(Ch.1) Microbes(microorganisms) are bacteria, fungi(yeasts & molds), protozoa(amoeba), microscopic algae(plankton), and viruses.

Names based on Genus: first name, always CAPITALIZED, Specific ephitet(species name not capitalized. Classification: bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, & multicellular parasites. Shapes: coccus(sphere), bacillus((rod-shaped), spiral, star-shaped, & rectangular. Arrangement: Di-2, Strep-chain, Staph-Cluster. Photosynthesis: food and oxygen generation. Prokaryotes: cell with their genetic material not enclosed in their membrane. Peptidoglycan: bacteria enclosed in cell walls composed of carbohydrates and protein complex. Binary fission: reproduction dividing into two equal cells. Archaea: prokaryotic cells that lack peptidoglycan, methanogen: produce methane as a waste product from respiration, Extreme halophiles: salt loving. Extreme thermophiles: heat loving. Fungi: are Eukaryotes cell with nucleus containing DNA, true fungi composed of chitin, unicellular(one): yeast. Molds: form mycelia which are composed of long filaments(hyphae). Slime molds: both and amoebas. Protozoa: unicellular and eukaryotic, move by using pseudopods(false feet). Photosynthetic: using light source and carbon dioxide to produce sugar. Algae: photosynthetic, sexual & asexual. Cellulose: cell walls composed of carbohydrates. Viruses: Acellular(no cell) virus particle that contains a core made of only one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA. Cell theory: all living things are composed of cells(Hooke;1665). Golden Age: 1857: Pasteur(fermentation), 1861: Pasteur(Disproved spontaneous generation), 1864: Pasteur(Pasteurization), 1867: Lister(Aseptic surgery), 1876: Koch(Germ theory of disease), 1879: Neisser(Neisseria gonorrhoeae), 1881: Koch(Pure cultures), 1881: Finley(Yellow Fever), 1882: Koch(Myobacterium tuberculosis), 1882: Hess(Agar(Solid) media), 1883: Koch( Vibrio cholerae), 1884: Metchnikoff(Phagocytosis: eating of cells), 1884: Gram(Gram-staining), 1884: Escherich(Escherichia coli), 1887: Petri(Petri dish), 1889: Kitasato(Clostridium tetani), 1890: von Bering(Diphetheria antitoxin), 1890: Ehrlich(theory of immunity), 1892: Winogradsky(Sulfur cycle), 1898: Shiga( Shigella dysenteriae), 1908: Erlich(Syphilis), 1910: Chagas(Trypanosoma cruzi), 1911: Rous(Tumor-causing virus(1966 nobel)) Ch.2 Atomic formula: Mass#= p + n, neutrons= Mass# - p, protons & neutrons always the same. Compound: molecule with 2 different atoms. Chemical bonds: molecules held together because valence electrons of the combining atoms attract. Ionic bond: attraction between opposite charge ions. Covalent bond: two atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons(strongest). Hydrogen bond: hydrogen atom that has a polar attraction to other polar atoms(weakest). What chemical elements involve hydrogen bonding? Nitrogen, Oxygen, & Fluorine. Molecular weight: sum of atomic weight of all atoms. Chemical reaction: making or breaking of bonds. Endergonic reaction: energy directed inward. Exergonic reaction: energy directed out. Synthesis reaction: A+B AB. Decomposition reaction: AB A+B. Exchange reaction: AB+CD AD+BC. Reversible reaction: A+B AB. Inorganic compounds: lack or carbon(held by ionic bond). Organic compounds: contain carbon & hydrogen(Held by covalent bond). Ionization: break apart of ions. Acid: one or more positive/negative ions, to become a proton donor. Base: breaking of one or more positive(cations)+one or more negative(anions), Ex: Hydroxide. Carbon skeleton: chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule. Polymers: formed by covalent bond of many monomers(one). Monosaccharaides: simple sugars. Polysaccharides: many monosaccharaides(glycogen). Lipids: formation or plasma membranes to enclose cells, Fat lacking hydrogen & oxygen(carbohydrates: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen). Simple lipids: Triglycerides(fatty acids). Complex lipids: phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen. Proteins: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. Enzymes: proteins that speed up reactions. Transporter proteins: transport chemicals into & out of cell. Amino acids: blocks of proteins. Stereoisomers: mirror images, right-handed(D), left-handed(L), & 3D. Peptide bonds: bond of one anino acid & nitrogen. Primary structure: amino acid linkage. Secondary structure: twisting or folding of polypeptide chain. Tertiary structure: 3D like. Quaternary structure: 2 or more chains. Disulfide bridge: amino acid to form covalent bonds. Denaturation: loss of shape, due to environment. DNA: double helix. RNA: single strand. Nucleotide: nitrogen, pentose, & sugar. ATP: energy carriers. ADP: Hydrolyzed ATP.