Our problem with cosmic relic neutrinos

Saturday 14th July, INSS 2012 problem presentation R. Castillo, M. Reeves, C. Sun, L. Yang

Why are relic neutrinos important?

Large scale structure, shift in turning point to larger k

Cosmic Microwave Background suppression of first peak Relic neutrinos have an effect on when there was matter/radiation energy parity in our current understanding of the evolution of the universe and leading from this has an effect on behaviour of the LSS and CMB. Relic neutrino's contribution to dark matter

The question
Compute the de Broglie wavelength of cosmics neutrinos as a function of their mass. How can you translate that into a concept for their detection (hint: coherent scattering)? Is it practical compared to existing technical capabilities?

Our approach

What is the de Broglie wavelength of relic neutrinos with respect to mass? What is the likelihood of detecting a relic neutrino? What experiments might be capable of this observation? Are these experiments currently technically feasible?

de Broglie wavelength of relic neutrino

= p dn (T ) 1 1 = d3p 2 3 exp( p / T ) + 1 3 (3) 3 n (T ) = T 3 4 2 (3) 3 n (T ) = T 3 T 4 3 = ( ) , T 0 = 1.7 10 4 eV T 11

3 n (T ) = n (T ) 22 ni 0 56cm3 7 (4) p = T 0 = 5.3 104 eV 2 (3) (3) = 1.20205 (4) = 1.08232

2 mm

Phys.Rev.D71:083002,2005

Relic neutrino mass dependence

We have derived the de Broglie wavelength in the m << T limit

However dependent upon the absolute mass of the neutrino at the current temperatures neutrinos would most likely be non relativistic

Consequences include: Non relativistic neutrinos can cluster around gravitational bodies; leading to local concentrations of relic neutrinos This would help detection Lower average temperatures of neutrinos leading to even longer de Broglie wavelengths This would hinder detection

Relic Neutrino Flux

We are not rest with respect to CB

= n vearth n = 336 cm
3

vearth = 465.1km / s
10 2

Equatorial speed

= 1.56 10 / cm / s

Cross section and recoiling energy Number of events and recoiling energy

cross section recoiling energy

Cross section for single particle

Lets start from the coherent scattering cross section of single particle, G2 d = F [Z (4 sin2 W 1) + N ]2 E 2 (1 + cos ) d (cos ) 8 where Z and N are number of protons and neutrons, (1)

M. Reeves, L. Yang, C. Sun, R. Castillo,

Relic Neutrino Detection

Cross section and recoiling energy Number of events and recoiling energy

cross section recoiling energy

Cross section for single particle

Lets start from the coherent scattering cross section of single particle, G2 d = F [Z (4 sin2 W 1) + N ]2 E 2 (1 + cos ) d (cos ) 8 where Z and N are number of protons and neutrons, and after integration, it reads =
2 N2 GF E2 4

(1)

(2)

M. Reeves, L. Yang, C. Sun, R. Castillo,

Relic Neutrino Detection

Cross section and recoiling energy Number of events and recoiling energy

cross section recoiling energy

Cross section for single particle

Lets start from the coherent scattering cross section of single particle, G2 d = F [Z (4 sin2 W 1) + N ]2 E 2 (1 + cos ) d (cos ) 8 where Z and N are number of protons and neutrons, and after integration, it reads = Finally, 0.42 1044 N 2 (E /1 MeV)2 cm2 (3)
2 N2 GF E2 4

(1)

(2)

M. Reeves, L. Yang, C. Sun, R. Castillo,

Relic Neutrino Detection

Cross section and recoiling energy Number of events and recoiling energy

cross section recoiling energy

Cross section for a piece of material

For a piece of material, 2.5 1018 cm2 N2 (E /1MeV)2 A kg (4)

where A is the nucleon number (mass number).

M. Reeves, L. Yang, C. Sun, R. Castillo,

Relic Neutrino Detection

Cross section and recoiling energy Number of events and recoiling energy

cross section recoiling energy

Cross section for a piece of material

For a piece of material, 2.5 1018 cm2 N2 (E /1MeV)2 A kg (4)

where A is the nucleon number (mass number). If we use 2mm cube material as interaction particles, and neutrino energy E = 1.7 104 eV

M. Reeves, L. Yang, C. Sun, R. Castillo,

Relic Neutrino Detection

Cross section and recoiling energy Number of events and recoiling energy

cross section recoiling energy

Cross section for a piece of material

For a piece of material, 2.5 1018 cm2 N2 (E /1MeV)2 A kg (4)

where A is the nucleon number (mass number). If we use 2mm cube material as interaction particles, and neutrino energy E = 1.7 104 eV (2.5 1018 ) (1.7 1010 )2 (2 103 )3 || N2 2 cm A (5) (6)

= 5.78 1046 ||

N2 2 cm A

where || is in unit of kg/m3 .

M. Reeves, L. Yang, C. Sun, R. Castillo, Relic Neutrino Detection

Cross section and recoiling energy Number of events and recoiling energy

cross section recoiling energy

Recoiling target
2 = 2E 2 (1 cos ) is transmitted energy to the nucleon,

M. Reeves, L. Yang, C. Sun, R. Castillo,

Relic Neutrino Detection

Cross section and recoiling energy Number of events and recoiling energy

cross section recoiling energy

Recoiling target
2 = 2E 2 (1 cos ) is transmitted energy to the nucleon, 2 , 2MA

obviously, the recoiling energy, EA =

(7)

M. Reeves, L. Yang, C. Sun, R. Castillo,

Relic Neutrino Detection

Cross section and recoiling energy Number of events and recoiling energy

cross section recoiling energy

Recoiling target
2 = 2E 2 (1 cos ) is transmitted energy to the nucleon, 2 , 2MA

obviously, the recoiling energy, EA =

(7)

taking average, E A =

1 2 max , max = 4E 2 3 2MA

(8)

M. Reeves, L. Yang, C. Sun, R. Castillo,

Relic Neutrino Detection

Cross section and recoiling energy Number of events and recoiling energy

cross section recoiling energy

Recoiling target
2 = 2E 2 (1 cos ) is transmitted energy to the nucleon, 2 , 2MA

obviously, the recoiling energy, EA =

(7)

taking average, E A =

1 2 max , max = 4E 2 3 2MA

(8)

changing back to input variable E and plug in , EA = 2 3.08 (E /1 MeV)2 keV = 1036 J 3A A
Relic Neutrino Detection

(9)

M. Reeves, L. Yang, C. Sun, R. Castillo,

Cross section and recoiling energy Number of events and recoiling energy

What we have...
Based on all the inputs above, so far we have 336 cm3 Vearth = 1.56 1010 cm2 s1 = 5.78 1046 || Ntarget = EA EA Vtarget V0 3.08 = 1036 J A =1.484 1020 N2 2 cm A Vtarget 1 = 3 3 (2 10 ) m3 (10) (11) (12) (13) J m0 A (14)

M. Reeves, L. Yang, C. Sun, R. Castillo,

Relic Neutrino Detection

Cross section and recoiling energy Number of events and recoiling energy

Expected number of events

Finally we can nd the number of events is given by, Nevents = Ntargets = 1.56 1010 cm2 s1 5.78 1046 || Vtarget 1 (2 103 )3 m3 N 2 Vtarget 1 y A (m3 ) (16) N2 A (15) cm2

= 3.56 1020 ||

M. Reeves, L. Yang, C. Sun, R. Castillo,

Relic Neutrino Detection

Cross section and recoiling energy Number of events and recoiling energy

A quick example
For example the lead,
208 Pb,

=1.13 104 kg /m3 N =126 Z =82 m0 =0.207 Plugging in, we have Nevents =3.12 1014 Vtarget 1 y (m 3 ) Vtarget E A =0.0390 1016 J (m3 )

In order to make the recoiling energy 1eV, Vtarget 3.45 m3 But in that way, number of events is 1.3 1012 y 1 , or we can make a target 68km, in order to have a 1y 1 event rate.
M. Reeves, L. Yang, C. Sun, R. Castillo, Relic Neutrino Detection

What we need to detect relic neutrinos?

Highest cross-section target The best energy resolution Capability to reject background Low energy threshold

An experimental solution: Cryogenic Solid State Bolometers:

Working at very low temperatures allow as a better thermal noise rejection Detection via coherent scattering enhances cross-section values

Recoil energy deposited in the target is ~eV, while the minimum mass needed is hundred of kilograms

The threshold of a bolometer:

Ctot is the total heat capacity of the bolometer, is the exponent of the temperature dependance of the thermal conductivity between the bolometer and Conceptual schematic of the setup: the refrigerator. An array of 10,000 mono-crystal Si bolometers. Si ~1eV

Schem of a bolometer model. The bolometer is connected to the cold bath at Tb throught a weak thermal conductance Gpb
Or using InGaAs (<1eV) at T~140k

arXiv:1107.3512v2 [hep-ph] 21 Jul 2011