MIMO WITH SOFTWARE

DEFINED RADIO

Navin Kumar
Member IEEE, IET(UK), IETE, IE (India)

(Asst. Professor)
Defence Engineering College,
Debrezeit, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia
 Presentation Layout

Introduction

Technology Background
 MIMO Technology
 SDR Technology

Analysis/Proposed Method

Conclusion
 Introduction
• Multiple – Input Multiple – Output (MIMO) systems are
today regarded as one of the most promising technology
and research area of Wireless Communications.
• MIMO technology has been suggested for use in beyond
3G (B3G) and 4G cellular communications, automobile
communications, wireless local and wide area networks,
and military communications.

• Similarly, the Software Defined Radio (SDR)

• SDR provides an efficient and comparatively inexpensive
solution to the problem of building multi-mode, multi-
band, multi-functional wireless devices that can be
enhanced using software upgrades.
• As such, SDR can really be considered an enabling
technology that is applicable across a wide range of
areas within the wireless industry.
 Introduction ….
• Multiple – Input Multiple - Output channel
with Software Defined Radio.
• The merging of the Radio Technology of
MIMO into Software.
• Radio Technology here generally refers to
the Wireless Communication.
 What is MIMO ?
• Mapping of a data stream to multiple parallel
data streams and de-mapping multiple received
data streams into a single data stream
• Aims at high spectral efficiency / high data rate

• Can be defined simply as- Given an arbitrary

wireless communication system, we consider a
link for which the transmitting end as well as the
receiving end is equipped with multiple antenna
elements.
What is MIMO….
 SISO, SIMO,MISO

• Single-Input, Single-Output Channel suffers from fading

• Single-Input, Multiple-Output channel: RX diversity
• Multiple-Input, Single-Output channel: TX diversity,
Beamforming
 Advantages of Multiple Antenna Techniques

• Resistivity to fading (quality)

• Increased coverage
• Increased capacity
• Increased data rate
• Improved spectral efficiency
• Reduced power consumption
• Reduced cost of wireless network
 Advantages of MIMO……
• Significantly increase raw data throughput in spectrally
limited environments, (achieving high data rates in
bandwidth constrained wireless systems.)

• Provides immunity to the multipath effects common in

urban settings.

• A key feature of MIMO systems is the ability to turn

multipath propagation, traditionally a pitfall of wireless
transmission, into a benefit for the user.
 Advantages of MIMO….
• The capacity of a wireless link is generally
measured in bits per second per Hertz (b/s/Hz).
• The methods available to increase this capacity
in a traditional Single Input, Single Output
(SISO) wireless system are fairly limited:

Increase the bandwidth, allowing a corresponding
increase in the bits per second,

Increase the transmit power, allowing a higher level
modulation scheme to be utilized for a given bit error
rate, effectively increasing the bits per second within
the same bandwidth.
 Advantages of MIMO…..
• However, any increase in power or bandwidth can
negatively impact other communications systems
operating in adjacent spectral channels or within a given
geographic area.
• So, bandwidth and power for a given communications
system are generally well regulated, limiting the ability of
the system to support any increase in capacity or
performance.

• MIMO technologies overcome the deficiencies of these

traditional methods through the use of spatial diversity.
• Data in a MIMO system is transmitted over T transmit
antennas through what is referred to as a "MIMO
channel" to R receive antennas supported by the
receiver terminal as shown above.
 Capacity of SISO Systems (1 by 1)

• At fixed time t, the SISO channel is an additive white Gaussian noise

(AWGN) channel with capacity:

C(t) = log2(1 + SNRsiso(t)) Bit/Sec/Hz

• where SNRsiso(t) is the received signal to noise ratio at time t:

|h(t)|2 σs2
SNRsiso(t) = --------------
σn2

• 3dB of extra power needed for one extra bit per transmission!
 Capacity of MIMO systems

• Note: we assume channel unknown at transmitter!

• Cerg = εH (log2 [ det (IM + ρ/N H H*)])

approximately: min (M;N);

• where H is the M x N random channel matrix and ρ is

the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at each receiver
branch.

** Capacity proportional to min of # TX and # RX

antennas! **
Average Capacity of ideal MIMO system
 MIMO vs CDMA analogy

• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is the main multiple access

technique for UMTS.
• A CDMA analogy can be used to understand the MIMO benefits:
• CDMA lets several user transmit at the same time in the same band.
• MIMO lets several ”virtual users” transmit for the same array at
the same time in the same band.
• CDMA uses quasi-orthogonal codes to differentiate the users.
• MIMO uses quasi-orthogonal propagation signatures to differentiate
the virtual users.
• Using codes (as in CDMA) requires spreading, which consumes
bandwidth.
• Using propagation signatures requires more antennas but no extra
power or bandwidth.
 MIMO transmission techniques

• Diversity maximization (Performance gain)

is the result of
 Space time coding
• Rate maximization (Optimized Channel
Capacity) is the result of
 Spatial multiplexing
 Joint diversity/rate maximization
MIMO Transmission Model
 Space-Time Coding

• Convolutional - based Trellis Codes

• Space Time Block Codes

 N=2 transmit antennas: Alamouti scheme

 N>2 Generalized orthogonal codes

Space time diversity codes improve Signal to

Noise Ratio ( even upto 16 dB) and so capacity
of wireless channel.
 Space-Time Coding

•
 Radio Architecture for
Multichannel Wireless
•
 Data rates in 2MHz MIMO Wireless
Network

•
 Software Defined Radio (SDR)
What is SDR ?
• A Software-Defined- Radio (SDR) system
is a Radio Communication System which
can tune to any frequency band and
receive any modulation across a large
frequency spectrum by means of
programmable hardware which is
controlled by software.
 What is SDR ?....
Definition by SDR Forum
• Software Defined Radio (SDR) is a collection of
hardware and software technologies that enable
reconfigurable system architectures for wireless
networks and user terminals.
• SDR provides an efficient and comparatively
inexpensive solution to the problem of building
multi-mode, multi-band, multi-functional wireless
devices that can be enhanced using software
upgrades.
• As such, SDR can really be considered an
enabling technology that is applicable across a
wide range of areas within the wireless industry.
 Advantages of SDR
• A software-defined radio is characterized by its flexibility:
Simply modifying or replacing software programs can
completely change its functionality.
• This allows easy upgrade to new modes and improved
performance without the need to replace hardware.
• SDRs can also be easily modified to accommodate the
operating needs of individual applications.
• There is a distinct difference between a radio that
internally uses software for some of its functions and a
radio that can be completely redefined in the field
through modification of software.
• The latter is a software-defined radio.
 Advantages of SDR…..
• An SDR performs significant amounts of signal
processing in a general purpose computer, or a
reconfigurable piece of digital electronics.
• The goal of this design is to produce a radio that
can receive and transmit a new form of radio
protocol just by running new software.
• Software-Defined-Radio is expected by its
proponents to become the dominant technology
in radio communications.
 Advantages of SDR ……
• COST- The capital cost of an SDR based system can
be amortized (repay) across multiple generations of
products with, for example, technology upgrades
supporting 3G, 3.5G and 4G all provided through
software upgrade versus the forklift upgrade to hardware
that was required in migrating from 2G to 3G.
• The development cost of the SDR platform reduces the
non-recurring engineering costs associated with
hardware development of the digital transceiver to a
single development project for multiple market
segments.
• For example, a single signal processing subsystem can
be utilized to support both 3G cellular and WiMax
applications with little or no impact on per unit cost.
 Advantages of SDR….
• Time to market is significantly reduced for each
subsequent air interface supported by the
platform.
• Software development will no longer have any
dependencies on the hardware development
schedule and software reuse will allow faster
application turn around.
• Installation and support costs are significantly
reduced.
• A common set of inventory can be utilized for
multiple markets and the technical support team
only needs to be trained on a single platform.
 How then SDR can be Used with
MIMO ?
• A question is raised as to how MIMO
capabilities can be inserted into radio
systems in a cost effective manner after
those radios are already in service.
 Software Architecture
• The software architecture identified standard interfaces
for different modules of the radio: "radio frequency
control" to manage the analog parts of the radio,
"modem control" managed resources for modulation and
demodulation schemes (FM, AM, SSB, QAM, etc),
"waveform processing" modules actually performed the
modem functions, "key processing" and "crytographic
processing" managed the cryptographic functions, a
"multimedia" module did voice processing, a "human
interface" provided local or remote controls, there was a
"routing" module for network services, and a "control"
module to keep it all straight.
 SDR Architecture
• A model for an SDR architecture
supporting wireless infrastructure
applications is given here -
SDR Architecture:
Defined by Forum
 SDR Architecture….
• Distribution of data on a per channel basis
to and from common space-time
processing elements is very important.
• This requirement is best addressed
through the creation of a data plane based
on a high speed switched fabric
interconnect such as RapidIO.
 Proposed SDR Architecture
•
 RapidIO Features
• Functional Features
 DMA-style read and writes, that allow efficient I/O
systems to be built.
 System sizes from very small to very large are
supported, Flexible for future expansion and
requirements.
 Read-modify-write atomic operations are useful for
synchronization between processors or other system
elements.
 Supports 50- and 66-bit addresses as well as 34-bit
local addresses for smaller systems.
 RapidIO supports a variety of data sizes within the
packet formats.
 RapidIO Features……
• Physical Features
 RapidIO packet definition is independent of the width of the
physical interface to other devices on the interconnect fabric.
 The protocols and packet formats are independent of the
physical interconnect topology.
 The protocols work whether the physical fabric is a point-to-
point, ring, a bus, a switched multi-dimensional network, a
duplex serial connection, and so forth.
 RapidIO is not dependent on the bandwidth or latency of the
physical fabric.
 The protocols handle out-of-order packet transmission and
reception.
 RapidIO Features….
• Performance Features
Packet headers must be as small as possible
to minimize the control overhead and be
organized for fast, efficient assembly and
disassembly.
48- and 64-bit addresses are required in the
future, and must be supported initially.
Multiple transactions must be allowed
concurrently in the system, otherwise a
majority of the potential system throughput is
wasted.
 Conclusion
• The proposed software defined radio
architecture supporting MIMO technology allows
a multi-channel wireless infrastructure system to
support contemporary waveforms and future
MIMO processing in a cost effective manner.
• The key to this architecture is the use of -

processing devices with sufficient additional
capability

a switched-fabric interconnect, such as RapidIO,

Said to be “future proofs” wireless system.

 Thank You !!!!

navin_kum3@yahoo.com