Jiang Education Centre

Secondary 2

Reinforcement Course (Sem 1/Week 18)

C.R.S NO:1052 Name:

149,Rochor Road Fu Lu Shou Complex #04-13, Singapore188425 Tel:63372048 63375476 Fax:63378232 Website: www.jiang,edu.sg

___________________ Day: ______________ Time: _____________

Secondary 2: Cause and Effect Essay

The cause/effect essay explains why or how some event happened, and what resulted from the event. This essay is a study of the relationship between two or more events or experiences. The essay could discuss both causes and effects, or it could simply address one or the other. A cause essay usually discusses the reasons why something happened. An effect essay discusses what happens after a specific event or circumstance. Cause-and-effect writing gives reasons and explanations for events, conditions, or behavior. It answers the need most of us have to understand the world around us. When planning a cause-and-effect essay, begin by listing the event or condition you want to address. Then brainstorm to generate ideas about either its causes or its effects. Do additional research on your topic if necessary.
Task 1: Generate ideas from your life, what are some of the events or conditions that are cause-effect related? Verbalise the cause (e.g. the prices of housing have shot up in the past few years, causing many young couples unable to afford a house) and the effect (As a result, people have become highly disenchanted by te government. They want their needs to be heard thus they vote for the opposition party.)

Note that sometimes the causes that we normally accept as the actually causes may not stand as they are not the generators of the effects. The teacher will address each of the answers provided by students to ensure the logic stands.

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Jiang Education Centre

Secondary 2

Reinforcement Course (Sem 1/Week 18)

It is an enduring truth, which can never be altered, that every infraction of the Law of nature must carry its punitive consequences with it. We can never get beyond that range of cause and effect. ~Thomas Troward~

Passage Analysis CAUSE AND EFFECT

1. The events of September 11, 2001, resulted in a tragic loss of life and significant disruptions to workers in the local affected economies. 2. In Lower Manhattan, about 368,000 persons worked within a few blocks of the World Trade Center, more than a half-million worked within the area cordoned off by emergency officials as they responded to the attack, and about 700,000 in a slightly larger area of the southern quarter of the island. 3. It is not possible to separate overall job losses for October 2001 and subsequent months into the effects from the September 11 events and the effects from a generally weakening employment trend that had been evident for several months prior. However, several of the industries with substantial employment declines in October 2001 and some subsequent months, particularly air transportation, transportation services (which includes travel agencies), and hotels, have undoubtedly been affected by the aftermath of the terrorist attacks and the widespread decline in travel following September 11. 4. To some extent, the labor market data from the household survey for October 2001 and subsequent months reflect the impact of the terrorist attacks of September 11. The labor market had been weakening before those attacks, and those events undoubtedly exacerbated this weakness. It is not possible, however, to separate the job-market effects of the terrorist attacks from the underlying economic weakness. 5. In a report, Extended Mass Layoffs in the Fourth Quarter of 2001, issued February 13, 2002, BLS found that as of December 29th there were 408 extended mass layoff events, involving 114,711 workers, directly or indirectly attributed to the attacks. Thirtythree states reported extended mass layoff activity related in some way to the September 11 incidents. Fifty-four percent of these events and 56 percent of these separations occurred in just five statesCalifornia, Nevada, Illinois, New York, and Texas. Among the workers laid off because of the terrorist attacks, 42 percent, or 44,756 workers, had been employed in the scheduled air transportation industry. An additional 28 percent, or 32,044 workers, had been employed in hotels and motels. 6. The local labor force impacts of these events began to register in Local Area Unemployment Statistics estimates for October 2001. At the statewide level, the most noticeable effects were on two states heavily dependent on travel and tourism Hawaii and Nevada, where unemployment rates increased substantially over the month. The terrorist attacks of September 11 occurred during the reference period for the September 2001 Employment Cost Index (ECI). A review of the responses for the

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Jiang Education Centre

Secondary 2

Reinforcement Course (Sem 1/Week 18)

September and December surveys to evaluate the impact on the ECI survey cooperation rates by industry and any impact of non response on survey estimates found no unusual effects. 7. The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) collects information on all fatal work-related injuries, including workplace homicides. A total of 8,786 fatal work injuries were reported in 2001, including 2,886 fatalities related to the September 11th terrorist attacks. The events of that day killed workers from a wide range of backgrounds janitors to managers, native and foreign-born workers, the young and the old, men and women.
(http://www.bls.gov/bls)

Task 1 Comprehension Questions Paragraph 1 1. What are the two setbacks of the September 11, 2001 incident? Explain your answer. (2m) ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Paragraph 3 2. Identify the main idea of this paragraph. Elaborate your answer. (2m) ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Paragraph 4 3. How did the September 11 incident impact the US labor market? Explain your answer. (2m) ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Paragraph 5 4. Enumerate the kinds of mass layoffs that occurred in the Fourth Quarter of 2001. (1m) ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

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Jiang Education Centre

Secondary 2

Reinforcement Course (Sem 1/Week 18)

5. What was the impact of the 9/11 attack on the cities of Hawaii and Nevada? Elaborate on your answer. (2m) ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Paragraph 7 6. What is the main idea of this paragraph? Elaborate. (2m) ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

Samples of Cause and Effect Essay 1. Facebook, Twitter harmful in every way!

Introduction: Social Networking is ironical in its name because it does not bring people closer but creates big gaps in relationships with people who really matter the most in our life Parents and Family. Spending lumps of time sitting in front of computer screen is not going to get you friends but living with them sharing happiness and spreading the joy does that. Facebook, Twitter etc. are good but not better!

Body Paragraph The rift sometimes expands and cannot be solved with any efforts. There are many side-effects of staying stuck to social networking websites like Facebook, Twitter etc. and five most Deadly side-effects are as follows: 1) It can degrade school Performance A research conducted in United States over several children proved that students who use Facebook, Twitter and other social networking websites excessively had a low attention span and thus score low grades. Facebook should be used constructively but not like elixir (a substance believed to maintain life) without which you cannot survive. Addiction to anything is bad. Use of

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Jiang Education Centre

Secondary 2

Reinforcement Course (Sem 1/Week 18)

Facebook in itself is not wrong; it is the addiction that goes with it that can become deadly. 2) It can get you fired. Play some FarmVille or Texas Hold em Poker in the office and one might get into trouble with his/her superior; worse, he can get fired altogether. A pink slip despite of a promotion. No matter how you may badly miss your relatives, there should be a restrain in the use of Facebook.
Cause and effect, means and ends, seed and fruit cannot be severed; for the effect already blooms in the cause,
the end preexists in the means, the fruit in the seed. ~Ralph Waldo Emerson quotes~

Recently, a research revealed that a more than 72% employees in every company spent 1-1.5 hours on Facebook, Twitter and other Social Networks during work. 3) It is bad manner to not show up. Just saying Happy Birthday or Happy Marriage Anniversary is not enough, being present with family and friends during rough conditions matters more than anything else. You might disagree but Facebook is depriving you of society and social bonding. It may seem fun but is addictive and thus ought to be used in limit. 4) It is unhealthy to stay up all night long. Facebook is not the right place to seek new friends that could be there for you when you need them, yes it develops connection but not the one which we need, therefore communication with real people who live in your locality, study at coaching and work in following cubicles in much more important. Leaving living Gods biggest gift for internet is not at all a good idea or decision. I think we should limit access to Facebook rather than saying that stop Facebook or never ever use it. 5) It is dangerous to show everything! It is good if you want to share all your data, your birthday and latest pictures with strangers, but what if a stranger makes use of your data to blackmail you? Facebook has privacy setting but when hackers can get your account password in a moment how long do you think would it take them to break security? What if by fate

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Jiang Education Centre

Secondary 2

Reinforcement Course (Sem 1/Week 18)

your name spoils on the web for something you have no idea about, it sounds crazy but you never know. Conclusion No one has the right to tell anybody what to do and what not to do, but in times when a phenomenon spreads through the human race and does harm to it, it worth taking our stand against it. Social Networking Websites are great, Facebook is ultimate and Twitter is like your virtual world but excess of everything is bad! Don not use SNS like mad men! Some people play more than 17 social games including Farmville and update my status even at 4 in the morning. Life is to be lived, there are thousands of things waiting for us in the real world. (http://www.wizardjournal.com)

2. The effects of cigarette smoking

Introduction There have been numerous campaigns against cigarette smoking communicating that this vice causes death. But a threat to health does not seem to be a good reason for quitting anymore. People somehow block themselves and ignore all the information that is given to them. The purpose of this essay is to discuss three effects of cigarette smoking, besides the broadly mentioned possibility of developing cancer or dying, which are the smell of smoke, the stained teeth, and the cost of doing it. Task 2: Body Paragraphs (Students are required to provide the body paragraphs by presenting the effects of smoking. Students are divided into three groups, and each group is responsible for providing one effect with elaboration. ) Effect 1: ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

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Jiang Education Centre

Secondary 2

Reinforcement Course (Sem 1/Week 18)

Effect 2: ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

Effect 3: ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

Conclusion These are only three out of many other effects that cigarette smoking can have, but to any sensible person they are more than enough to realize that smoking is bad. People cant possibly be proud of calling themselves smokers. It is terrible for health as well as personal appearance. In the end, those who live in poverty, stink of smoke, and have yellow teeth are the people who are affected the most by this life threatening activity.
"The present contains nothing more than the past, and what is found in the effect is already in the cause." ~Henri Louis Bergson~

Take-home assignment: Provide a complete essay on The Effects of Smoking Cigarettes, ensuring that you have stated and explained well the three effects produced by smoking in your essay. Your essay should include an introduction, three body paragraphs and a conclusion. Try to write your own introduction and conclusion.

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Jiang Education Centre

Secondary 2

Reinforcement Course (Sem 1/Week 18)

Possible Cause-Effect Topics 1. Explain the effects of stress on you. Focus by limiting to a specific situation. 2. Think about your favorite author. What caused him/her to write as he/she did? 3. What are the effects of television on study habits? 4. Why are you such a good/poor/mediocre student? 5. What were the effects of Sputnik on American education? 6. What are the effects of overcrowding? 7. How can one individual have an effect on the environment? 8. What are the signs of teenage depression? How can teenage depression be prevented or treated? 9. What are the typical causes of poor behavior in the classroom? 10. What are the effects of the computer on the quality of your writing? 11. Would Mt. Hebron be the same without ___________________? 12. What were the causes of the __________War? 13. What were the effects of the ____________War? 14. What are the physical effects of anger? 15. Is the media a reflection of society's ills or does it cause society's ills? 16. Why can't Johnny read? 17. What are the effects of illiteracy? 18. Should television cameras be allowed in the court room? 19. What effect has the automobile had on the American society? 20. What is the value of having a pet? a hobby? 21. Can music improve learning? 22. What are the effects of beauty? ugliness? poverty? wealth? 23. Are good grades an accurate prediction of future success? 24. How does pain affect a person's life? 25. Which is more of an influence on a person's life -- genetics or environment? 26. Think of a character from history or fiction. What caused his/her behavior? What were the results of her/his behavior? 27. What influence do you have over your friends and/or family? Why? 28. Does the United Nations have any influence in the world today?

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