Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
A250(H2S + SO2) = e250H2SbcH2S + e250SO2bcSO2 A249(H2S + SO2) = e249H2SbcH2S + e249SO2bcSO2 A248(H2S + SO2) = e248H2SbcH2S + e248SO2bcSO2 A247(H2S + SO2) = e247H2SbcH2S + e247SO2bcSO2
Through continuous optical analysis, the OMA system translates the UV-Vis / SW-NIR absorbance of a fluid to real-time chemical concentrations as well as any other parameters (e.g. color) that can be correlated from the measured absorbance spectrum. UV-Vis / SW-NIR full-spectrum Spectrophotometer Solid state with no moving parts Analyzes liquid or gas stream directly (hot, wet sample) Ultra-safe fiber optic design for toxic process fluid Xenon light source with average 5 yrs lifespan Measures up to 5 species synchronously
H2S
SO2
COS RSH
Cl2
NOX
V2+
Fe2+
NH3
What is Absorbance Spectroscopy?..............................................3 What Does OMA Measure?...............................................................3 The OMA System Overview..............................................................4 Optical Assembly & Principle of Operation.................................5 The Safety of OMA...............................................................................6 Wetted Parts...............................................................................6 Safety Benefits...........................................................................6 Normal Photometer vs. nova II Spectrophotometer............7 nova II Overview.......................................................................7
The Advantages of Full-Spectrum Analysis...............................8 Collateral Data...........................................................................8 Huge Dynamic Range.............................................................9 Unlocked Multi-Component Measurement................. 10 Custom Sample Conditioning...................................................... 13 User Experience................................................................................. 14 Auto Zero.................................................................................. 14 Integrating Other Measurements............................................... 14 Standard OMA-300 Specifications.............................................. 15
[2]
The OMA is commonly used to measure: Chemicals acetone C3H6O acrylonitrile C3H3N ammonia NH3 ammonium NH4+ aromatic hydrocarbons (total) benzene C6H6 bromine Br2 1,3-butadeine C4H6 caffeine C6H10N4O2 carbon disulfide CS2 carbonyl sulfide COS OCS chlorine Cl2 chlorine dioxide ClO2 chromium ions Cr6+ cobalt ions Co2+ copper ions Cu2+ dimethyl sulfide DMS (CH3)2S ethanol C2H6O ethylene glycol MEG C2H6O2 ethyl mercaptan EtSH CH3CH2SH ferric chloride FeCl3 ferrous sulfate FeSO4 fluorine F2 formaldehyde CH2O hydrogen peroxide H2O2 hydrogen sulfide H2S hypochlorite ClOiron ions Fe2+ MeHQ hydroquinone monomethyl ether mercury Hg methanol CH3OH methyl mercaptan MeSH CH3SH nitrogen dioxide NO2 nitrogen trichloride NCl3 ozone O3 phenol C6H5OH propane C3H8 styrene C6H5CH=CH2 sulfur sulfur dioxide SO2 TBC 4-tert-Butylcatechol titanium tetrachloride TiCl4 toluene C7H8 vanadium ions V2+ xylene C8H10 Parameters color of process incoming materials validation purity transmittance
nova II Spectrophotometer
sample in/out
flow cell
nova II Spectrophotometer The core component of the OMA system is the nova II. This device connects to the sample flow cell via fiber optic cables, continuously pulsing a white light signal through the sample fluid and measuring absorbance in the returned signal. Human Machine Interface The OMA system is controlled by an industrial computer operating on the proprietary ECLIPSE runtime software. The touchscreen LCD displays real-time H2S concentration and any additional measured parameters with access to system settings. Custom Communication Electronics & Power Supply The standard OMA system is equipped with 1 galvanically isolated 4-20 mA analog output per measurement and 3 digital outputs. Additional communication protocols can be specified by the customer (inquire for available options). Flow Cell & Fiber Optics The continuously drawn process sample circulates through the flow cell as the fiber optic cables transmit the light signal through the flow cell path length and back to the nova II Spectrophotometer. [4]
light source
The nova II measurement cycle is virtually instantaneous thanks to the speed of light. For explanatory purposes, it helps to break the cycle into stages: (1) The white light signal originates in the pulsed Xe lamp that functions as the light source. (2) The signal travels via fiber optic cable to the flow cell. A collimator narrows the light beam. (3) The signal travels directly across the length of the flow cell, interacting with the continuously drawn process sample. (4) The signal exits the flow cell through a collimator, now containing the distinct absorbance imprint of the current chemical composition of the sample. (5) The signal travels via fiber optic cable to the nova II. 2.1 (6) 1.9 The signal is dispersed by the holographic grating. Each differentiated wavelength is focused onto a designated 1.7 photodiode within the diode array. Much like sensors in a digital camera, each diode records the light intensity at its 1.5 assigned 1.3 wavelength. The nova II provides this rich data to the HMI for real-time visualization of the absorbance spectrum: 1.1 0.9 0.7 Normalized Light Intensity Spectrum Visualized Absorbance Spectrum (1% H2S) 0.5 2.1 1.4 215 225 235 245 255 1.4 1.9 1.2 1.7 1.0 1 1.5 0.8 1.3 Thruintensity N2 light 0.6 0.6 1.1 0.4 sample light Thru 1% H2Sintensity 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.7 0 0.5 215 225 235 245 255 215 225 235 245 255 215 225 235 245 255 215 225 wavelength 235 (nm) 245 255 wavelength (nm)
>>
[5]
absorbance (AU)
light intensity
Wetted Parts
The flow cell is sealed on each end by an extremely solid one-piece collimator inserted into an o-ring. No other parts of the analyzer assembly ever come into contact with the sample.
Safety Benefits
No danger of leaks inside the analyzer because the sample fluid does not enter the analyzer enclosure Standard SS316 flow cell is rated up to 3000 psi and pressure-tested at factory Custom fiber length up to 7 meters allows for distance between analyzer and flow cell User can safely perform service on the analyzer while process is running
sample out
sample in
This OMA system was installed outside of the enclosed area that contained the sampling point. The wall separates the analyzer from the flow cell and the fiber optics are wired through the wall. This system is being used to safely monitor H2S and odorants at a natural gas custody transfer station.
[6]
UV
200 nm 300 nm 400 nm 500 nm
Vis
600 nm
NIR
700 nm 800 nm
NOTE: Some applications require the SW-NIR version of the nova II depending on analytes and concentrations. This device is virtually identical to the UV-Vis nova II, except that it uses an alternate light source (tungsten) and assigns the diode array to a spectral range of 400-1100 nm.
nova II Overview
Broad UV-Vis spectral response: 200-800 nanometers 1,024 photodiode array producing ~1nm resolution full spectrum Long-lifespan xenon light source with average 5 years b/w replacement CMOS analog circuitry for low noise and low power consumption Solid state device (no moving parts) for maximum stability Excellent performance in the low UV region No mirrors or filters used, minimizing stray light Ethernet interface for remote access [7]
Collateral Data
Any single photodiode measurement is vulnerable to noise, signal saturation, or unexpected interference. This susceptibility to error makes a lone photodiode data point an unreliable indicator of one chemicals absorbance. As accepted in the lab community for decades, the best way to neutralize this type of error is to use collateral data in the form of confirmation wavelengths, i.e. many data points at many wavelengths instead of a single wavelength. Consider the example of measuring H2S with either system:
nova II Spectrophotometer
1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7
Normal Photometer
1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7
absorbance (AU)
absorbance (AU)
1% H2S
1% H2S
0 215 215 220 220 225 225 230 230 235 235
0 224.5 224.5
225.5
wavelength (nm)
wavelength (nm)
In the figures above, each diamond represents a single photodiode and data point. The nova II registers absorbance at each integer wavelength within the 215-235 nm measurement range and produces an H2S absorbance curve. After being calibrated on a full spectrum of pure H2S, the OMA knows the absorbance-concentration correlation for each measurement wavelength; the system can average the modeled concentration value from each wavelength to completely eradicate the effect of noise at any single photodiode. The OMA visualizes the H2S absorbance curve in this manner and knows the expected relation of each data point to the others in terms of the curves structure. This curve analysis enables the OMA to automatically detect erroneous results at specific wavelengths, such as when a single photodiode is saturated with light. The normal photometer, with a single data point, is completely incapable of internally verifying its measurement.
[8]
absorbance (AU)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 0
215 215
220 220
225 225
230 230
235 235
240 240
245 245
250 250
wavelength (nm) Both analysis models run simultaneously, and ECLIPSE uses conditional logic to determine which model reports to the DCS based on the current H2S concentration. Due to this capability, the same OMA system can be used to measure any H2S range from 0-10 ppm to 0-100%. Unlike the photometer, which has an application lock for a specific concentration range, you can adjust the measured concentration range(s) of the OMA at any time via this quick software procedure. [9]
absorbance (AU)
Absorbance (AU)
Wavelength (nm)
230
240 240
250
270
280 280
290
300 300
A225(H2S + SO2) = e225H2SbcH2S + e225SO2bcSO2 A224(H2S + SO2) = e224H2SbcH2S + e224SO2bcSO2 A223(H2S + SO2) = e223H2SbcH2S + e223SO2bcSO2
As illustrated above, the ECLIPSE software uses the full spectrum to de-convolute the total sample absorbance curve and isolate each chemicals absorbance. The OMA continuously solves a matrix of equations, where each equation is supplied by a single photodiode for its assigned wavelength in the form: A(x+y) = Ax + Ay = exbcx + eybcy [10]
where A is the absorbance at wavelength , e is the molar absorptivity coefficient at wavelength , c is concentration, and b is the path length of the flow cell. In the image above, three such equations (for 223nm, 224nm, and 225nm) are shown. In reality, the matrix includes one equation from every single integer wavelength in the measurement wavelength range. This robust calculation, performed with each reading, uses the power of confirmation wavelengths and statistical averaging to achieve much higher accuracy in multi-component measurement. Measuring More than Two Components Consider the example below of the OMA meausring SO2 and true NOX (separate measurements of NO and NO2):
4.50E-02
0.04 4.00E-02
NO 20.4 PPM
3.50E-02
absorbance (AU)
220 0.03 3.00E-02 220 2.50E-02 220 0.02 2.00E-02 1.50E-02 Absorbance (AU)
0.01 1.00E-02
5.00E-03 0.00E+00
210 210
215
220 220
225
235
240 240
245
250 250
Wavelength (nm) A214(NO + NO2 + SO2) = e214NObcNO + e214NO2bcNO2 + e214SO2bcSO2 Wavelength (nm) A213 = e213 bc + e213 bc + e213 bc
(NO + NO2 + SO2) NO NO NO2 NO2 SO2 SO2
In this analysis, we use a version of the multi-component equation modified for 3 components: A(x+y+z) = Ax + Ay + Az = exbcx + eybcy + ezbcz In the image above, 4 such equations (at 213nm, 214nm, 215nm, and 216nm) are shown. In reality, the matrix includes one equation from every single integer wavelength in the measurement wavelength range. Wavelength (nm) This matrix of data from many wavelengths provides far more accurate multi-component analysis within a spectral region that has heavily overlapping absorbances from each analyte. Benefit Summary Measure up to 5 chemical species with a single OMA system Enable full-spectrum background subtraction by treating background spectrum as additional component in matrix Add or change measured components at any time through a simple software procedure [11]
standard
ultra corrosion-proof
explosion-proof (Ex p)
explosion-proof (Ex d)
portable
rack-mount
freestanding
cabinet
[12]
Headspace SCS for Opaque Fluids 0-100 ppm H2S in crude oil
Teflon SCS for Highly Corrosive Fluids 0-50% Cl2 and 0-30% NCl3
Multiplexed SCS for Multiple Streams 0-20 ppm H2S and 0-20 ppm DMS in CO2 (7 pts)
[13]
Close-Coupled SCS for Emissions Monitoring 0-500 ppm NOX in stack gas
User Experience
The OMA system only requires a one-time calibration during installation. Designed for unattended operation, the OMA only requires Auto Zero to maintain accuracy. Spanning is not required, but the OMA does include an Auto Span option.
Auto Zero
The OMA is self-maintained by periodically normalizing the spectrophotometer on a zero-absorbance fluid (e.g. nitrogen, air) in order to zero (i.e. blank) the analyzer. The ECLIPSE Auto Zero function automates this task by operating the SCS valves via relays to purge the flow cell with zero fluid and save a new zero spectrum. Auto Zero can be run on-demand or at a scheduled frequency. In a typical usage profile, Auto Zero is set to run every 8 hours. The task requires approximately 120 seconds during which the measurement output is frozen. Under these settings, the OMA can provide greater than 99.5% analyzer uptime.
Integrated Measurements carbon monoxide CO carbon dioxide CO2 water H2O methane equivalency CH4 ethylene C2H4
[14]
Sample Temperature
Sample Pressure (max.) Electrical Power Consumption User Interface Standard Outputs Optional Outputs Wetted Materials Environment Certifications
2013 Applied Analytics Group BV. Products or references stated may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. All rights reserved. We reserve the right to make technical changes or modify this document without prior notice. Regarding purchase orders, agreed-upon details shall prevail.