Screen Solutions Lab 1

Lab 1: Trifurcating Trees
1 Introduction
Bifurcations(2), trifurcations(3), and other multifurcations(4+) are everywhere in nature, when paths split, streams join, trees branch, migration paths diverge, lungs expand, and blood capillaries spread. Here, we examine trifurcating trees, and how much each level of branching adds to the total volume of the tree under a specic model of branching pattern. Each branch starting from the trunk subdivides into three child branches a specied number of times, each child branch getting thinner and shorter. We approximate the volume of each branch by a cylinder of xed radius and length. Recall that the volume of a cylinder is V = r2 l where r is the radius and l the length. can be entered into mathsheet by simple typing in pi into any of the cells. The purpose of this lab is also to introduce the spreadsheet and show how it can be used to nd simple sums and plot the cumulative summation. The example problem below covers this aspect.
Introduction Problem Set 1 Problem Set 2 Problem Set 3 Problem Set 4 Problem Set 5
2 Example Problem
Suppose there are ten sticks labelled 1 through to 10 which measure 10,20,30 through to 100 cubic centimetres of volume respectively in a linear fashion. Plot as two bar
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graphs: rst the set of volumes corresponding to the labels on the sticks, then the cumulative volume of the sticks as their number increases.
3 Solution
Before we plot anything with mathsheet, we rst need to input all information there is to plot. As this is an introduction for many of you to mathsheet, we will proceed though this example in a step by step fashion. Future labs may contain examples such as this, but will omit many of the steps here; it is up to you to become familiar with the program and how it works in the future. For more information, go to the Mathsheet documentation. Text like this you are supposed to type in the spreadsheet, and text like this indicates a clickable area in MathSheet. In the column labelled a on the spreadsheet, we input the values of the x coordinates as follows: Select cell a0 . Type followed by stick no. and ENTER . The quotation mark tells mathsheet we are entering a text label, and the label reminds us that we are using this column for stick number. By pressing ENTER we set this information into mathsheet, and cause the cell a1 to be selected. Labelling is optional, but will help keep you organized in future labs. Now type 1 and ENTER . This will place the number 1.0 in the selected cell a1 . Now the cell a2 is selected. Type a1 + 1 . The spreadsheet interprets this by incrementing the value in a1 by the value x = 1. [

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Select cell a2 , grab the little black square at its corner, and drag down to a10 . This will ll the a column with x values at increments of 1 up to x = 10.0. You now have the x coordinates for your graph, even though you do not need them. Note: if you click on cells lower in the column, you will see that by copying the cell reference formula in such a way, the cell references themselves are increased respectively. You will be exploiting this feature of mathsheet often for each lab in this course. Hint: For larger data sets, you could click on the cell you with to copy-drag down to select it, then choose Edit then Copy from the top menu. By selecting a number here and pressing ENTER mathsheet will copy the desired formula the set number of times. We now ll in the desired y values (volume of each stick): Select cell b0 . Here we enter text into the cell in order to label the column, so type volume and ENTER . Now that cell b1 is selected, we can start inputting the volumes for each stick one by one. However, when using tools such as mathsheet, much time can be saved by thinking ahead. Notice rst that each volume is conveniently 10 times the stick number, so we have a formula we could use. Sometimes we dont have a formula we can use until after the rst number is entered, so we might as well enter the rst number by hand to get used to this. Type 10 and ENTER so that value is placed in cell b1 . [

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Noticing the pattern, we now enter a2*10 into cell b2 . By clicking on b2 to select this cell, then on the little black box in the lower right hand corner of this cell, hold the click and drag down to b10 . This copies our formula a2 10 into these cells, modifying the a2 to a3, a4, et cetera as appropriate. Note: We could also have noticed another pattern, in that each stick volume is 10 more than the last. In that case, starting in cell b2 , we could have typed in b1+10 as the rst cell entry before copy-dragging down. Now, it remains to determine the cumulative volume. In cell c0 , we enter the label cum. vol. . After the rst stick, the cumulative volume is the same as the rst volume, so we can type either 10 or b1 , followed by ENTER to enter the information in mathsheet c1 and select cell c2 . For the second value, we can calculate the result and enter 30 into cell c3 , or have mathsheet do the work for us and enter in 10+20 or b1+b2 . Note: Mathsheet can be used as a simple calculator whenever you want to calculate a value. Indeed, youll often end up getting better results in this course if you have mathsheet do your calculations for you whenever possible. Entering in the values in this fashion, though it will give the correct results, is very time consuming. You would have to enter numbers for each cell in column c. In mathsheet, there is most often a better way, by using cell references appropriately. How can you enter the correct value in cell c2 using cell references in such a way that by clicking on the little black box and dragging down all subsequent values [

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are the proper cumulative sums? This is possible, and is left to you as an exercise. If you are having trouble guring it out, please ask a TA for the course during the labs, and they will be glad to help. You should now have a column representing the stick number, a column representing each sticks volume, and a column representing the cumulative volume of these sticks. Your spreadsheet should look similar to the table below. a 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 stick no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 b volume 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 c cum. vol. 10 30 60 100 150 210 280 360 450 550

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4 Plotting Bar Graphs using Mathsheet

We are now prepared to graph this information. Click on the menu Graph and select open to open the graph window. In this new window, you will now see the Graph Parameters window, where you can change the view region of your data. We want to plot bar graphs of volume and cumulative volume for the sticks, so well use the x axis to represent stick number and the y axis for volume. Since our sticks range from 1 to 10, and volumes from 10 to 550, we set min x to 0 , max x to 11 , min y to 0 , and max y to 600 . If youre not sure of what to enter yet, or wish to perfect your view window, you can always return to this screen by clicking on the Edit menu in this graphing window and choosing Graph parameters . We are now ready to plot the bar chart. To create a new bar graph, click on the New menu then choose Bar graph . You will see option to change the colour of the bars, followed by many other options. In y range you specify the cells in a column which represent the data you which to show. In initial x you specify the x value of the left hand side of the rst bar, and in increment you specify the width of each bar. Stroke draws a black outline around each bar and ll lls each bar with the specied colour. To generate the graph, mathsheet will plot the rst bar in the rectangle between the points (initial x, 0) and (initial x + increment, value in rst cell dened by y range). The second bar will be drawn between the points (initial x + increment, 0) and

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(initial x + 2 increment, value in second cell dened by y range), and so on for the third and subsequent cells until the value in the last cell dened by the y range is drawn. Multiple bar graphs are drawn in the order they are created by New then Bar graph . This means that newly created graphs may obscure older ones. In our case, we want to plot the information we have in columns b and c. Let us start with c. Since the values are higher, if we plotted this graph second it would completely cover the rst. Note: If you nd youve created the graphs in the wrong order, do not panic. Simply delete the rst graph by selecting it from the Edit menu (it will be the rst bar graph there), and pressing the delete button. Then, create a new bar graph and re-enter the relevant information. Since we are graphing the cumulative volumes rst, in y range enter the range of cells. To do so, we click on the data entry location to the right of y range and type in c1..c10 . In mathsheet, all ranges are given by the rst cell followed by two dots then the last cell. Since we want our bars to be centred on the whole number (otherwise it will be hard to tell which number corresponds to which bar), for initial x we enter in 0.5 , and in interval we enter in 1 . This means that each bar is one unit thick, and the centre of each bar lies exactly on the corresponding number for each stick. Now you can see why we chose to use min x to be 0 and max x to be 11 in the graph parameters. When you are done, it is recommended you colour the graph by dragging two of the colour sliders all the way to the right (Cyan, Magenta, or Yellow). You can of course use your own colours, but this will oset the colour of the second graph (Red, Green or Blue) nicely and print both on a black and white printer in appealing shades of grey. [

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Now, create the second bar graph with the same values, except enter in b1..b10 for the y range , and colour it either Red, Green, or Blue. Note that if you change the values in the mathsheet spreadsheet, the graph will not automatically update. To update either graph click on Graph then Open from the spreadsheet, then click on Edit , select the appropriate graph, and press OK . Label both bar charts by selecting the New menu and choosing the Label option. Enter text in the text box, here Cumulative Volume , then click on OK to register the text. Now, click on the display where you want your label to be, such as the middle of the cumulative volume bar graph. Repeat these steps starting from the New menu for each label. Proceed now to label the Volume , and dont forget to label each graph you are to hand in with your Name, Student Number, Problem Set Number, and Section Number. It is also a good idea to give your graph a title with a larger font point size (such as 16pt ). Your end result should look something like the following graph.

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MATH 103 Lab 1 Example

600.0
Introduction Problem Set 1 Problem Set 2 Problem Set 3 Problem Set 4
Sammy Student 12345678 Section 207 Problem Set 0
Cumulative Volume (cm^3)
Problem Set 5
0.0 0.0
Volume (cm^3) stick number

11.0

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Figure 1 Example of a plot which is ready to print and hand in. Please be sure to include the appropriate graph labels as well as your name, student number, section number, and problem set number.
This example was to introduce you to mathsheet. Please do not hand or print this completed work. At this stage, you would be ready to save your work and print. To do so, rst log in from the spreadsheet window. Click on File followed by Log in . Enter your username and password (usually in the format sammystu and S1234567), and enter 103 for the group number. Press OK and you should be logged in. You will now have access to all previously saved work by the File and Load menus, and can now save your work from the File menu by choosing the Save option. Note: Your account will be deleted at the end of the semester. If you still want to use mathsheet after this time, please contact the lab coordinator. After you save, you can now print your work. From the graph window, select the Print menu and choose the to PDF option. This will load the PDF on your computer (and will exit mathsheet if you use a browser-embedded pdf viewer). From the PDF viewer, after verifying your work, print the graph.

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5 Problems 5.1 Problem Set 1

A trifurcating tree is formed from the trunk by branching into three new branches, each of which then branches into another three branches and so on. For simplicity, we assume that there are no asymmetries and that each branch is = 0.55 times the length and = 0.56 times the width of the previous level of branches (or of the trunk). In this way, each level of branches is shorter and thinner than the previous one in the following manner: ln = ln1 ; rn = rn1 where n is the generation number, ln represents length and rn represents radius such that l1 and r1 are the length and radius respectively of the trunk. There are 8 levels or generations of branches in total, including the trunk, which is 3.5m high and has a radius of 0.52m. For this model, assume the trunk and all branches are cylinders. Draw a bar graph showing the total volume of each generations branches, where the x coordinate is the level of branching (starting at 1). Place the bars such that each bars centre lies above its number, or more precisely along a grid line indicating an integer value. Draw a second bar graph showing the cumulative volume of the branches up to generation n, i.e. the area of the rst bar is equal to the volume of the trunk, the

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area of the second bar is equal to the volume of trunk along with its three oshoot branches, and so on. Plot this graph rst to avoid it covering the rst graph. Use the spreadsheet to determine the total volume of the trifurcating tree. How much volume does it ll? Please hand in one page with both graphs clearly visible and properly labelled (see the Example in the Instructions). Note that the rst bar of the cumulative volume will be obscured by the trunk volume (as it is the same). Write in the bottom margin the total volume of the tree. Note: This lab is an abstraction. It may not accurately describe the size and scale of existing trees and their branches.

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5.1.1 Solution to Problem Set 1

We can organize the spreadsheet as shown in the table below. The radii of the branches are recorded in the b column, the lengths of the branches in the c column, the volumes in the e column, and the sum of the volumes in the f column. The cumulative volume (sum of volumes) can be done in mathsheet by entering e1 in f1 and e2+f1 in f2 , then copy dragging down from this cell. The graphs are shown in the Figure 2. We nd that the total volume is V = 6.13m3 (Notice that your result might be a little dierent because of rounding errors). n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 rn 0.52 0.29 0.16 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 ln 3.5 1.93 1.06 0.58 0.32 0.18 0.1 0.05 3n1 1 3 9 27 81 243 729 2187 V (n) 2.97 1.54 0.8 0.41 0.21 0.11 0.06 0.03 V 2.97 4.51 5.31 5.72 5.93 6.04 6.1 6.13

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Introduction Problem Set 1 Problem Set 2 Problem Set 3 Problem Set 4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Figure 2 Volume of each generation under the sum of volumes in problem 1
Problem Set 5

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5.2 Problem Set 2

A trifurcating tree is formed from the trunk by branching into three new branches, each of which then branches into another three branches and so on. For simplicity, we assume that there are no asymmetries and that each branch is = 0.95 times the length and = 0.52 times the width of the previous level of branches (or of the trunk). In this way, each level of branches is shorter and thinner than the previous one in the following manner: ln = ln1 ; rn = rn1 where n is the generation number, ln represents length and rn represents radius such that l1 and r1 are the length and radius respectively of the trunk. There are 6 levels or generations of branches in total, including the trunk, which is 2.25m high and has a radius of 0.7m. For this model, assume the trunk and all branches are cylinders. Draw a bar graph showing the total volume of each generations branches, where the x coordinate is the level of branching (starting at 1). Place the bars such that each bars centre lies above its number, or more precisely along a grid line indicating an integer value. Draw a second bar graph showing the cumulative volume of the branches up to generation n, i.e. the area of the rst bar is equal to the volume of the trunk, the area of the second bar is equal to the volume of trunk along with its three oshoot branches, and so on. Plot this graph rst to avoid it covering the rst graph. Use the spreadsheet to determine the total volume of the trifurcating tree. How much volume does it ll?

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Please hand in one page with both graphs clearly visible and properly labelled (see the Example in the Instructions). Note that the rst bar of the cumulative volume will be obscured by the trunk volume (as it is the same). Write in the bottom margin the total volume of the tree. Note: This lab is an abstraction. It may not accurately describe the size and scale of existing trees and their branches.

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We can organize the spreadsheet as shown in the table below. The radii of the branches are recorded in the b column, the lengths of the branches in the c column, the volumes in the e column, and the sum of the volumes in the f column. The cumulative volume (sum of volumes) can be done in mathsheet by entering e1 in f1 and e2+f1 in f2 , then copy dragging down from this cell. The graphs are shown in the Figure 3. We nd that the total volume is V = 11.94m3 (Notice that your result might be a little dierent because of rounding errors). n 1 2 3 4 5 6 rn 0.7 0.36 0.19 0.1 0.05 0.03 ln 2.25 2.14 2.03 1.93 1.83 1.74 3n1 1 3 9 27 81 243 V (n) 3.46 2.67 2.06 1.59 1.22 0.94 V 3.46 6.13 8.19 9.77 11 11.94

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Introduction
12 10
Problem Set 1 Problem Set 2 Problem Set 3 Problem Set 4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Problem Set 5

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5.3 Problem Set 3


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We can organize the spreadsheet as shown in the table below. The radii of the branches are recorded in the b column, the lengths of the branches in the c column, the volumes in the e column, and the sum of the volumes in the f column. The cumulative volume (sum of volumes) can be done in mathsheet by entering e1 in f1 and e2+f1 in f2 , then copy dragging down from this cell. The graphs are shown in the Figure 4. We nd that the total volume is V = 1.84m3 (Notice that your result might be a little dierent because of rounding errors). n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 rn 0.25 0.15 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 ln 3.9 2.15 1.18 0.65 0.36 0.2 0.11 3n1 1 3 9 27 81 243 729 V (n) 0.77 0.45 0.27 0.16 0.1 0.06 0.03 V 0.77 1.22 1.49 1.65 1.75 1.8 1.84

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Introduction Problem Set 1 Problem Set 2 Problem Set 3
1.5
0.5
Problem Set 4
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Problem Set 5

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5.4 Problem Set 4

A trifurcating tree is formed from the trunk by branching into three new branches, each of which then branches into another three branches and so on. For simplicity, we assume that there are no asymmetries and that each branch is = 1 times the length and = 0.55 times the width of the previous level of branches (or of the trunk). In this way, each level of branches is shorter and thinner than the previous one in the following manner: ln = ln1 ; rn = rn1 where n is the generation number, ln represents length and rn represents radius such that l1 and r1 are the length and radius respectively of the trunk. There are 7 levels or generations of branches in total, including the trunk, which is 2.7m high and has a radius of 0.68m. For this model, assume the trunk and all branches are cylinders. Draw a bar graph showing the total volume of each generations branches, where the x coordinate is the level of branching (starting at 1). Place the bars such that each bars centre lies above its number, or more precisely along a grid line indicating an integer value. Draw a second bar graph showing the cumulative volume of the branches up to generation n, i.e. the area of the rst bar is equal to the volume of the trunk, the area of the second bar is equal to the volume of trunk along with its three oshoot branches, and so on. Plot this graph rst to avoid it covering the rst graph. Use the spreadsheet to determine the total volume of the trifurcating tree. How much volume does it ll?

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We can organize the spreadsheet as shown in the table below. The radii of the branches are recorded in the b column, the lengths of the branches in the c column, the volumes in the e column, and the sum of the volumes in the f column. The cumulative volume (sum of volumes) can be done in mathsheet by entering e1 in f1 and e2+f1 in f2 , then copy dragging down from this cell. The graphs are shown in the Figure 5. We nd that the total volume is V = 20.91m3 (Notice that your result might be a little dierent because of rounding errors). n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 rn 0.68 0.37 0.21 0.11 0.06 0.03 0.02 ln 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 3n1 1 3 9 27 81 243 729 V (n) 3.92 3.56 3.23 2.93 2.66 2.41 2.19 V 3.92 7.48 10.71 13.64 16.3 18.72 20.91

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Introduction
20
Problem Set 1
15
Problem Set 2
10
Problem Set 3
5
Problem Set 4
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Problem Set 5

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5.5 Problem Set 5


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We can organize the spreadsheet as shown in the table below. The radii of the branches are recorded in the b column, the lengths of the branches in the c column, the volumes in the e column, and the sum of the volumes in the f column. The cumulative volume (sum of volumes) can be done in mathsheet by entering e1 in f1 and e2+f1 in f2 , then copy dragging down from this cell. The graphs are shown in the Figure 6. We nd that the total volume is V = 19.74m3 (Notice that your result might be a little dierent because of rounding errors). n 1 2 3 4 5 6 rn 0.64 0.42 0.28 0.18 0.12 0.08 ln 3.7 2.41 1.56 1.02 0.66 0.43 3n1 1 3 9 27 81 243 V (n) 4.76 4.04 3.44 2.92 2.48 2.11 V 4.76 8.81 12.24 15.16 17.64 19.74

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20
Introduction Problem Set 1 Problem Set 2
15
10
Problem Set 3
5
Problem Set 4
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Problem Set 5

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Screen Solutions Lab 1

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Lab 1: Trifurcating Trees

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4 Plotting Bar Graphs using Mathsheet

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MATH 103 Lab 1 Example

Introduction Problem Set 1 Problem Set 2 Problem Set 3 Problem Set 4

Sammy Student 12345678 Section 207 Problem Set 0

Cumulative Volume (cm^3)

Volume (cm^3) stick number

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5 Problems 5.1 Problem Set 1

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5.1.1 Solution to Problem Set 1

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Introduction Problem Set 1 Problem Set 2 Problem Set 3 Problem Set 4

Figure 2 Volume of each generation under the sum of volumes in problem 1

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5.2 Problem Set 2

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5.2.1 Solution to Problem Set 2

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Problem Set 1 Problem Set 2 Problem Set 3 Problem Set 4

Figure 3 Volume of each generation under the sum of volumes in problem 2

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5.3 Problem Set 3

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5.3.1 Solution to Problem Set 3

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Introduction Problem Set 1 Problem Set 2 Problem Set 3

Figure 4 Volume of each generation under the sum of volumes in problem 3

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5.4 Problem Set 4

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5.4.1 Solution to Problem Set 4

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Figure 5 Volume of each generation under the sum of volumes in problem 4

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5.5 Problem Set 5

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5.5.1 Solution to Problem Set 5

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Introduction Problem Set 1 Problem Set 2

Figure 6 Volume of each generation under the sum of volumes in problem 5

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