Unit 3 Variations Definitions 1.

Ratio
A relation between two quantities of the same kind is called ratio. If a and b are two quantities then the ratio of a and b is written as a : b.

2. Proportion
A proportion is a statement which is expressed as an equivalence of two ratios. Symbolically the proportion of a, b, c and d is written as a : b : : c : d

3. Types of Variations
There are two types of variations (i) Direct Variations (ii) Inverse Variations

4. Direct Variations
If two quantities are related in such a way that increase / decrease in one quantity causes increase / decrease in other quantity, then this variation is called direct variation.

5. Inverse Variations
If two quantities are related in a such a way that when one quantity increases, the other decreases then this variation is called inverse variation.

6. Third Proportional
If three quantities a, b and c are related as a :b::b:c then c is called the third proportional.

Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali

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7. Fourth Proportional
If four quantities a , b, c and d are related as a : b : : c : d, then d is called fourth proportional.

8. Mean Proportional
If three quantities a , b and c are related as a:b::b:c then b is called the mean proportional.

9. Continued Proportion
If three quantities a , b and c are related as a:b::b:c then a, b and c are in continued proportion.

10. Joint Variation

A combination of direct and inverse variations of one or more than one variables forms joint variations.

11. Define k Method

If a : b : : c : d is a proportion Let = =k =k Then a = bk and c = dk This method is known as k Method. Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali Page 2 =k

12. Theorems on proportions

Theorem of invertendo
If a : b = c : d , then b : a = d : c Or If = , then =

Theorem of Alternendo
If a : b = c: d then a : c = b : d Or If = , then =

Theorem of Componendo
If a : b = c : d then (i) (ii) Or If = then a+b:b=c+d:d a:a+b=c:c+d

(i) (ii)

= =

Theorem of Dividendo
If a : b = c ; d then (i) (ii) Or If = then (i) = = Page 3 ab:b=cd:d a:ab=c:cd

(ii)

Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali

Theorem of Componendo Dividendo

If a : b = c : d then (i) (ii) Or If = then (i) (ii) = = a+b:ab=c+d:cd ab:a+b=cd:c+d

Mudassar Nazar Notes Published by Asghar Ali

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