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Mole is a unit of measurement used in chemistry to Mole express amounts of a chemical substance, defined as the amount of any substance that contains as many SI base unit Unit system: elementary entities (e.g., atoms, molecules, ions, Amount of substance Quantity: electrons) as there are atoms in 12 grams of pure mol Symbol: carbon-12 (12C), the isotope of carbon with relative atomic mass 12. This corresponds to the Avogadro N Dimension: constant, which has a value of 6.022 141 79(30) 1023 elementary entities of the substance. It is one of the base units in the International System of Units, and has the unit symbol mol and corresponds with the dimension symbol N.[1] In honor of the unit, chemists often celebrate October 23 (a reference to the 1023 part of Avogadro's number) as "Mole Day". The mole is widely used in chemistry instead of units of mass or volume as a convenient way to express amounts of reactants or of products of chemical reactions. For example, the chemical equation 2 H2 + O2 2 H2O implies that 2 mol of dihydrogen (H2) and 1 mol of dioxygen (O2) react to form 2 mol of water (H2O). The mole may also be used to express the number of atoms, ions, or other elementary entities in a given sample of any substance. The concentration of a solution is commonly expressed by its molarity, defined as the number of moles of the dissolved substance per litre of solution. The number of molecules in a mole (known as Avogadro's number) is defined such that the mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams, is exactly equal to the substance's mean molecular mass. For example, the mean molecular mass of natural water is about 18.015, so one mole of water is about 18.015 grams. Making use of this equation considerably simplifies many chemical and physical computations. The term gram-molecule was formerly used for essentially the same concept.[1] The term gram-atom (abbreviated gat.) has been used for a related but distinct concept, namely a quantity of a substance that contains Avogadro's number of atoms, whether isolated or combined in molecules. Thus, for example, 1 mole of MgB2 is 1 gram-molecule of MgB2 but 3 gram-atoms of MgB2.[2][3]
Contents
1 Definition and related concepts 2 History 3 The mole as a unit 4 Other units called "mole" 5 Proposed future definition 6 Related units 7 The unit's holiday 8 See also 9 References 10 External links
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History
The history of the mole is intertwined with that of molecular mass, atomic mass unit, Avogadro's number and related concepts. The first table of relative atomic mass (atomic weight) was published by John Dalton (17661844) in 1805, based on a system in which the relative atomic mass of hydrogen was defined as 1. These relative atomic masses were based on the stoichiometric proportions of chemical reactions and compounds, a fact that greatly aided their acceptance: It was not necessary for a chemist to subscribe to atomic theory (an unproven hypothesis at the time) to make practical use of the tables. This would lead to some confusion between atomic masses (promoted by proponents of atomic theory) and equivalent weights (promoted by its opponents and which sometimes differed from relative atomic masses by an integer factor), which would last throughout much of the nineteenth century. Jns Jacob Berzelius (17791848) was instrumental in the determination of relative atomic masses to everincreasing accuracy. He was also the first chemist to use oxygen as the standard to which other masses were referred. Oxygen is a useful standard, as, unlike hydrogen, it forms compounds with most other elements, especially
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metals. However, he chose to fix the atomic mass of oxygen as 100, an innovation that did not catch on. Charles Frdric Gerhardt (181656), Henri Victor Regnault (181078) and Stanislao Cannizzaro (18261910) expanded on Berzelius' works, resolving many of the problems of unknown stoichiometry of compounds, and the use of atomic masses attracted a large consensus by the time of the Karlsruhe Congress (1860). The convention had reverted to defining the atomic mass of hydrogen as 1, although at the level of precision of measurements at that time relative uncertainties of around 1% this was numerically equivalent to the later standard of oxygen = 16. However the chemical convenience of having oxygen as the primary atomic mass standard became ever more evident with advances in analytical chemistry and the need for ever more accurate atomic mass determinations. Developments in mass spectrometry led to the adoption of oxygen-16 as the standard substance, in lieu of natural oxygen.[citation needed ] The current definition of the mole, based on carbon-12, was approved during the 1960s.[1][7] The four different definitions were equivalent to within 1%. Scale basis Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1 Atomic mass of oxygen = 16 Scale basis Relative deviation 12 relative to C = 12 from the 12 C = 12 scale 1.00794(7) 15.9994(3) 0.788% +0.00375% +0.0318%
The name mole is an 1897 translation of the German unit Mol, coined by the chemist Wilhelm Ostwald in 1894 from the German word Molekl (molecule).[8][9][10] However, the related concept of equivalent mass had been in use at least a century earlier.[11]
relationships between amount of substance and other physical quantities, the most notable one being the ideal gas law (where the relationship was first demonstrated in 1857). The term "mole" was first used in a textbook describing these colligative properties.
Related units
The SI units for molar concentration are mol/m3. However, most chemical literature traditionally uses mol/dm3, or mol dm3, which is the same as mol/L. These traditional units are often denoted by a capital letter M (pronounced "molar"), sometimes preceded by an SI prefix, for example, millimoles per litre (mmol/L) or millimolar (mM), micromoles/litre (mol/L) or micromolar (M), or nanomoles/L (nmol/L) or nanomolar (nM).
See also
Avogadro constant Einstein (unit) Faraday (unit) Molar concentration Molar volume Mole fraction
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Stoichiometry
References
1. ^ a b c d International Bureau of Weights and Measures (2006), The International System of Units (SI) (http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf) (8th ed.), pp. 11415, ISBN 92-822-2213-6 2. ^ Wang, Yuxing et al.; Bouquet, Fr d ric; Sheikin, Ilya; Toulemonde, Pierre; Revaz, Bernard; Eisterer, Michael; Weber, Harald W; Hinderer, Joerg et al. (2003). "Specific heat of MgB2 after irradiation". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 15 (6): 883893. arXiv:cond-mat/0208169 (http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0208169). Bibcode:2003JPCM...15..883W (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JPCM...15..883W). doi:10.1088/09538984/15/6/315 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0953-8984%2F15%2F6%2F315). 3. ^ Lortz, R. et al.; Wang, Y.; Abe, S.; Meingast, C.; Paderno, Yu.; Filippov, V.; Junod, A. (2005). "Specific heat, magnetic susceptibility, resistivity and thermal expansion of the superconductor ZrB12". Phys. Rev. B 72 (2): 024547. arXiv:cond-mat/0502193 (http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0502193). Bibcode:2005PhRvB..72b4547L (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhRvB..72b4547L). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.72.024547 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.72.024547). 4. ^ a b International Bureau of Weights and Measures. "Realising the mole (http://www.bipm.org/utils/en/pdf/SIApp2_mol_en.pdf)." Retrieved 25 September 2008. 5. ^ [1] (http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?na) 6. ^ Andreas, Birk; et al (2011). "Determination of the Avogadro Constant by Counting the Atoms in a 28Si Crystal" (http://physics.aps.org/synopsis-for/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.030801). Physical Review Letters 106 (3). arXiv:1010.2317 (http://arxiv.org/abs/1010.2317). Bibcode:2011PhRvL.106c0801A (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhRvL.106c0801A). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.030801 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.106.030801). 7. ^ a b de Bivre, P.; Peiser, H.S. (1992). "'Atomic Weight'The Name, Its History, Definition, and Units" (http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1992/pdf/6410x1535.pdf). Pure Appl. Chem. 64 (10): 153543. doi:10.1351/pac199264101535 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199264101535) 8. ^ Helm, Georg (1897). The Principles of Mathematical Chemistry: The Energetics of Chemical Phenomena. transl. by Livingston, J.; Morgan, R. New York: Wiley. p. 6. 9. ^ Some sources place the date of first usage in English as 1902. MerriamWebster proposes (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mole%5B5%5D) an etymology from Molekulrgewicht (molecular weight). 10. ^ Ostwald, Wilhelm (1893). Hand- und Hilfsbuch zur Ausfhrung Physiko-Chemischer Messungen. Leipzig. p. 119. 11. ^ mole, n. 8, Oxford English Dictionary, Draft Revision Dec. 2008 12. ^ Price, Gary (2010). "Failures of the global measurement system. Part 1: the case of chemistry" (http://www.springerlink.com/content/p63w663v127t5g0q/). Accreditation and Quality Assurance 15 (7): 421 427. doi:10.1007/s00769-010-0655-z (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00769-010-0655-z).[2] (http://www.springerlink.com/content/p63w663v127t5g0q/). 13. ^ Johansson, Ingvar (2010). "Metrological thinking needs the notions of parametric quantities, units, and dimensions." (http://stacks.iop.org/0026-1394/47/i=3/a=012). Metrologia 47 (3): 219230. Bibcode:2010Metro..47..219J (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Metro..47..219J). doi:10.1088/00261394/47/3/012 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0026-1394%2F47%2F3%2F012). 14. ^ Cooper, G; Humphry, S (2010). "The ontological distinction between units and entities". Synthese. doi:10.1007/s11229-010-9832-1 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-010-9832-1). 15. ^ In particular, when the mole is used, alongside the SI unit of volume of a cubic metre, in thermodynamic calculations such as the ideal gas law, a factor of 1000 is introduced which engineering practice chooses to simplify by adopting the kilomole. 16. ^ a b Himmelblau, David (1996). Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering (6 ed.). pp. 1720. ISBN 0-13-305798-4. 17. ^ "RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE 24TH MEETING OF THE GENERAL CONFERENCE ON WEIGHTS
AND MEASURES (CGPM)" (http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/24_CGPM_Resolutions.pdf). Paris: BIPM. 17-21 Oct, 2011. 18. ^ History of National Mole Day Foundation, Inc (http://www.moleday.org/htdocs/history.html)
External links
ChemTeam: The Origin of the Word 'Mole' (http://web.archive.org/20071222072256/http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Mole/Origin-of-Mole.html) at the Wayback Machine (archived December 22, 2007) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mole_(unit)&oldid=561352271" Categories: SI base units Units of amount of substance Units of chemical measurement This page was last modified on 24 June 2013 at 12:28. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.