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Pipelines Located on Seabed
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Diameter range : 10cm-2m Transporting oil , water, gas
Wall design: Simple steel to sophisticated design Their content: High temperature , High pressure
Robot systems called pigs Clean pipeline , remove obstruction , repairs
Installation : On the floor , in trench , buried Trench keep pipeline in place laterally Burial provide thermal insulation Protection against seafloor hazard Trenching and Burial done by Sub-sea jetting Ploughing systems
buckling
walking Storm loading Ploughing and trenching
o o o o o
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Towing method:
(a) surface tow
(b) controlled depth
Pipe-laying operation
S-lay method
Pipe-laying operation
J-lay method
Pipe-laying operation
Reel system
Offshore ploughs
Burial assessment
Burial assessments are carried out prior to commencing a project in order to determine the ease or difficulty with which a pipeline may be trenched or buried in a seabed, and to determine the technologies required and the timescales, and costs. Burial assessment can include:
Trenchability
Ploughability Rippability
Sedimentation
Trench side stability
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o Lateral buckling
The pipeline moves laterally across the seabed, so that an initially straight
pipeline will become curved. Movements can be up to 20 or more pipeline diameters, and can affect pipeline lengths of several hundred metres. The
pipeline moves into a shape whose length is longer than in the unbuckled
position; this relieves the induced stresses.
o Upheaval buckling
A buried pipeline curves up, and may break out above the seafloor, creating a free span that can extend several metres above the seabed. The curve is longer than the original shape, so the axial stresses are relieved. The breakout defeats the objective of burial, which was to protect the pipeline against hazards above the seafloor.
o Walking
Because the internal fluids carry the temperature and pressure in the pipe, changes in the temperature and pressure progress axially along the pipe. Repeated changes cause a cyclic effect, in which a pipeline on the seafloor expands, moves a small distance axially, then contracts and moves back; but not all the way due to soil friction. Over many cycles, the pipeline moves along its length.
Water ingress
Loss of flow capacity
Mechanics of buckling
Lateral buckling : When the pipeline is started up, the changing temperature and pressure cause axial compressive stress to develop, and the pipe tends to move upwards where the soil resistance is
Mechanics of buckling
Upheaval buckling :
Geotechnical analysis
Yield locus concept Yield envelope joins Load-states that large displacement occur
Using the general bearing capacity equation, the vertical bearing capacity V per unit length of a strip footing of this width on the surface of a clay of uniform shear strength Su is :
Another potential mechanism at deeper embedment (e) and very deep embedment (f)
Photographs taken of an experimental in which pipe was installed in sand in a glass-ended box
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Preventative and remedial
To prevent buckling and walking Decreasing the driving forces Increasing the resisting forces