As is so often the case, the things we may have learned as rules for starting a sentence are not always

universal. We may have been taught that a sentence should never start with a conjunction, or an acronym, or an Arabic numeral, but is that always the case?

Well, in mainstream writing there is a bit more flexibility. When used with care and in the right context, it may be fine to begin a sentence with a conjunction like and or but and not fear the wrath of your pedantic friends. However, scientific writing tends to be more formal and traditional, so sentences beginning with and or but should be avoided altogether.

How about sentences beginning with due to, because, or however?

Due to First off, because due to is essentially synonymous with caused by, it is almost always grammatically incorrect at the beginning of a sentence. Even if you were to construct a grammatically defensible sentence, such as Due to decades of smoking, his emphysema worsened to the point that he needed an oxygen tank., it would still be more awkward and less clear than simply saying His emphysema, caused by decades of smoking, worsened to the point that he needed an oxygen tank. In short, avoid starting a sentence with due to.

Because Many of our teachers taught us not to begin a sentence with because. However, there really is no rule against beginning your sentence with because. Take care to use it sparingly and appropriately, however, to avoid giving your paper a choppy feel when reading.

Good Because of the low light conditions and abnormal amounts of rain, only 42% of the seeds sown in the test plots germinated.

Poor Because retinitis pigmentosa is only one of the leading causes of vision loss, we undertook this retrospective study.

However As with because, there is nothing wrong with beginning a sentence with however, but the new sentence should always relate to the sentence preceding it (e.g. do not begin a sentence with however at the beginning of a new paragraph).

Good Fifteen of the saplings in the test plot were free of Pucciniales infection, 4 had minor lesions, and 6 had severe lesions at the end of the test period. However, all of the saplings with lesions showed good growth.

Poor Fifteen of the saplings in the test plot were free of Pucciniales infection, 4 had minor lesions, and 6 had severe lesions at the end of the test period. However, two saplings were also infected with root rot.

Its also important to make sure you always follow however with a comma.

Muffin had six kittens over the weekend. However we tried to give them away.

Note that without the comma, the sentence is confusing. The reader may expect the sentence to continue. For example, However we tried to give them away, we couldnt find new homes for all the kittens.

Of course, if your two sentences are very strongly linked, you may wish to join them as a single sentence broken up with a semicolon. In these cases, the comma after however is still needed.

Muffin had six kittens over the weekend; however, we tried to give them away.

Myth Busters, Grammar Edition: Starting a Sentence with And or But by Christine Amsden
Published on July 3rd, 2013 11:53 AM 2 Comments

Confession time: How many of you learned in school that you cant start a sentence with a conjunction such as and or but? Go ahead, admit it. I wont think less of you. It would make me a serious hypocrite since until late last week, I believed it. Countless English teachers couldnt be wrong, could they? Turns out, they were misinformed. Moreover, this may be one of the most persistent myths in education today. I dont mean to impugn my English teachers who were, as a whole, wonderful people who helped me follow my dream of becoming a fiction writer. They were misinformed. So were the people who taught them. And so on and so forth. (See how I started that sentence with and? It wasnt wrong!) Last week when I made style suggestions for fiction writers, I used beginning conjunctions as an example of a rule that fiction writers can and do break. Cora Foerstner, a fellow writer and an English professor, called me on it. She was nice enough to e-mail me privately instead of creating a public post that might hurt my credibility. I appreciated that, although I am open-minded enough to admit when Im wrong. If that discredits me in some peoples eyes, oh well. Enjoy your perfection. For my part, I was wrong. I didnt take her word for it right away I mean half a dozen English teachers scattered throughout my childhood deserved a fair trial before I passed

judgement. Cora and I passed a few e-mails back and forth, I did some research on the Internet, and I contacted my brother, Brian Amsden, who has a PhD in rhetoric from the University of Indiana. Grammar was not part of his coursework (it is apparently not part of almost anyones coursework), but he studied it. He shared this quote with me from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th Edition: Beginning a sentence with a conjunction. There is a widespread beliefone with no historical or grammatical foundationthat it is an error to begin a sentence with a conjunction such as and, but, or so. In fact, a substantial percentage (often as many as 10 percent) of the sentences in first-rate writing begin with conjunctions. It has been so for centuries, and even the most conservative grammarians have followed this practice. Charles Allen Lloyds 1938 words fairly sum up the situation as it stands even today: Next to the groundless notion that it is incorrect to end an English sentence with a preposition, perhaps the most wide-spread of the many false beliefs about the use of our language is the equally groundless notion that it is incorrect to begin one with but or and. As in the case of the superstition about the prepositional ending, no textbook supports it, but apparently about half of our teachers of English go out of their way to handicap their pupils by inculcating it. One cannot help wondering whether those who teach such a monstrous doctrine ever read any English themselves. (Section 5.191) Wait a second. The thing about ENDING a sentence in a preposition is wrong too? Good grief. Charlie Brown At least I already knew it wasnt wrong to split infinitives. I learned that one ten years ago during my boot camp with Orson Scott Card, who explained that the rule was a holdover from Latin where it was literally impossible to split infinitives (because they were just one word). Similarly, the rule against beginning sentences with a conjunction is a holdover from Latin grammar. During my discussion with Cora Foerstner, she had this to say: Many of these rules such as not ending a sentence with a preposition, come from Latin grammar, which is not English grammar. But in the Renaissance, they were enamored with all things Latin, and often tried to force English to conform to Latin rules grammar rules. Okay, so Ive gone through the five stages of grief on this: 1. Denial No way. Theres no way all my English teachers were wrong about this. Theres no way Ive been a writer since I was eight years old Im almost thirty-six and I just missed this. Okay, yeah, so I never went looking for it because I assumed it was right. I had no reason to believe otherwise. The trouble with assumptions is that by definition, you dont know youre making one. 2. Anger How could those English teachers have lied to me? They lied to me about Christopher Columbus, too. Made him out to be some kind of saint who discovered America like there werent already people here and like the Vikings didnt discover it before he ever did. Grrr the whole gosh-darn education system is full of mistakes.

What am I going to tell my children when their teachers tell them these things? 3. Bargaining Okay, maybe it was a rule but it isnt a rule anymore. I mean, that happens. English is a living language, it changes all the time. Aint is a word (but I aint gonna to say it). So this was a rule, but it became so popular in informal speech to break the rule that the various dictionaries have accepted it. So maybe the beginning conjunction thing is like that, only not everyone has gotten the memo. 4. Depression I write for a living! This is what I do. How did I not realize this? What else dont I realize? Am I conjugating my verbs right? Was that question mark supposed to be at the end of that sentence? Or this one? 5. Acceptance All right, all right. Its not the end of the world. It is what it is. There is no rule in the English language prohibiting sentences from beginning with conjunctions. There never has been. Its not like this information changes anything. Ive been happily breaking the rule for years, along with just about every other writer in the world. Isnt it nice to know we werent breaking a rule at all? (Hey, Im a psych major. This is how I analyze these things. )

CONCLUSION: There is no rule in the English language against beginning a sentence with and or but.

MYTH BUSTED
Wait So theres no rule against it. Does that mean I should begin sentences with and or but?
One of the reasons I had trouble accepting this new version of reality is that the rule made sense to me. The function of a coordinating conjunction is to join two or more independent clauses, phrases, or words. When you put one at the beginning of a sentence, youre joining it to the previous sentence. Sort of. The reason writers have been using and and but at the beginning of sentences for centuries is that there are times when you want to put the emphasis on the connection itself rather than the clauses being connected. Extra emphasis is also put on the second clause or phrase. Because its in a shorter sentence. (Because is a subordinating conjunction, by the way, and the same rules apply.) And because the capitalized

conjunction calls attention to itself. This is where psychology comes in. Great, Im back in familiar waters! Readers pay more attention to beginnings than endings. You can generalize this truth throughout every level of writing, from words to entire books. (Thats right, words. Remind me sometime to explain why your main characters names shouldnt all start with the same letter.) I break up my prose into lots of paragraphs for the same reason. When readers skim, they pay more attention to the first sentence in a paragraph. By having more paragraphs, I force you to read more of my sentences. (Bwahaha!) But this power can be abused. Just because you CAN do something, doesnt mean you should! I can use exclamation points at the end of half my sentences to show Im excited! I really am! I mean, look at all the exclamation points! Variety is one of the keys to captivating prose. You want to vary the lengths of your paragraphs and sentences. You want to use different words, calling on synonyms instead of repeating the same ones over and over again. Starting sentences with different words is part of strong prose as well, so no word should begin a sentence all the time. I also believe there are some choices which function more strongly in prose when made sparingly. Exclamation points are a prime example of this. Most fiction writers learn early on that exclamation points should almost never be used. Some say absolutely never. I disagree, because I refuse to give up my power to emphasize a point! I give up that power by never using it as well as by using it too much. Thats where the should comes in. Keep these things in mind when deciding whether or not to begin a sentence with a conjunction: 1. A sentence that begins with a conjunction does not stand alone. Not all sentences have to stand alone, but the most powerful ones will. 2. A sentence that begins with a conjunction emphasizes the joining. This may be exactly what you want. But a lot of times it isnt. I just gave you an example of a pair of sentences that would have been stronger had they been joined. The but wasnt that important. Neither were the words that came after. The complete thought was important. 3. Beginning a sentence with and or but calls attention to itself. This may be true in part because of the persistent myth, but even if everyone knew the truth, it is still far more common to see these words in the middle of sentences. It should be far more common to see these words in the middle of sentences, innocently and invisibly getting out of the way for more important concepts. 4. And finally, if you can cut the conjunction without changing the tone or meaning of the sentence, do it. Finally, if you can cut the conjunction without changing the tone or meaning of the sentence, do it. (I see this fairly often. Im guilty of it myself sometimes.

Its the sort of thing I catch in revisions.) Writers, enjoy knowing that it is right and proper to use conjunctions at the beginning of your sentences, but dont overdo it.