easuring units of the angles Useless to recall celebrates it value of pi (3,1415926535) round to 3,1416.

The angles are expressed in three different ways: Degree Radian Rank In a full rotation of circle, there is 360 degrees 2 pi radian 400 ranks Measurement is done starting from the with dimensions right and in the contrary direction of the needles of a watch. From this definition, the point more in top is thus equal to 90 or 100 ranks or pi/2 radian. Note: Programming languages (BASIC, Pascal, C...), some is their version, express the angles only in radian. It is thus necessary initially to convert the angle into radian before asking of it the sine, the cosine or the tangent. Idem when starting from the value of a sine or a tangent one asks of it for the angle (functions arcsinus and arctangente). In this last case the returned angle is systematically in radian, it should be made a conversion of it if one wants this angle in degree or radian.

Formulas of conversion of the angles Angle in radian = pi * (angle in degree)/180 Angle in radian = pi * (angle in rank)/200 Angle in rank = 200 * (angle in degree)/180 Angle in rank = 200 * (angle in radian)/pi Angle in degree = 180 * (angle in radian)/pi Angle in degree = 180 * (angle in rank)/200

In this chapter we will express ourselves only in degree.

Diagram

Right-angled triangle includes in the circle :

In a circle of equation R2 = X2 + Y2 : R2 = X 2 + Y 2 R is the ray equivalent to the hypotenuse of the right-angled triangle, X the base of the triangle, Y the with dimensions one opposed triangle. With representing the angle alpha.

Basic equations Definition sin = Y/R (the sine equal to the division of with dimensions is opposed by the hypotenuse). cos = X/R (the cosine is equal to the division of the base by the hypotenuse). tg = Y/X (the tangent equal to the division of with dimensions is opposed by the base). cotg = X/Y = 1/tg (the cotangent is the reverse of the tangent, therefore equal to the division of the base by the with dimensions opposite one). Deduction tg = sin / cos sin2 + cos2 = 1 (application of the theorem of Pythagore)

Deduction of the basic equations Given that

and

then

hence

Characteristic of certain angles In the examples which follow, one will take as ray the unit (R = 1). Right-angled triangle of with dimensions opposite equal to the base (triangle taken in a square) Let us take the diagonal of a square included in a circle. This diagonal represents the hypotenuse of the square (or the radius of the circle). In a square, the sides being equal and the angle a equal to 45, one can pose R = 2n2. With a ray with 1, that gives :

N= from where

cos 45 =

sin 45 = The tangent being the side opposed on the base, the two sides being equal, from where : tg 45 = 1. The reverse (the cotangent) is by definition so equal to 1.

Equilateral triangle The angles all are thus equal to 60. With a right-angled triangle applied in this equilateral triangle, one can have a base equal to half on the opposite side. The equilateral triangle applied to a circle having like radius the unit, one b a cosine equalizes to 1/2. For = 60 and with x2 + y2 = 1 (Pythagore) cos2 60 + sin2 60 = 1 sin2 60 = 1 - cos2 60 with cos 60 = 1/2, that gives sin2 60 = 1 - (1/2)2 = 1 - 1/4 sin2 60 = (4 - 1)/4 sin2 60 = 3/4 hence

with tg 60 = sin 60 / cos 60, we have

hence

With the same argument, we show that

Summary By definition the tangent of 90 is logically 1/0. But as the divide check is impossible, it thus does not have there a tg 90. Tg 90 would be equal ad infinitum. Idem for cotg 0. Summary table :