JawaharlalNehruEngineeringCollege

LaboratoryManual
Optical&MicrowaveCommunications

For FinalYearStudents

Manualmadeby Prof.S.D.Jadhav

AuthorJNEC,Aurangabad

TechnicalDocument

ThistechnicaldocumentisaseriesofLaboratorymanualsofElectronicsand TelecommunicationDepartmentandisacertifiedofJawaharlalNehruEngineering College.Thecarehasbeentakentomakethedocumenterrorfree.Butstillifanyerror isfound,kindlybringittothenoticeofsubjectteacherandHOD. Recommendedby HOD

Approvedby,

Principal

Copies: 1.DepartmentalLibrary 2.Laboratory 3.HOD 4.Principal

FOREWARD

Itismy greatpleasuretopresentthislaboratory manualforfinalyearstudentsforthe subject of Optical fiber and microwave Communications keeping in view the vast coverage required for visualization of concept of Optical fiber and Microwave Communications. Asastudent,manyofyoumaybewonderingwithsomeofthequestionsinyourmind regardingthesubjectandexactlywhathasbeentriedtoanswerthroughthismanual. Facultymembersarealsoadvisedthatcoveringtheseaspectsininitialstageitself,will greatlyrelievetheminfutureasmuchoftheloadwillbetakencarebytheenthusiasm energiesofthestudentsoncetheyareconceptuallyclear.

H.O.D

LABORATORYMANUALCONTENTS

This manual is intended for the Final Year students of Engineering in the subject of O&MC. This manual typically contains practical/Lab sessions related O&MC covering variousaspectsofthesubjecttoenhanceunderstanding. Students are advised to go thoroughly through this manual rather than only topics mentioned in the syllabus as practical aspects are the key to understand and conceptualvisualizationoftheoreticalaspectscoveredinthebooks GoodLuckforyourenjoyableLaboratorysessions.

Prof.S.D.Jadhav

DOsandDontsinLaboratory:

1. Donothandletheequipmentwithoutreadingtheinstructions/Instructionmanuals. 2. Readcarefullythepowerratingsoftheequipmentbeforeitisswitchedon.For Indianequipments,thepowerratingsarenormally230V/50Hz.Ifyouhaveequipment with115V/60Hzratingsdonotinsertpowerplug,asournormalpowersupplyis 230V/50Hz,Whichwilldamagetheequipment. 3. Observethetypeofsocketstoavoidmechanicaldamage. 4. Donotforcefullyplacetheconnectors. 5. Strictlyobservetheinstructionsgivenbytheteacher/labinstructor..

InstructionforLaboratoryTeachers:

1.Labworkcompletedduringpriorsessionshouldbecorrectedduringthenextlab

session. 2.Studentsshouldbeguidedandhelpedwhenevertheyfacedifficulties. 3.Thepromptnessofsubmissionshouldbeencouragedbywayofmarkingand evaluationpatternsthatwillbenefitthesincerestudents.

SUBJECTINDEX

LabExperiments

1. StudyOpticalfiber 2. StudyOpticalfiberConnectorsandSplices 3. StudyOpticalTimeDomainReflectometer(OTDR) 4. StudySourcesoflightforOpticalfiber 5. StudythevariousUHFcomponents 6. Measurementoftransmissionlinecharacteristics 7. StudyofGunndiodeandplottingitsVIcharacteristics 8. StudyMicrowaveTEEs 9. StudyofMicrowaveAntennas

ExperimentNo.1
StudyofOpticalFiber
Aim:TostudyOpticalfiber. Apparatus:Opticalfiber,Cutter,lightsource,etc Theory: Anopticalfiber(orfiber)isaglassorplasticfiberthatcarrieslightalongitslength.Fiber opticsistheoverlapofappliedscienceandengineeringconcernedwiththedesignand applicationofopticalfibers.Opticalfibersarewidelyusedinfiberopticcommunications, whichpermitstransmissionoverlongerdistancesandathigherbandwidths(datarates) thanotherformsofcommunications.Speciallydesignedfibersareusedforavarietyof other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers. Light is kept in the core of the optical fiber by total internal reflection. This causes the fiber to act as a waveguide. Fibers which support many propagation paths or transverse modes are called multi modefibers(MMF),whilethosewhichcanonlysupportasinglemodearecalledsingle mode fibers (SMF). Multimode fibers generally have a larger core diameter, and are used for shortdistance communication links and for applications where high power mustbetransmitted.Singlemodefibersareusedformostcommunicationlinkslonger than550meters(1,800ft).

Principleofoperation
An optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide (non conducting waveguide) that transmitslightalongitsaxis,bytheprocessoftotalinternalreflection.Thefiberconsists ofacoresurroundedbyacladdinglayer,bothofwhicharemadeofdielectricmaterials. Toconfinetheopticalsignalinthecore,therefractiveindexofthecoremustbegreater than that of the cladding.Theboundary between the core and cladding may eitherbe abrupt,instepindexfiber,orgradual,ingradedindexfiber

Totalinternalreflection
Totalinternalreflectionisanopticalphenomenonthatoccurswhenarayoflightstrikes amediumboundaryatananglelargerthanaparticularcriticalanglewithrespecttothe normaltothesurface.Iftherefractiveindexislowerontheothersideoftheboundary, nolightcanpassthroughandallofthelightisreflected.Thecriticalangleistheangle of incidence above which the total internal reflection occurs.When light traveling in a densemediumhitsaboundaryatasteepangle(largerthanthe"criticalangle"forthe boundary), thelight will be completely reflected. This effectis used in optical fibers to confinelightinthecore.Lighttravelsalongthefiberbouncingbackandforthoffofthe boundary. Because the light must strike the boundary with an angle greater than the criticalangle,onlylightthatentersthefiberwithinacertainrangeofanglescantravel downthefiberwithoutleakingout.Thisrangeofanglesiscalledtheacceptanceconeof thefiber.Thesizeofthisacceptanceconeisafunctionoftherefractiveindexdifference betweenthefiber'scoreandcladding. Insimplerterms,thereisamaximumanglefromthefiberaxisatwhichlightmayenter the fiber so that it will propagate, or travel, in the core of the fiber. The sine of this maximum angle is the numerical aperture (NA) of the fiber. Fiber with a larger NA requireslessprecisiontospliceandworkwiththanfiberwithasmallerNA.Singlemode fiberhasasmallNA.

Fig1.CrossSection of OpticalFiber Specialpurposefiber Some specialpurpose optical fiber is constructed with a noncylindrical core and/or cladding layer, usually with an elliptical or rectangular crosssection. These include polarizationmaintaining fiber and fiber designed to suppress whispering gallery mode propagation. Photoniccrystalfiberismadewitharegularpatternofindexvariation(oftenintheform of cylindrical holes that run along the length of the fiber). Such fiber uses diffraction effectsinsteadof orin addition to totalinternal reflection, to confinelight to the fiber's core.Thepropertiesofthefibercanbetailoredtoawidevarietyofapplications.

Materials Glassopticalfibersarealmostalwaysmadefromsilica,butsomeothermaterials,such as fluorozirconate, fluoroaluminate, and chalcogenide glasses, are used for longer wavelength infrared applications. Like other glasses, these glasses have a refractive indexofabout1.5.Typicallythedifferencebetweencoreandcladdingislessthanone percent. PropertiesofOpticalFiber.

1.NumericalApertureofanytypeoffiberisdefinedas:

wheren1=istherefractiveindexalongthecentralaxisofthefiber(core). n2=refractiveindexofcladding 2.Attenuation 3.Dispersion 3.Fiberstrength 4.Bandwidthparameters 5.RiseTime

10

ApplicationsandAdvantages 1. Optical fiber can be used as a medium for telecommunication and networking becauseitisflexibleandcanbebundledascables. 2. It is especially advantageous for longdistance communications, because light propagates through the fiber with little attenuation compared to electrical cables. This allowslongdistancestobespannedwithfewrepeaters. 3.Additionally,theperchannellightsignalspropagatinginthefibercanbemodulated
] at rates as high as 111 gigabits per second, although 10 or 40Gb/s is typical in

deployedsystems. 4.Eachfibercancarrymanyindependentchannels,eachusingadifferentwavelength oflight(wavelengthdivisionmultiplexing(WDM)). 5.Thenetdatarate(dataratewithoutoverheadbytes)perfiberistheperchanneldata ratereducedbytheFECoverhead,multipliedbythenumberofchannels(usuallyupto eighty in commercial dense WDM systems as of 2008). The current laboratory fiber optic data rate record, is multiplexing 155 channels, each carrying 100 Gbps over a 7000kmfiber.

Conclusion:HenceOpticalfiberisstudiedindetail.

11

ExperimentNo.2
StudyofOpticalFiberConnectorsandSplices
Aim:TostudyOpticalfiber ConnectorsandSplices Apparatus:Opticalfiber,Connectorsandsplices. Theory: Anopticalfiberconnectorterminatestheendofanopticalfiber,andenablesquicker connection and disconnection than splicing. The connectors mechanically couple and alignthecoresoffiberssothatlightcanpass.Mostopticalfiberconnectorsarespring loaded:The fiber end faces ofthe two connectors are pressedtogether,resultingin a directglasstoglassorplastictoplastic,respectively,contact,avoidinganyglasstoair or plastic to air interfaces, which would result in higher connector losses. ConnectorizationandSplicingofopticalFiber. Inanyfiberopticsystem,onewillfindtheneedofsplicesandconnectors.Splicesare requiredduringi9nstallationandagainduringservices,ifthecablesaredamagedand fibers are broken, Connectors are invariably used to connect fiber to the terminal equipment.Eachspliceorconnectorgivesrisetoadditionalattenuationandtheneedto minimizesuchlossesrequiresacarefulpreparationoftheendsofthefiber.Lowlosses areobtainedonlyifthefiberendsareclean,smoothandperpendiculartothefiberaxis.

CONNECTORIZATION: It is the process of terminating the fiber by a connector. Normally a source and a detector are mounted inn a standard bulkhead, into which the fiber of the system. Havingconnectorattheend,isplugged.Suchanarrangementpermitsindividualunits and components to be tested separately and replace if necessary. Moreover this arrangementalsoallowsmaximumcouplingoflight. Manydifferentdesignsofconnectorshavebeendeveloped.Mostuseafemaleforfiber alignment, although some designs use three spheres to centre the fiber and a double conetoaligntheconnectors.Someofthemoresophisticatedtypesintendedforusein highspeedwherebackreflectionsmustbe minimized,allowphysicalcontactbetween thetwo.
12

SMAconnectoriscommonlyusedwithmultimodefibers.Ithasa9mmlongferrulewith a precision bore designed to match the cladding diameter and a standard SMA threaded sleeve for connection. A typical insertion loss is in the region of1dB initially, but mechanical wear &tear of the fiber during its life involves thousands of disconnectionsandreconnectionscausinglossestoincrease. The ST connector is intended for use with multimode fibers. It is relatively easy to terminate and employ a bayonet coupling collar somewhat similar to BNC coaxial connector.Typicalinsertionlossesof0.5dBcanbeobtainedincleanconditions. Some relatively inexpensive, biconical, plastic, snapin connectors have been developed, of which the type SC is one. Another standard is the two fiber connector specifiedfortheFDDIhighcapacityLAN.

Note:DrawthediagramofLenstypeConnectorandferruletypeconnector

Conclusion:Thus,Fiberconnectorandsplicesisstudiedsuccessfully.

13

ExperimentNo.3
StudyofOTDR
Aim:TostudyOpticalTimeDomainReflectometer(OTDR) Theory: The OTDR or backscatter method utilizes the light scattered in the fiber by Rayleigh scattering. FigurebelowshowstheblockdiagramofoperatingprincipleofOTDR.

CouplerFiber
PulsedLaser

APDPhotodetector

BoxCar Integrator

LogAmplifier

ChartRecorder

Fig1.BlockdiagramofoperatingprincipleofOTDR

14

ThisTechniqueprovidesmeasurementoftheattenuationonanopticalfiberlink. A light pulse is launched into the fiber in the forward direction from an injection laser usingeitherdirectionalcouplerorasystemofexternallensesusingabeam splitter.The backscatteredlightisdetectedusinganAvalanchePhotodiodereceiverwhichdrivesan integrator in order to improve the received signal to noise ratio by giving arithmetic average over a number of measurements taken at one point within the fiber. This is necessary as thereceived optical power from a particular point along the fiberis very low.ThesignalfromtheIntegratorisfedthroughalogarithmicamplifierandaveraged measurements for location for successive points within the fiber are plotted on a strip chart recorder. This provides locationdependant attenuation values which gives an overallpictureoftheopticallossdownthefiberlink.

Conclusion:ThustheOperatingprincipleofOTDRisstudiedindetail.

15

ExperimentNo.4
SourcesoflightforOpticalfiber
Aim:TostudySourcesoflightforOpticalfiber Theory: OpticalsourceisoftenconsideredtobetheactivecomponentofanOFCsystem. Its function is to convert electrical energy in the formof current into optical energy, in efficientmannerintothefiber. Threemaintypesofopticalfiberssourcesare 1.Widebandcontinousspectrasources(incandescentlamps) 2.Monochromaticincoherentsources(LightEmittingDiodes) 3.Monochromaticcoherentsources(Lasers)

ForopticalFibercommunicationsLEDsandLASERSarepreferredsources.

1.LightEmittingDiodes: Constructionandworkingprinciple: TheLEDconsistsofanencapsulatedchipofsemiconductordiodewithasuitablelens. ThelengthofAnodeterminalisgreaterthancathodeterminal.LEDsarebasedonthe semiconductor diode. When the diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able torecombine with holes andenergyis releasedin theform of light.This effectis calledelectroluminescenceandthecolorofthelightisdeterminedbytheenergygapof
2 thesemiconductor.TheLEDisusuallysmallinarea(lessthan1mm ) withintegrated

opticalcomponentstoshapeitsradiationpatternandassistinreflection.

16

Fig1.WorkingPrincipleofLED

MaterialforLED

IncaseofLEDdifferentmaterialsareusedtogettheradiationininfraredregionandin thevisibleregion.TogetradiationininfraredregionGaAsmaterialisusedSometimes the combination Ga As withindium and aluminium is used.It gives the wavelength as follows: InGaAs8500Angstrom AlGaas9000Angstrom

17

AdvantagesofLED 1.Theyaresmallinsizeandlightinweight. 2.Theyaremechanicallyruggedandhavelowoperatingtemperature. 3.Nocomplexdrivingcircuitryisrequired. 4.Havehighswitchingspeedandareavailableindifferentcolours. 5.Linearityismoreandcompatiblewithintegratedcircuits. DisadvantagesofLED 1.Outputpowergetsaffectedbythetemperaturevariation. 2.Quantum efficiencyislow. 3.Getsdamagedbecauseofovervoltageandovercurrent.

Fig2.DifferenttypesofLED

18

2.LASER: (LightAmplificationbyStimulatedEmissionofRadiation)
A laser(Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)is adevice that emits light (electromagnetic radiation) through a process called stimulated emission. Laser light is usually spatially coherent, which means that the light either is emitted in a narrow, lowdivergence beam, or can be converted into one with the help of optical componentssuchaslenses.Moregenerally,coherentlighttypicallymeansthesource produces light waves that are in step. They have the same frequencies and identical phase. ABSORPTION,SPONTANEOUSANDSTIMULATEDEMISSION Ingeneral,whenanelectronisinanexcitedenergystate,itmusteventuallydecaytoa lowerlevel,givingoffaphotonofradiation.Thiseventiscalledspontaneousemission, andthephotonisemittedinarandomdirectionandarandomphase.Theaveragetime ittakesfortheelectrontodecayiscalledthetimeconstantforspontaneousemission, andisrepresentedbyt.Ontheotherhand,ifanelectronisinenergystateE2,andits decay path is to E1, but, before it has a chance to spontaneously decay, a photon happens to pass by whose energy is approximately E24E1, there is a probability that thepassingphotonwillcausetheelectrontodecayinsuchamannerthataphotonis emittedatexactlythesamewavelength,inexactlythesamedirection,andwithexactly the same phase as the passing photon. This process is called stimulated emission. Absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission are illustrated in figure .Nowconsiderthegroupofatomsshowninfigurebelow.Allbegininexactlythesame excitedstate,andmostareeffectivelywithinthestimulationrangeofapassingphoton. Wealsowillassumethattisverylong,andthattheprobabilityforstimulatedemission is100percent.Theincoming(stimulating)photoninteractswiththefirstatom,causing stimulatedemissionofacoherentphotonthesetwophotonstheninteractwiththenext twoatomsinline,andtheresultisfourcoherentphotons,ondowntheline.Attheend oftheprocess,we willhaveelevencoherentphotons,allwithidenticalphasesandall travelinginthesamedirection.Inotherwords,theinitialphotonhasbeenamplifiedby afactorofeleven.Notethattheenergytoputtheseatomsinexcitedstatesisprovided externallybysomeenergysourcewhichisusuallyreferredtoasthepumpsource.
19

Fig3.Absorbtion,Spontaneousemissionandstimulatedemissionmechanism

POPULATIONINVERSION Atomicenergystatesaremuchmorecomplexthanindicatedbythedescriptionabove. Therearemanymoreenergylevels,and eachonehasitsowntimeconstantsfordecay.Thefourlevelenergydiagramshownin figure4.isrepresentativeofsomereallasers.Theelectronispumped(excited)intoan upper level E4 by some mechanism (for example, a collision with another atom or absorptionofhighenergyradiation).ItthendecaystoE3,thentoE2,andfinallytothe groundstateE1.LetusassumethatthetimeittakestodecayfromE2toE1ismuch longer than the time it takes to decay from E2 to E1. In a large population of such atoms, at equilibrium and with a continuous pumping process, a population inversion willoccurbetweentheE3andE2energystates,andaphotonenteringthepopulation
20

will

be

amplified

coherently.

Fig.4 Amplificationbystimulated emission Advantages ofLASERoverotherLightSources:

1.LASERlighthasnarrowspectralbandwidth. 2.Lightiscoherentandmonochromatic 3.LASERlighthasgooddirectionality. 4. More percentage of the LASER light is in the visible range as compared to conventionallamps. 5.LASERhashighquantumefficiencyandhighmodulationrate. 6.LASERSarepointsourceoflight. 7.LASERhasexcellentstability. 8.LASERlightcanbemodulatedexternallyorithasabilityofdirectmodulation.

21

TypesofLASERs AccordingtothetypeofmaterialusedfortheformationofLASERbeam,theLASERs are classifiedas the solid statelaser, gaseous laser, power lasers and semiconductor LASERs. A]SolidStateLASERS 1.RubyLaser 2.Nd:YAGLaser B]SemiconductorLASER C]GasLASERs 1.HeliumNeonLasers 2.CarbonDioxideLaser

Conclusion:Thus,sourcesoflightarestudiedindetail.

22

ExperimentNo.5
StudyOfvariousUHFcomponents
Aim:TostudythevariousUHFcomponents. ListofComponents: 1)Rectangularwaveguide 2)Circularwaveguide 3)Waveguidestand 4)Flanges 5)Fixedattenuator 6)Micrometertypefrequencymeter 7)Broadbandtunedprobe 8)Waveguidematcheddetectormount 9)Waveguidedetectormount(tunable) 10)Precisionslidescrewtuners 11)Klystronmount 12)Threeportferritecirculator 13)EHtuners 14)HplaneTee 15)EplaneTee 16)Directionalcoupler 17)Isolator 18)Matchtermination 19)Hornantenna 20)Sectoralhornantenna 21)Pyramidalantenna 22)Waveguidetwist 23)Gunnoscillator 24)PINmodulator 25)VSWRmeter 26)Klystronpowersupply 27)Gunnpowersupply Theory: Following information regarding the component should be written. Model nameandfrequencyrange.DrawthediagramofeachcomponentWritespecificationof eachcomponentasgiveninthemanual.WriteapplicationofeachComponent. Conclusion:ThusstudiedUHFcomponents.

23

ExperimentNo.6
Relationshipbetweenfrequencyofoscillation&repellervoltageof Reflexklystron
Aim:Toverifyrelationshipbetweenfrequencyofoscillation&repellervoltageof Reflexklystron. Apparatus:ReflexKlystron,Klystronpowersupply,Isolator,frequencymeter, Variableattenuator,Detectormount,VSWRmeter,BNCcable.

BlockDiagram:

Theory:
Thereflexklystronmaketheuseofvelocitymodulationtotransforma continueselectronbeamintomicrowavepower.Electronemittedfromthecathodeare acceleratedandpassedthroughthepositiveresonatortowardnegativereflector,which retardandfinallyreflectselectronandelectronreturnbackthroughtheresonator. Supposeanhifieldexistbetweentheresonator.Theelectrontravelingforwardwillbe acceleratedorretarded.Asthevoltageattheresonatorchangeinamplitude.The acceleratedelectronleavetheresonatorattheincreasedvelocityandtheretarded electronleaveatthereducedvelocity.Theelectronsleavingtheresonatorwillneed differenttimetoreturnduetochangeinvelocities.Asaresultreturningelectrongroup togetherinbunches.Astheelectronbunchespassthroughresonatortheyinteractwith
24

voltageatresonatorgrids.Ifthebunchespassthegridatsuchtimethattheelectrons are slowed down by the voltage energy willbe delivered to the resonator and klystron willoscillate.Thefrequencyispreliminarydeterminedbythedimensionofresonant cavity.Hencebychangingthevolumeofresonator,mechanicaltuningrangeofklystron ispossible.Alsoasmallfrequencychangecanbeobtainedbyadjustingthe reflectorvoltage.Thisiscalledelectronictuning.

Observation:
Beamvoltage= Beamcurrent= Repellervoltage= RepellervoltageFrequency

Procedure:
1)Connecttheequipment&componentsasshowninthefigure 2)Setthevariableattenuatortoaroundzeroposition&settherangeswitchof VSWRmeterto40dbpositions. 3)Anticlockwisedirection,repellervoltageknobtominimumposition. 4)Ontheklystronpowersupply,VSWRmeter&coolingfan.Setthebeamvoltage to250vandlimitingbeamcurrenttolessthan 5)Graduallyincreaserepellervoltage&lookforsuddendeflectioninVSWR meter. 6)Notethecorrespondingfrequencywiththehelpoffrequencymeter.Alsonote therepellervoltage. 7)Slightlyvarytherepellervoltageoneithersideofthisreading.Notethe correspondingvariationofthefrequency. 8)Findthetuningrangeafterplottingthe3dbpointsontherepellervoltagevs. powero/pgraph.

Conclusion:Thus,wefindtuningrangefortwowidelydifferentrepellervoltages.

25

ExperimentNo.7
Gunndiode&itscharacteristics
Aim:StudyofGunndiodeandplotVIcharacteristicsofGunndiode. Apparatus:ReflexKlystron,Klystronpowersupply,Isolator,frequencymeter,Variable &variableattenuator,Detectormount,VSWRmeter,BNCCableMatchedloadEplane, Hplane&MagicTee.

BlockDiagram:

Fig1.SetforstudyofaGunnDiodeCharacteristics

Theory: TheGunnoscillatorisbasedonnegativedifferentialconductivityeffectin bulk semiconductors which has two conduction band minima separated by an energy gap.Adisturbanceatcathodegivesrisetohighfieldregionwhichtravelstowardsthe anode .When this high field domains reaches the anode, it disappears and another domainisformedatthecathodeandstartsmovinganodeandsoon.Thetimerequired fordomaintotravelfromcathodetoanodegivesoscillationfrequency. A uniform type of uniform type of Gunn diode with same contact as the end surface. Abovesomecriticalvoltagecurrentbecomesfunctionoftime.ItwasdiscoveredbyJB
26

Gunn. It uses bulk property of semiconductor only. So it must be associated with electronratherthanholes.Thevoltageappliedisproportionaltothesamplelengthand henceelectricfieldisexpressedinv/m. WhenDCvoltageisappliedacrossthesideofGunndiode,cadmium ferriteinveresistancepropertyacrossatparticularvoltagerangevalue.Astheapplied potentialincreasesi.e.greaterthanelectricfieldhigherelectronpresent,hencehigher currentacrossthelineinshorttimesoaccelerationoccurinmicrowaverange.Actually Frequency of oscillation in determined the time so acceleration occurs in microwave range. Actually frequency of oscillation is determined the time that the bunches of electronformandarriveattheend.

Procedure:
1)SwitchontheGunnpowersupply. 2)Adjustthebenchtogetmaximumo/pwaveform. 3)Bymakingvoltageinitiallyzeronotedownthecurrent. 4)PlotthegraphofVandI Observation: 1.Beam voltage= 2.Beam current=

Conclusion:ThustheVIcharacteristicsofGunndiodeisstudied.

27

ExperimentNo.8
StudyofMicrowaveTEEi.e.Eplane,Hplane&MagicTee.
Aim:TomeasurethepowerdistributionofvariousmagicTeei.e.Eplane,Hplane& MagicTee. Apparatus:ReflexKlystron,Klystronpowersupply,Isolator,frequencymeter, Variable&variableattenuator,Detectormount,VSWRmeterBNC,CableMatchedload Eplane,Hplane&MagicTee.

Theory: WaveguideTeesareusedforconnectingabranchsectionofwaveguideinseriesor parallelwiththemainwaveguide.Teesarealsobeusedaspowerdividerfield.

1)InputVSWRValueofSWRcorrespondingtoeachportasaloadtothelinewhile otherportsareterminatedinmatchedload. 2)IsolationTheisolationbetweenEandHarmisdefinedastherationofthepower suppliedbythegeneratorconnectedtotheEport4tothepowerdetectedatHarmport 3Isolation=10log10P4/P3 3)CouplingcoefficientItisdefinedasCij=10_/20 Where_isattenuation/isolationindBwhenitisinputarmandjisoutputarm Thus_=10logPi/Pj

28

WherePiispowerdeliveredtoarmiandPjispowerdetectedatjarm EplaneTeeModel6031EplaneTeeisatypeTjunction&consistof3sectionwave guidejointtogetherinordertodivide&comparepowerlevels.Thesignalsentering firstpartofthePjunctionwillbeequallydividedat2nd3rdportofmagnitudebut oppositeindirection. HplaneTeeModel3065HplaneTEEareshunttypeTjunctionthatisusedin conjunctionwithVSWRmeter,Frequencymeter&otherdetectordevices. MagicTeeModel3045EHconsistofsectionofwaveguidewithbothseries& shuntwaveguidearemountedatexactmidpointofthemainarm.Thisbecomesfour terminaldeviceswhereoneterminalisisolatedfromthei/p.VSWRof1.40over+ 15%freqrange.Thisisachievedbyinserting&connectingpiecewithstub. Procedure: HplaneTee: a)Givei/patport1 b)Observeo/ponVSWRmeteratport2&3. EplaneTee a)Givei/patport1. b)Observeoutputatport MagicTee a)Givei/patport1. b)Observetheoutputatport2,3&4 c)Givei/patport4. d)Observetheo/patport1,2&3.

29

Observation:Beamvoltage=
Beamcurrent= Repellervoltage= a)HplaneTee 1.Inputatport1= 2.Output Atport2= Atport3= b)EplaneTee 1.Inputatport1= 2.Output Atport2= Atport3= c)MagicTee 1.Inputatport1= 2.Output Atport2= Atport3= Atport4= 3.Inputatport4= 4.Output Atport1= Atport2= Atport3= Conclusion:DiscussthepowerdistributionineachTee.

30

ExperimentNo.9
STUDYOFANTENNAS Aim:Tostudythevariousantennas.
Theory: Antennas are used at all frequency but in actual practice the frequency on which it operatesdependsonitsshapetothelargeextent. Antennatypesare: 1) HornantennaAhornantennamayberegardedasaflaredoutoropenoutwave guideAwaveguideiscapableofradiatingintoopenspaceprovidedthesameis excitedatoneendandopenatotherend.Howevertheradiationismuchgreater throughwaveguidethanthetwowiretransmissionthelineinwaveguideissmall inportionofincidentwaveisradiatedandlargeportionisreflectedbackbythe opencircuit. 2) Parabolic reflector or microwave dish A parabola is a twodimensional plane curve .A practical reflector is a three dimensional curved surface. Therefore rotating a parabola about its axis .The surface so generated is called as ParabolicWhichisalsocalledasMicrowaveDishorParabolicReflectorforms practical reflector. Parabolic produces a parallel beam of circular cross section becausethemouthofparaboliciscircular. 3) Hertz antenna It is also a half wave dipoleantenna .The dipole antenna dates back to the early half RF experiments in the center so that RF power can be applied to it .One can think of the half wave dipoles an open circuited transmissionlinethathasbeenspreadoutsothatthetransmissionlinethathas beenspreadoutsothattransmissioncanbespreadoutinspace.Adipolecan beofanylengthcommonlyisjustunderwavelengthlong. Conclusion:Thusthedifferentantennasarestudied.

31

Quizonthesubject
Q1.WhatisreflexKlystron? Q2.Whataredisadvantagesofreflexklystron? Q3.Whatareapplicationsofklystrons? Q4.Definedirectionalcoupler. Q5.Whatareperformancecharacteristicsofdirectionalcoupler? Q6.WhataredifferenttypesofTee? Q7.WhatdoyoumeanbyMagicTee?

32