes, and UE ID
Page47
HSDPA Physical Layer Model Downlink In 3GPP Release 5, two new Downlink physical channels have been introduced to enable HSDPA. In addition, the existing R99 channels are also required for HSDPA operation. HS-PDSCH Transmitted by NodeB to send HS-DSCH data to UEs in the HSDPA serving cell. Unlike a dedicated channel, this shared channel is assigned to a user for a 2ms period and may be assigned to another user in the next 2ms period. This fast scheduling rate is well suited for the bursty packet data and helps increase the capacity of a cell. There can be multiple (up to 15) HS-PDSCHs in a serving cell, which enables use of both time division and code division multiple access methods. HS-PDSCH carries user data and has a transport channel HSDSCH mapped on it. HS-SCCH Transmitted by NodeB to signal control information to the users in the HSDPA serving cell. This channel is shared by multiple users and the control information sent on it is masked with a UE ID. The mask allows a UE to identify if there is HS-DSCH data for it in the upcoming HS-PDSCH sub-frame and the control information tells how to decode that data. HS-SCCH does not have a transport channel mapped on it.
HSDPA Physical Layer ModelUplink

NodeB PHY UE PHY
HS-DPCCH carries feedback signaling consisting of HARQ acknowledgement and channel quality indicator (CQI)
Page48
HSDPA Physical Layer Model Uplink In 3GPP Release 5, there is one new Uplink physical channel. The existing R99 channels are required for the HSDPA operation. HS-DPCCH Transmitted by the UE to signal feedback information to Node B. The feedback information consists of:
1.
acknowledgement of data received by the UE on HS-PDSCH Downlink channel quality indicator (CQI)
2.
NodeB uses this feedback information to send retransmissions and to schedule HSPDSCH transmissions to UEs. HS-DPCCH doesnt carry any higher layer control or traffic and doesnt have a transport channel mapped on it.
Downlink HS-PDSCH
z
High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HSPDSCH)
Fixed SF 16 with 3 slots format Uo to 15 HS-PDSCH under one cell May use QPSK or 16QAM modulation scheme
Page49
DL HS-PDSCH High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel An HS-PDSCH channel carries the actual user payload to the UE. One HS-PDSCH subframe contains one TTI (2 ms) of HS-DSCH transport channel payload. There is no transport channel multiplexing in HSDPA so the information contained in HS-PDSCH subframe is from a single HS-DSCH transport channel. An HS-DSCH serving cell can have as many as 15 channelization codes assigned to HSPDCH. The HS-PDSCH channels are shared among different users by using time division, code division or a combination of the two multiple access methods. The number of HS-PDSCHs that can be simultaneously decoded by a UE depends on the HS-DSCH UE Category. The phase reference used for demodulating HS-PDSCH is the same as for the associated DL DPCH. By default, P-CPICH is used as the phase reference.
Downlink HS-PDSCH
z z
HS-DSCH Processing chain New Physical Layer Procedures in Release 5
Bit Scrambling Physical Layer HARQ functionality HS-DSCH interleaving Constellation re-arrangement for 16QAM
Page50
The HS-DSCH channel coding involves a number of other functions performed by the NodeBs Physical Layer. The main reason for this additional processing is the dynamic size of the transport block transmitted in an HS-DSCH TTI. Other reasons include large HS-DSCH payload size and the possible use of 16-QAM modulation for HSPDSCH. Comparing the coding chain for the Release 99 channel with the Release 5 HS-DSCH channel, some blocks have been removed and some new blocks have been added. HS-DSCH coding chain does not require: 1. Concatenation, because there is always only one transport block per HS-DSCH TTI. The transport block size, however, varies from 137 bits to 27952 bits. In case of retransmission, the transport block size remains the same as of the original transmission. 2. First DTX insertion, because HS-DSCH doesnt support fixed position transport channel and thus Blind Transport Format Detection (BTFD). 3. Second DTX insertion, because there is just one transport channel mapped on to HSPDSCH. 4. Radio frame segmentation, because HS-DSCH has a fixed TTI of 2 ms, which is equal to the HS-PDSCH sub-frame duration. 5. Transport channel multiplexing, because there is just one transport channel mapped on to HS-PDSCH.
HS-DSCH Channel Coding

z
Mac delivers one HS-DSCH TB per TTI to Physical Layer
CRC Attachment
24 bits CRC added per TB
Bit Scrambling
Facilitates uniform distribution of 16- QAM symbols at receiver
Code Block Segmentation
Turbo encoder has a fixed max. code block size of 5114 bits
If bit scrambled data is more than 5114 bits, need to segment into equal code blocks
Page51
HS-DSCH Channel Coding NodeBs MAC-hs delivers the HS-DSCH transport channel data to the Physical Layer in NodeB. The Physical Layer then performs a number of functions on the HS-DSCH TTI data before the data is finally mapped to one or more HS-PDSCH physical channels. CRC Attachment A fixed 24-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is attached to HSDSCH TTI data. There is only one transport block per HS-DSCH TTI. Bit Scrambling Done to avoid non-uniform symbol distribution over 16-QAM constellation at the receiver. A uniform symbol distribution helps the UE efficiently decode the received HS-DSCH bits. Typically, the received symbols are uniformly distributed over the entire constellation. However, certain degenerate HS-DSCH bit sequences (e.g., the all-ones or all-zeroes sequences) could violate this condition, leading to an asymmetric HS-DSCH bit distribution (over {0,1}) and hence a nonuniform 16-QAM symbol distribution at the receiver input. This is true regardless of the use of turbo-encoding on the HS-DSCH, due to the possibility of transmitting turbocodewords comprised predominantly of systematic bits. The estimated performance loss due to the non-uniform distribution in such very unlikely cases is between Code Block Segmentation It is done if the number of bits output from the bit scrambler is more than the maximum input code block size of the FEC encoder. The maximum encoder code block size in case of HS-DSCH is 5114 bits. If segmentation is performed, all the resulting segments are of equal size and may require adding some filler bits to the beginning of 1st code block. The filler bits are all 0s and are transmitted along with data.

z
Channel Coding
Rate 1/3 Turbo coder used for Channel coding
Effective code rate changes after HARQ
Page52
HS-DSCH Channel Coding (continued) FEC Coding Rate 1/3 turbo coder is used for encoding HS-DSCH bits. FEC coding is done on one or more code blocks, where code blocks are formed by segmenting bit scrambled HS-DSCH data (if more than 5114 bits). The output from turbo coder consists of Systematic bits (original input data bits) and Parity bits. For each input bit, there is 1 Systematic bit and 2 Parity bits.
First Rate Matching Virtual IR Buffer Second Rate Matching
Systematic bits
Nsys
RM_S
Nt,sys
NTTI
bit separation
Parity 1 bits
RM_P1_1
Np1
RM_P1_2
Nt,p1
bit collection
Ndata
Parity2 bits
RM_P2_1
Np2
RM_P2_2
Nt,p2
Twelve tail bits are added per block after encoding for the trellis termination. The encoded blocks, when more than one, are serially concatenated and fed to the HARQ block. The code rate after turbo encoding is 1/3 but the effective coder rate after HARQ rate matching may be different. An effective code rate of close to 1 is required to achieve peak throughput of 14.4 kbps.

z
Hybrid ARQ (HARQ)
Combines ARQ with adaptive channel coding
NodeB sends new set of parity bits if previous transmission failed (NACK)
UE buffers the failed decodes for soft combining with future retransmission
Soft Combining is done before each channel decoding attempt
Page53
HS-DSCH Channel Coding (continued) Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) HARQ is a technique combining FEC and ARQ methods that save information from previous failed decode attempts to be used in the future decoding. There are two different HARQ schemes, Chase Combine and IR, depending on which bits are chosen to be sent over the air to UE. The redundancy version (RV) parameters, r and s, indicate to the UE the HARQ scheme used for the current transmission. Both HARQ combining schemes soft combine bits from the previous failed decodes with the currently received retransmission. Soft combining helps minimize the number of retransmissions. For a retransmission, HARQ uses the same transport block size and consequently the same number of HS-DSCH bits that were used in the initial transmission.
HS-DSCH Channel Coding Physical Layer HARQ Functionality

z
Physical Layer HARQ consists of two rate matching stages and a virtual buffer
1st stage: matches number of input bits to the virtual IR buffer size
IR buffer size is determined by UEs soft memory capability Puncturing is done if inputs bits exceed the virtual IR buffer size
2nd stage: matches numbers of bits to the number of HS-PDSCH bits in the given TTI
Redundancy Version (RV) parameters control the output from 2nd stage Repetition or puncturing is done to perform 2nd stage rate matching
Page54
First Rate Matching
Virtual IR Buffer
Second Rate Matching
Systematic bits
Nsys
RM_S
Nt,sys
NTTI
bit separation
Parity 1 bits
RM_P1_1
Np1
RM_P1_2
Nt,p1
bit collection
Ndata
Parity2 bits
RM_P2_1
Np2
RM_P2_2
Nt,p2
First Transmission Always self-decodable, RV parameters s = 1 Chase Combining Each retransmission is self decodable, RV parameter s = 1, Systematic bits are prioritized Same coded data packet may be sent in each retransmission, Using the same RV parameter r in each retransmission Retransmission with a different r value implies different set of punctured bits Receiver attempts to decode by soft combining multiple copies Incremental Redundancy (IR) Retransmissions are not self decodable, RV parameter s = 0, Parity bits are prioritized Redundant information is incrementally transmitted if initial decoding fails Each retransmission provides additional redundant bits to the receiver RV parameter r is different for different set of redundancy bits Receiver attempts to decode based on accumulated bits
HS-DSCH Channel Coding HARQ Combining Schemes HARQ combining refers to the combining of the HS-DSCH soft bits in the receiver (UE). If an HS-DSCH sub-frame transmission is not correctly decoded (CRC failure) by the UEs Physical Layer the soft bits from this failed decode are buffered in the IR buffer to be combined with the future retransmissions. This type of combining changes the effective received code rate with each retransmission and helps in minimizing the number of retransmissions. There are different types of HARQ combining schemes: Chase combining requires each retransmission to be self-decodable. The transmitter may retransmit the same coded data packet in which case the decoder at the receiver combines multiple copies of the same transmitted packet weighted by the received SNR. Time diversity gain is thus obtained. Using a different redundancy version parameter r, a different set of puncture bits can be used in each retransmission. Incremental Redundancy (IR) is another implementation of the HARQ technique where retransmissions are not self decodable, i.e., they may have a very low proportion (or none) of the systematic bits. Additional redundant information, prioritizing the parity bits, is incrementally transmitted if the decoding fails on the prior attempt. Retransmitted sub-frames are soft combined with the buffered soft bits to achieve additional coding gain, which helps the UE to successfully decode the sub-frame. The RV parameter signaled to the UE indicates the HARQ scheme used, allowing the UE to use the same scheme for HARQ combining. RV parameters mapping list (3GPP TS25.212)
HS-DSCH Channel Coding Segmentation and interleaving

z
Physical Channel Segmentation
Segments data equally into P segments P is number of HS-PDSCHs allocated to UE
Up to 15
Total HS-PDSCH bits per TTI:
P * ( Number of bits per HS-PDSCH channel )

z
HS-DSCH interleaving
Block interleaving using 32*30 matrix
Write in rows, read out columns
Done separately on each HS-PDSCH
Page56
HS-DSCH Channel Coding-16QAM Constellation Re-arrangement
Bit Reliability
change with bit position within a symbol is different for 0 and 1 in case of i2 and q2
Page57
HS-DSCH Channel Coding 16-QAM Constellation Rearrangement An optional 16-QAM modulation scheme has been introduced for HS-PDSCH to achieve high data rates. Constellation rearrangement is required in the case of 16-QAM modulation because two of the four bits in a 16-QAM symbol have a higher probability of error than the other two bits. The rearrangement occurs during retransmission and disperses the error probability equally among all the bits when averaged over retransmissions. The reliabilities of the bits mapped to the 16-QAM symbols vary from the most significant bits (i1, q1) to the least significant bits (i2, q2). These variations reduce the performance of the turbo decoder with respect to having equal bit reliabilities. By rearranging the signal constellation during retransmissions, the same bit gets placed at different positions within a symbol across different retransmissions and the bit reliabilities are averaged out over the retransmissions. For both Chase combining and IR, the decoder performance increases with the constellation rearrangement due to a more homogeneous input of log-likelihood values to the turbo decoder. The bits output from the HS-DSCH interleaver are taken in groups of four consecutive bits (i1q1i2q2) and then rearranged based on the value of constellation version parameter b. NodeB signals this parameter to the UE on HS-SCCH channel so that the UE can undo this bit rearrangement. In case of QPSK modulation, the constellation rearrangement block is transparent.
Constellation re-arrangement for 16QAM [TS25.212]

constellation version parameter b 0 1 2 3 Output bit sequence Operation
v p ,k v p ,k +1v p ,k + 2 v p ,k +3
None Swapping MSBs with LSBs Inversion of the logical values of LSBs Swapping MSBs with LSBs and inversion of logical values of LSBs
v p ,k + 2 v p ,k +3v p ,k v p ,k +1
v p ,k v p ,k +1 v p ,k + 2 v p ,k + 3
v p ,k + 2 v p ,k +3 v p ,k v p ,k +1
HS-DSCH Physical Channel Mapping

z z
Bits are mapped to one or more HS-PDSCH Same number of bits/sub-frame on each HS-PDSCH
Page59
HS-DSCH Physical Channel Mapping After constellation rearrangement (only for 16-QAM) or HS-DSCH interleaving (for QPSK), the HS-DSCH bits are finally mapped to one or more HS-PDSCH channels. This is called Physical Channel Mapping. A UE may be assigned one or more HS-PDSCH codes depending on the UE capability, QoS requirement, and the NodeBs radio resource availability. In case of more than one HS-PDSCH channel assigned to a UE, the number of bits in the given sub-frame on each assigned HS-PDSCH channel is the same.
Physical Layer Process Case for HSDSCH
Page60
Downlink HS-SCCH
z
High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
Fixed rate 60kbps (SF 128) channel with one slot format UE may need to simultaneously monitor up to four HS-SCCHs More than four HS-SCCHs possible under one cell QPSK only
Page61
DL HS-SCCH High Speed Shared Control Channel The NodeB transmits control information required for detecting and decoding HS-PDSCH sub-frames to UEs on HS-SCCH channel. UEs are signaled to monitor a set of HSSCCH channels containing up to a maximum of four HS-SCCHs. At any time, only one of the four HS-SCCHs contains information for a given UE. There may be more than four active HS-SCCHs under a cell. Multiple users are assigned to the same HS-SCCH (or set of HS-SCCHs) and thus a UE can successfully decode the information on this channel only when the information is intended for that UE. The HS-SCCH information is scrambled with the UE ID, which enables the desired UE to successfully decode HS-SCCH. The reason for having multiple HS-SCCHs is to enable NodeB to address multiple UEs in the same subframe.
Downlink HS-SCCH
z
HS-SCCH Processing chain
Page62
HS-SCCH Channel Coding Convolutional coding and CRC coding are used as the main channel coding schemes by NodeBfor the HS-SCCH channel. Part 1 and Part 2 of an HS-SCCH sub-frame are individually coded and mapped to the allocated slots in a sub-frame. Both Part 1 and Part 2 are scrambled with the UE ID. The UE ID used for scrambling HS-SCCH is a 16-bit HS-DSCH Radio Network Temporary Identity (H-RNTI). Part 1 consists of the following information: Channelization Code Set Contains the number of in-sequence HS-PDSCH codes assigned to a UE and the offset of the first code. Modulation Scheme HS-PDSCH modulation scheme where 0 = QPSK and 1 = 16-QAM. Part 2 consists of the following information: Transport Block Size The transport block size used for the corresponding HS-PDSCH sub-frame is signaled as a 6-bit Transport Format Resource Indicator (TFRI). The actual transport block size in bits is derived from TFRI and depends on the modulation scheme and the number of HSPDSCH channelization codes signaled on HS-SCCH. HARQ Process ID Contains the HARQ process ID for the corresponding HS-PDSCH sub-frame. There may be one to eight simultaneous HARQ processes running in a UE. Redundancy & Constellation Version Contains RV parameters r and s that are used by the Physical Layer HARQ functionality. If 16-QAM modulation is used, this field also contains the constellation version parameter b that indicates the rearranged version of 16-QAM constellation used for the corresponding HS-PDSCH sub-frame transmission. New Data Indicator Contains 1-bit indicator that toggles every time the NodeB sends new HSDSCH data. The indicator is not toggled in case of retransmissions.
HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH Spreading and Modulation

z
HS-PDSCH is spread with SF 16, scrambled with Primary Scramble Code HS-SCCH is spread with SF 128, scrambled with same code as HS-PDSCH
Page63
The Downlink physical channels (except SCH) are spread to the chip rate with individual channelization codes and then scrambled with the same scrambling code. All such channels use QPSK modulation except HS-PDSCH, which can use either QPSK or 16QAM. The Downlink physical channels HS-SCCH and HS-PDSCH consist of a sequence of binary symbols. In the case of QPSK modulation, each pair of two consecutive symbols is first serial-to-parallel converted and then mapped to the I and Q branches. The QPSK modulation mapper maps the even and odd numbered symbols to the I and Q branch respectively. In the case of 16-QAM modulation, a set of four consecutive binary symbols nk, nk+1, nk+2, nk+3 (with k mod 4 = 0) is serial-to-parallel converted to two consecutive binary symbols (i1= nk, i2= nk+2) on the I branch and two consecutive binary symbols (q1= nk+1, q2= nk+3) on the Q branch and then mapped to 16-QAM constellation by the modulation mapper. The modulation mapper converts the binary symbols into the real-valued symbols.
Uplink HS-DPCCH
z
High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HSDPCCH)
3 slots format, SF 256, OVSF code Cch,256,64 Fixed power offset ( ACK, NACK, CQI ) relative to Uplink associated DPCCH
CQI measurement reference period is 3 slots, ending 1 slots before CQI is sent
Page64
UL HS-DPCCH High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel Each UE operating in the HSDPA mode has an active Uplink HS-DPCCH along with the dedicated UL DPCCH. The UE uses UL DPCCH as reference for adjusting the HSDPCCH channel power. UE transmits HS-DPCCH at a fixed power offset relative to UL DPCCH but the offset is different for ACK, NACK, and CQI fields. These power offsets are signaled to UE by UTRAN and are used by UEs Physical Layer to calculate the HS-DPCCH gain factor (hs). As the HS-DPCCH power is adjusted relative to UL DPCCH, the Uplink power control is indirectly adjusting the HS-DPCCH power. Each subframe (2 ms) of HS-DPCCH has one slot for HARQ ACK/NACK and two slots for Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) field. UTRAN may configure the UE to repeat each ACK/NACK and/or CQI report up to three more times in the consecutive subframes. If there is nothing to acknowledge, i.e., no data received on HS-PDSCH or CRC error on HS-SCCH, then DTX bits are sent in the ACK/NACK field. UTRAN configures CQI reporting by signaling CQI feedback cycle parameter to UE. Based on the feedback cycle parameter, UE may be asked to not send CQI at all or send CQI at periodic intervals ranging from 2 ms to 160 ms. For example, if the CQI feedback cycle is 4 ms, the UE reports CQI in every other subframe. Those subframes not scheduled to report CQI have DTX bits in place of CQI.
CQI value reflect wireless environment quality of previous sub-frame (i.e reference period in above figure)
HS-DPCCH Channel Coding

z z z
1 bit ACK/NACK is coded as 10 bits 5 bits CQI is coded as 20 bits Sub-frame repetition of ACK/NACK and CQI add more reliability
Page65
HS-DPCCH Channel Coding Channel coding is done by UEs Physical Layer to add redundant bits to the HS-DPCCH information. In general, there are different methods of doing channel coding such as repetition, convolutional coding, turbo coding, Reed-Muller (RM) coding, etc., but the basic strategy is to add some redundant bits to the original bit(s). This redundancy helps the receiver correctly decode the original bits which may have been impaired due to bad RF channel conditions. The 1-bit ACK/NACK information is coded into 10 bits by repeating the original bit. The 5-bit CQI information is coded into 20 bits by using RM coding.
HS-DPCCH Spreading and Modulation

z z
Unique OVSF code Cch,256,64 Gain factor hs is derived from power offsets (ACK , NACK , CQI)
z z
Multiplexed on Q branch Same scrambling code as on UL DPCH
QPSK modulation
Page66
HS-DPCCH Spreading and Modulation The HS-DPCCH channel is I/Q code multiplexed with UL DPCH. Depending on whether the number of active UL DPDCHs is even or odd, HS-DPCCH is mapped on to I or Q branch, respectively. The SF used for HS-DPCCH is 256 with OVSF code number Cch, 256, 64 when there is only one active UL DPDCH. The power offsets ACK , NACK , and CQI are signaled to UE by UTRAN through higher layer signaling.
Contents
Page67
UMTS Protocol Stack
Page68
UMTS Protocol Stack The UMTS signaling protocol stack is divided into Access Stratum (AS) and Non-Access Stratum (NAS). The Non-Access Stratum architecture evolved from the GSM/GPRS upper layers and is divided into Circuit Switched (CS) and Packet Switched (PS) protocols. The Access Stratum consists of three layers:
1.
Layer 3 The Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer handles establishment, release, and configuration of radio resources.
2.
Layer 2 Consists of two sub-layers. The Radio Link Control (RLC) sub-layer provides segmentation, re-assembly and other traditional Layer 2 functions. The Medium Access Control (MAC) sub-layer multiplexes data and signaling onto the appropriate channels and controls access to the Physical Layer.
3.
Layer 1 The Physical Layer transfers data over the radio link.
UTRAN protocol structure to be found in 25.301

GC Nt DC
Duplication avoidance GC C-plane signalling Nt DC UuS boundary U-plane information
RRC
control
L3
Radio Bearers PDCP PDCP
control
control
control control
L2/PDCP
BMC
L2/BMC
RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC
RLC
L2/RLC
Logical Channels MAC
L2/MAC
Transport Channels
PHY
L1
HSDPA Protocol Stack
Page70
1.
HSDPA Protocol Stack

1.
In a Release 99 PS network, the NAS layer protocols are terminated at the SGSN. RRC, RLC,and MAC protocols are terminated at the RNC. The Physical Layer protocol is terminated at the Node B.
2.
The Release 5 specifications define a new sublayer of MAC called MAC-hs, which implements the MAC protocols and procedures for HSDPA. This sublayer operates at the NodeBand the UE.
3.
UTRAN MAC-hs is responsible for fast scheduling of the HS-PDSCHs. The scheduler determines:
1.
To which UEs the channels are assigned. How much data to send. Which modulation scheme to use. Whether to send new data or retransmitted data. Which redundancy version to send.
2.
3.
4.
5.
4.
UE MAC-hs is responsible for:

1.
Sending ACK or NACK after decoding a block. Re-ordering data blocks before submitting to upper layers, if retransmissions caused data to be received out of order.
2.
UTRAN Mac Architecture
Page71
1.
UTRAN MAC Architecture

1.
The UTRAN MAC protocol consists of three entities: MAC-hs Responsible for the high speed HSDPA channels and the only entity of MAC that resides in the Node B. When a UE operates in HSDPA mode, MAC-hs maps user data and signaling from DCCH and DTCH onto the shared HS-DSCH transport channels.
2.
3.
MAC-c/sh Responsible for common and shared logical (PCCH, BCCH, CCCH, and CTCH) and transport (PCH, BCH, RACH, FACH) channels. MAC-c/sh resides in the RNC, and there is one MAC-c/sh entity per RNC. When a UE operates in Cell_FACH state, MAC-c/sh maps user data and signaling from its DCCH and DTCH onto the common FACH and RACH transport channels.
4.
MAC-d Responsible for mapping data from dedicated logical channels (DCCH and DTCH) onto dedicated transport channels (DCH). MAC-d resides in the RNC, and there is one MAC-d entity for each UE to which dedicated logical channels have been assigned.
UTRAN MAC-hs Architecture
Page72
1.
UTRAN MAC-hs Architecture Data enters the UTRAN MAC-hs from a set of MAC-d flows. The data is routed to a set of priority queues with the following properties:
1.
2.
Up to 8 priority queues and 8 MAC-d flows are allowed per UE. The queue distribution entity maps each MAC-d flow onto one or more priority queues.The mapping is configured when the HSDPA operation begins.
2.
3.
Each priority queue is mapped to only one MAC-d flow.
3.
When data is removed from a priority queue for transmission, it is assigned to a HARQ process.
4.
There are a minimum of 6 and a maximum of 8 HARQ processes per UE. The HARQ process tracks the ACK/NACK signaling for the data block and determines when retransmission is necessary.
5.
In response to CQI and ACK/NACK signaling on HS-DPCCH, the scheduler decides:

1.
To which UEs the HSDPA channels will be assigned. For each scheduled UE, whether to send new data from a priority queue or a retransmission from a HARQ process.
2.
6.
Signaling on HS-SCCH indicates the scheduling decision to the UEs operating in HSDPA mode.
Mac-hs functions
z
Flow Control
The flow control entity controls the HSDPA data flow between RNC and NodeB
Purpose: to reduce the transmission time of HSDPA data on the UTRAN side and to reduce the data discarded and retransmitted when the Iub interface or Uu interface is congested
The transmission capabilities of the Uu interface and Iub interface are taken into account in a dynamic manner in the flow control
Page73
Mac-hs functions
z
Scheduling
The scheduling entity handles the priority of the queues and schedules the priority queues or NACK HARQ processes of the HS-DSCH UEs in a cell to be transmitted on the HS-DSCH related physical channels in each TTI
Purpose: to achieve considerable cell throughput capability and to satisfy user experience
Page74
Mac-hs functions
z
HARQ
The HARQ entity handles the HARQ protocol for each HSDSCH UE
Each HS-DSCH UE has one HARQ entity on the MAC-hs of the UTRAN side to handle the HARQ functionality
One HARQ entity can support multiple instances (i.e.HARQ processes) of stop and wait HARQ protocols
Based on the status reports from HS-DPCCH, a new transmission or retransmission is determined
Page75
The round trip time at the physical layer is 12 ms. Therefore, it is necessary for one UE to have multiple parallel instances (HARQ processes) of the stop and wait HARQ protocol to increase the Uu interface throughput One problem in the receiver caused by multiple HARQ processes is that, in a specific time window, the TBs may arrive out of sequence. Therefore, it is necessary to have reordering functionality on the receiver side
Mac-hs functions
z
TFRC selection
The TFRC selection entity selects an appropriate transport format and resource for the data to be transmitted on HSDSCH
The transport format includes the transport block size and modulation scheme. The resource includes the power resource and code resource of HS-PDSCH
Transport Format and Resource Combination (TFRC) for each UE is channel quality based, where AMC is the key technique
Page76
UE MAC-hs Architecture
Page77
1.
UE MAC-hs Architecture
1.
When the UE Physical Layer decodes a data block addressed to it, the associated HARQ process determines whether to ACK or NACK the block. If an ACK is sent, the data block is passed to the assigned re-ordering queue.
2.
Re-ordering of MAC-hs PDUs is necessary because up to 8 HARQ processes can be operating on sequentially transmitted data. MAC-hs PDUs can be received out of order when a HARQ process sends a NACK.
3.
The re-ordering queue passes the block up to the disassembly entity when it receives consecutive data blocks. The disassembly entity takes apart the MAChs PDU into its constituent MAC-d PDUs and passes them up to the appropriate MAC-d flow for processing by the MAC-d layer.
Data Flow Example

z
Data Flow
Transmitter (NodeB)
RNC RLC PDU to NodeB priority queue NodeB Mac-hs PDU assembly NodeB HARQ Process
Receiver (UE)
UE HARQ process UE re-ordering queue UE Mac-hs PDU disassembly
Page78
Data Flow Example RNC Mac-d PDU to NodeB Priority Queue
Page79
Data Flow Example RNC MAC-d PDU to NodeBPriority Queue In this example, two logical channels, DTCH 1 and DTCH 2, are mapped to one MAC-d flow. The MAC-d entity in the RNC constructs MAC-d PDUs by prepending a header to each RLC PDU. The MAC-d header contains a C/T field that identifies the DTCH from which the data came. The priority DTCH 1 is higher than DTCH 2, so MAC-d selects all the PDUs from DTCH1, and then all the PDUs from DTCH 2. The MAC-d flow is mapped to a MAC-hs priority queue. The RNC transfers the data across the Iub interface to the Node B, where the MAC-hs entity stores the MAC-d PDUs in the priority queue, preserving the order of the PDUs as sent across the Iub interface.
Data Flow Example NodeB Mac-hs PDU Assembly

z
Mac-hs PDU structure
Page80
Data Flow Example NodeBMAC-hs PDU Assembly When the scheduler in the NodeB MAC-hs decides to send data from a given priority queue, it constructs a MAC-hs PDU. The scheduler determines the size of the MAC-hs PDU as a function of the UEs CQI report, number of HS-PDSCHs, available transmit power, and other proprietary parameters. MAC-d PDUs are packed into the MAC-hs PDU sequentially. The MAC-hs PDU is then sent to the Physical Layer as the HS-DSCH transport block. The MAC-hs PDU header consists of the following fields: Version Flag (VF) Always set to 0 for this release. Queue Identifier (QID) Identifies the priority queue in the NodeB from which the data came, and the re-ordering queue in the UE to which the data is being sent. Transmission Sequence Number (TSN) Used by the re-ordering protocol to ensure inorder delivery of MAC-d PDUs when retransmissions occur. Size Index Identifier (SID) When HSDPA operations begin, the RNC sends a signaling message to the UE that maps valid MAC-d PDU sizes to a set of up to 7 SIDs. Number (N) Indicates the number of consecutive MAC-d PDUs of the size given by the previous SID. The maximum number of MAC-d PDUs in a MAC-hs PDU is 70. Flag (F) One-bit flag field to indicate the end of the MAC-hs header. Padding MAC-hs adds padding as needed to fill the MAC-hs PDU size (transport block size) chosen by the scheduler.
Data Flow Example NodeB HARQ Process
Page81
Data Flow Example NodeB HARQ Process The scheduler chooses a HARQ process from which to send the PDU. The NodeB supports up to 8 HARQ processes for each UE. The NodeB transmits the HARQ process ID in the second part of the HS-SCCH. A one-bit indicator, the New Data Indicator (NDI), in the second part of HS-SCCH is toggled whenever a new PDU is transmitted. The Physical Layer uses the UEs H-RNTI to scramble the HS-SCCH. When the UE monitors the HS-SCCH, it looks for subframes scrambled with its H-RNTI, ignoring those that dont match and processing those that do. The NodeB sends the MAC-hs PDU to the Physical Layer on the HS-DSCH transport channel. The Physical Layer processes the data and maps it onto one or more HS-PDSCHs. The HARQ protocol supports the following features: Soft combining If the UE NACKs a data block, the NodeB may retransmit the data. The Physical Layer performs soft combining of the retransmitted symbols with those previously received. Stop and Wait (SAW) Each HARQ process, up to a maximum of 8, operates independently on one data block until that block is correctly decoded or transmission is aborted by the NodeB. Synchronous ACK/NACK The UE transmits an ACK or NACK for a given block at a fixed time following reception of the data. Asynchronous retransmission The NodeB sends a retransmission any time after an NACK is received. The earliest this can occur is 10 ms after the previous transmission. A more typical value is expected to be 12 ms, due to internal delays in the Node B scheduling algorithm. A retransmission could occur later than 12 ms depending on channel quality reported by the UE and other internal scheduling decisions.
HARQ Protocol signaling on HS-SCCH
HARQ Protocol HS-SCCH Information The Node B sends control Information for the HARQ protocol on the HS-SCCH. The first slot of the HS-SCCH is scrambled with the UEs H-RNTI, which identifies the UE to which this HSDPA assignment belongs. A 16-bit CRC masked with the UEs H-RNTI is computed over both parts. The information on HS-SCCH includes: Channelization Code Set Which HS-PDSCH codes to use, and how many channels. Modulation Scheme QPSK or 16-QAM HARQ Process ID Which HARQ process should decode the next HSDPA assignment. Transport Format Resource Indicator (TFRI) A 6-bit value that maps to the Transport Block size of the data. Redundancy and Constellation Version The redundancy version indicates to the Turbo decoder which combination of systematic and parity bits will be sent. For 16QAM, the constellation version indicates how the symbols were mapped to the constellation. New Data Indicator (NDI) A 1-bit value that is toggled whenever new data is sent to a given HARQ process, to allow it to distinguish a retransmission from a new transmission.
Data Flow Example UE HARQ Process
Page83
Data Flow Example UE HARQ Process Each UE HARQ process performs operations within the Physical Layer and within the MAC-hs layer. Physical Layer HARQ Process Operations When the UE decodes its H-RNTI on the HS-SCCH, it prepares to decode the next HSDSCH TTI. The HS-SCCH includes a HARQ process ID. In the Physical Layer, the HARQ process decodes the associated HS-PDSCHs. If the data is decoded correctly, the data is routed to the MAC-hs part of the HARQ process. MAC-hs Layer HARQ Process Operations The MAC-hs HARQ process generates either an ACK or a NACK to be sent in the subframe numbered 5 in the diagram above. If the UE sends an ACK and the NodeB decodes the ACK correctly, the earliest that HARQ process 1 can be used for a new data block is the subframe numbered 8 above. If other data blocks are sent to the UE during the intervening subframes, they must be assigned to other HARQ processes.
UE HARQ Process flowchart
UE HARQ Process Flowchart The control flow for a HARQ process in the UE is as follows: 1. When a data block is received, compare the New Data Indicator (NDI) bit with the value received in the previous block.
If NDI is different, flush data in the buffer and store new data If NDI is the same and the buffer is empty, this data has already been decoded correctly, so discard it and send an ACK. This can happen if the Node B interprets an ACK as a NACK, and retransmits the data block.
If NDI is the same and the buffer is not empty, soft combine the new data with data already in the buffer.
2. Attempt to decode the data in the buffer.
If correctly decoded, deliver the data to the re-ordering queue, flush the buffer, and send an ACK.
If incorrectly decoded, keep the data in the buffer and send a NACK.
HARQ Protocol Errors
Errors can occur in the HARQ protocol if the Node B misinterprets the UEs ACK/NACK.
If the Node B receives nothing in the HS-DPCCH slot in which it expects an ACK or NACK, it treats it as a NACK
If the Node B interprets an ACK as a NACK, a packet may be retransmitted when it was not necessary to do The UE HARQ process detects this condition by the fact that the New Data Indicator bit is the same value as the previous transmission, so it discards the data and sends another ACK
Another type of protocol error occurs if the Node B misinterprets a NACK as an ACK. In this case, the Node B assumes the UE correctly decoded the data, so it sends a new data block to the same HARQ process The HARQ process in UE side must discard the previous transmission and attempt to decode the new block, sending the ACK or NACK accordingly. This is a worse error than mistaking an ACK, because data is lost and must be recovered by higher layer protocols (i.e., RLC)
Data Flow Example UE re-ordering Queue
Page86
Data Flow Example UE Re-ordering Queue When the UEs HARQ process ACKs the data block, it routes the MAC-hs PDU to a reordering queue, according to the QID given in the MAC-hs header. The re-ordering queue uses the TSN in the MAC-hs header to put the PDUs in the correct order. The re-ordering queue routes consecutively received PDUs to the disassembly entity. If a HARQ process sends a NACK, this can create a hole in the re-ordering queue. The reordering queue buffers subsequent PDUs until either the missing PDU is successfully received, or the reordering protocol stops waiting for that PDU. Two mechanisms, timer-based and window-based, are used for stall avoidance. These are examined in detail in later slides. This example illustrates a simple case in which consecutive assignments originate from the same NodeB priority queue and thus are all routed to the same re-ordering queue. In a more complicated example, data from multiple priority queues can be interleaved according to the NodeB MAC-hs scheduling decisions.
Data Flow Example UE Mac-hs PDU Disassembly
Page87
Data Flow Example UE MAC-hs PDU Disassembly The UE MAC-hs entity disassembles the MAC-hs PDU, using the information in the MAChs header to separate the PDUs. It passes the MAC-d PDUs to the MAC-d entity, which then delivers the PDUs to the DTCH logical channels, using the C/T field to differentiate channels.
Re-ordering Protocol
z
Features of the MAC-hs Re-ordering Protocol
Each reordering queue operates independently Control information in MAC-hs header

Queue ID (QID), 3 bits Transmission Sequence Number (TSN), 6 bits
In-sequence delivery of MAC-d PDUs to RLC

HARQ protocol may deliver data out of sequence RLC requires in-sequence delivery
Page88
Re-ordering Protocol MAC-hs Header The MAC-hs PDU header consists of the following fields: Version Flag (VF) Always set to 0 for this release. Queue Identifier (QID) Identifies the priority queue in the Node B from which the data came, and the re-ordering queue in the UE to which the data is being sent. Transmission Sequence Number (TSN) Used by the re-ordering protocol to ensure in-order delivery of MAC-d PDUs when retransmissions occur. Size Index Identifier (SID) When HSDPA operations begin, the RNC sends a signaling message to the UE that maps valid MAC-d PDU sizes to a set of up to 7 SIDs. Number (N) Indicates the number of consecutive MAC-d PDUs of the size given by the previous SID. The maximum number of MAC-d PDUs in a MAC-hs PDU is 70. Flag (F) One-bit flag field to indicate the end of the MAC-hs header. Padding Padding as needed to fill the scheduled MAC-hs size.
Re-ordering Protocol In-sequence Delivery of Mac-hs PDUs
Page89
Re-ordering Protocol In-sequence Delivery of MAC-hs PDUs When a HARQ process sends a NACK, a hole is created in the re-ordering queue for which that PDU was intended. As subsequent PDUs are received, the re-ordering queue buffers those PDUs to prevent them from being delivered out of order to the RLC layer above MAC-hs. When the missing PDU is received correctly, the re-ordering queue inserts it into the correct position in the buffer and delivers it and all subsequent consecutive PDUs that are awaiting delivery.
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WCDMA RAN Fundamental

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

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Different Service, Different Technology

TACS NMT Others

UMTS UMTS WCDMA WCDMA

cdma cdma 2000 2000 TDTDSCDMA SCDMA

3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile communication system

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Bands WCDMA Used

Supplementary bands: different country maybe different

Frequency channel numbercentral frequency5, for main band:

UL frequency channel number 96129888 DL frequency channel number : 1056210838

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The Core technology of 3G: CDMA

CN: based on MAP and GPRS RTT: TD-SCDMA

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Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiple Access and Duplex Technology

Multiple Access Technology

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiple Access Technology

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiple Access and Duplex Technology

Frequency division duplex (FDD) Time division duplex (TDD)

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Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

WCDMA Network Architecture

WCDMA Network Version Evolution

GSM/GPRS CN WCDMA RTT

CS domain change to NGN WCDMA RTT

3GPP Rel4 3GPP Rel99

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WCDMA Network Version Evolution

MBMS is introduced HSUPA is introduced to achieve the service rate up to 5.76Mbps

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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System

Channel Coding & Interleaving

Channel Decoding Despreading & Deinterleaving

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Bit, Symbol, Chip

WCDMA Source Coding

AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) Speech

CODEC AMR_12.20 AMR_10.20 AMR_7.95 AMR_7.40 AMR_6.70 AMR_5.90 AMR_5.15 AMR_4.75

Video Phone Service

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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System

Channel Decoding Despreading & Deinterleaving

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Bit, Symbol, Chip

WCDMA Block Coding - CRC

The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a common method of block coding.

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

WCDMA Channel Coding

No Coding Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3) Turbo Coding (1/3)

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.