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Inverter

Laboratory exercise 3
Inverter (DC AC)
An inverter is an electrical device that converts DC to AC power by switching the DC
input voltage in a pre-determined sequence so as to generate AC output voltage.
Applications: AC motor control, uninterruptible power supply (UPS), etc.
3.1 Width control of Single-phase inverter
V11
V14
V1
V4
V13
V12
V3
V2
U
ip
up
C
R L
Pic 1 Single-phase inverter (RL load, = , U
pRMS
= U)
control angle
Pic 2 Single-phase inverter (RL load, < , U
pRMS
< U)
An effective load voltage (Single-phase inverter):

U U
pRMS
(3.1)
Ing. Luk Odlevk, Ing. Petr Vaculk 1
Inverter
3.2 Width control of Three-phase inverter
A basic three-phase inverter consists of three single-phase inverter switches each
connected to one of the three load terminals.
V01
V04
V1
V4
V03
V06
V3
V6
V05
V02
V5
V2
U
3 x R
ip1 up1
L1
L2
L3
u1- 2
Pic 3 Three-phase inverter
Pic 4 Six-step switching sequence and waveform of voltage ( = 180 = )
U
p1
phase voltage, U
1-2
line voltage
Ing. Luk Odlevk, Ing. Petr Vaculk 2
Inverter
An effective load voltage only for R load (Three-phase inverter):
( ) ( ) U t d U t d U dt t u
T
U
pRMS
3
2
...
3
2
3
1 1 1
180
3
2
0
3
0
2 2
2
3

1
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

( )
( )
( ) U U U
U U U
U U U
pRMS
pRMS
pRMS



41 , 0
6
1
120
44 , 0
6
7
150
47 , 0
3
2
180
3
3
3
(3.2)
3.3 Pulse-width modulation (PWM)
Amplitudes of the triangular wave (carrier) and sine wave (modulating, desired) are
compared to obtain PWM waveform (output voltage of inverter).
PWM is the usual method used to achieve variable voltage and frequency (can be
controlled independently) of AC motor. Change of frequency means change of motor speed.
Pic 5 PWM
3.4 Variable-frequency drive (VFD)
A VFD is a system for controlling the rotational speed of an AC motor by controlling the
frequency of the electrical power supplied to the motor.
A VFD system generally consists of an operator interface, a frequency controller and an
AC motor.
Ing. Luk Odlevk, Ing. Petr Vaculk 3
Inverter
Pic 6 VFD system
Tasks
1. Width control of Single-phase inverter with RL load: display waveforms of voltage u
p

and current i
p
. Measure and calculate U
pRMS
(3.1) for = 180, 120.
2. PWM of Single-phase inverter with RL load: display waveforms of voltage u
p
and
current i
p
.
3. Width control of Three-phase inverter with R load and AC motor load: display
waveforms of voltage u
p
and current i
p
. Measure and calculate U
3pRMS
(3.2) for
= 180, 150, 120.
4. PWM of Three-phase inverter with AC motor load: display waveforms of voltage u
p

and current i
p
for U/f = constant, U/f constant.
5. Task 4. for various switching frequency.
V01
V04
V1
V4
V03
V06
V3
V6
V05
V02
V5
V2
U
D1 D3 D5
D4 D6 D2
C M
3
L1
L2
L3
3 x 400 V
50 Hz
TR
L1
L2
L3
Pic 7 Wiring diagram of Variable frequency controller (see Pic 6)
Device:
L1 L3 3-phase supply V1 V6
Three-phase inverter
D1 D6 Rectifier (6-pulse) V01 V06
C electrolyte capacitor
M 3~
AC motor
Ing. Luk Odlevk, Ing. Petr Vaculk 4
Inverter
Laboratory measurement
1.

2.

PWM 1kHz PWM 4kHz
3.

R, 180 R, 150

R, 120 Motor, 180, 150, 120
Ing. Luk Odlevk, Ing. Petr Vaculk 5
Inverter
4.

Motor, f = 50 Hz, f
mod
= 4 kHz Motor, f = 25 Hz, f
mod
= 4 kHz, U/f = c
I U/f (for f/2 2I)
Motor, f = 25 Hz, f
mod
= 4 kHz, U/f c
5.

Motor, f = 50 Hz, f
mod
= 1 kHz Motor, f = 50 Hz, f
mod
= 2 kHz
Motor, f = 50 Hz, f
mod
= 4 kHz
Optional reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-frequency_drive VFD system description
Ing. Luk Odlevk, Ing. Petr Vaculk 6

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