Mitigating Project Risk and Uncertainty for Bankable Solar Solar Pioneers in India : AIC Solar Projects Gemasolar,

r, the worlds most innovative commercial solar plant Rajasthans draft policy for wind generation Project Assessment The Light Soaking Effect Additional Power Boost in Thin Film Photovoltaic Indias bio-diesel policy and the current turmoil Safety and Performance Standards in a Global Biomass A Sustainable Renewable Energy Source for India Market: the Challenge for Backsheet Manufacturers

EDITORIAL
Dear Readers, Energetica India welcomes you to the first issue of 2012 and wishing you all a Very Happy, Safe and Profitable 2012. So the Indian solar industry is on its way to grid-parity much sooner than expected; with bids of less than Rs.8/ unit stealing the thunder during NVVNs Batch II bidding. The PPAs have been signed recently and now the shortlisted companies are working on completing land acquisition and fund raising along with short listing technical partners. Meanwhile, the Rajasthan and Karnataka Governments are moving ahead with their solar plans. Energetica India is open to assist solar power plant developers on the EPC front with its experienced Spanish partner Maetel. The wind sector has been facing the hurdles on delayed payments from State Governments and this still continues. From an investors perspective, one needs to take this delay into account as working capital; while planning wind projects in India. Meanwhile there is some more work required from wind developers side i.e. forecasting unit generation for grid over 24 hours in advance; in addition to the removal of tax incentive. Nevertheless, India continues its growth in the wind energy space and we see new policies supporting the growth. The Rajasthan State Government has come out with a draft on wind policy and Energetica India looks at the draft policy in detail. You will also find in this issue, an interesting discussion with Mr.Gupta Managing Director of Techno Electric and Engg. where in his chat with Energetica India, he discusses the Renewable Energy Certificates, the challenges in biomass business models, the effect of removal of tax subsidy in wind space and the problems in Indias Transmission and Distribution set-up. A very good article to understand the mind-set of companies investing in the Indian Power space. Another interesting read, is the coverage of the Power Summit 2011. The discussion covered gives a good peek into the current state of the Indian Power Policy framework and the way ahead. As promised, Energetica India is also covering Indias Bio-Fuel Policy with the current turmoil in the sector. The BioFuel industry in India has been in news with the probe by The Competition Commission of India (CCI) to investigate the artificial suppression of the bio-diesel market in India. Energetica India is a trusted media partner for renewable energy events globally and once again we have been in the forefront. Energetica India was a partner to the 3rd International Wind Conference and Exhibition (3rd WE20 by 2020) at Coimbatore organized by Indian Wind Power Association (IWPA) and The World Wind Energy Association, Bonn. It was at this event that Energetica India launched Indias first Live Conference Update to be followed by our readers from the comfort of their offices. We will continue working and developing this service further. You will be able to find us at some other events including The Solar Future: India II at Jaipur on 29th Feb 2012, and the CSP Today from 14th15th March in New Delhi. In addition, we are holding the 4th edition of our own event Egetica ExpoEnergetica at Valencia, Spain from 29th Feb to 2nd March 2012. You can find more details on: http://www. egetica-expoenergetica.com/en. Energetica India welcomes its readers to the updated website www.energetica-india.net which includes new and interactive features on Events, White Papers, Live Updates, Products and Articles.

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EDITOR EUGENIO PREZ DE LEMA eugenio@energetica-india.net DIRECTOR GISELA BHL gisela@energetica-india.net PR DIRECTOR ANDREW CALLAWAY andrew@energetica-india.net INDIA DIRECTOR SALES CHINTAN VALIA chintan.valia@energetica-india.net HEAD OF EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT BHARAT VASANDANI journalist@energetica-india.net CONSULTING EDITOR P . K. PATNAIK SPAIN ALVARO LPEZ ala@energetica-india.net GERMANY, AUSTRIA & SWITZERLAND ERHARDT EISENACHER info@eisenacher-medien.de USA & CANADA AVANI MEDIA, INC. LESLIE HALLANAN leslie@avanimedia.com FINANCIAL DIRECTOR CARLOS FERNNDEZ carlos.f@energetica-india.net SUBSCRIPTIONS BELA ANGELOVA administracion@grupo-omnimedia.com Layout & Design DANIEL CONEJERO contras-t.com
The views expressed in the magazine are not necessarily those of the editor or publisher. The magazine and all of the text and images contained therein are protected by copyright. If you would like to use an article from Energetica India or our website www.energetica-india.net you may obtain the rights by calling OMNIMEDIA, S.L.

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CONTENTS
BIOFUELS Indiasbio-dieselpolicyandthecurrentturmoil-BharatVasandani,EnergeticaIndia EVENTS PowerSummit2011Pavingwayformorepower PKPatnaik,ConsultingEditor,EnergeticaIndia 64 54 TechnologydifferentiationforenablingsolarmanufacturinginIndiaEventbyIITandApplied MaterialsIndiaBharatVasandani,EnergeticaIndia 62 MAINTENANCE Large-scalepowerstations:Improvedtransparencyinmaintenance MatthiasHerold,HeadofRisk&Reliability&CarstenBaumann,HeadofStructural Reliability,TVSDIndustrieServiceGmbH RENEWABLE ENERGY Sustainabledevelopmentusingrenewableenergythroughcorporatesocialresponsibility Dr.AnilKurchania&Mr.ChiragShah 58 AnunresolveddiscussioninDurban VagishSharma,ProgramofficeratIndo-USScience&Tech.Forum BusinessOpportunitiesinRenewableEnergypostDurbanCoP17 SandeepGoswami,COOFountainhead2CleantechIndiaPVTLTD
Mitigating Project Risk and Uncertainty for Bankable Solar Solar Pioneers in India : AIC Solar Projects Gemasolar, the worlds most innovative commercial solar plant Rajasthans draft policy for wind generation Project Assessment The Light Soaking Effect Additional Power Boost in Thin Film Photovoltaic Indias bio-diesel policy and the current turmoil Safety and Performance Standards in a Global Biomass A Sustainable Renewable Energy Source for India Market: the Challenge for Backsheet Manufacturers

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SOLAR CSP Gemasolar,theworldsmostinnovativecommercialsolarplant SantiagoArias,TechnicalDirectorofoperationandmaintenance,TorresolEnergy SOLAR POWER CosteconomicsofsolarkWhAvijitNayak,Nationalproductivitycouncil,Kolkata 36 Goinglocal.Saint-GobainsolarslocalsupporthelpsEmmveePVexpanditsglobalpresence GeoffreyKing,MarketmanagerofSaint-GobainSolar 45 QuickandefficientdesignofsolarsupportswithCYPEMetal3D42 RecordbreakingONTimeperformanceMarkusPfefferer,InsolareEnergyPvt.Ltd. CaseStudy:ArunSolarconcentratorsystematMahanand&Chitaledairy CliqueSolar TheLightSoakingEffectAdditionalPowerBoostinThinFilmGIGSPVModule ManojkumarSharma,ManagerSales,Q-CellsSystemsIndia POLICIES EnergypolicyneedsmoreEurope:WecallforaEuropeanenergycommunity JacquesDelors,FoundingPresidentofNotreEurope&SteffanNilsson,Presidentofthe EuropeanEconomicandSocialComittee 52 WIND POWER Doyouknowwhatyourturbineisproducing? PhillipGauthier,GLGarradHassanandRajsekharBudhavarapu,GLGarradHassanIndia 50 RajasthansdraftpolicyforwindgenerationBharatVasandani,EnergeticaIndia 46 35 30 40 26

COVER

NEXPOWER

Established in 2005, NexPower Technology is a subsidiary of a world-class leading semiconductor foundry, United Microelectronics Corporation (NYSE: UMC). Since its inception, NexPower has committed itself to advancing the development and applications of solar photovoltaic technologies. Currently our major products are c-Si tandem solar PV modules. We see ourselves a pioneer of thin-film silicon solar PV technology in Taiwan. Our staff consists of experienced business elites from various industries and specializing in sales, marketing, finance, research and development, manufacturing, quality assurance, and administrative support. All together these high-calibre professionals make NexPower a world-class thin-film solar PV manufacturer.

TAKEADVICE
Renewable asia 2012 Date: 16-19 Feb 2012 Place: Bangalore, India Organiser: Triune Exhibitors Tel: +91-80-43307474 Email: info@triuneexhibitors.com Web: http://www.renewableasia2012.com/ index.htm 2nd india solaR eneRgy summit 2012 Date:23-24 February 2012 Place:New Delhi, India Organiser: Noppen Tel: + 8621 6085 1000 E-mail: nikkik@noppen.com.cn Web: http://www.indiareinvestment.com/ aCRex india 2012 Date: 23-25 Feb 2012 Place: Bangalore, India Organiser: Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers Tel: +91-80-2563 4228 Email: info@acrexindia.org.in Web: http://www.acrex.org.in/

national ConfeRenCe on emeRging teChnologies in Renewable eneRgy & eleCtRiCal engineeRing 2012 Date: 25-26 Feb 2012 Place: Jaipur, India Organiser: Institute of Technology & Management, Bhilwara Tel: 0091-01482 -249225 Email: conference@itm-bhilwara.ac.in Web: http://itm-bhilwara.ac.in/ETREEE-2012. php

2nd inteRnational ConfeRenCe on futuRe enviRonment and eneRgy Date: 26-28 Feb 2012 Place: Singapore Organiser: CBEES Email: icfee@cbees.org Web: http://www.icfee.org/index.htm

ChhattisgaRh eneRgy summit Date: 27th Feb 2012 Place: Raipur, India Organiser: Power Markets India Tel: +919920917191 Email: events@powermarketsindia.com Web: http://www.powermarketsindia.com/ page1/chhattisgarh-energy-summit-2012.php

the solaR futuRe india ii Date: 29th Feb 2012 Place: Jaipur, Rajasthan Organiser: Solarplaza Tel: +31 (0) 10 280 9198 Email: p.vanderlinden@solarplaza.com Web: http://www.thesolarfuture.in/

Date: 28 Feb- 02 March 2012 Place: Valencia, Spain Organiser: Five Continents Exhibitions / Feria Valencia Tel: +0034 91630 8691 Email: eugenio@egetica-expoenergetica.com Web: http://www.egetica-expoenergetica.com/es

novabuild 2012 Date: 29 February-02 March2012 Place: Valencia- Spain Organiser: Five Continents Exhibitions / Feria Valencia Tel: + 0034 91630 8591 E-mail: eugenio@egeticaexpoenergetica.com Web: www.novabuild.es

asia eneRgy seCuRity summit 2012 Date: 29 Feb -1March 2012 Place: Colombo, Sri Lanka Organiser: IPPAI Tel: +91 91 - 12 - 49556614 Email: iqbal@ippaimail.org Web: http://www.asiaenergysecurity.com

ReneRgy 2012 Date: 12-13 March 2012 Place: Chennai India Organiser: TamilNadu Energy Development Agency (TEDA) Tel: +91 99529 10083 Email: teda@renergy2012.com Web: http://www.renergy2012.com/

CsP today india 2012 Date: 14-15 March, 2012 Place: New Delhi, India Organiser: CSP Today Tel: +44 (0) 20 7375 7556 Web: http://www.csptoday.com/india/

india solaR investment and teChnology summit & exhibition Date: 19-20 April 2012 Place: Gandhinagar, Gujarat Organiser: Solar Media and Henley Media Group Tel: + 91 991 361 4828 Email: sbundock@solarsummitindia.com Web: http://www.solarsummitindia.com/

PoweR-gen india and CentRal asia Date:19-21 April 2012 Place:New Delhi, India Organiser: PennWell & Inter Ads Exhibitions Tel: +91 124 452 4508 E-mail: avnish-seth@interadsindia.com Web: http://www.power-genindia.com/index. html

woRld Renewable eneRgy teChnology CongRess Date: 25-27 April 2012 Place: New Delhi, India Organiser: Energy and Environment Foundation Tel: +91 9971500028 Email: dranilgarg@wretc.in Web: http://www.wretc.in/index.aspx

global solaR ePC summit india 2012 Date: 16-17 May 2012 Place: New Delhi, India Organiser: Renewable Markets India Tel: +919920917191 Email: events@powermarketsindia.com Web: http://www.renewablemarketsindia.com/ page1/global-solar-epc-summit-2012.php

sneC Pv PoweR exPo 2012 Date: 16-18 May 2012 Place: Shanghai, China Organiser: Chinese Renewable Energy Society(CRES) Shanghai Science & Technology Development and Exchange Center(SSTDEC) Tel: +86-21-642 76991 Email: office@snec.org.cn Web: http://www.snec.org.cn/Default. aspx?lang=en

india gReen building summit Date: 24-25 May 2012 Place: New Delhi, India Organiser: Noppen Tel: +91 99452 70391 Email: vishnu@blr.noppen.com.cn Web: http://www.indiagreenbuildingsummit. com/

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energtica india

Energetica
The Norwegian Minister for Environment and International Cooperation, Mr. Erik Solheim called on the Union Minister of New and Renewable Energy, Dr. Farooq Abdullah in New Delhi. Both the Ministers were accompanied by high level delegations. During the talks Dr. Abdullah said that the Indian Government is taking active interest in setting up the proposed fund in collaboration with DFID, UK and Norway for promoting off-grid solutions in the field of renewable energy. Highlight-

News
in the field of off-shore wind energy. Statoil the Norwegian flagship company is known for the Hywind the worlds first full-scale floating wind turbine project. The Hywind concept combines known technologies in a completely new setting and opens up the possibility for capturing wind energy in deep-water environments. Since 2009 Statoil is testing the wind farms in order to gain further data for optimising the next generation of Hywind and make it cost competitive.

India and Norway join efforts in Renewable Energy

ing the achievements made by India in the area of solar and wind energy Dr. Abdullah said that the renewable energy can

substantially reduce consumption of kerosene and diesel. The Indian side expressed interest in collaborating with Norway

Energetica India releases the India Energy Guide

The Indian company energy guide is now available online. This useful guide is used as a point of reference for all those professionals that are involved with the power and energy generation industry in India. It is also a handy tool for international companies wanting updated contact information of companies in the Indian energy sector. If you prefer an A5 printed version for your office or place of work? You can also purchase this guide in print format by contacting us directly. - India Chintan Valia Chintan.valia@ energetica-india.net - International Bela Angelova administracion@grupo-omnimedia.com To register your company for the next guide 2012/2013, apply here: http://guide.energetica-india.net/signup

Energetica India introduces Live Conference Updates on its Updated Website

Energetica India has recently launched an updated website which is more userfriendly and interactive. With the New Year, Energetica India became the first magazine to bring to its readers Live Updates from conferences; to be followed from the comfort of office. The first event covered was the 3rd International Wind Conference and Exhibition (WE20 by 2020) at Coimbatore organized by Indian Wind Power Association and World Wind Energy Association, Bonn. The Live Update section keeps the readers updated on the topics and discussions from the event. The concept was approved and encouraged by Gamesa, Suzlon, WindDForce and IREDA staff attending the event.

Power Finance Corporation of India to Double Renewable Energy Lending

Power Finance Corp., Indias largest staterun lender to electricity utilities, plans to more than double lending for renewable energy projects within a year as coal-fired plants become riskier investments. The companys approved loans to projects, particularly solar and wind plants will increase to 15 billion rupees ($305 million), or 4 percent of the total in the next financial year, from 6.75 billion rupees, or just 1.2 percent in the year ending in March, Chairman Satnam Singh said. The company does not plan to increase its total loan outlays of 450 billion rupees in 2013, he said. Given that fossil fuel costs have gone up, investments in wind and solar are surging, Singh said in an interview in New Delhi. Were not afraid to go at renewable in a big way where lending happens much faster, within six months. The company started a subsidiary, Power Finance Green Energy Ltd., in July to broaden its exposure to renewable energy projects. To date, Power Finance has approved almost 30 billion rupees to renewable projects, with 13.4 billion rupees in loans outstanding as of Dec. 30. The balance and all future loans will be managed by the green energy unit in the new financial year, Singh said.
energetica india

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Energetica News
I N D I A

Indian Government encourages Private Players in Power Transmission & Distribution

The government has called for more participation by private players in the power transmission and distribution (T&D) sector. We want more and more private participation in the sector to sustain the growth momentum. We are aware of the challenges faced by the industry, including a shortage of coal and gas. We are considering them sympathetically and carefully, said Power Minister Sushilkumar Shinde. The shortage of coal has badly impacted the upcoming ultra-mega power projects at Krishnapatnam (AP) and Mundra (Gujarat). The government is in touch with the authorities concerned and discussing the issue with various ministries, he said. We have also asked the Planning Commission to address the issue of demand and supply of coal and gas in the 12th Five-Year Plan (2012-17), said Shinde. On the governments decision to impose duty on power equipment imported from China, he said, We have to protect the interest of local manufacturers.The Ministry of Heavy Industries has proposed to impose nearly 17 per cent import duty on Chinese power equipment. Under an initiative of the Power Ministry, several joint ventures have been formed to manufacture supercritical boilers and turbine generators for thermal plants. These JVs have been formed between L&T and Japans Mitsubishi, Alstom and Bharat Forge, Toshiba and JSW, Ansaldo and GB Engineering and Thermax and Babcock and Wilcox. In addition, staterun BHEL has entered into a collaboration with Alstom and Siemens to make supercritical boilers and turbine generators.We are encouraging domestic manufacturing of power equipment. We want India to export turbines in the future, said Shinde.

Suzlon picks 100.8MW contract from CLP India

CLP India, one of the largest foreign private players in the Indian Power Sector, and Suzlon Energy Limited (SEL), worlds fifth leading and Indias largest wind turbine manufacturer, has announced the signing of a contract for over 100MW of wind power project, which is expected to be commissioned by January 2013. The project comprises 48 units of Suzlons latest S97-2.1 MW wind turbine featuring DFIG technology. The project is expected to generate more than 0.2 million CERs every year upon registration under the Clean Development Mechanism. The deal valued over Rs. 600 Cr reaffirms and strengthens CLP Groups commitment to reducing the carbon footprint of the business by minimizing reliance on conventional coal fired generation to the extent possible and increasing the share of non-carbon emitting sources in their portfolio to 30% by 2020, of which 20% will be from renewable energy sources. With this new wind project, CLP Indias wind power portfolio has grown from 638.8MW to more than 740MW, reinforcing its leadership position as the largest wind energy developer in India. This portfolio is spread across five states in India Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Mr. Rajiv Mishra, Managing Director, CLP India said, Accelerated development of the Indian power sector is central to realizing the countrys GDP growth potential and requires investments across all sources of renewable & conventional energy that will help achieve an energy efficient and sustainable economy. Renewable energy sources will play a vital role in building an adequate and responsible power infrastructure over the next few years. Wind has been a key area of thrust for us over the past 4-5 years and we are committed to growing this part of our portfolio in India by 200 to 300 MW every year. This deal reiterates our intent and efforts in this direction. Mr. Mahesh Makhija, Director Renewables Business Development, CLP India said, In line with the Groups Climate Vision 2050, CLP India is committed to reducing carbon emissions to match the agreed global level so that the effects of catastrophic climate change can be minimized. This deal is an important step towards fulfilling CLP Indias commitment to growing its Renewables portfolio. We trust Suzlons proven expertise, capabilities and the latest S9X turbine technology to deliver expected life cycle value contribution to this project. Mr. Tulsi Tanti, Chairman, Suzlon Group said; This order from CLP India reflects the trust instilled in Suzlon and our latest S9X turbines by a globally renowned utility IPP. We have proven end-to-end capabilities in India, including low cost manufacturing set-up, as well as a strong pipeline of projects in all windy states and the proven expertise of setting-up and operating over 6,800 MW of wind energy assets. Our dedicated IPP solutions team is experienced and equipped to meet the specific requirement of the IPP segment customers and have been successfully executing many large contracts. Suzlon is happy to partner with a globally experienced utility IPP like CLP India and looks forward to nurturing a long term relationship.

energetica india

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Energetica News
I Gamesa launches the new G97-2.0 MW Wind Turbine for Indian Market
Gamesa, a global technology leader in wind energy, announced the launch of its new G97-2.0 MW wind turbine in India. The turbine was unveiled by Honble Minister of New and Renewable Energy, Dr. Farooq Abdullah along with Mr. Ramesh Kymal, Chairman and Managing Director, Gamesa India, at the 3rd International Wind Conference and Exhibition in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. The new G97 turbine has been especially designed for low-wind sites and Gamesa expects such sites to drive a major portion of demand in the 2.0 MW category. The turbine features a swept area 16% larger than that of the G90 turbine and exceeds the energy output by nearly 14%. G97 features a new aerodynamic blade profile with optimized blade root, Inbuilt dry type Transformer and an Inbuilt Condition Monitoring System. The turbine has a series of enhancements along with an updated look, with a state-of-the-art nacelle design and improvements in the cooling system inside the nacelle. Mr. Ramesh Kymal, Chairman and Managing Director, Gamesa India said, We are glad to have launched the G97 in India. The wind energy sector in India is rapidly expanding; shifting focus to moderate and low wind sites. G97 has been launched to cater to these emerging opportunities. We are anticipating great demand for this product as it will be a strategic asset for energy providers looking for greater returns from low to medium wind speed sites.
10 JANUARY|FEBRUARY12

ICICI Bank to fund Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Projects in India
Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corp. (SMBC) completed a USD 300 million loan deal with ICICI Bank. JBIC is providing USD 180 million, while SMBC and Bank of TokyoMitsubishi UFJ are funding USD 120 million. The commercial portion is guaranteed by JBIC. The funds will be used to support renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in India.

Solar Energy and Thorium are Indias Energy Solutions, says National Solar Mission Chief, Mr.Kakodkar
The newly-appointed head of the National Solar Mission, Mr. Anil Kakodkar said that Solar energy and Thorium have answers for Indias energy needs. He was speaking at the Indian Institute of Science Alumni Association Science Forum on Sustainable Energy Security for India: Challenges and Options. If we have to meet 5,000 kWh per capita consumption of electricity at an estimated usage of 8 trillion units per year, coal will last only 11 years, whereas Uranium and its derivatives will not last beyond 40 years. Sustainability will come with the use of solar energy and Thorium, the latter will last for 170 years. They are the only forms of energy that will meet our needs, he said. He added that India was one of the few countries that addressed Thorium developments. We cannot have Thorium power plants, as it does not have fissile content. But Indias nuclear power programme has successfully recognised Thoriums importance, being one of the few countries to have fast-breeder reactors, he said. Commenting on the Solar Mission, he said: We are now looking at the scale of the mission and also at bringing the costs down. We are looking at capacity-building. Considering the technological content, we have to plan in a manner that is cost-effective, he said. He added that the initial challenge for the mission was understanding whether Indias large land surfaces could withstand the weathering. I am afraid we have not fully understood this factor as yet. Making sure surfaces retain their properties is a challenge, he said.

Tata Capital to set PE Fund for Clean Energy

Tata Capital is planning to launch a PE fund with International Finance Corporation to provide equity support for clean energy projects. This follows a floating a joint venture (JV) between the two organizations to lend Rs 5,000 crore for renewable energy projects. Any project requires both equity and loan support. Our JV with IFC will provide loan support for renewable energy projects in solar and wind energy segments, while the PE fund will provide equity support. We will work with IFC for the PE fund too, Tata Capital MD and CEO Praveen P Kadle said. Refusing to disclose the size of the fund since it was too early, Kadle said it will be of a reasonably good size and a large part of the finance for the PE fund will come from international markets. Tata Capitals 80:20 joint venture with IFC, called TataCleantech Capital, aims to disburse loans worth about Rs 5,000 crore over the next five years to finance projects in solar energy, wind mills, water management and waste management sectors, among others.The JV will raise fund through borrowing from international markets, special lines of credit from multi-lateral agencies as well as domestic borrowing.

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Indian Energy enters into Framework Agreement with Trishe Developers for 1000MW of Wind Projects
Indian Energy has entered in to a Framework Agreement (Agreement) with Trishe Developers Private Limited (Trishe) for the development and acquisition of up to 1000 MW of wind farms in India. The Agreement provides for Trishe to undertake the development of the projects, which Indian Energy will acquire once certain development milestones have been reached. Indian Energy and Trishe envisage that approximately 300 MW of projects will be commissioned during 2013, a further 350 by 2014 and the remaining 350 by 2016. The projects will be implemented across a number of States in India, including Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra. The wind turbines will be supplied by various manufacturers, with each project utilising the most appropriate turbine technology for the site. Indian Energy will be selling the power generated to both State utilities as well as industrial customers. Suzlon S9X Turbine suits exceeds 1GW in global orders Suzlon Group, the worlds fifth leading and Indias largest wind turbine manufacturer has announced that it has secured over 1 GW of orders for its S9X suite of wind turbines. This latest product offering was launched in April, 2011, and has since received strong acceptance from all customer groups across key markets including India, USA, Canada, Australia and Brazil. Customers who have already placed major orders for S9X turbines include Mytrah Energy, CLP India, Orient Green Power, Coromandel Wind Energy, and Sprott Energy among others. Certified by leading testing and certification agency Germanischer Lloyd, S9X turbines are already operational in India, Australia and USA and delivering uptime levels above the industry standard. Speaking on this milestone, Mr. Tulsi Tanti Chairman, Suzlon Group, said: This milestone stands testament to our established track record of providing robust, reliable and cost effective wind power solutions to our customers. The S9X suite is an evolution of our proven, reliable S88 platform and extends our competitive edge in high growth markets. Reaching the 1 GW mark in such a short time period with the S9X suite, and its exceptional out of the box performance also underscores the strength of our R&D process in working closely with our customers to understand their needs and create solutions to meet them. The S9X suite is designed to meet market and customer needs based on inputs received through an intensive global customer engagement program. As sites with high wind speeds worldwide, including India, get utilized the future potential for project development resides in moderate to low wind speed sites. The S9X suite, features larger rotor diameters, increased hub heights and technology enhancements, like the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) technology, resulting in 14 to 19 per cent higher power output in comparison to earlier designs. The turbine design makes it possible to harness power efficiently from lower wind speed sites making the project economically viable, and through this further expanding the wind market.

Vikram Solar announces Commissioning of 2MW Solar Power Project in Chattisgarh

Kolkata-based crystalline photo voltaic module maker as well as EPC contractor, Vikram Solar Group, announced the commissioning of a 2 MW grid-connected solar power project at Khaora, in Chattisgarh. While solar PV modules are manufactured by Vikram Solar at its facility at Falta Special Economic Zone near Kolkata; the EPC contracts are carried out by its joint venture arm, Vikram Proener Projects. The company has already commissioned a 5 MW solar power plant project in Gujarat in December 2011. Other projects in the pipeline include one each in Rourkela (Orissa) and Bamra (Orissa).
energetica india

A landmark event in the Indian power sector

POWER-GEN India & Central Asia, Renewable Energy World and HydroVision India 2012 is being supported by the Ministry of Power, Government of India. Together, these co-located events address Indias Power Generation, Renewable Energy & Hydropower challenges respectively. Under the theme Switching on Indias POWER Future, this high-level conference and exhibition will address the important technical and logistical issues facing the Indian governments ambitious plans to modernize its power infrastructure. With its population growing at a phenomenal rate (India is on track to overtake China as the worlds most populous country within the next 30 years) and continuing strong economic growth (its GDP is expected to grow at an annual rate of 8 per cent) Indias need for electricity has never been greater. Keeping in view this new demand for energy consumption and the exceptional growth required in the power sector to meet the desired targets, POWER-GEN India & Central Asia along with the co-located events seek to address the important technical and logistical issues facing the Indian governments ambitious plans to modernize its power infrastructure. Over the course of three days, the co-located POWERGEN India & Central Asia, Renewable Energy World India and HydroVision India conference will cover 28 topics spanning 8 sessions and will be delivered by over 100 international speakers representing more than 15 countries around the world. This is a unique opportunity to hear critical issues facing the power industry as well as modernization of power infrastructure in India and around the globe.

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State Departments of Energy/ Power, State Electricity Regulatory Commissions, State DISCOMs and State Nodal Agencies for Renewable Energy with the agenda of understanding the concept based on Indian and European experience.

Zimmer Energietechnik is entering the Indian PV manufacturing market with AW Solution GmbH
Zimmer Energietechnik with its partnership to Indo-German Key Techonology provider AW Solution GmbH is entering the Indian PV manufacturing market with its high performance tabberstringer machines for PVmodule production. Zimmer Energietechnik is a reliable global technology supplier and possesses an outstanding production technology for the special purpose of machinery manufacturing. The company offers tabber-stringers for cells down to 120 microns with single and double stringers at 800/1200 and 1600/2400 cells per hour including all state of the art technologies. Careful cell handling, short cell transportation ways and proven technology makes the Zimmer T/SServies to a reliable product for Indian manufacturer with excellent performance. The well-tested infrared soldering - process guarantees best precision soldering of solar cells within a stable, monitored process window. Cells are handled with sensitive care and through profiled temperature and time curves. The solder control unit determines and monitors all processes. All data are displayed and automatically logged in an internal data base to be used e.g. for statistics and quality purposes. For Indian PV module manufacturer this kind of machinery will provide the advantage of fast and qualified production in competitive time. AW Solution GmbH as an IndoGerman company represents a range of key technology providers in India and supports with finance, local service and engineering teams. In the challenges of the PV industry in India, the service of AW Solution GmbH leads to a high quality standard and steady cost reduction.

India considering Net Metering Concept

The Ministery for New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has been considering Net Metering in India. MNRE has also recently held a Consultation Meeting on net metering for solar projects. The meeting was attended by Senior officials from the

Worlds Largest Solar Power Plant using Thin Film with with Single Axis Tracker
In Gujarat, India, a 5MW ground-mounted utility project was completed by using NexPower NT145AX thin film modules before the end of last year. This project is recorded as one of the world biggest solar projects using the thin film technology with a tracking system. The solar plant is expected to produce up to 25% power output more than that of a standard crystalline plant without a tracking system. NexPower announces that the company has reached a successful year with more than 40MW NexPower solar modules installed in India during 2011 including the above tracking project. NexPower thin film panels are clearly proven to have better performance in a high temperature environment such as India. This is why the field test result from the Photon Magazine shows NexPower modules dominate all the world solar modules among the tested samples during the sunshining months in 2011. NexPower CEO Arthur Chou also mentions Having the great opportunity to participate in some India milestone projects is really the best advertisement for the brand. Together with the involvement in NexPowers financial solution to the Indian solar market, NexPower expects the further success is continued in 2012.

Emmvee supplies modules to 1MW Solar Project in Haryana

The installation consists of 4167 Emmvee Crystal (240 Wp each). Sterling and Wilson, one of Indias most renowned companies for HV and LV electrical systems, chose Emmvee on the basis of technical expertise, the high end manufacturing line, the high quality of the modules and reliability of the performance as well as the standard of service offered by Emmvee. Emmvee is chosen for its technical expertise, which has been gained over the years and the quality of our modules. This is why our customers keep coming back to our modules and the reason why there are always new customers and this time we have proven it again, says D.V. Manjunatha, Managing Director and Founder of Emmvee. This project will be commissioned by March 2012.

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More than 800 million Indians rely on Biomass Energy: says Worldwatch Institute
As many as 836 million Indians still rely on traditional biomass for energy, says a new research published by the Worldwatch Institute, even as the US claimed that India along with China would account for half of global energy consumption by 2035. The largest populations that rely on traditional biomass for energy are in the developing regions of Asia, with 836 million in India alone, said the Worldwatch Institute. Altogether, 54 per cent of the population of developing Asia relies on traditional biomass fuels, said the report, according to which despite massive gains in global access to electricity over the last two decades, governments and development organisations must continue to invest in electrification to achieve critical health, environmental, and livelihood outcomes. Between 1990 and 2008, close to 2 billion people worldwide gained access to electricity. But the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that more than 1.3 billion people still lack access to electricity, while the UN says that another 1 billion have unreliable access, it said. The report said at least 2.7 billion people, and possibly more than 3 billion, lack access to modern fuels for cooking and heating. They rely instead on traditional biomass sources, such as firewood, charcoal, manure, and crop residues, that can emit harmful indoor air pollutants when burned. These pollutants cause nearly 2 million premature deaths worldwide each year, an estimated 44 per cent of them in children. Among adult deaths, 60 per cent are women. Traditional energy usage also contributes to environmental impacts including forest and woodland degradation, soil erosion, and black carbon emissions that contribute to global climate change, it said. As new approaches to electrification evolve, ones that dont rely on expensive regional or national grids but rather a diversity of locally available energy resources, we can begin to reach for the goal of access to electricity for all, rural as well as urban, said Worldwatch president Robert Engelman. But access to electricity needs to be based wherever possible on lowcarbon energy, since we need to preserve a climate conducive to health and well-being, he said.

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I N D I A

Global Thought Leaders and Policy Makers Pledge to Protect the Global Commons and Adopt Sustainable Methods at TERI DSDS 2012
Global leaders and policy makers from across 29 countries pledged to protect the global commons and adopt sustainable methods at of TERIs Delhi Sustainable Development Summit (DSDS) 2012. The Global Challenge for Resource Efficient and Low Carbon Development will be the theme for TERI DSDS 2013. This was unveiled at the valedictory session of DSDS 2012. The TERI DSDS 2012 had representatives from all six continents - North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia. The participants, delegates and speakers were from both developed and developing countries. Summing up the summit Dr RK Pachauri, Director-General, TERI said, The Delhi Sustainable Development Summit is a very important platform, and this years theme highlighted the over-exploitation of the earths commons, which is cumulative result of decades of growth and development with serious impacts on our ecosystems. We, therefore, owe it to generations yet to come, and the underprivileged of this generation to see that we bring about a major shift in priorities and rejuvenation of resources which have been depleted. We at TERI have been established with clearly defined objectives of addressing some of the ecological and environmental problems that we see at the global level not only through our own research but also in our own practice. He further added, We believe that the theme this year is particularly important in the light of the major event scheduled to be held in Rio in June at which the global community would not only review the progress and the lack of it since 1992, but also set directions for the future. Earlier in the day Dr Pachauri stated, India has a very important role to play in sustainable development not just for its own people but for the rest of the world too. We at TERI believe what we are doing is obviously of relevance to the whole of humanity and not just to India. I believe India really has to be in the lead in setting an agenda and creating a framework of sustainable development not only is good for our people but be a beacon light for the rest of the world. The three-day long summit was inaugurated by Dr Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister, India. Present at the TERI DSDS 2012 inaugural ceremony were H.E. Ms. Tarja Halonen, President, Finland, H.E. Mr James Alix Michel, President, Seychelles, H.E. Mr. Anote Tong, President of the Republic of Kiribati, H.E. Mr. Bharrat Jagdeo, Former President, Guyana andH.E. Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, Former Prime Minister of Norway and Member of the UN Secretary Generals Sustainability Panel, Norway. Mr. Arnold Schwarzenegger, Founding Chair, R20 - Regions of Climate Change and Former Governor of California, , Honble Dr. Farooq Abdullah Union Minister for New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, and Ms. Jayanthi Natarajan, Honble Minister of State for Environment and Forests, Govt. of India was also present at the occasion. The summit this year was represented by political leaders and ministers from Australia, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Botswana, Canada, Congo, Ethiopia, Finland, Germany, Guyana, Japan, Kiribati, Malaysia, Maldives, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Portugal, Poland, Quebec, Seirra Leone, Seychelles, U.K., Uganda, U.S.A. and India, including Nobel laureate Elinor Ostrom and several distinguished business leaders. DSDS 2012 also had a total of 16 special events including the World CEO Sustinability Summit which drew participation from 90 CEOs and corporate representatives, 40 government representatives and 50 institutional / NGOs. The overall focus of the CEO Summit was Doing Business: While Protecting the Global commons. This was organized by TERI BCSD in association with WBCSD. The two panel discussion at this summit delved into business challenges and opportunities while protecting the global commons. In the session New Frontiers in Combating Climate Change, esteemed panellists discussed new sustainable ways such as renewable energy and clean technology that would help counter climate change. Creative and practical ways were looked into to address the problems of climate change and address the issue. The special events at the sidelines of DSDS 2012 covered a wide array of topics including Women in Green Economy, Regional Rollout of the Sustainable Energy for All Year, Clean and Green cities, Water commons, YUVA Meet, Mountain Ecology, Biodiversity and the like. About DSDS The DSDS (Delhi Sustainable Development Summit) has been the flagship conference of TERI since 2001. It is a global forum that seeks to provide long-term solutions to protect this planet. Held annually, DSDS is the only event of its kind in the world with participation by global stakeholders-multilateral and bilateral development organizations, governments, the corporate sector, nongovernmental organizations, and academic and research institutions. Now globally esteemed as a credible summit on global issues related to sustainable development, it continues to provide hope to communities lagging behind on development indicators.

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World Market for Wind Turbines Recovers and Sets a New Record
The world market for wind turbines set a new record in the year 2011 and reached a total size of 41 Gigawatt, after 37,6 Gigawatt in 2010. According to the preliminary data gathered by World Wind Energy Association and published on the occasion of the 3rd WE20 by 2020 conference in Coimbatore/India, the total capacity worldwide has come close to 239 Gigawatt, enough to cover 3 % of the worlds electricity demand. Amongst the individual countries, China kept its strong position reached a similar amount like in the previous year 2010: China installed around 18 GW of new wind turbines within 2011, coming to a total capacity of 63 GW, more than one fourth of the global wind capacity. The second largest market for new wind turbines was again the USA with 6,8 GW, followed by India (2,7 GW), Germany (2 GW) and a surprisingly strong Canada with 1,3 GW of new installed capacity. Spain, France and Italy added each around 1 GW. A strong increase in wind power utilization can be observed especially in the emerging markets, like China, India, Brazil, and Mexico. This opens new windows for further growth, as these countries do have an increasing need for electricity which can be matched by wind power in a very economic, safe and timely way. On the other hand, several of the European markets showed stagnation or even decrease. The US market presented itself stronger than in 2010, however, the mid-term prospects are not very bright, due to a lack of clarity regarding the political support schemes. In Canada, especially Ontario with its Green Energy Act, adopted as a consequence of the WWEC2008, made sure that the country now finds itself as number five in terms of new capacity. WWEA President Dr. He Dexin: Wind power has become - as a low-cost, low-risk and non-polluting energy option - a pillar of the energy supply in many countries. These countries have been able to create new industries and hundreds of thousands of jobs. Other countries should learn from this experience and also set up the right policies. Especially to enable the poorest countries also to participate in and benefit from wind power utilization, the world community should create special financing tools and funds, such as the Global Green Climate Fund and a global feed-in tariff programme, as suggested by WWEA and the International Renewable Energy Alliance. WWEA Secretary General Stefan Gsnger: Although we can observe a recovery of the overall market, the slow-down in some of the industrialized countries, in conjunction with uncertainties about future policies, is a matter of major concern. We call especially on the government of Spain to revise its recent suspension of the support schemes for renewable energy and to continue its leadership role in wind power deployment. Another crucial topic for the future success of wind power is public support. To maximize this, policies should ensure and enable community involvement so that local communities benefit directly from wind farms in their vicinity.

Siemens secures First Wind Turbine order in Africa

Siemens has secured its first wind turbine order in Africa. The order consists of two separate wind farms in Morocco, each featuring 22 SWT-2.3101 wind turbines producing an output of 50 MW; in total a 100 MW order. The scope of supply includes the delivery, installation and commissioning of the wind turbines, as well as a 5-year service contract for each project. Both wind power plants are expected to commence commercial operation by summer 2013. Africa is an emerging wind market with Morocco currently being number two in installations. These two orders mark Siemens Wind Powers entry on the African wind market and clearly show that our internationalization strategy is successful, said Felix Ferlemann, CEO of the Siemens Wind Power Division. According to the Global Wind Energy Council, wind power is one of the most promising sectors for renewable energy generation in Morocco. The Moroccan government has set the target of raising the contribution of renewable energy to 20% of national electricity consumption by 2020. Internationalization is a key pillar of Siemens strategy in the global wind market. Just recently, Siemens announced that it will establish three regional Wind Power Business Units for EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa), Americas and Asia as part of a new Wind Power Division. Moreover, the company has sales hubs in several countries around the globe. Within the Business Unit EMEA, Siemens has strengthened its sales hubs in Africa, where a growing number of employees are involved in the wind power business. The Haouma Wind Farm project will be built in Northern Morocco, approximately 30 km east of Tangier, and six km south of the Mediterranean coast. At 50 MW, Haouma will feature 22 Siemens SWT2.3-93 wind turbines. Foum El Oued will be built in one of the windiest areas of Morocco in the municipality of Layoune, 9 km south east of the port of Layoune in Southern Morocco. Also at 50 MW, Foum El Oued will feature 22 SWT-2.3-101 wind turbines. Wind Power is part of Siemens Environmental Portfolio. In fiscal 2011, revenue from the Portfolio totaled about 30 billion, making Siemens one of the worlds largest suppliers of ecofriendly technologies. In the same period, our products and solutions enabled customers to reduce their carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by nearly 320 million tons, an amount equal to the total annual CO2 emissions of Berlin, Delhi, Hong Kong, Istanbul, London, New York, Singapore and Tokyo.

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Glasstechs Advanced Equipment Technology puts Indigenous Manufacturing within reach

PV Inverter Market achieves Record Shipments in 2011

IMS Researchs preliminary Q411 report, found that inverter shipments grew by up to 15% in 2011, with more than 8 GW shipped in the last quarter of the year. The report, which is widely considered the most accurate indicator for the PV inverter industry, as it collects sales and shipment data from more than 40 of the largest manufacturers, accounting for more than 85% of the industry, found major regional variations. Germany remained the largest market, but saw shipments fall by more than a quarter in 2011. This was because of the very high inventory levels in the country at the start of the year as customers sat on high stocks of string inverters. Although many of these inverters were subsequently re-exported to other markets or returned to manufacturers, underlying demand was still not high enough and saw shipment sink considerably, commented Senior Research Director Ash Sharma. Whilst the German marked performed poorly in 2011, this was more than offset by other markets. China performed extremely well following the countrys introduction of its FiT and saw shipments of nearly 3 GW, whilst the Americas market achieved shipments of close to 4 GW. The report also found that whilst both Italy and the UK drove high inverter shipment growth, this was not enough to prevent the European market from falling in 2011. In total IMS Research estimates shipments grew by up to 15% globally in 2011 but revenues were flat in US Dollar terms and slightly down in Euros. The research firm estimates that inventory levels have returned to more normal levels, though again significant regional variations are occurring. Inventory levels have greatly reduced in Europe, with inverters being re-exported from Germany, especially those not compliant with the new low-voltage directive requirements. However, inventory levels are understood to have increased considerably in the USA and Asia. In the USA this was caused by customers stock-piling large volumes of inverters ahead of the expiration of the 1603 program. These inverters will of course now be installed in 2012, explained Sharma. Quarterly analysis of the global PV inverter market is available from IMS Researchs PV Inverter Supply & Demand Report.

Glasstechs Advanced CRB-STMbending and tempering system supports local manufacturing of tempered (strengthened) parabolic trough glass reflector shapes. This proven, commercially available glass bending and tempering system enables local manufacturers to produce the shapes for local and regional use as well as for export. One of the specific goals that countries interested in investing in solar power cite is the overlapping economic benefit of nurturing advanced technology, job growth and overall economic development. For example, one of the India National Solar Mission objectives is to take a global leadership role in component manufacturing across the value chain. This indigenous manufacturing theme has been cited when discussing the MENA and South Africa regions as well, says Michael Ondrus, Director of Solar Energy Systems, Glasstech, Inc. After collaborating with customers in Europe, the U.S. and other locations, the concentration solar power growth regions of India, MENA, Asia and South Africa are the next logical component manufacturing locations to naturally
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follow the demand for these components. Glasstech provides the advanced technology to develop indigenous manufacturing by breaking down our customers technological barriers to market entry. Not only does Glasstech provide the proven system but key insight into the rest of the process as well. In addition, Glasstech systems are scalable, allowing for production volume growth as the market expands. Governments are also mandating local content levels as a means to spur local economy growth. Local producers utilizing Glasstech systems enjoy that competitive advantage as well as minimizing production costs, product lead-times and transportation costs. Glasstech not only offers the CRB-S for high precision trough reflector glass production, but technologies to process other curved reflector shapes as well. Glasstech also offers systems that fabricate high quality strengthened PV panel glass for the global photovoltaic power market. For more information, please see us at the Glasstech stand at CSP India in New Delhi on March 14th and 15th.

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GeoModel Solar Releases Most Detailed Solar Resource Maps for South Africa
GeoModel Solar, a leading international provider of solar resource data, online site assessment tools, and expert consultancy, has released a new set of solar maps for South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland. The abundant global and direct solar radiation is now mapped in the best possible quality, which will support the development of photovoltaic and concentrated solar energy in the country. Uniqueness of these maps is reflected in their very high spatial resolution of 250 metres. As regards temporal resolution, the underlying solar database represents more than 18 years of historical data (1994 - to present) with a time step of up to 15 minutes, said Marcel Suri, Managing Director of GeoModel Solar. The solar radiation received in some regions can vary by up to 20% within a distance of 10 kilometres. Hence, it is very important to have access to data with high accuracy and spatial resolution, making it possible to predict a solar plants output with greater confidence, he added. High reliability of maps was achieved thanks to the use of data from SolarGIS, the most accurate solar resource database available for Southern Africa. SolarGIS, developed by GeoModel Solar, has been extensively validated by a number of local ground measurements in partnership with Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies, Stellenbosch University. These maps are a very useful source of solar resource information. Utilization of such information can have a significant impact on profitability and efficiency of projects, said Prof. Wikus van Niekerk, Director of the Centre. The maps and data can be accessed through the SolarGIS web-based platform: http://solargis.info The SolarGIS platform also provides access to the online site assessment tools: iMaps and pvPlanner. iMaps, a stateof-the-art interactive mapping tool, enables identification of the best locations for solar energy projects. Once a site is selected, photovoltaic electricity yield can be interactively estimated with the help of pvPlanner.

Gehrlicher Solar and Masdar PV build roof-top installation with full-size modules
The innovative installation in Belgium was recently hooked up to the power grid for the French customer InnoVent. The 7.7 kWp roof-top installation is the second of its kind with modules of this size as roof elements. This is the continuation of the successful cooperation between Gehrlicher Solar and Masdar PV. The project entailed challenging requirements in terms of innovative and engineering abilities, as did their first cooperative project. The building on which the thin-skin solar modules were to be mounted was an old barn built back in the late 19th century. The structures age and its sloping roof made it necessary to use a special sub-construction for the modules. The experts from Gehrlicher had the right solution to hand though: the GehrTec Intra substruc18 JANUARY|FEBRUARY12

ture allowed Masdar PVs solar modules to be fully integrated into the roof and thus create a completely rain-proof roof system. Since the substructure required only a few system components and the a-Si solar modules offer an excellent

cost-benefit ratio, the systems total costs are such as to render it very attractive to investors. We are proud to have carried out this project with Gehrlicher Solar, said Dr. Matthias Peschke, COO of Masdar PV, adding: Following our joint pilot project for a faade-integrated

system in Munich, we have once again been able to offer our customer an innovative and aesthetically appealing solution. Klaus Gehrlicher, CEO of Gehrlicher Solar, is also very pleased with the latest joint effort: By using our well-tested substructure in combination with the full-size modules from Masdar PV, we can offer our customers solutions that are even more economical. For InnoVent, the project planner, this example of cooperation with Gehrlicher Solar and Masdar PV represents the prelude to a good business relationship. The highly innovative company, whose achievements include that of building one of the first wind farms in France, is also developing projects based on solar and wind energy in southern Africa. Products from Masdar PV are currently being used there as well.
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Emmvee receive second certificate for Italys FIT

German-Indian pv-module manufacturer Emmvee have received their second certificate for Italys FIT. The Italian energy agency GSE has adjusted its regulations for the Made in Europe FIT-criteria. From now on, it is not enough to buy a certain amount of European components to be classified as Made in Europe, today TV Rheinland actually checks the amount, the percentage and the period of time in which European cells have been purchased. Emmvee Photovoltaics have always relied on long-term relationships. Since the beginning of their photovoltaic enterprise, the company has been co-operating with German manufacturers of high-quality components. When it comes to European components, we regularly reach more than 90 per cent. It is our poicy of quality that keeps on track. We publish every single detail in our data sheets and on our websites, thus being one of the markets most transparent companies, says Frank Hilgenfeld, spokesman of Emmvee Photovoltaics GmbH in Berlin. PV-installations with modules made by Emmvee are therefore given the extra FIT in Italy. Salvatore Cammilleri, one of the two managing directors of Emmvee Photovoltaics GmbH says: We support this move by the GSE as we believe in quality, transparency and fair competition. Emmvee have changed the names of their products in order to display the name of the cell manufacturer and the place of production straight away. We are now one of the most transparent companies in the market. That is exactly the way we conduct our business. No surprises and a reliable service, says Salvatore Cammilleri.

Juwi is Fit for Tomorrow

The German leading renewable energy company Juwi received the Axia Award 2011 Rhine-Main, advertised by Deloitte, a leading accounting and consulting company. Juwi COO Jochen Magerfleisch, who accepted the award in Frankfurt, sees the prize as a confirmation of Juwis chosen path: Of course, we have a very well-structured controlenergetica india

ling. Of course, we make sure that every project is efficient. However, we do not lead our employees according to these financial ratios. We practice a value-oriented and consensusoriented management system. The focus is on people. The jury, chaired by Peter Steiner, praised the Juwi group as a role model for the economy.
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New Global Survey reveals increasing Acceptance of Chinese PV Inverters

IMS Researchs new PV Inverter Customer Opinions & Requirements Survey report, reveals a number of interesting trends for PV inverters in the future as well as reasons behind their buyers choice of supplier and product. Whilst there was very strong brand preference for Western suppliers of inverters, with SMA Solar Technology confirmed as clear leader, many customers indicated that they trusted Chinese brands too, with customers in Italy and the UK being the most accepting. Despite this, the survey found that most customers still prefer Western inverter suppliers and had several demands for better products. Report co-author and market analyst, Cormac Gilligan commented, The most important product feature for string inverters was having more MPPT channels and a wider MPP range. Whilst central inverter customers also want this, they see improved system monitoring and fault detection of ultimate importance to them. The on-going trend of building large installations using three-phase string inverters was also evident from the survey and more than 70% of respondents indicated they would consider using a string inverter in PV systems over 750kW in size. In fact, more than 30% said they would use string inverters to build MW-sized projects. Nearly 70% of customers wanted monitoring diagnostics right down to the string level, with 15% wanting to monitor each panel individually. This appears to show a great opportunity for panellevel electronics. Senior Research Director, Ash Sharma commented. Despite only being used in 1% of installations last year, more than 10% of customers are intending to use microinverters for some of their projects in the next 12-24 months, with an even greater number wanting to use DC-DC power optimisers. Conversely, the survey also found that many customers wouldnt use microinverters due to their higher costs and because they remain a new and still unproven technology. Although customers were expecting better performing inverter products in future, with more features and higher efficiencies, most expected prices to fall over the next three years with most expecting a 20-30% reduction. Despite many respondents indicating they would be willing to pay for higher yields, nearly all said they expected their inverters to have more features and higher quality for lower prices. The survey results indicated that this was probably to be due to the way customers determine their preferred inverter price, Nearly half of all customers said that they determined their inverter price based on their overall system budget. With module and system prices falling rapidly, this inherently puts more pressure on inverter prices to fall too, added Gilligan. Several hundred buyers of PV inverters such as installers, distributors, wholesalers, integrators and EPCs were surveyed by IMS Research to understand more about their purchasing habits when selecting an inverter and a vendor.

20GW of PV Manufacturing Equipment to be Replaced by 2016

According to the latest quarterly updated report from IMS Research, revenue declines of over 65% are forecasted for the PV manufacturing equipment market in 2012. However, a new opportunity has been identified as equipment vendors seek out new market bright spots in the industry. Aging equipment requiring upgrade or complete replacement represents the biggest opportunity currently and this is where the majority of equipment revenues will come from in 2012. The research report found that
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this could provide a 20 GW opportunity for equipment suppliers, generating some $25 billion in revenues over the next four years. Ingot, wafer, cell and module makers are all placing less criticality on expanding production, and are instead focussing on increasing endproduct quality and overall efficiencies. Utilization rates are at an all-time low and the current lull in new demand and capacity across the supply chain will provide a potential opportunity for PV-product makers to gain market share longer-term

through upgrading equipment now. Senior Research Director Tim Dawson comments: IMS Research has estimated that there is between 2.5 and 4 GW of existing manufacturing capacity that requires upgrade in 2012, and this figure will steadily ramp-up over the coming few years. Companies wishing to remain competitive and take the opportunity to gain market share, will be forced to invest in new equipment. Dawson continues: The inevitable market shake-out that will see less competitive

product makers fall by the wayside, will stimulate further demand for equipment as existing manufacturing capacity goes offline. Manufacturing equipment companies that stand to benefit most are those that have a clear equipment upgrade strategy available to their customers. Furthermore, companies that will resist the shake-out best will be those who can go through these equipment upgrades with the least disruption, readying themselves for the time when end-demand does ultimately pick-up.
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Tenesol to showcase solar telecoms experience at Mobile World Congress 2012

Since installing its first solar telecoms system in Togo, Africa in 1989, the company has delivered more than 3,000 installations to the industry. Tenesols 28 years of experience in the design, manufacture installation and operation of solar systems worldwide enables it to deliver tailor-made systems that meet specific customer requirements. The company has adapted its solutions to deliver optimised production while meeting local planning constraints in more than 150 countries across the globe. The continuing growth of telecoms in modern society has increased the need for suitable infrastructure in both rural and urban areas. For many years, Tenesol has met this growing need with its award-winning solar energy solutions, which are used in a variety of telecoms applications, including: Fixed, mobile and radio operated networks. All forms of transmitting base stations (small-sized, microwave, wireless, repeater, etc.). Peripheral equipment such as lighting, security and air conditioners. One of Tenesols most successful telecoms projects saw it working in partnership with telecoms giant Orange. Tenesol created a PV system for remote base station equipment that could be adapted to suit different power and location requirements. This solution has since become Oranges global blueprint for off-grid telecoms sites and has Tenesols complete service offering extends to both the financing and maintenance of solar projects. The company handles extensive maintenance contracts that include operational time guarantees so that clients can rest assured with what its installation will provide. Why solar power? Solar power is perfect for the telecommunications industry for a number of reasons. Firstly, solar systems have a very low operating cost, especially when compared to diesel generators commonly used in the industry. Secondly, solar power is highly versatile; solar systems can be installed in almost any location and can suit any power requirement. Finally, it is also highly reliable; solar systems utilize the latest technology but perform a relatively simple operation with little risk of failure. It is not uncommon for an installation to run for more than 25 years. At MWC, Tenesol will be located in Hall 2.1 at Stand E77. The company will showcase a selection of PV products and innovations used in telecoms installations. Representatives from various business units will be on hand to discuss how solar power can meet a wide variety of telecommunications requirements. MWC is the worlds leading mobile telecommunications event. More than 1,400 exhibitors will attend this years show, which takes place 27th February 1st March.

been used at more than 1,000 base stations in 15 countries. The project was awarded the Best Wireless Infrastructure Innovation award at the Global Telecoms Business Innovation Awards 2010.

Tenesol is also currently working on a 4.5 million solar telecoms project in Morocco. The company is supplying more than 4,500 PV panels to Maroc Telecom for use at 42 sites across the country.

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World Class Speaker Line Up

David Morell Tormo,
Commercial Director, Abantia Instalaciones

Sanjay Chakrabarti,
Partner & Cleantech Sector Leader, Ernst & Young

Shilpi Jhunjhunwala,
Vice President, LSI Financial Services

Jos Javier Gonzlez Solano,

Commercial Director, Abengoa Solar

Anil Lakhina,
Chairman & Managing Director, FAST

Phani Bhusan,
Associate, Pricewaterhouse Coopers Private Ltd

Shiv Shukla,
President, Abengoa Solar India

Markus Pfnder,
Managing Director, Ferrostaal Solar

Sachin S Patel,
VP & Business Head, Reliance Power

Virendra Pratap Singh,

CEO - Solar EPC, ACME

Bajrang Lal Agrawal,

Chairman & MD, Godawari Power & Ispat Ltd

Martin Schlecht,
Managing Director, Suntrace

Alberto Rodrguez Rocha,

Strategy and Business Development, ACS Cobra

Representative TBC,
Ingeteam

Richard Meyer,
Director Information & Analytics, Suntrace

Arjun Guha,
Project Ofcer - Renewable Energy Sector, KfW Bankengruppe

Mark Janick,
Project Director, AREVA Solar

Representative TBC,
Siemens

Shreerang Athalye,
Director & COO, Aurum Renewable Energy Pvt Ltd

Santosh Kamath,
Director, KPMG

Representative TBC, Mr. V. Saibaba,

CEO, Lanco Solar
SkyFuel

Representative TBC,
Bechtel

Santiago Arias,
Technology Director - O&M, Torresol Energy

Clint Rosenbaum,
Director, Lauren CCL Engineers Private Ltd

TVN Mahesh,
General Manager of Projects, Corporate Ispat Alloys Ltd

Representative TBC,
Bertrams Heatec

Yeshwant Rao,
Director, Lauren CCL Engineers Private Ltd

Chandrasekar Govindarajalu,
Senior Environmental Specialist, World Bank

Sponsorship/Exhibiting Opportunities

A very important conference! It gave us the chance to meet with key stakeholders in the industry all at once to discuss our opportunities for the next several years. Solutia Great to see the entire international CSP community congregate in Delhi EVI

Deep CSP insights and excellent networking opportunities

GE India Industrial India Pvt. Ltd

Our CSP Today focused exhibition has proven really successful and every year we outgrow previous venues. We have learned that its not all about size, but selection is even more important! That is why as a potential exhibitor and/or sponsor you will need to pass a relevance test. This ensures that our delegates get the most value from the event and that our limited exhibitors and sponsors really get the attention and the business they seek. Every sponsor and exhibit campaign will be customized to meet your specic objectives so call James Brown today on +44 (0) 207 375 7551 to discuss your best options.

Sponsoring, exhibiting or advertising with us is one of the best and most cost effective ways to prospect, generate interest, move companies through your pipeline and ultimately make deals. It gives you a unique and valuable opportunity to build relationships and imprint your company name on the summit attendees and all of the 40,000+ industry contacts well be promoting to for the next 20 weeks. If your company is looking to be one of the leaders in the concentrated solar thermal power space, then call today for more information on exactly how we can help you.

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT:

James Brown Head of Business Development T: +44 (0) 207 375 7551 E: jbrown@csptoday.com W: www.csptoday.com/cspindia

It is a great opportunity to meet our customers and future

partners

Renaud Jourdan, Product Marketing Manager, Dow Chemical

Reserve Your Place Today - & Save Up To $200 www.csptoday.com/cspindia

Securing the future of CSP in India

THE OUTLOOK FOR INDIAN CSP
JNNSM Sustaining Growth to Realise the 2022 Milestone
Consider the impact of phase I bids on CSP market growth in India, and look ahead to the future direction of solar development in phase IIs tender Get an exclusive overview on whether phase I has built the foundations for successful project execution and achieving grid parity for CSP Hear how government subsidies and future regulations will impact the evolution of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission ahead of 2013-2017
INVITED SPEAKERS INCLUDE:

SUPPLY CHAIN INDIGENIZATION & SECURING WORLD MARKETS

KEYNOTE ADDRESS:

DNI & SITING - A DUE DILIGENCE MASTERCLASS

Solar Resource Assessment in India
Hear the latest steps taken by the New and Renewable Energy Ministry to set up parameter stations across India that will provide accurate ground measured data for CSP, so you can accurately forecast your plants performance See why DNI data collected in India has been considered insufcient by investors, to understand the steps you must take to secure backing for future projects
INVITED SPEAKERS INCLUDE:

Anil Lakhina, Chairman & Managing Director, FAST

Get the facts on how India can ramp up its manufacturing capabilities quickly to secure and sustain a dominant global solar market share Find out about the latest scal incentives that are aimed at creating favourable conditions for local CSP supply chains to reduce CSP costs in India Understand how joint ventures and foreign expertise have impacted solar development and localized manufacturing in India, and the effect this could have on project procurement

Mark Janick, Project Director, AREVA Solar Yeshwant Rao, Director, Lauren CCL Engineers Private Ltd Representative TBC, Ingeteam

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy C-WET

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) NTPC National Vidyut Vyapar Nigam (NVVN) Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) Solar Energy Centre (SEC)

Combining Satellite and High Quality Ground Data: Boost Your Projects Value for Increased ROI
Understand the correlation between high accuracy in DNI data and your projects value to see what the banks would accept under project nance conditions Get exclusive insights into the role of frequency distribution of DNI when determining the performance and nancial suitability of projects in India

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT & PROGRESS IN INDIA

Phase I Projects & Looking Ahead to 2013
Hear from winning bidders in Phase I and take away key lessons learned to see how you can dramatically reduce costs and optimize your bankability in India Get the very latest updates on the progress made by Phase I developers, and see how winning bids have impacted market condence and the nancial feasibility of CSP Discover how the risks to the viability of each project have been mitigated and learn how the completion of these plants will pave the way for increased investment and the localisation of equipment in Phase II

PROVE YOUR BANKABILITY AND GET FINANCED

Securing Finance in 2013
Project nance & debt equity - Evaluate what nanciers consider when assessing the opportunities and risks associated with CSP projects, and identify how you can secure future backing See how increasing competition from photovoltaics has impacted solar nancing, and what initiatives must be taken to maintain nancial backing for CSP Understand how increasing interest rates imposed by the central bank and high ination has impacted the nancing of CSP in India

Richard Meyer, Director - Information & Analytics, Suntrace

CSP TECHNOLOGIES 101

CSP Technology Trends
Which technology is most suitable for the Indian market? Hear a comparison of CSP technologies and an assessment of the risks and advantages of deploying each technology in India From nancial risks to overall performance - Discover what technology is paving the way for CSPs future and how selection could impact your long-term ROI How do costs of trough, tower and Fresnel technologies really compare? Find out the nancial benets of each technology and see if incorporating thermal energy storage systems can help reduce solar power generation costs in India

Sachin S Patel, VP & Business Head, Reliance Power Mr. V. Saibaba, CEO, Lanco Solar TVN Mahesh, General Manager - Solar, Corporate Ispat Alloys ltd Ashish Deora, Founder Promoter, Aurum Ventures Bajrang Lal Agrawal, Chairman & MD, Godawari Power & Ispat Ltd Virendra Pratap Singh, CEO - Solar EPC, ACME

Chandrasekar Govindarajalu, Senior Environmental Specialist, World Bank Arjun Guha, Project Ofcer, KfW Bankengruppe Shilpi Jhunjhunwala, Vice President, LSI Financial Services

Lessons Learned Since Phase I

Understand how improved due diligence in government solar parks and increased DNI data in India can help overcome current nancing hurdles, for a boost in both foreign and local investment What are the risks still associated with CSP technologies in India after phase I bids and what steps must be taken in phase II to mitigate them? Discover how nancial closure was achieved in phase I projects to identify what steps must be taken to secure private nancing and debt equity in India for future projects

Project Development Lowering Costs & Improving Performance

Get up to speed on the complex infrastructure challenges for CSP in India, and hear how the governments in Rajasthan and Gujarat State are working to overcome transmission issues From availability of water to allocation of government land hear the latest developments to improve infrastructure and incentive mechanisms in government developed solar parks in India Hear valuable tips for accelerating the CSP learning curve see why preparation is the key for CSP success from mitigation to due diligence and why the earlier you start the smoother the ride
INVITED SPEAKERS INCLUDE:

Alberto Rodrguez Rocha, Strategy and Business Development Consultant, ACS Cobra Mark Janick, Project Director, AREVA Solar

CSP PIONEERS GLOBAL EXPERIENCES AND LESSONS

ACME 2.5 MW Project in Bikaner, Rajasthan
CASE STUDY

Sanjay Chakrabarti, Partner & Cleantech Sector Leader, Ernst & Young Phani Bhusan, Associate, PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) Anand Jain, Manager, Advisory, KPMG

Government of Gujarat Government of Rajasthan Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission (GERC) Rajasthan State Electric Corp

Hear about the challenges and solutions in the design and execution of Indias rst operational power tower plant Understand how cycle efciency has been considered in the implementation of the project to optimize your design process Identify the future opportunities to improve plant performance in India through overcoming challenges in DNI data availability

Virendra Pratap Singh, CEO - Solar EPC, ACME

Reserve your place today - +44 207 37 57 575

Book now - Save up to $200 if you register early

Andasol III Learning from Experience
CASE STUDY

Gemasolar A New Generation of CSP

CASE STUDY

OPTIMIZING CSP PLANT PERFORMANCE

Global EPC Experiences
Learn effective design, engineering and construction strategies that have led to streamlined project construction to drive results and reduce costs Resource planning and procurement From components to labour costs, see how partnering with experienced EPC groups can simplify your projects execution and reduce overall construction costs Optimizing Plant Layout - Develop your design process for optimum performance and reduced costs through effective spacing, power block design and improved HTF cycles

Discover the technical improvements implemented Hear about the worlds rst central tower at Andasol III, and the lessons learned that have technology CSP plant with salts receiver, 15 dramatically reduced overall costs and improved hours storage and operational temperature the performance when compared to its predecessor above 500C plants Get exclusive data on how Gemasolar is Hear about the latest technical innovations that have performing: compare and contrast capacity improved the efciency of the system, as well as expectations and reliability forecasts to see how reduced investment and operational costs a similar plant could perform in India Understand how the integration of thermal energy Understand the implications for future plants storage has signicantly increased the protability of using central tower and salt storage technology the investment and contributed to grid stabilization, and see what Gemasolar has taught us about to see how this could be benecial for Indian CSP turbine power, heliostat numbers, tower height and optimum storage capacity Markus Pfnder, Managing Director,

Ferrostaal Solar

Optimizing Plant Cycles Worldwide

Santiago Arias, Operations Director, Torresol Energy

Clint Rosenbaum, Director, Lauren CCL Engineers Private Ltd.

From the Solana Generating System to PS10 - hear Integrated Solar Combined CASE about the challenges and solutions in the execution STUDY Cycle Value and Benets of the worlds largest CSP projects Discover the advantages of ISCC technology and Use the experience of Abengoa to execute proven how this could pave the way for reducing LCOE best practice in your project development in India Get top design methods that consider site geography, Assess how combining CSP and Combined solar radiation and component integration, and Cycles can secure the long-term growth of the evaluate their impact on project costs and overall CSP market in India, and increase overall GW performance deployed for reduced costs Jos Javier Gonzlez Solano, Commercial Director, See why the energy market in India is Abengoa Solar suitable for Integrated Solar Combined Cycle applications and how this can improve energy Ivanpah Design & distribution to the grid CASE

Dispatchability and Hybridization: The Under-valued USP of CSP

Understand the necessity and value of dispatchable energy if a high penetration of renewables is to be achieved in India and access the capability of CSP to deliver See the options for hybrid solutions beyond Integrated Solar Combined Cycle and the very latest innovation in CSP-Biomass Hybridisation for improved dispatchability MNRES demonstration plant program - chances and opportunities for the Indian and the global CSP market

David Morell Tormo, Commercial Director, Abantia Instalaciones Martin Schlecht, Managing Director, SunTrace

Integration of Power Tower Plants

STUDY

Shiv Shukla, President, Abengoa Solar India

Power Block Design & Integration

Everything you need to know from turbine integration to optimized heat exchangers that will guarantee the longterm durability, extraordinary efciency and high energy yields of your Balance of Plant components Get to grips with the latest power block design methods for large-scale plants that have resulted in higher solar energy conversion efciencies and lower costs

Hear about the challenges and solutions in the design and execution of the worlds largest power tower project under construction Identify the opportunities for optimization in the design and integration of the power block, and all components in the Balance of Plant system to maximize your plants efciency and overall output

SAVE UP TO $200
IF YOU REGISTER EARLY

BOOK NOW

Representative TBC, Bechtel

Past Attendees
CSP Todays Summits in USA, Europe, MENA and India have surpassed expectations and attracted thousands of industry professionals. See below for a snapshot of companies that have attended our previous events: For more information on who you will meet at the 3rd CSP Today Concentrated Solar Thermal Power Summit India please visit www.csptoday.com/cspindia. We strive to keep an updated list of the companies that are already registered to attend.
Abener Abengoa Solar Acciona ACME ACS Cobra Agency Alstom Power Areva BASF Bechtel Bharat Forge BHEL Bosch Rexroth BrightSource Energy Broadlands Financial Group Capital Energy Cargo Power & Infrastructure CCL Optoelectronics Cirus Solar Systems Clinton Foundation Dalmia Cement Deutsche Bank DLR DoE DoW E.ON Elecnor Electrotherm Renewables Eliasol Energy Endesa ENEL eSolar ESTELA European Investment Bank EVI EVONIK Energy Services Ferrostaal Flabeg Fluor Forum for the Advancement of Solar Thermal (FAST) Gammon Infrastructure Projects Gas Natural GDF Suez GE Energy GE Oil & Gas Glasstech Good Energies Guardian Iberdrola IFC India Land Power International Energy IT Power Australia Jindal Photo Kalpataru Power Transmission KfW Bankengruppe KSK Surya Lahmeyer International Laitu Solar Lanco Solar Larsen & Toubro Lauren Engineers & Constructors LSI Financial Services Mahindra Partners Man Solar Millenium / Flagsol Masdar Morgan Stanley Mulk Holdings Natural Electric NextEra NREL Petrobras Reliance Power Rioglass Saint Gobain Santander SCHOTT Solar SENER Engineering & Systems Shell Siemens SkyFuel Solar Millenium Solar Power Group Solar Reserve Solutia SPX Stirling Engine Systems Sun to Market Solutions Sunborne Suntrace Suntrof Suryachakra MAN Solarmillennium Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB) Terrafore Tessera Solar International Torresol Energy Valoriza Welspun Energy World Bank Worley Parsons

Check out the latest program updates on www.csptoday.com/cspindia

SOLARCSP

Gemasolar, the worlds most innovative commercial solar plant

Santiago ariaS, technical Director of operation anD Maintenance torreSol energy

Torresol Energy, developer and operator of concentrated solar power plants, has constructed the Gemasolar plant in the town of Fuentes de Andaluca in the province of Seville, Spain. A fruit of the alliance between Masdar Abu Dhabis leading future energy company - and SENER the leading Spanish engineering and technology group - Torresol Energy was established with the aim of becoming a world leader in the Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) sector and its mission is to promote technological development, construction, operation and maintenance of large CSP plants around the world.

emasolar is the first plant in the world to apply an innovative technology on a commercial scale: it is the first commercial concentrated solar power plant with central tower receiver and molten salt storage technology. Its efficiency is significantly superior to other thermoelectric solar plants in commercial operation today. Highlighted among its many innovations are the molten salt receiver, the heliostat pointing mechanism and the control system. Furthermore, the plant has a storage system which allows it to continue producing electricity at full power for 15 hours without sunlight, meaning it can continue to operate during the night. Thanks to this storage capacity,
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a clean source of energy such as solar energy can become manageable, and capable of responding to the grids demand. Thus, this plant represents a starting point for the cost reduction strategy in the thermosolar energy sector, one of Torresol Energys key objectives in converting this clean energy into a solid alternative to fossil-fuel energies. Gemasolar, a plant with 19.9 MW power, is capable of exporting a net amount of 110 GWh of clean, safe energy annually, to supply 27,500 households. Furthermore, the plant is capable of reducing annual CO2 emissions by more than 30,000 tons, thereby avoiding the need to burn 89,000 tons of lignite or to import 28,600 tons (217,000 barrels) of oil each year, thereby reducing the deficit in the balance of payments by $25 million at todays crude oil prices. The plants most cutting-edge equip-

ment has been developed by SENER. This company has been responsible for leading the EPC and commissioning works of the plant as well as for supplying all the technology for Gemasolar and the basic and detail engineering design. System Operation Concentrated solar power uses direct solar radiation: mirrors concentrate the suns rays at a point around which fluid is circulating. In turn, the heat in this fluid is used to generate water steam, which moves a turbine. In central tower plants, the heliostats (flat mirrors) reflect solar radiation onto a receiver located at the top of a tower in which the fluid is flowing. In all the plants developed with SENERs technology, both parabolic trough plants and central tower plants, this hot fluid not only generates steam, but it also
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Sun in, electricity out. If only everything in the future could be so predictable.

INCREDIBLY STABLE FOREC AST.

Solar modules from SCHOTT Solar have what it takes for long-term attractive revenues: high performance stability*, the quality of a renowned German technology company and experience in solar technology since 1958. More information at schottsolar.com/solar-yield

* In a long-term study conducted by the FraunhoferInstitute the SCHOTT Solar modules still achieved over 90% of their original performance even after 25 years.

SOLARCSP

stores surplus heat in tanks containing molten nitrate salts. In the tower plant, these salts are used directly as the heat absorption fluid: they flow from the cold tank, by means of a pump, to the receiver at the top of the tower, where they are heated to a temperature of 565 C, after which they descend to the heat exchanger where they generate steam. When excess energy is received, i.e., when the received heat radiation is more than enough to cover the demands of the turbine, a part of these salt is delivered to the hot tank, which can store heat allowing it to be used at times with low solar radiation, when the plant does not receive enough heat to generate steam directly. The stored salt can then supply this heat and continue generating steam and electricity. Solar Field The solar field is composed of 2,650 heliostats, which were assembled in just 7 months. These heliostats are distributed in concentric rings around the tower, with the furthest heliostat approximately 1 km from the tower. Each heliostat consists of a 120 m2 reflective surface, which is continually repositioned throughout the day, depending on the position of the sun and the weather conditions (wind, clouds, etc.). To function correctly, this solar concentra28 JANUARY|FEBRUARY12

tion technique requires a very high degree of pointing precision, which is achieved with a high-precision, two-axis actuation mechanism in every heliostat. These mechanisms are characterized not only by their high degree of precision, but also by their high load capacity, low maintenance, reliability, and long service life. Due to the quantity, their effect on the operation of the plant, and their resulting impact on energy production, these two-axis actuation mechanisms are a critical component of this type of plant with a central receiver tower. At Gemasolar, SENER has designed, manufactured, and supplied the high performance, two-axis actuation mechanism in every heliostat. The total supply for Gemasolar has been possible thanks to SENERs new Integration and Testing installations and the team of professionals who dealt with production peaks of more than 400 units per month. Central Tower and Receiver The Gemasolar tower is 140 meters high and boasts a unique element: a highefficiency cylindrical receiver, located at the top of the tower, which has been designed and patented by SENER. The Gemasolar receiver is capable of absorbing 95% of radiation in the solar spectrum and of

transmitting this energy to the molten salt compound that circulates in its interior. Gemasolars Main Advantages High thermal storage capacity - Due to the storage system, the turbine operation is not immediately affected by a cloud or by a sudden high speed wind. A cloud will affect the production 6 to 15 hours later. - The turbine will not stop every night, which extends its service life. - The turbine power can be managed. The time to supply the grid can be chosen, whether to reduce the out-

put during the night, at valley time

or to increase it during times of peak demand. - It maximises the assets utilization. At Gemasolar, production is expected to reach 6,400 hr/yr, thereby maximizing profitability. Lower operational cost - No mobile piping system and no thermal oil. Lower maitenance costs. - All fluids are concentrated in a small area, which reduces thermal loses and maintenance costs. - The same fluid is used for both heat transfer and storage, resulting in less thermal exchange. Highest cycle efficiency:
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SOLARPOWER

- The molten salt reaches extremely high temperatures, which maximizes thermodynamic efficiency. Benefits for the Community A plant as Gemasolar contributes to the economic activity in the site were the plant is erected.

Investment

Economical activity. Jobs

Long term free and clean energy

As an example, the Gemasolar plant is composed of : 80 km of internal roads (local) 5 Km or paved roads (local) 2650 Heliostat Foundations (local) 2650 Heliostat columns and metal structure (local) 2650 Heliostat assembly (local) 300,000 sqm of flat silvered glass (local) 1 Reinforced concrete tower (local) Carbon steel and SS piping (local) Carbon and SS tanks and vessels (local) Hundreds of Km of cooper wire (local) Electrical installation (local) 5500 Standard Electrical motors (local) Etc. All of them are materials and services generally available in the region and therefore these kind of plants contribute to create work positions and prosperity to the area. As an example, Gemasolar construction employed 1,800 positions during the construction time. Besides,98% of the added value was European, 90% of the added value was national (Spanish) and more than 60% of the added value was regional (Andalusia region). Local Community Relationships Since the beginning of this project, Torresol Energy has cooperated closely with the City Hall of Fuentes de Andaluca,
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as well as with social actors in the local community. This has led to initiatives that promote a culture of renewable energy in the municipality, through events, lectures, school competitions, and guided tours to the plant. In addition to the aforementioned 1,800 direct jobs created by this renewable energy project during its construction, the plant has 50 qualified jobs for its operation and maintenance. More than half of these jobs have been covered by residents of the Seville municipality, who have intensely experienced the entire Gemasolar construction process. True to its founding commitment to protect the environment for future generations, Torresol Energy has sought to be, through Gemasolar, an active player in sustainable development for Fuentes de Andaluca. This same philosophy can be applied in all its projects, both in the Valle 1 and Valle 2 plants, now in operation in San Jos del Valle, in Cadiz, and in future projects of the company. Recognition and Awards Gemasolar has awakened a great interest among political authorities, both national and foreign: representatives from the governments of the European Union, United States, Australia, and the Arab League have requested visits to its facilities during construction and information on its progress. In fact, its social and industrial impact has been so phenomenal that the

plant was officially launched by two royal families: His Highness General Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces, and His Majesty the King of Spain. Gemasolar has also been recognized with several national and international awards, from the US CSP Today award in the Commercialized Technology Innovation USA 2011 category, to the European CSP Today Awards, that awarded Torresol Energy in the categories Commercialized Technology Innovation 2011 and Most Effective Project Development 2011 for this outstanding plant. Gemasolar was also finalist in the European Awards for Sustainable Energy 2011, in the Production category, an award for projects related to renewable energy generation or efficient energy production.. In addition, its activity in the municipality of Fuentes de Andalucia contributed to the City Hall receiving the Clean Technology Recognition in the XVII edition of the Ones Mediterrnia awards, which are awarded every year by the Mediterrnia-CIE foundation. In the same vein, SENER won the top prize for Innovation in the 2011 European Business Awards, thanks to Gemasolar and also received the European Business Awards for the Environment/Basque Division for this project, being awarded in the category of Sustainable Development Process.
JANUARY|FEBRUARY12 29

SOLARPOWER

Case Study: Arun Solar Concentrator System at Mahanand & Chitale Dairy
clique solar

Clique Solar, a channel partner for MNRE, has has indigenously developed and successfully commercialised the ARUN dish a Fresnel Paraboloid Solar concentrator system with applications in industrual process heating, comfort cooling, community cooking and in commercial and residential complexes.

he first ARUN system was installed in Mahanand Dairy in Latur, Maharashtra in 2006. This system continues to save about 100 to 115 litres of Furnace Oil on a clear sunny day, completely avoiding the firing of the conventional boiler. In all 12 dishes of Arun (169 sq.m each) save an equivalent of about 1500 barrels of oil per day. Case Study ARUN installations in Dairy Industry After studying the various requirements and constraints of the dairy industry, and

understanding how these can be technologically and economically met by harnessing solar energy, Clique Solar concluded that the use of solar thermal concentrating systems for all their thermal requirements is most suitable. The steam or pressurised hot water generated by the ARUN dishes is used in the following processes: Pasteurization (160C to 180C) Milk Powder Can Washing (40C to 45C) Cleaning in Place (40C to 45C) Crate washing (40C to 45C) Sterilization (120C to 160C)

ARUN Installation ARUN iNstAllAtioN At B.G. ChitAle, sANGli - A two-dish ARUN system at Chitale Dairy in Sangli generates steam which is used for Pasteurization, Can washing, cleaning in Place (CIP) and Crate washing. Both these ARUN dishes are installed on the terrace of its 3-storeyed building. The footprint area is less than 3m x 3m per dish. The civil engineering and integration challenges were innovatively handled by Clique Solars mutli-faceted engineering team. The ARUN dish tracks the sun on two axes. Water circulates through the receiver coil

Location Application Delivery Capacity Dish numbers Aperture Area

Sangli, Maharashtra Steam generation for Milk processing Up to 5 bar and 152C 80-100 kWth per dish 2 dishes 169X2 = 338 m2

Location Application Delivery Capacity Dish numbers Aperture Area

Latur, Maharashtra Pressurized Hot water for Milk processing Up to 18 bar and 180C 80-100 kWth per dish 1 dish 160m2

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SOLARPOWER

which is placed at the focus of dish transferring the thermal energy from the sun to the circulating water and converting it to pressurized steam up to 152C & 5 bar. ARUN iNstAllAtioN At MAhANANd dAiRy - At Mahanand dairy, a single dish is operational for hot water generation for milk pasteurization. The system pressure and temperature is 18 bar and 180C respectively. Due to a mismatch in the working hours of the plant and availability of sun, an insulated pressurized water storage tank with capacity of 5000 liters has been provided for non-solar hours operation. Pressurized water was selected as the medium of heat transfer and storage as it has high specific heat, no fire hazards, no possibility of accelerated oxidization overnight (as in case of tarring of thermic oil), compatibility with food products and low operational cost. Flow of operation (case study of Chitale Dairy installation) Construction and Operation: Solar Steam Generation system has been integrated such that the steam separator acts as both steam accumulator and buffer water storage. At the start of the day, circulating pump extracts water from steam separator vessel & circulates it through receiver coil. The water is then converted to wet steam. Thus both, the temperature and pressure, of the fluid in the separator begin to rise The steam delivery starts from the top of steam separator as soon as the required steam delivery pressure (5 bar, 152C) is achieved. The dry saturated steam delivered by the system is collected in the common header for milk processing & other application. At Mahanad dairy, a pressurized hot water based system at 18 bar, 180C has
Year 0 Investment in ARUN system Capital Subsidy Loan Annual Fuel Savings (derated) O&M expense Debt Repayment Interest Expense @ 15% Tax saved due to Accelerated Depreciation Net Eqyuity Cash Flow 10.9 -1.1 -50 10 28 9.0 0.0 -5.6 -4.2 2.2 1.4 9.9 -1.0 -5.6 -3.4 0.4 0.4 10.9 -1.1 -5.6 -2.5 0.1 1.8 12.0 -1.2 -5.6 -1.7 0.0 3.5 13.2 -1.3 -5.6 -0.8 0.0 5.4 14.5 -1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.0 15.9 -1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.3

Flow of operation.

been designed to accommodate thermal storage requirement. Economics From an economic perspective, solar systems are similar to infrastructure projects which are characterized by long life, high capital cost and low running expenses. As such, the Life cycle cost of the system, or parameters like Net Present Value (NPV) or Internal Rate of Return (IRR) should be used to evaluate the investment in such systems. A typical cash flow of an ARUN project has been presented in the table. The government subsidy, coupled with the accelerated depreciation help in making the equity cash flows positive from the second year itself. Some key Features of these installations are: Small Footprint Area & Retrofits: The small footprint area of ARUN dish (3m x 3m per dish) enables it to be mounted at locations which have space limitations. It can also be erected on rooftops of existing buildings. High Temperature & Pressure Delivery:
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

ARUN can operate up to 400C (oil) and 25 bar (steam). Government Subsidy: MNRE provides support by way of capital subsidy or soft loans for every ARUN installation. Non-Solar Hours Operations: ARUN dish can be augmented with a heat energy storage facility for operation in non-solar hours. IBR Approval: ARUN is the first IBR approved Solar Boiler in India. High Wind Bearing Capacity: ARUN dish is designed to operate in wind speeds up to 10 m/s and it can survive in wind speeds up to 45 m/s. Concluding Remarks Mahanand and Chitale dairies have set an example by pioneering the successful use of solar technology for satisfying their thermal energy needs in various applications like pasteurization; can washing, crate washing and CIP. Not only have the systems been operating successfully, but the economics of the investment also makes a strong case for all industries in general, and dairies in particular, to install such systems.
Year 6 Year 7 Year 25

Year 5

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Large-scaLe power stations

Improved transparency in maintenance

Matthias herold, head of risk & reliability, tV sd industrie serVice / carsten bauMann, head of structural reliability, tV sd industrie serVice GMbh

The dynamism in energy politics has brought about a change in paradigm that affects more than the construction of new power stations. Maintenance strategies at existing large-scale power stations are also undergoing change. Numerous coal-fired power station projects have been discontinued. Instead, modern gas-fired power stations are to cushion the drop in power-station capacities resulting from the decision to phase out nuclear energy. The success of these measures depends, among other things, on extension of the service life and more flexible operation of existing large-scale power stations. In view of these facts, maintenance experts face new responsibilities and higher demands in the field of efficiency, as international competition forces power station operators to save costs.

he ratio between plant availability and maintenance costs accordingly becomes a critical parameter for fine-tuning a successful overall strategy. Given this, an increasing number of power station operators are deciding in favour of a comprehensive screening analysis of their maintenance processes to make the cost-

benefit ratio more transparent and foreseeable. Experts from TV SD Industrie Service were commissioned by a well-known energy company to carry out third-party analysis of its maintenance measures and forecast future maintenance budgets. The analysis carried out by TV SD focused on

three 800 MW units. Analysis of the extensive data available provided the basis of the study. The experts reviewed over 60,000 maintenance orders alone from technical and business perspectives, categorised by a total of 14 plant systems. These maintenance orders were issued by over 80 companies providing on-site support with safety, servicing and maintenance and reliable operations. Approach adopted keeping an eye on all costs The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of the measures taken in the first operating cycle (1998 2009) and supply a reliable cost forecast for the upcoming eleven years of operation. Comparison with the current state of repair revealed the effect that maintenance measures had on specific systems. Working with the engineers on site, the maintenance professionals established the maintenance priorities and costs up to the year 2021. The forecast included degradation trends identified for individual components, e.g. material loss on the heating surfaces of the steam boiler, as well as the expected trends of prices for materials and services. With the help of system-specific correction factors, the experts extrapolated the results obtained to four further power station units. Systematic analysis and evaluation of the maintenance data from the first operating cycle were fundamental. Applying a
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Figure 1: Cyclic repetition of individual types of turnaround (IB = commissioning; KR = minor overhaul; RST = shutdown for cleaning; ZR = interim overhaul; HR= major overhaul; * = no scheduled shutdown).
Periode HR-Dampferzeuger HR-Turbosatz HR steam generator HR turbine-generator set Period

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SOLARPOWER

holistic approach, the experts first carried out an in-depth analysis of the cost drivers. They then aggregated the results of the reference unit and broke them down by the various types of plant turnaround, e.g. shutdown for cleaning (RST), minor overhaul (KR), interim overhaul (ZR) and major overhaul (HR) (see Figure 1). These data were compared with the information gained in a comprehensive screening analysis of the plant systems. Data comparison enabled the experts to assess the effectiveness of the maintenance measures in the reference unit. In the next phase, this information was then extrapolated and used for creating the forecasts for other comparable power station units. Results for central components The experts determined the power plants state of repair based on inspection records and on-site interviews. The TV SD experts long-standing experience in power station and plant engineering proved in-

dispensable in this context. Task forces with specific qualifications in the individual disciplines were established to cover plant systems and turbines, electrical instrumentation and control systems as well as building and construction engineering. The rating scale in Figure 2 is an example of the ratio between the resources used in past and future operating periods, for example in heat generation in the evaporator system (HAD), HP superheater system (HAH) and reheat system (HAJ). The degradation factor of 1.06 means that the costs of maintenance of the heat generation system will rise by six per cent in the future. This rise in maintenance costs is attributed to the relatively higher degree of deposits on the systems located in the flue-gas pass. During the 2009 turnaround, the maintenance experts cleaned these components by sandblasting; steam blowing and mechanical knocking-out proved only partly successful, as the flue gas has contained a higher percentage of ash since 2006 due

to the additional fuels used. Given this, a higher percentage of ash caused by the additional fuels must also be expected in the future. In view of the plants age and increased erosion, further stresses are foreseeable. To calculate the basic maintenance allowance for the heat generation systems from 2017 onwards, these further stresses were rated at a factor of 1.15, i.e. a 15-percent rise in maintenance costs. Forecast of future costs To forecast the maintenance costs, the experts calculated a basic maintenance allowance based on the periodic costs of past maintenance measures. For this purpose all costs incurred between 2000 and 2009 were classified as costs of recurring measures or one-off costs. The costs of one-off measures were then deducted from the annual expenses. Costs for recurring measures, by contrast, were offset against the basic maintenance allowance. Starting from the 2000 to 2009 turna-

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SOLARPOWER

Figure 2: Rating scale of state of repair in comparison to maintenance spending. Here as an example for the heat generation systems.
Anlagenzustand besser als Erwartung IH Effekt >100% Einordnung Anlagenzustand entsprechend Korrelation mit den Aufwendungen Anlagenzustand schlechter als Erwartung IH-Effekt <100% HAD: Verdampfer HAH: HD-berhitzung HAJ: Z Plant condition better than forecast Maintenance effect >100% Classification of plant condition as per correlation with costs Plant condition worse than forecast Maintenance effect < 100% HAD: Evaporator HAH: HP superheater HAJ: Reheat system

Figure 3: Overview of past (2000 2009) and forecast (20102012) maintenance cost.
IH-Aufwendungen in EUR Verbrauch Prognose Maintenance costs in EUR Past costs Forecast costs

round cycle, the experts calculated the average costs of the individual turnaround types (shutdown for cleaning, minor, interim, and major overhaul) . The cost forecast was adjusted for inflation. According to the Federal Statistical Office of Germany, price increases between 2000 and 2010 amounted to around two per cent per year for commercial products such as spare parts and consumables. The experts further applied a degradation factor to forecast the costs expected between 2010 and 2021. This degradation factor includes the higher or lower costs expected for maintenance services in the future. Changes in estimates are based on erosion, ageing of the systems, increase in the scope of inspections, extension of service life etc. These estimates too were adjusted for an inflation rate of 2 per cent. The experts then must add the oneoff costs to the average costs of the types of turnaround. These cover, for example, any conversion or replacement measures planned. Measures assessed as one-off costs result from medium-term planning, plant assessment and experience, and numerous expert talks with the responsible engineers from the operator. In addition, components also become more prone to
34 JANUARY|FEBRUARY12

failure over time due to material loss on the steam boilers heating surfaces. Trend assessments taking this and other failure mechanisms into account were included in the forecast of maintenance costs. Total result and assessment of strategy The results show that basically the experts had chosen the right maintenance strategy for the power station in the past years. While costs rise as systems grow older, the cost relations between the 14 systems under analysis have hardly changed. Assessment following comparison with the completed maintenance measures revealed that the condition of some sub-systems (e.g. evaporator in the heat generation system) was not yet ideal. To maintain the high level of safety and availability, the maintenance measures in these areas will be further intensified over the next operating period. Figure 3 shows all costs caused and forecast for the power station as a whole in the period between 2000 and 2021. The inflation included in the forecast significantly and sustainably influences cost trends. Systematic analysis of the maintenance of the reference unit at the power station demonstrates that, as expected, the ma-

jority of maintenance measures concern the heat generation system and the main machine sets. The plants good state of repair proves that the available maintenance budget was used effectively on these systems. Value added: Reliable planning Maintenance measures in the past operating cycle focused on recurring maintenance and replacement of components in the flue gas pass. These measures were targeted at optimum fine-tuning to varying fuel compositions. Possible optimisation addresses the effects of the broad spectrum of coal fuels and the volume of additional fuels used. When we look at power station capacity, the conclusion regarding the plant scheme is a positive one. In the case on hand, TV SDs impartial assessment of the maintenance measures not only proves the effectiveness of the current maintenance strategy, but also improves the reliability of planning for the years to come. This will reduce life-cycle costs further. In addition, this approach enables a glance to be taken into the future, facilitating the budgeting of maintenances measures for the four further power station units.
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SOLAR SOLAR POWER POWER

Record breaking ON Time performance

Markus Pfefferer Insolare

InSolare Energy Pvt. Ltd now joins the select ranks of very few EPC companies to commission a large Mega watt scale Solar Power Plant. The plant that was commissioned in Kutch, Gujarat, was completed in record time; in fact, in less than 6 months from date of the order. What makes this feat truly remarkable is that the project was executed in a remote earthquake and hurricane prone area near Bhachau.

ost importantly, it was completed ON Time, on 27th December 2011, well before the cut-off date of 31st January 2012 for Gujarat Phase II PPA. This project therefore became entitled for the original PPA rates for the full plant -a clear benefit of 30% in revenue for the project developer. It has also reached a very high level of productivity in an extremely limited time span. Timelines InSolare is particularly proud to have followed and implemented a tight project schedule meticulously. We are very proud that we commissioned this 5 MWp project in a record time of 160 days utilizing our technology and project management expertise in design, engineering and construction declares Dr. Sunit Tyagi, CEO of InSolare. This was despite the unusually heavy rains last summer in Gujarat which delayed the civil work significantly and the onset of the holiday season when the availability of labor dropped subsequently. The fact that the project has been commissioned on time with the highest quality standards makes it one of the few projects out of more than 80 in the Gujarat Phase 2, to be commissioned on time without the need for any time extensions. Technology choices U.S.P. of InSolare: Single Axis tracking for a MW level solar PV Plant, which delivers 25% extra output. To better cope with the high temperaenergetica india

tures in Gujarat, appropriate thin film modules were chosen. A lot of emphasis was placed on choosing quality vendor partners. In line with its high quality standards, InSolare opted for IP65 enclosures for junction boxes with string level reverse blocking diodes, fuses for cable protection, row level current monitoring, as well as low loss transformers and free air installed copper cables. As InSolare is not only a technology driven company but also constantly strives for customer delight, it aims to guarantee the highest possible outcome for each of its projects, Towards this end, InSolare has a long standing technology partnership with the American company Viasol for single axis trackers. The team jointly designed the Gujarat project using a single axis tracker delivering a 25% higher energy output compared to a fixed tilt crystalline solution. This makes this project unique in the sense that it will be one of the most productive plants in the country. The single axis tracker is one of the largest in India. This is also, one of the largest plants in Asia using thin film and a single axis tracker. InSolare in Gujarat InSolare as an EPC Contractor has previously executed a number of projects with capacities up to 100kW; however this is its first MW Solar power project in Gujarat. There were a couple of challenges to overcome even in the design stage of the project. The area is classified as Earthquake zone 5 and in addition to that, it is prone to tropical cyclones. The high likelihood of such events

meant requiring special designs for the foundations and also the appropriate strengthening of the steel mounting structures. These needed to be laid out in a manner that enabled them to handle wind speeds of up to 150 km/h and potential seismic events. Yet another challenge was to assure a shadow free operation, after all the, objective was to maximize the available sunlight. Since a transmission line was crossing the site area, the overall layout of the project had to be done taking the potential shadowing into account. As InSolare was keen to deliver the highest quality standards and performance as per the latest technology norms, it designed the project to have redundancy built into the system, ensuring no single point of failure in the power generation, or transmission of power. Thus it designed and constructed the system with resilient design using multiple lines, transformers and switchgears. For many components such as transformers, we decided to have more than that required by the authorities and even the customer and we were ready to bear the additional costs, just to make sure that a consistent and permanent production of power can be assured once the plant is commissioned declares Dr. Hemanshu Bhatt, CTO of InSolare. InSolare stands by its performance promise and is responsible for ensuring smooth running of the project after commissioning for years to come. After all a Solar PV plant is designed to last decades, and the InSolare engineering team stand proudly by their plant.
JANUARY|FEBRUARY12 35

SOLARPOWER

Cost Economics of Solar kWh

AVIJIT NAYAK, NATIoNAl ProducTIVITY couNcIl, KolKATA

The current levels of dependence on fossil fuels, the need of reducing the carbon emissions associated with energy use and the prospects of developing a new and extremely innovative technology sector, make solar energy increasingly attractive, However higher cost per unit of electricity is the major drawback that have held back this ideal energy source. This paper purports to present, it may not be always cost effective to supply all the energy requirements from the sun but economic feasibility is not always the determining factor in selecting a power generation system. Furthermore, technological advances narrow the cost gap. More over days has passed when the cost of conventional energy was significantly lower than the cost of solar energy. Also today if we compare the price of Traded Electricity during peak hours and cost of Solar KWH we will find days are not far when Solar will be the cheapest source of energy.

he 1973 oil crisis brought Energy isY axis: Energy Consumption in India / X Axis: Years sues to the forefront. Whether it is Electricity, Gas or alternative source, Energy plays a considerable role in the Socio-Economic development of a country. Around 90% of worlds Y Axis: % Increase in primary Energy consumpEnergy Consumption in tion is derived from fossil India / X Axis: Years fuels. Indias Primary Energy Consumption is around 524 Metric Tonne of Oil Equivalent (MTOE) as on 2010[4]. The figure clearly shows the increased consumption rate. It is quite difficult to supply the requisite ising of the non-conventional energy energy from present major dependable sources. The power from sun intercepted sources of energy. One of the reasons may by earth is approximately 1.8 x 1011 MW, be availability of conventional fuel and an- which is thousand times higher than the other factor may be present environmental present consumption rate on earth of all issues. In 2010 the % increase in primary commercial energy sources. Thus solar energy consumption is about 9.2% in power may be an answer for worlds encomparison to previous year. Such high % ergy Security. growth is alarming. The current levels of dependence on Solar potential in India fossil fuels, the need of reducing the car- India is endowed with rich solar energy bon emissions associated with energy use resource. The average intensity of solar and the prospects of developing a new radiation received on India is 20 MW/km and extremely innovative technology sec- square (megawatt per kilo-meter square). tor, make solar energy increasingly attrac- With a geographical area of 3.287 million km square, this accounts to 657.4 million tive. Solar energy is one of the most prom- MW. However, only 12.5% of the land area
36 JANUARY|FEBRUARY12

amounting to 0.413 million km square can, in theory, be used for solar energy installations. Even if 10% of this area can be used, the available solar energy would be 8 million MW per year. But the efficiency of conversion of solar energy to useful energy is low. Therefore, the energy actually available would be order of magnitude lower than the aforementioned estimates. In the hottest region of earth, solar radiation flux available rarely exceeds 1 KW/m2 and the total radiation over a day at best about 7 Kwh/m2 [8]. These are very low value from the point of view of technological utilization. The current levels of dependence on fossil fuels, the need of reducing the carbon emissions associated with energy use and the prospects of developing a new and extremely innovative technology sector, make solar energy increasingly attractive. Towards adopting a sustainable development path various strategies have been adopted by the Govt. of India in the recent past towards promoting energy efficiency, environment protection, pollution abetment in industrial, commercial, transport and agricultural sector. The national action plan on climate change focuses eight key missions leading to sustainable developenergetica india

SOLARPOWER

Y Axis: % Increase in Energy Consumption in India / X Axis: Years

Item Capacity (MW) Capital Cost (Rs. in Lac/MW) Solar PV Power 1 1442 25 25 19 -70% : 30% 1 10 years @ 7% 11th year onwards @1.33%
st

Solar Thermal Power 1 1500 25 25 23 10 70% : 30% 1 10 years @ 7% 11th year onwards @1.33%
st

Y axis: Rs./kWh / X Axis: Years

Useful Life (Years) Tariff Period (Years) Capacity Utilization Factor (%) Auxiliary Consumption (%)

Y Axis: Rs./kWh / X Axis: Years

Debt : Equity Depreciation

ment. The National Solar Mission is one of the eight missions to promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing Indias Energy security challenge. One of the mission targets is for the deployment of 20,000 MW of solar power by 2022[7]. Applications of solar energy Solar energy is a dilute source. Large areas are needed for collection. Besides, it is obvious that solar energy can be a good source of meeting future energy demands. On the applications side, the range of solar energy is very large. The generation capacity starts from domestic appliances such as solar cooker, solar water heater, and PV lanterns to the high end of megawatt level solar thermal power plants. Then, in between, there are applications such as industrial process heat, desalination, refrigeration and air-conditioning, drying, large scale cooking (e.g at Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh the food being prepared using Solar cookers), water pumping, domestic power systems, and passive solar architecture. Solar cookers and hot water systems based are gaining popularity in India and to a large extent attained commercial status. Solar energy can be harnessed to supply thermal as well as electrical energy. A solar energy can be harnessed in two ways: To use thermal Energy in solar radiation: -Solar thermal technologies [6]. To convert solar energy to Electrical Energy: - Solar photovoltaic technology[6], Since the accurate information about solar energy resource at a specific location is crucial for designing appropriate solar system; solar energy resource assessment
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becomes an essential activity of any solar energy program. Cost of per solar kWh in India Utilizing solar energy is definitely free, clean, safe, abundant, renewable, but the high initial investment, higher cost per unit of electricity, long-term payback and poor conversion efficiency are some major drawbacks that have held back this ideal energy source. The terms & conditions for determination of tariff of Renewable Energy for FY2011-12 was released during September 2010 vide order no. 256/2010 by Central Electricity Regulatory Commission. For calculation of Tariff the commission made a few assumptions. Few of them are as follows. As per the order the life of Solar PV plant has been accounted for 25 years & accordingly the tariff has been calculated for a 1MW Solar PV Power Project over a period of 25 years. The cost of one unit of solar electricity has been presented. The levellised tariff of Solar Energy has been decided as Rs. 15.39 by Regulatory commission [1]. Similarly the cost of Electricity over a period of 25 years generated by solar thermal Power projects has been presented. The levellised tariff of Solar Energy by solar thermal power project has been decided as Rs. 15.04 by Regulatory commission [1]. Although the capital cost of solar Power projects is reducing, Solar Electricity still costs more than conventional energy. In order for photovoltaic to be implemented on a significant scale, the cost of solar electricity needs to be substantially reduced.

Approach to minimize cost per solar kWh Two reasons contribute to this high cost: the need to use large amounts of expensive semiconductor material, and the low conversion efficiency. Scenarios show that solar energy will be, in the long term, the most important energy source, provided that the cost of photovoltaic modules is substantially decreased. The challenge is to reduce the total costs of a photovoltaic system. Some of techno-managerial approaches are discussed as follows: The cost essentially derives from the raw material employed in the manufacturing of solar cells, using thinner silicon wafers and higher conversion efficiencies is the nearest path for reaching photovoltaic competitiveness. Innovative manufacturing concepts on a laboratory scale into the full industrial scale, in order to demonstrate technologies that will enable the mass manufacturing of photovoltaic products with a significant reduction in manufacturing costs. For instance as per the order of CERC the normative capital cost for setting up Solar Photovoltaic Power Project was Rs. 1700Lakh/MW for FY-2009-10. However as per the order published during September 2010 the normative capital cost for setting up Solar Photovoltaic Power Project was reviewed and finalized to be Rs. 1442Lakh/MW for FY-2011-12. This clearly signifies a reduction of Rs. 258Lakh/MW for setting up a Solar PV project within a span of two years [1] [2]. It may be noted that very recently the commission has prepared a draft ReguJANUARY|FEBRUARY12 37

SOLARPOWER

Y axis: Rs in Lacs / X Axis: Years

lation 2012 and the Capital of Solar PV Plant has been decided as Rs. 1000 Lakh/MW.The same will also be retained in final regulation as clarified on 06/02/2012. Reducing the need of module surface, being modules the most significant cost component, could reduce the cost. This may be achieved by adopting the concentrating photovoltaic approach. There is a wide gap between the best solar cell efficiencies that are being obtained in research laboratories and those offered commercially by manufacturers. High solar cell efficiencies are beneficial in reducing overall system cost Researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy (ISE), Germany have achieved a record efficiency of 41.5% for conversion of sunlight to Electricity, thus by overtaking the 40.8% record set by the U.S Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) [3]. Accelerate and facilitate the integration of photovoltaic systems in buildings and the electricity network to reduce the cost of photovoltaic systems and become competitive with conventional energy production in the future Liberalized energy market. The success of the photovoltaic penetration in the Japanese market lies with the fact that photovoltaic was considered a building component and integrated since the beginning in the construction. The cost of the electricity produced by photovoltaic technology is higher than that from conventional fuels. This is a major obstacle for sustained long-term growth of solar technologies, and currently requires massive governmental support to create artificial markets for solar electricity. The economics of photovoltaic power generation Photovoltaic efficiency and manufacturing costs have not reached the point that pho38 JANUARY|FEBRUARY12

tovoltaic power generation can compete with conventional coal-, gas-, and nuclearpowered facilities. The cost of solar power is approximately four times that of conventionally (Coal based Thermal Power Station) produced power. There are various factors that affect the cost of producing and distributing conventional electrical power. Due to the wide range of these variables, some applications of photovoltaic power are economically superior to conventional systems. Remote ApplicAtions Solar Power can find application in places where purchase or delivery of fuel as well as electricity is a challenge due to geographical location. PV facilities may be located at the point of power consumption. Remote applications include remote telecommunications sites, remote homes and villages (e.g Sundarban area of West Bengal), water pumping, etc. Remote applications can become economically feasible because of the expense of constructing distribution lines and power losses sustained in transmission of conventional power. If a remote site requires a dependable power source or has large loads, a hybrid system may be a better option. This may consist of photovoltaic cells and a diesel generator charging a bank of batteries. In such a hybrid system, the PV cells reduce the amount of fuel consumed. peAk loAd Relief In warm-climate country like India, peak load demands occur on sunny days due to heavy use of air conditioners. This coincides with the productive period for solar photovoltaic power. By locating photovoltaic collectors at the end of a distribution line, a power utility may be able to defer the construction of additional conventional generating capacity as well as defer an upgrade of the distribution line. GReen poweR With interest in green (ecologically friendly) power growing, both consumers and providers of electrical power are turning to the use clean Power in spite of its higher cost. In few states of India it has been made mandatory by regulatory commission the distribution utility has to blend a certain percentage of green power with conventional grid Power. In such cases so-

lar power can stand side by side with other renewable energy sources. Conclusion Economic feasibility is not always the determining factor in selecting a power generation system. More over days has passed when the cost of conventional energy was significantly lower than the cost of solar energy. At present the increased price in coal is driving the higher cost of electricity. For instance in eastern India cost of B Grade coal was around Rs. 1750 during 2006-07 which has escalated to Rs. 3350 during 2011-12. The price has almost doubled in a span of just 5 yrs. Also today if we compare the price of Traded Electricity during peak hours and cost of Solar KWH we will find days are not far when Solar will be the cheapest source of energy. It may not be always cost effective to supply all the energy requirements from the sun but economic feasibility is not always the determining factor in selecting a power generation system. If we consider a conventional power plant, it depends on fuel that is purchased as a continuous string of payments during the lifetime of the plant. However a solar power plant needs to finance its fuel costs through capital investment at the beginning of the project. The deregulation of the power market in almost all countries of the world led to the emergence of independent power producers and project finance techniques. Even if only a small percentage of its potential put to work, solar electricity generation will be an important pillar in the struggle against Energy Security & Climate change.
References 1. Renewable Energy Tariff for Financial Year 201112, Order-256-2010, Central Electricity Regulatory Commission, GOI. 2. Terms &Condition for Tariff determination from Renewable Energy Sources, 2009, Central Electricity Regulatory Commission, GOI 3. Green Energy, Vol.5. No.3. May-June 2001. World Institute of Sustainable Energy, P-10. 4. Guidebook-1 for National Certification Examination for Energy Managers and Energy Auditors, Bureau of Energy Efficiency, MOP , GOI. 5. Indias GHG Emission Profile Results of Five Climate Modelling Studies, September 2009, MOEF , GOI. 6. Indian Energy Portal, [online] available at http:// www.indiaenergyportal.org/ 7 . Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, Mission Document, GOI 8. Sukhatme Suhas P , 1998, Solar Energy, Second Edition-TMH

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SOLARPOWER

The Light Soaking Effect - Additional Power Boost in Thin Film CIGS PV Module
Mr.Manoj KuMar SharMa, Manager-SaleS, Q-CellS SySteMS IndIa

Nearly all PV technologies exhibit changes in device performance under extended continuous illumination. CIGS modules improve their efficiency after being subjected to illumination which is known as the Light Soaking Effect. In simple words a 100 Wp rated module may produce 105 Wp when subjected to illumination. The magnitude of this increase depends on the cell and module technology, irradiance, temperature, electrical bias and device structure.

opper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS) is a I-III-VI2 semiconductor material composed of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium. The CIGS modules contain a thin film of a semiconductor called Cu (In,Ga)Se2 or in short CIGS (Figure 1). This absorber layer is the key technology of the CIGS module, and enables their smart looks, efficient energy conversion and high energy yield. Compared to conventional Si technology, the CIGS layer is extremely thin and the cells come out of manufacturing already connected in series with no need for tabbing and stringing.

which means that the buffer layer becomes highly n-type, pinning the bands to the Fermi level . The effect of the barrier due to the buffer layer manifests itself in a degraded fill factor, with a curve shape that looks similar to that of excess series resistance (lower Vmpp and lower slope around Voc). The effect on the IV curve of a CIGS module is illustrated in Figure 2. With the beneficial light soaking effect being connected to absorption in the buffer layer, it is driven by the absorption of light at shorter wavelengths.

achieve the ideal heterojunction conditions, while others are highly doped from the start and respond less to light soaking. Variations in CIGS band gap and the thickness of the buffer layer also play an important role in how quickly the light soaking effect improves the module performance. Light Soaking In Other Device Types Amorphous silicon Amorphous silicon (a-Si) is one of the earliest thin film PV technologies and exhibits a well-known light-induced degradation effect, in which efficiencies degrade by ~10-30% in the first several hundred hours of light soaking. The degradation is due to the Staebler-Wronski effect (SWE), first observed as a reduction in the dark conductivity and photoconductivity of a-Si:H after light exposure, wherein the degradation is reversible by annealing at high temperatures. The SWE occurs due to the recombination-induced breaking of weak Si-Si bonds by optically excited carriers after thermalization, producing defect centres that lower carrier lifetime. Device recovery occurs upon annealing as defects are healed. cAdmium Telluride (cdTe) CdTe PV devices typically contain an n-type CdS buffer layer followed by a p-type CdTe absorber layer and a back-contact metallization layer for current collection. With long-term light exposure CdTe devices typically exhibit performance degradation due to detrimental permanent changes in the device. The diffusion of Cu ions away from
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Figure 1:

CIGS Device Structure - Substrate

Figure 2: IV curves for module before and after light soaking

What is Light Soaking? The light soaking effect is related to the buffer layer of the solar cell. At the interface between the CIGS and the buffer layer a barrier for electrons is created, which inhibits transport of carriers from the CIGS to the TCO Layer (Transparent Conducting Oxides) and to the outside circuit. This barrier can be lowered due to incoming photons that are absorbed in the buffer layer. Physically, what happens is that the buffer layer is photo-doped,
40 JANUARY|FEBRUARY12

The extent and time dependence of the light soaking effect depends primarily on the dose of the blue light that the module receives and the initial state of the buffer layer. Since the buffer layer is defect doped, as opposed to the impurity doping used in conventional wafer based technologies, there is some variation in doping within the process window. This means that some modules need more photo-doping through light soaking to

SOLARPOWER

the back contact metallization in CdTe devices can explain many of the observed long-term light soaking effects. The back contact in CdTe forms a diode junction of opposite polarity to the main junction, limiting performance. The degradation rate increases with increased temperature and is significantly faster at 85-100 C than at temperatures observed during normal operation, CdTe degradation during extended light soaking is strongly affected by the electrical bias condition with open-circuited devices showing greater degradation than those operating at max power. This is believed to be due at least in part to the retardation of Cu ion migration by internal electric fields when the devices operate near max power. Conclusion Metastable behaviour could be observed in all investigated thin-film technologies (CdTe, a-Si and CIGS). While a-Si and CdTe mostly show degradation with light absorption, CIGS shows improvement in efficiency and module rated power during initial light absorption. The increase in power output is contributed to phenomenon called light soaking effect. Device structure and buffer layer design contributes a lot to the light soaking phenomenon. This feature of light soaking is very useful for higher specific yields (kWh/kWp). As a result of light soaking the module output increases after installation in the field, this is like generating more units from the same size of system capacity. This will increase the return on Investment and decrease the monetary and energy payback time from a solar PV plant. Q-Cells thin-film Q.SMART module technology is now the first in the entire thin-film sector to achieve a solar module efficiency of 17.4% (aperture area) and harnesses a light-soaking effect to generate an average of 2.5 % power boost above Nominal Power at Standard Test Conditions when deployed in the field. This contributes to higher return on investments and secures yields. With large scale CIGS plants performing very well across the globe, the technology is gaining share in thin film market. One of the very good features of CIGS technology is additional power boost with light soaking.
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27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition

The most inspiring Platform for the global PV Solar Sector

Photo Messe Frankfurt GmbH

Messe Frankfurt, Germany Conference 24 - 28 September 2012 Exhibition 25 - 28 September 2012

www.photovoltaic-conference.com www.photovoltaic-exhibition.com JANUARY|FEBRUARY12

SOLARPOWER

Quick and efficient design of solar panel supports with CYPE Metal 3D
AMARNATHA. S.N. STRucTuRAl ENgiNEER

This article briefly explains how a solar panel support, complete with foundations and connections, can be easily and quickly designed using CYPE Metal 3D and CYPE Portal Frame Generator.

olar panel supports are relatively new type of structures which due to the increasing popularity of the use of solar panels are becoming more common every day. Solar panels are often placed in open areas or on building rooftops where extreme wind velocities can be present. The open, wing shaped geometry additionally makes them very sensitive to uplift effects caused by the wind actions. Special attention therefore needs to be dedicated to the evaluation of wind actions in the design phase. For most structures, a structural design analysis is required in order to guarantee a safe, sustainable and cost-effective product. Hence, structural design analysis reports are sought by most assurance companies nowadays for any type of structure that needs to be insured against economical and or personal damage. For structural analysis, the expertise of a structural engineer is needed. Features such as the correct definition of loads, knowledge of mechanics and materials, connection and foundation design, etc. can be complex and therefore require the attention of qualified professionals. Even though professional expertise is needed, engineers nowadays spend relatively little time on making manual design calculations thanks to the development of structural design orientated software. CYPE provides secure software solutions equipped with maximum user guidance during the entire structural design process from the very start to the automatic generation of structural drawings and analysis reports. The amount of time needed for research and analysis this way is reduced to a minimum and a quick and efficient structural design is guaranteed.
42 JANUARY|FEBRUARY12

CYPE PROvidES SECuRE SOftwARE SOLutiOnS EquiPPEd with m Aximum uSER guidAnCE duRing thE EntiRE StRuCtuRAL dESign PROCESS fROm thE vERY StARt tO thE AutOmAtiC gEnERAtiOn Of StRuCtuRAL dRAwingS And AnALYSiS REPORtS
International design and analysis Since different regulations apply for different regions, load definitions, material properties and validation methods are features which need to be specified differently for each country according to the corresponding national standards. CYPE offers complete compatibility for a wide range of national standards and is completely adapted for use in the Indian market. The software, as well as the output of drawings and reports, is available in the English language and all necessary standards for structural analysis and automatic load generation are implemented in the software. Currently, the implemented Indian standards are: IS 875 part 3: 1987 (wind loads) IS 875 part 4: 1987 (snow loads) IS 1893 part 1: 2002 (earthquake design) IS 800: 2007 (steel) IS 456: 2000 (concrete) For the design of timber and aluminium structures Eurocodes EN 1995 and EN 1999 can be used. Portal Frame generator: Software for automatic generation of loads, structural geometry and purlin design. Portal Frame Generator is a handy design tool which can be used for auto-

matic generation of multiple frames and loads. Dead loads, live loads, wind loads, snow loads and corresponding loadcase combinations can easily be generated according to the selected standards and the introduced geometrical and geographical properties of the structure. Wind load generation is supported for predominantly closed structures and for free-standing canopy roofs. Solar panels in general can be modelled as free-standing monopitch canopy roofs and therefore Portal Frame Generator is an ideal solution for a quick and accurate definition of wind loads. The program provides all necessary information for the correct generation of loads and warns and prevents the user from defining invalid data; no research of the relevant codes is required. Purlin design and analysis is also supported by Portal Frame Generator. Generated 3D geometry and 2D surface loads can be exported to Metal 3D.

Image 1: Portal Frame Generator India

Metal 3D: Software for complete structural design and analysis of 3D Frames Metal 3D is an excellent program for the structural design and analysis of simple
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SOLARPOWER

and complex three-dimensional frames and a high-quality tool for fast and efficient design of solar panel supports. Structural geometry can be defined by means of manual introduction, import of dwg/dxf drawing file format, or can be generated with Portal Frame Generator and afterwards exported to Metal 3D. Loads can be defined manually within Metal 3D or can also be generated qq Portal Frame Generator. Data generated by Portal Frame Generator can be revised immediately after exporting the model to Metal 3D.

thE PROgRAm PROvidES ALL nECESSARY infORmAtiOn fOR thE CORRECt gEnERAtiOn Of LOAdS And wARnS And PREvEntS thE uSER fROm dEfining invALid dAtA

carried out according to the selected material standards. Different standards can be selected for materials (steel, aluminium, timber and concrete). Apart from the generated standard loadcase combinations it is also possible to add user-defined loadcases and loadcase combinations.

fied (new members can be introduced, present members can be deleted) within Metal 3D without losing the loads generated by Portal Frame Generator.

Image 4: Generated loadcase combinations

Image 2: Graphical output of generated wind loadcases

Image 3: Original and modified geometry

If desired, the structure can be modi-

Generation of loadcase combinations and cross-sectional resistance checks are

Cross-sections can be selected from the implemented cross-sectional libraries in the program or created by means of numerical or graphical input.

SOLARPOWER

Image 5: Definition of cross-sectional data

mEtAL 3d CALCuLAtES thE mOSt APPROPRiAtE dimEnSiOnS fOR thE fOundAtiOn ELEmEntS, inCLuding thEiR REinfORCEmEntS

After defining the mechanical properties of the members (supports, hinges, type of cross-sections and materials, buckling lengths, etc.) the structure can be analysed. Metal 3D is equipped with automatic member design algorithms, which can save the user valuable time in the design process. Member checks and automatic design can be carried out for steel, aluminium and timber cross-sections for a wide range of national standards. Analysis results (reactions, member forces, deformations, resistance checks) can be represented graphically as well as numerically in detailed analysis reports.

A solution for automatic foundation design also is provided within the program. Metal 3D calculates the most appropriate dimensions for the foundation elements, including their reinforcements. Generated data can easily be modified and verified. For each foundation element an analysis report can be generated.

Image 11: Exportation to CYPECAD

The whole structural design, joints included, can be exported to TEKLA Structures, TecnoMETAL or CIS/2 file format.

Image 9: Foundation design

Image 6: Graphical output of calculated member forces

When the design process has finished, drawings of the complete model (structure, foundation and joints) can be generated for plotting or exporting to AutoCAD file formats (dwg, dxf).

Image 12: Exportation to TEKLA STRUCTURES

A detailed take off list can be generated for the structural members (beams, columns, etc.), joints (plates, welds, bolts) and foundation elements (concrete, reinforcements).

Image 7: Graphical output and detailed analysis report of member resistance checks Image 10: Generation of structural drawings

A special module for automatic connection design is available in Metal 3D. The most common type of bolted and welded steel joints will be generated and designed automatically by the program according to the design parameters specified by the user. Detailed calculation reports and graphical output can be generated for each designed joint.

Structures generated and analysed with Metal 3D can be exported completely with loads to CYPECAD for integration with reinforced concrete buildings.

Image 13: Take off list

Image 8: Connection design

CYPE PROvidES EASY, undERStAndAbLE, intuitivE SOftwARE whiCh ALLOwS fOR fASt And EffiCiEnt dESign And AnALYSiS Of StRuCtuRES

Summary CYPE provides easy, understandable, intuitive software which allows for fast and efficient design and analysis of structures. All programs are adapted to the national standards for many countries, including the Indian standards. CYPE software increases productivity and offers efficient and secure structural design solutions.
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JANUARY|FEBRUARY12

SOLARPOWER

Going Local

Saint-Gobain Solars Local Support Helps Emmvee Photovoltaics Expand its Global Presence
Geoffrey KinG, MarKet ManaGer of Saint-Gobain Solar

Even as solar module manufacturers look to grow their global presence, sourcing nearby suppliers is increasingly crucial to keeping costs low and processes efficient in order to remain competitive. When shifts in customer demands challenged Emmvee Photovoltaics to diversify its product offerings while still presenting cost-effective options, proximity played a significant role in the companys decision to select Saint-Gobain Solar as a key supplier of module construction materials. Having Saint-Gobains resources in its own backyard helped Emmvee Photovoltaics continue on its path towards global expansion.

Seeking More than a Supplier Emmvee Photovoltaics was already an established manufacturer of complete solar thermal systems servicing the Indian market when the company first partnered with SaintGobain Solar as a glass supplier in 2004. At the time, Emmvee Photovoltaics held more than a quarter of the Indian solar thermal market and was still growing, increasing the companys need for a highly responsive supplier equipped with vast resources. Meanwhile, competition among global industry players prompted a need to diversify Emmvee Photovoltaicss product lines and meet customer demand for modules that offered a range of advantages such as improved efficiency and high-level performance under stringent engineering requirements all at varied price points. Emmvee Photovoltaics, like every other solar module manufacturer in the world, faces downward cost pressures today, said K.R. Prasad, Sales Manager, Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics. Improving efficiency is an effective way to minimize the impact of these pressures. This requires partnering with a supplier that can quickly provide a wide range of solutions and guidance on how they can be implemented to streamline the manufacturing process. Meeting these customer needs required Emmvee Photovoltaics to select a supplier equipped with vast resources and a powerful grasp of both the local and international markets. As a result, the company turned to Saint-Gobain Solar for not only for its wide range of module manufacturing solutions, consultative approach but also for its formidable presence both on a local and global
energetica india

level. Saint-Gobain Solar became the partner of choice that helped Emmvee Photovoltaics secure the right technologies. A New Bond After taking into account Emmvee Photovoltaics existing operations and new market drivers, Saint-Gobain Solar began to supply the module manufacturer with a number of new materials, including SolarBond Frame Tape, a module framing solution that provides instant adhesion to enhance module manufacturing efficiency. This frame tape was applied in the bonding and sealing of Emmvee Photovoltaics crystalline silicone (c-Si modules) module laminate to the aluminum frame. SolarBond Frames Tapes are high-quality, premium products that surpass industry performance requirements and ensure the durability of modules. These tapes are UL listed and have been evaluated by TV to ensure high-level performance under demanding environmental conditions specified by the International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC) standard. These conditions include exposure to UV rays, humidity, extreme cold and damp heat. The proximity of Saint-Gobains facilities enabled them to act fast in evaluating and providing guidance on maximizing operational efficiency in the framing process and proposing new solutions. This helped Emmvees Photovoltaics put the tools in place to expand its offerings. Saint-Gobain Solars team went beyond the role of a traditional supplier by offering continuous consultation after the pur-

chase order transaction, said Manjunatha D.V., Managing Director, Emmvee, Having access to their expertise was a great asset in improving our operations. With Saint-Gobain Solars local support enabling fast and easy changes to accommodate new module requirements, Emmvee Photovoltaicss production was rarely, if ever, interrupted as a result of capacity challenges. The solar manufacturing industry is highly cyclical with short lead times, and companies may need additional materials at short notice to accommodate larger orders, said Prasad. Because of our facility locations we can meet Emmvee Photovoltaics inventory needs to supply them on time. A Continuing Partnership for Global Growth Since 2004, Emmvee Photovoltaics has grown significantly. The company began production of its c-Si modules using SolarBond Frame Tape and now manufactures several types of modules using SolarBond FrameTape, including the EMMVEE Black Pearl, EMMVEE Diamond, EMMVEE Sapphire, EMMVEE Crystal and EMMVEE Custom. Additionally, Emmvee has also extended its global reach with sales in India, Germany and throughout the world, having sold more than 100 MW, and increasing production capacity up to 135 MW today. The two companies continue to work together, with Saint-Gobain Solar providing the resources of a multinational company with onsite support of a local supplier to quickly trouble-shoot challenges and recommend solutions.
JANUARY|FEBRUARY12 45

WINDPOWER

Rajasthans Draft Policy for Wind Generation

Bharat Vasandani, EnErgEtica india

The State Government of Rajasthan which has been in news recently mostly for the solar sector; has started focusing on wind energy also. The State has come out with a draft policy to promote wind power generation in Rajasthan. Energetica India looks at the main points of the Policy.

he Rajasthan State Government has come out with a policy, aimed to be comprehensive for wind generation, known as Policy for Promoting Generation of Electricity from Wind 2011. The policy currently in draft stage is looking to be a comprehensive policy aimed offer solutions to various problems being faced by Developers, Power Producers and Utilities. The Policy allows wind power developers to: 1. Sell power to Discom(s) of Rajasthan at preferential tariff determined by the Commission 2. Captive consumption within the State. 3. Sell power to third party located within the State. Wind Power Producers will also be allowed to set up wind projects under REC mechanism. However, the power generated from these Wind Power Projects shall be sold to Discom(s) of Rajasthan at the price determined by the regulation/orders of the appropriate Commission issued from time to time in this regard. The minimum purchase obligation of wind power for the Discoms will be as per the orders of Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation (RREC). The Discoms of Rajasthan will be asked to procure power from the wind power plants even if the quantum of power purchased by the Discoms exceeds the minimum purchase obligation prescribed by RERC. In addition, the Discoms will also procure power from wind power projects set up under REC mechanism. Grid Interface On the grid interface, the draft points out that Interfacing arrangements such as transformers, panels, kiosks, protection, metering, HT lines from the points of generation to the Pooling Station including
46 JANUARY|FEBRUARY12

the Pooling Station shall be developed and maintained by the Developer as per the Grid Code applicable from time to time and the entire cost for this will be borne by them. Whereas the concerned RVPN (Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Ltd.) / Discom will finalize the location of the receiving station in consultation with RREC; on which the electricity generated will be received at minimum 33 kV level. The Developer will pay the RVPN / Discom for creating facility for receiving power at the receiving station. The work will include cost of complete line bay (including civil works) and its interconnection with existing electrical system. The Developer will be asked to develop the evacuation system beyond Pooling Station till the nearest grid sub-station. For grid connectivity/construction of line, the Developer needs to submit period for construction of the wind farm along with Bank Guarantee equivalent to the cost of bay and dedicated transmission/ distribution line with an undertaking to use the system within prescribed period. The construction line will be arranged by RVPN/Discom. In case there is any delay in utilization of system, a recovery @ 12% per annum for the period of delay on the amount of Bank Guarantee will be levied by RVPN/Discom. The Bank Guarantee will be returned to the Developer after commissioning of the project. The Policy states that all wind farms should have wind generation forecasting system for forecasting their generation upto an accuracy of 70%. Actual generation beyond + 30% of their schedule may attract Unscheduled Interchange (UI) charges as per prevailing Grid Code and regulations.

The Developer will need to comply with Grid Code including Load Dispatch and System Operation Code, Metering Code, Protection Code, Safety Code, relevant regulations/orders of the Commission. Power Purchase Agreement For sale to Discoms, the Developer is expected to sell power at prefential tariff as determined by the Commission. In case captive power plants or sale to third parties, the Developer is expected to sign a Wheeling and Banking Agreement (WBA) with the Discom. After execution of Wheeling & Banking Agreement, the Developer has the option to switch over to preferential tariff PPA partly or fully, for which separate Power Purchase Agreement have to be executed with Discom(s) and the Wheeling & Banking Agreement will be accordingly modified with prior approval of RVPN/Discom(s) as per prevailing RERC regulations. The ratio of sale to Discom versus captive/third party sale and vice-versa can be changed by the Developer once in a year. In case of sale of power through REC mechanism, the PPA is signed between Developer and Discom as per the regulations. After expiration of REC registration, the Developer is free to sell power to the Discom based on the tariff at that time specified by RERC. The account of all transactions between the Developer and the Discom/ RVPN will be settled on monthly basis. Government Incentives The Rajasthan State Government is giving some incentives for wind power generation. They are 1. The energy consumed by the Power Producer for his own use will be exempted
energetica india

Asia's largest event on renewable energy

India Expo Centre, Greater Noida National Capital Region of Delhi, India 7 - 9 November 2012

...where inspiration meets aspirations

Solar PV | Solar Thermal | Wind Bio Fuels | Bio Mass | Small Hydro Power Geothermal | Energy Efficiency

Supported by

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Rajneesh Khattar | +91 98717 26762 | rajneesh.khattar@ubm.com

www.renewableenergyindiaexpo.com

WINDPOWER

of the appropriate Commission which will be in addition to the processing fee deposited with RREC. Wind Monitoring Developers can select location for establishment of wind monitoring station to carry out wind resources assessment studies. The Developer will register the application with RREC with deposit of Rs.10,000/per site. The State Government will provide land for wind monitoring; land up to 100mx100m will be allotted on temporary basis to the Developer for maximum period of 3 years at DLC rate. The Developer is expected to follow the guidelines for wind resource assessment studies issued by MNRE. All the costs including installation of wind monitoring station with accessories and its O&M expenses is to be borne by Developer. At the end of the study, the Developer is to be submit C-WET report to RREC on completion of wind resource assessment studies. The Developer also has the option to purchase private land and will be responsible for necessary approvals. Security Deposit The Policy says that the Developer has to deposit a refundable amount as security deposit with RREC, towards completion of the project within 60 days of the in-principle clearance of the project by RREC. If the security amount is not deposited within the time specified, the in-principle clearance can be withdrawn by the State Government. This refundable security deposit will be Rs. 5.00 lacs per MW. The security deposit is refunded to the Developer on completion of the project. Time Schedule for Project Completion The Rajasthan State Government lists the time period of project completion as follows:
Project Size upto 25 MW 25 MW-50 MW 50 MW-75 MW 75 MW-100 MW Above 100 MW Completion Schedule 8 months 14 months 18 months 22 months 26 months

2.

from payment of the electricity duty. Generation of electricity from Renewable Energy Sources will be treated as eligible under the schemes administered by the Industries Department and incentives available to industrial units under such schemes will also be available to the Wind Developer.

Land Allotment The land allotment will be done as per the provisions of the Rajasthan Land Revenue Rules, 2007. The land allotted will be at a concessional rate of 10% of the market prices determined by District Level Committee (DLC); with maximum allocation of 10 hectares/MW. The sub-lease of part of the land in favour of Developer is permitted as per the Rajasthan Land Revenue Rules, 2007. Wind Developers are allowed to purchase private land from Khatedar but conversion of private land to industrial use will be required. The conversion charges will be 10% of charges levied for industrial purposes under the relevant rules. Role of RREC RREC is to be the Nodal Agency for all wind power projects in the State. It will also play the role of facilitator for: 1. Execution of PPA/WBA with RVPN/
48 JANUARY|FEBRUARY12

Discom(s) 2. Loans from IREDA/PFC/REC/Financial Institutions/ Commercial Banks 3. Allotment of revenue and forest land and sub-lease in favor of investor 4. Approval of power evacuation plan and allocation of bays etc 5. Arranging other statutory clearances/ approvals and 6. Accreditation and recommending the wind energy project for registration with Central Agency under REC mechanism. Wind Project Registration The State Government has laid down the following process for the registration of the wind projects in the State: The Developer shall select the site for establishing the Wind Farm and register the application with RREC. Along with the application, the Developer has to deposit Rs. 25000/-per MW; non-refundable plus taxes. The projects registered under Policy 2004 but not commissioned fully or partially on the date of issue of this new Policy; will be treated under this new Policy. For REC projects the Developer has to deposit accreditation/registration fee with State Agency / Central Agency as per procedure laid down by the regulations/orders

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Delay will cost the Developer as following:

Extension Period Cost of Extension / MW 2 months 4 months 9 months Rs. 25.000 Rs. 50.000 Rs. 100.000

Price of Power and Other Charges The price for wind power to be sold (except under REC mechanism) by the Wind Developer to the Discom(s) will be as per the specification laid by the Commission. The Wind Developer may sell power to consumer/licensees other than Discom(s) at mutually agreed rates. The price of power sold under REC mechanism by the eligible Wind Developer will be dependent on relevant policies. The preferential levelised tariff for sale of wind power to Discom (s) for 20 years during the year 2011-12 is determined by the Commission vide order dated 3.6.2011; that lists the prices as:
Jaisalmer, Barmer and Jodhpur District Rs. 4.22 / kWh Other Districts Rs.4.44 / kWh

(a) The transmission charges applicable to power stations be half (i.e. 50%) of the transmission charges, specified by the Commission for open access consumer. These charges as specified by the Commission vide order dated 31.3.2011 for the year 2011-12 shall be Rs. 76/kW/ Month and amended by RERC from time to time. (b) The wheeling charges applicable to power stations, be 50% of normal charges, as applicable & specified for 33 kV by the Commission, irrespective of the voltage at which electricity is supplied. These charges as specified by the Commission vide order dated 31.3.2010 for the year 2011-12 shall be Rs. 0.055/ kWh and amended by RERC from time to time. Technical losses of transmission & distribution system is specified by the Commission for RVPNs system and for the Discoms distribution system up to 33 kV. Technical losses for open access transaction of renewable energy during 201112 are and will be amended time to time:
For direct supply to consumer on transmission system For the supply using distribution network of distribution licensee below 132 kV For the supply using both EHV transmission & distribution system

state Load dispatCh Centre (sLdC) Fee & CharGes: SLDC fee & charges shall be as specified in RERC (Levy of fee and charges by the State Load Despatch Centre) Regulations, 2004. surCharGe: The Cross-subsidy surcharge as determined by Commission from time to time will not be applicable in case of open access wheeling transactions based on renewable energy sources. For the purpose of open access wheeling based on renewable energy sources, the cross-subsidy surcharge is to be nil. avaiLabiLity based tariFF (abt): The wind power projects are not subjected to ABT Mechanism. Energy Banking The Policy allows energy to be banked at consumption end within the State only. In respect of third party sale and/or captive use of non firm energy, the banking and drawal will be on six monthly basis i.e. April to September and October to March. However, during the months of December, January & February utilisation of the banked energy will not be permitted. Rebate for Prompt Payment For payment of bills of capacity charges and energy charges of generation tariff or of transmission charges or of wheeling charges; the policy gives a rebate of 2% for payments made within 3 days of bill presentation and 1% for payments made within one month of bill presentation. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) credit The Policy says that the benefits of Clean Development Mechanism (i.e. CDM) credit during the current Control Period, will be in the ratio 25:75 between distribution licensee and project developer respectively. The distribution licensee is expected to fully pass on the benefits to the consumers. In case the distribution licensee itself is the project developer, then 75% shall be retained by the distribution licensee and balance 25% shall be passed on to the consumers.
JANUARY|FEBRUARY12 49

The above tariff is on the ex-bus basis at generator premises (i.e. pooling station) which is the interface metering point. If it is mutually agreed to have a interface point to be at licensees premises where the generated power is injected by the wind power plant then as per Regulation 83(6) note (i) of RERC Regulation dated January 23, 2009, for energy metering at licensee premises, losses at 1% (for metering at 33 kV) and at 4% (for metering at 132 kV or 220 kV) system will be applicable on the metered energy units. The Policy also states the the cap on purchase of wind power for the year 2011-12, 2012-13 & 2013-14 as per RERC (Power Purchase & Procurement Process of Distribution Licensees) (2nd Amendment) Regulations, 2011.
Year 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 Obligation as % of energy consumption 4,50% 5,10% 5,70%

4,40% 3.6% (i.e. the losses applicable for 33kV system) 8,00%

Grid ConneCtivity CharGes: The Grid Connectivity charges is Rs. 2 lacs per MW as notified by RERC vide notification dated January 23, 2009. start-up power: Energy drawn during start up and backing down up to a maximum of 42 days in a financial year can be set off against the energy sale to the distribution licensee within State thereafter energy drawn be billed at temporary tariff on daily basis. Where sale to distribution licensee is not affected, such drawn will be billed on daily basis.
kvarh CharGes:

In projects where there is a third party sale or captive use, the transmission & the wheeling charges will be
energetica india

Net kVArh drawl by renewable energy power plant from the Grid is to be billed @ 5.75 Paise/ kVArh w.e.f. 01.04.2009 escalated at 0.25 paise/kVArh.

WINDPOWER

Do you know what your turbine is producing?

PhilliP Gauthier1 (enGineer, Performance and loads dePartment, Gl Garrad hassan) and rajsekhar BudhavaraPu (country manaGer, Gl Garrad hassan india)

A turbines power curve is the most important system characteristic to describe its performance. Based on its power curve, the annual production of a wind turbine is assessed. Thus, guaranteeing a wind turbine generators (WTG) power curve is not only vitally important for the wind farm owner, but also for all the stakeholders involved in a wind project.

t u r b i n e s power performance is not only necessary for certification, but it also provides buyers of a Rajsekhar turbine with a key inBudhavarapu put to determine the economics and viability of their project. For that reason, it is a very compelling sales argument for the turbine manufacturer - one which should be presented with absolute confidence. With a large capital expenditure investment however, owners and operators need to be sure that their assets will perform as expected. It is no wonder then that the owners and operators of WTGs are so often advised to verify the performance characteristics of their turbines. Since tolerances in production (e.g. the blades) can have a vast influence on the performance of an individual wind turbine, the impact on the energy production over a wind farms life time can be huge. What is a power performance measurement? The power performance of a wind turbine describes the correlation between the free-inflow wind speed and net electrical power output of the wind turbine. In order to obtain a power curve, a long term measurement at the actual wind turbine in the field is undertaken. Data is collected from various sensors inside the wind turbine as well as from a meteorological
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mast. It is important that the mast is positioned at an undisturbed location. The measured power curve is determined by collecting simultaneous measurements of wind speed and power output. As a second result, the theoretical annual energy production (AEP) is obtained by applying the power curve to a reference wind speed distribution. The determination of a turbines power performance is typically conducted according to a reference standard. The IEC 61400-12-1 standard for power performance measurements on wind turbines is most commonly used. Methodology: Site evaluation Before a power performance measurement can be carried out, it needs to be verified that the site at which the test is proposed is suitable for a performance measurement. The suitability of a site is elaborated in the test standard (e.g. IEC 61400-12-1) and it generally applies to the characteristics of the site with respect to distortion of the local wind flow regime. Furthermore, the topography of the site as well as obstacles (e.g. neighbouring wind turbines, buildings) has to be taken into account. Site assessment is done by means of a site visit, topographical maps, photos and meteorological data. In the event the site does not fulfill the requirements of the test guidelines it is possible to undertake a site calibration in order to determine flow correction factors for the wind speed.

Site Calibration In general, the power performance measurement is based on the assumption that the wind speed at a meteorological mast is identical to the wind speed at the centre of the hub of the wind turbine. This assumption is only true for fairly flat terrain. In case the site does not fulfill the requirements of the applied guideline with respect to terrain variation, slopes and obstacles, a site calibration must be carried out. A site calibration determines flow correction factors for wind speed for a given meteorological mast position. These correction factors will be applied to the measured wind speed during the power performance measurement. In order to obtain the correction factors, two meteorological masts are necessary. One mast is the reference position mast, to be used also for the power performance measurement (permanent mast). The second is the turbine position mast (temporary mast). As a minimum requirement, two wind speeds at each mast and the wind direction at the two masts need to be recorded. However, it is recommended to measure temperature and air pressure as well. Power PerformanCe meaSurement As previously stated, the power performance measurement of a wind turbine is a relation between the electrical power output of the machine and the inflow conditions, measured in the undisturbed flow. In order to develop this relationship,
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WINDPOWER

a number of quantities need to be measured, such as wind speed at hub height, wind direction, electrical power, air density at hub height and turbine operational parameters. Depending on the applied guidelines or other requirements such as manufacturers warranty documents, it can be necessary to record further signals such as wind speed and direction at lower tip height, temperature gradient, humidity, generator speed, pitch angle etc. Based on these measurements, the power performance of a turbine can be determined. Types of power performance measurements Power performance measurements are realised at different stages of development and can vary based on the goal of the power performance test, whether it be for certification purposes (type testing) or for warranty verification PerformanCe teSting for tyPe teSt A power curve in the sense of a type test is normally carried out on a prototype wind turbine. The resulting power curve is part of the type certification process within the module type test. The performance test is a field test which will be executed through the use of a meteorological mast, which needs to match the hub height of the turbine and is placed at a defined distance to the turbine, preferably in the direction of the prevailing wind. Several meteorological quantities on the mast as well as analogue and digital signals from the wind turbine are measured and correlated. The measurement is based on 1-sec data which is averaged to 10-min statistical values for the evaluation. A minimum range of wind speed and a minimum time period is required to meet the standards. The received data is then filtered for various criteria and post-processed in order to obtain the power curve for the wind turbine under test. PerformanCe Verification In order to verify if the power curve of a wind turbine in a wind farm meets the guaranteed power curve, a performance test is carried out. In principle, the method is identical to that described above. In order to obtain a comparison, the annual energy production based on the measured power curve is compared to the one based
energetica india

on the guaranteed power curve, assuming a theoretical wind distribution or the given wind distribution on site according to the contractual agreements between the operator and the supplier. PerformanCe Test of Small Wind Turbines The material in this article is also generally true for small wind turbines, with the exception that the guidelines differ as small turbines have different characteristics to their larger counterparts. Choosing an Experienced Independent Test Institute Since 1989, GL Garrad Hassan has offered its WINDTEST measurement services and gained international experience performing power performance measurements, both for individual WTGs ranging from 800 W to 6 MW and for entire wind farms. This experience is applied and the corresponding expertise fine-tuned through the firms active cooperation in international research projects. Furthermore, GL Garrad Hassan has contributed to the preparation or development of the following standards and guidelines: IEC 61400-12-1 Power Performance Measurements of Electricity Producing Wind Turbines IEC 61400-12-2 Verification of Power Performance of Individual Wind Turbines MEASNET Power Performance Procedure MEASNET Cup Anemometer Calibra-

tion Procedure FGW Part II Bestimmung der Leistungskurve FGW Part V Bestimmung und Anwendung des Referenzenergieertrags The latest developments in the dimensional evolution of commercial wind turbines call for measurements at hub heights exceeding 100 m. In this context, GL Garrad Hassan can call upon its extensive project experience in the use of measurement masts for performance testing, reaching up to 120 m and higher. As a leader in turbine measurements, GL Garrad Hassan is actively involved in research and development activities which are helping to establish the use of remote sensing technology, such as LiDAR, as tools for measurements. LiDAR technology applied to power performance verification measurements will allow better characterisation of the wind field in the rotor plane for a new generation of multimegawatt turbines with large hub heights. GL Garrad Hassans Windtest Services holds an ISO 17025 accreditation for power performance testing, which can provide a distinct advantage for parties seeking international certification of their products. Furthermore, we support our clients in development their own internal expertise in measurement technology. Our seasoned and internationally operating team of specialists provides assistance in product improvement, quality assurance and failure analysis. The GL Garrad Hassan reference list covers WTGs from 5 kW up to the multi-megawatt class. Our team regularly undergoes technical education, as well as health and safety training, which allows us to safely and efficiently carry out measurements at any onshore or offshore site. Our health and safety management system is certified according to OHSAS 1800:2007. In order to determine the exact value of your investment, it is essential to understand the actual power performance of your assets. Based on over 30 years of experience in turbine measurement, GL Garrad Hassans WINDTEST measurement services provide a unique opportunity to obtain the reliable data you need to ensure the optimum performance of your WTG.
(1) phillip.gauthier@gl-garradhassan.com (2) rajsekhar.budhavarapu@gl-garradhassan.com

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POLICIES

Energy policy needs more Europe: we call for a European Energy Community
Jacques Delors, founDing PresiDent of notre euroPe, anD staffan nilsson, PresiDent of the euroPean economic anD social committee

In spite of the progress made over recent years, the European Unions policy on energy issues has failed to achieve its main objectives: ensuring access to energy at reasonable and stable prices; maintaining the EUs industrial competitiveness; ensuring security of energy supply for all Europeans wherever they live; and promoting sustainable production, transportation, distribution, storage and consumption of energy, thus moving decisively towards a low-carbon society. These goals are shared by all, political leaders as well as civil society, from energy providers and businesses to trade unions, consumers and environmentalists. It is on how these objectives should be achieved that opinions differ.

he limitations of national energy policies have been proven, and yet there is no common European energy policy to overcome them. Despite promises made by many governments, energy prices have soared in recent years and, as a result, energy poverty is becoming more acute than ever. Last winter, between 50 and 125 million Europeans suffered from fuel poverty, be it in the form of disconnection, the threat of disconnection or the inability to pay bills. This has not been adequately addressed by the countries of the EU. Member States are involved in such a tangled web of interdependencies that going it alone is no longer a viable option. As we have seen recently, European countries can make sovereign choices on energy supply (e.g. the phasing out of nuclear energy in some EU countries), but this comes at a price. Unilateral decisions increase the risk of divergence and can cause price hikes or swings in regional energy production and consumption, to name but two issues. Today, no single European country can, on its own, reliably provide its citizens with affordable energy. We must put and end to short-sightedness. A united front is the only way for European countries to respond to peoples concerns and ensure that Europes interests prevail. Political will is obviously an issue, but it is not the only one. Firstly, the potential of the internal market has not been fully harnessed to improve energy security and provide the citizens with
52 JANUARY|FEBRUARY12

added value. Secondly, the Lisbon Treaty explicitly provides for solidarity between the Member States, yet it has remained a dead letter in the current institutional framework. Thirdly, the EU has no means either to finance actions of wide scope or to impose choices regarding energy sources. The annual EU budget for energy is paltry compared to the amount spent by Member States in this area. This seriously limits funding for common electricity and gas interconnections and joint research in low-carbon energy. Providing the EU with independent and autonomous financial resources to finance projects of common European interest, especially those concerning renewable energies, is therefore vital. Fourthly, a topical and societal issue such as energy would normally warrant the full involvement of citizens. The absence of a structured dialogue between policy- and decision-makers and European civil society is a source of deep concern. A new approach is required, one aimed at deeper integration and solidarity. The most ambitious and promising option is that of a fully-fledged European Energy Community to encompass all relevant economic, political and strategic aspects. This would entail the integration of energy markets, coordination of research policies, decisions on investment, solidarity mechanisms, and the need to speak with one voice on the world stage. All of this requires a forceful supranational approach. Strong interim steps can be taken

straight away, from further integration of national energy markets to the joint planning of networks by gearing energy policy towards consumers, to name but a few. For example, we call for the progressive europeanisation of the energy mix, which is necessary due to the increase in the share of renewable energies in national energy mixes. On energy choice and investments, Europe cannot afford to wait any longer, as major decisions on energy taken today will require decades of commitment. The progressive development of a European Energy Community has the potential to re-mobilise Europeans around a project which offers them clear added value. Above all, this will respond to the expectations and concerns of EU citizens reflected in recent opinion polls. Given the all-encompassing impact of energy decisions, the public cannot be left out of the debate on the systemic transformations ahead. The European Economic and Social Committee and Notre Europe are urging that this debate take place at EU level and propose that a European civil society forum be set up to monitor energy issues. We call upon the European Commission to play a much greater role in shaping a coherent, credible and effective energy policy, laying the foundations for a European Energy Community. Purely national action on energy has become irrelevant, and a sustainable, resilient and forward-looking energy system can be best achieved at European level.
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Indias Current Bio-Fuel Turmoil

Bharat Vasandani, EnErgEtica india

The BioFuel industry has lately been into news for wrong reasons- probe by The Competition Commission of India (CCI) to investigate the artificial suppression of the biodiesel market in India. Energetica India looks at the current turmoil and revisits the biofuel policy of India along with examples of policy implementation in India.

The Turmoil Recently the industry heard the announcement that Indias antitrust watchdog will launch a probe into whether the petroleum ministry and state-run oil marketing companies have suppressed the market for bio-diesel, over-riding a report on the contrary by the Director-General of Investigation and Registration. An official from The Competition Commission of India (CCI) has said that Rs.2,500 crores of investments made by bio-diesel industry is lying idle, as the government has not let the clean-fuel market grow in the country. The industry has alleged that India has no commercial market for bio-diesel. The government allows producers to sell it as transport fuel only to oil marketing companies with regulated prices and curbs on its transportation. Disgruntled bio-diesel producers such as Royal Energy Ltd had earlier complained against the curbs. Sections 3, 4 and 26 of the Competition Act allow the regulator to probe including government enterprises and ministries. Data from the industry lobby shows that the domestic industry, which has 1.2 million tonnes of unutilised capacity, has registered flat growth since 2009, when commercial sales of the fuel were banned; whereas diesel imports may rise by up to 30%. Given the current demand of diesel, the bio-diesel sector has huge opportunity to grow, but the price set is too low to sustain the investment. Until companies are allowed to sell it directly to bulk consumers, there wouldnt be parity in the market, Bio-Diesel Association of India president Sandeep Chaturvedi said. Its crucial for bio-diesel to be freed of diesel prices, he added.
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In India, the price of bio-diesel is regulated by the petroleum ministry, which uses the retail price of diesel for its calculation. It is currently sold at about Rs.30 a litre. In view of the current situation of biodiesel in India, Energetica India revisits the Indian policy on bio-diesel and also looks at some developments in the field of biodiesel in India. Policy Overview Indias National Bio-Diesel policy is driven by the fact that Energy is a critical input for socio-economic development of our country. The energy strategy aims at efficiency and security and to provide access which being environment friendly and achievement of an optimum mix of primary resources for energy generation. India meets just 23% of petro demand through domestic production while the rest is met from imported crude. Keeping this in view, Indias energy security remains vulnerable until alternative fuels to substitute/supplement petro-based fuels are developed indigenously. As we all know, Biofuels are derived from renewable bio-mass resources providing a strategic advantage to promote sustainable development. This supplements conventional energy sources in meeting the rapidly increasing requirements for transportation fuels associated with high economic growth, as well as in meeting the energy needs of Indias vast rural population. India believes that Biofuels can increasingly satisfy Indias growing energy needs in an environmentally benign and cost effective manner; reducing dependence on import of fossil fuels and thereby providing a higher degree of National Energy Security. The Policy says that Indian approach

to biofuels is different to the current international approaches which could lead to conflict with food security. It is based solely on non-food feedstocks to be raised on degraded or wastelands that are not suited to agriculture, thus avoiding a possible conflict of fuel vs. food security. The Policy: Facilitates and bring about optimal development and utilization of indigenous biomass feedstocks for production of biofuels. Envisages development of the next generation of more efficient biofuel conversion technologies based on new feedstocks. Set out the Vision, medium term Goals, strategy and approach to biofuel development, Proposes a framework of technological, financial and institutional interventions and enabling mechanisms. The Indian government envisioned a central role for Biodiesel in the energy and transportation sectors of the country in coming decades and had expectations of the Policy bringing in accelerated development and promotion of the cultivation, production and use of biofuels in India. The Policy looked at increasingly substituting petrol and diesel with bio-diesel for transport and be used in stationary and other applications, creating new employment opportunities and leading to environmentally sustainable development. Approach The Policy looked at a minimum level of biofuels become readily available in the market to meet the demand at any given time; with an indicative target of 20% blending of biofuels, both for bio-diesel and bio-ethanol by 2017. The focus for development of biofuels
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19-21 April 2012, prAgAti MAidAn, new delhi, indiA

SwitChing On INDIAS POWER

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Minimizing Conventional Powers Emissions (NOx, SOx, pM, etc) Encouraging & Nurturing a Private Power Sector Refurbishment & Modernization & Upgradation Projects Hydro Power Addressing Environmental Considerations Wind Powered India Securing a Bioenergy Future Delivering Low Carbon Energy from Waste

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in India is to utilize waste and degraded forest and non-forest lands only for cultivation of shrubs and trees bearing non-edible oil seeds for production of bio-diesel. In India, bio-ethanol is produced mainly from molasses, a by-product of the sugar industry. In future too, it would be ensured that the next generation of technologies is based on non-food feedstocks. Therefore, the policy checked the issue of fuel vs. food security. Cultivators, farmers, landless labourers etc were encouraged to undertake plantations that provide the feedstock for bio-diesel and bio-ethanol. Corporates were also enabled to undertake plantations through contract farming by involving farmers, cooperatives and Self Help Groups etc. These are now supported through a Minimum Support Price for the non-edible oil seeds used to produce bio-diesel. The Policy emphasised plantations of trees bearing non-edible oilseeds on wasteland, degraded or fallow land in forest and non-forest areas and discouraging plantations on agricultural lands. The support also came through Minimum Support Price mechanism. A major instrument of this Policy was that a Minimum Support Price (MSP) for oilseeds with a provision for its periodic revision so as to ensure a fair price to the farmers. The National Biofuels Co-ordination Committee was formed and entrusted with this task. The Statutory Minimum Price (SMP) mechanism prevalent for sugarcane procurement was to be examined to be used for oilseeds (to be utilized for production of bio-diesel by the processing units). Payment of SMP would be the responsibility of the bio-diesel processors. Different levels of Minimum Support Price for oilseeds were supposed to be declared by the States. Processing Ethanol is produced in the country at present from molasses, which is a by-product of the sugar industry. 5% blending of ethanol with gasoline was already taken up by the Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) at the time of Policy formation. The Policy emphasised on 10% mandatory blending of ethanol with gasoline. In order to augment availability of ethanol and reduce over supply of sugar, the sugar industry
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was permitted to produce ethanol directly from sugarcane juice. The sugar and distillery industry were further encouraged to augment production of ethanol to meet the blending requirements prescribed from time to time, while ensuring that this does not in any way create supply constraints in production of sugar or availability of ethanol for industrial use. While it was difficult to exactly specify the percentage of bio-diesel to be blended with diesel in view of the uncertainty in the availability of bio-diesel; it was recommended that the blending will be permitted upto certain prescribed levels, to be recommendatory initially and made mandatory in due course. The prescribed blending levels were to be reviewed and moderated periodically as per the availability of bio-diesel and bio-ethanol. A proposal was made to form a National Registry which notes the feedstock availability, processing facilities and offtake and maintains the necessary data. This data will then be used for decision making. In order to take care of fluctuations in the availability of biofuels, OMCs were permitted to bank the surplus quantities left after blending of bio-diesel and bioethanol in a particular year, and to carry it forward to the subsequent year when there may be a shortfall in their availability to meet the prescribed levels. The blending followed a protocol and certification process, and conformed to BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) specification and standards. Distribution & Marketing The responsibility of storage, distribution and marketing of biofuels were to rest with OMCs. This was carried out through their existing storage and distribution infrastructure and marketing networks. The entire value chain comprising production of oil seeds, extraction of bio-oil, its processing, blending, distribution and marketing was taken into account for determination of bio-diesel purchase price. The Minimum Purchase Price (MPP) for bio-diesel by the OMCs was to be linked to the prevailing retail diesel price. The MPP for bio-ethanol was to be based on the actual cost of production and import price of bio-ethanol.

The MPP, both for bio-diesel and bio-ethanol is determined by the Biofuel Steering Committee and decided by the National Biofuel Coordination Committee. In the event of diesel or petrol price falling below the MPP for bio-diesel and bioethanol, OMCs will be duly compensated by the Government. Financing Plantation of non-edible oil bearing plants, the setting up of oil expelling/extraction and processing units for production of bio-diesel and creation of any new infrastructure for storage and distribution was declared as a priority sector for the purposes of lending by financial institutions and banks. National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) was to provide re-financing towards loans to farmers for plantations. Biofuel technologies and projects were allowed 100% foreign equity through automatic approval route to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), provided biofuel is for domestic use only, and not for export. Plantations were not open for FDI participation. As biofuels are derived from renewable biomass resources they are also eligible for various fiscal incentives and concessions available to the New and Renewable Energy Sector from the Central and State Governments. Bio-ethanol enjoys concessional excise duty of 16% and biodiesel is exempted from excise duty. No other Central taxes and duties were proposed to be levied on bio-diesel and bio-ethanol. Custom and excise duty concessions is provided on plant and machinery for production of bio-diesel or bio-ethanol, as well as for engines run on biofuels for transport, stationary and other applications, if these are not manufactured indigenously. Not All is Lost The current turmoil states that not much is happening on the putting the policy into action. That can be true; nevertheless, there is still hope. The industry has seen some encouragement from the following news and events seen recently in India. Five hundred government buses in Mysore are proposed to be run on biodiesel as per proposals cleared by Karenergetica india

BIOFUELS

nataka Cabinet. This is a part of the central government sponsored Sustainable Urban Transport project. The Centre would fund Rs 17.5 crores of the more than Rs 19 crores project for Mysore. Under the initiative, an intelligent transport system project would be also be taken up in Mysore involving 500 buses, which would give information in advance to commuters like departure and arrival times and the next bus stops.. The buses are proposed to be run on biodiesel under the Innovative Environmental System initiative. Under these initiatives to be taken up over an 18-month period, 105 bus stops and six bus terminals (45 platforms) would be covered in Mysore. The Indian Railways has put forward plans to set up four biodiesel plants costing about Rs 1.2 billion. Two of these plants will be built at Raipur and Chennai during the next two years,
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the other two units will be built later. Each plant is expected to cost Rs300 million and will produce up to 30 tonnes of biodiesel a day. The plants will use waste oil, fatty acid and nonedible vegetable oil as a feedstock and the biodiesel will be blended with the HSD oil for running the trains. The use of biodiesel is expected to ear the railways Rs20 million a year in carbon credits. The Railways currently consumes 2.2 billion litres of diesel a year. Indian Railway Organisation for Alternative Fuels has been formed to take up projects to introduce alternative fuels such as CNG and biodiesel. A research project in India has fuelled a Chevrolet diesel Tavera on a 20 per cent biodiesel blend made from marine micro algae. The project was part of the New Millennium India Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI) with researchers from the Ministry of Earth

Sciences (MoES) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). The Central Salt Marine and Chemical Research Institute found the microalgae growing naturally on the western coast. The B-20 biodiesel to operate the diesel Tavera was prepared from these microalgae mats and the test drive recorded a mileage of 12.4 km better than the 10-11 kms recorded by diesel run SUVs. The aim is now to run the test vehicle on B-100 (neat biodiesel) marine micro algae biodiesel and evaluate economic viability. MNRE expects India to save Rs.3,000 crores in expenses and generate revenue of Rs.5,500 crores if the initiative of blending 2% of bio-diesel is achieved in 20112012. Indias economic growth aim needs energy security and this will not come from either conventional or non-conventional technologies but a mix of all available technologies.
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RENEWABLEENERGY

Sustainable Development using Renewable Energy through Corporate Social Responsibility

Dr. Anil KurchAniA AnD Mr. chirAg ShAh

Renewable Energy through decentralized model can make Indian villages self sustainable. Dr.Anil Kurchania and Mr.Chirag Shah explain how Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can help achieve self-sustainable Indian villages.

usinesses can make a very positive intervention in the society by adding renewable energy projects to their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities, which will help to improve the socioeconomic conditions of the marginalized. Organizations obligations are now extending beyond maximing shareholder value and now also include steps to improve the quality of life of surrounding community and people. As a part of CSR a business can set up Renewable Energy Technologies like Solar, Biogas to serve energy needs. Decentralized electricity generation using renewable and its distribution can become the new frontiers for CSR activities. Such projects reduce load on the grid, bridge the growing electricity deficit, provide regular electricity supply and generate local employment. As part of a CSR initiative a business can set up renewable energy systems in villages that will be maintained by villagers who have undergone training. Installing a mix of solar panels, wind mills and biogas plants can make a village energy self sufficient. By adding renewable energy projects to their CSR activities, businesses will make a very positive intervention that will go a long way in improving the socioeconomic lot of disempowered. How different Renewable tools will address basic needs of villages

Dr. Anil Kurchania is Professor, Department of Renewable Energy Sources, College of Technology and Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur. Mr. Chirag Shah is Independent Renewable Energy Advisor

Fig. 2: Sustainable rural system through renewable energy sources.

Improved Cookstoves: The use of Improved Cookstoves can help meet out rural energy needs with low emission level, cut use of wood for fuel and also enhance local entrepreneurship There is an estimated potential of 120 million improved cookstoves in our country and so far about 36 million units have been constructed. solar pv panels (lantern, Home system, solar street lIgHt): Decentralized power generation can be implemented quickly with no long transmission line and with minimum training. So far 55000 solar street lighting systems, 3, 50,000 home lighting systems, 5, 65,000 solar lanterns and 2000 kWp solar photovoltaic power plants have been installed in our country. solar dryer: Useful for agriculture for value addition of food products, reduction in wastage of agri output and helps to generate employment. solar Cooker: Food preparation, reduction in wood usage. More than 6, 00,000 solar cookers are currently being used. Solar Desalination Plants: Clean water availability free from fluorides which is a major problem in certain parts of country. Improves health of people BIogas plants: This is an established and proven technology and apart from cooking, biogas can be used as fuel for automobiles just like CNG. There is a potential of 12 million family size biogas plants in India and about 4 million have been installed.

FIG. 3: Cooking on biogas.

BIomass gasIfIer: Agricultural waste normally free from sulphur can be burned and help to generate heat and energy. Decentralization system for heat and power generation and helps in reducing CO2 as well. About 70 MW is the installed capacity of power production from biomass gasifier. small Hydro power: By using clean hydro power sources, local air pollution and associated health risks will be avoided. In a country where coal is the primary fuel for electricity generation, these projects reduce pollution going into the environment. Estimated potential of small hydro (up to 25 MW) is 15000 MW and about 1800 MW has been installed. Increased use of renewable energy sources and promotion of energy conversation are the main pillars of a sustainable energy supply. Our country is blessed with a variety of renewable energy sources. The intervation of renewable energy technology in CSR helps to improve the quality of work with a sustainable effect on the society. It explains the positive impact that renewable energy and energy efficiency systems could have to an organisations impact on society, the environment and our climate.
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An unresolved Discussion in Durban

Mr.Vagish sharMa, PrograM officer at indo-Us science & technology forUM

Vagish Sharma shares the outcome of The United Nations Climate Change Conference, Durban 2011 with the readers of Energetica India.

xpectations leading into Durban remained modest, although COP17 delegates were anticipating only an operationalization of the Cancun Agreements. In the opening remarks of COP17, the UNFCCC Executive Secretary Christiana Figueres emphasized the need to complete the tasks established in Cancun and to resolve unanswered questions. She highlighted the importance of approving the Green Climate Fund, launching the Adaptation Committee, operationalizing the Technology Mechanism in 2012, providing more clarity on fast-start finance, and reaching a fair and responsible process towards a multilateral rules based system under the Convention. Nevertheless, after two weeks of tough discussions in last December, the COP17 in Durban reached an agreement on (i) a post-2012 commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol and (ii) on a framework for a new post-2020 global deal. Some of the main points from the summit include: A pledge to work towards a legally binding climate change agreement no later than by 2015 (with the view of making it operational by 2020). To this effect a new Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action was established. An extension of the Kyoto Protocols commitment period for a number of countries most notably the EU. Agreement on the design of the extensive funding regime which is to assist developing countries in adapting to and mitigation climate change. This includes the Green Climate Fund although many details on the exact ori60 JANUARY|FEBRUARY12

gin of the promised $100bn are not yet specified. The agreement on procedures for allowing carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects to form part of the CDM. The countries decided to launch a process to develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force, that would increase the emission reduction targets to reach a level that keeps global temperatures in check. The meeting decided that this would be done after a review of the existing deliverables under the UN convention and the UN IPCCs report on climate change science due in 2015. The European Union vowed to extend its emission-reduction goals under the Kyoto Protocol beyond 2012. Parties to UNFCCC (governments) agreed a registry to record developing country mitigation actions that seek financial support and to match these with support. The registry will be a flexible, dynamic, webbased platform. A forum and work programme on unintended consequences of climate change actions and policies were also established. Moreover, under the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism, COP17 adopted procedures to allow carbon-capture and storage projects. These guidelines will be reviewed every five years to ensure environmental integrity. Besides, governments agreed to develop a new market-based mechanism to assist developed countries in meeting part of their targets or commitments under the Convention. Details of this will be taken forward in 2012. Key outcomes from Durban Deal The Durban outcome is promising as it has taken a significant step forward for

the process and put a timeframe to reach at a consensus, which was missing in COP16 or COP15. Establishment of the Green Climate Fund is another positive outcome, although the fund is still mostly empty. In line with the Green Climate Funds and Fast Start Financing, more windows of climate financing are expected in the field of cleantech, renewable energy and REDD. Least Developed Countries can be benefited from these funding windows. For instance, Norway has pledged up to US$2.8 billion in bilateral and multilateral funding under Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) as well as World Bank has established two new multi-billion funds for carbon finance. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) is in the centre stage of the new deal of climate change and financial support for NAMA projects in developing countries is increasing with new countries pledging to get involved and existing donors stepping up their commitments. Parties can be benefited from NAMAs provided suitable NAMA proposals with unilateral and bilateral funding structures can be developed. African and LDCs focus of the new climate deal is also another positive aspect of the COP17 and forthcoming COP18. It is expected that a pro-poor, LDCs and African focus as well as capacity development activities are of utmost importance in the alignment with the climate deal of UNFCCC. Besides, agreement on a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol will help boost confidence, although it will do little to boost carbon prices in either the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) or under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The second commitenergetica india

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ment period would pay only a symbolic value, and most of the critical aspects of next phase of Kyoto Protocol needs to be clarified in the COP18 and its follow up discussions. In addition, the subject of carbon capture and storage (CCS) inclusion within the CDM was taken up as a separate agenda item under the Protocol. Negotiations in Cancun COP accepted carbon capture and storage (CCS) into the CDM, on the condition that a list of modalities and implementation issues were addressed. Compromise on CCS in the CDM was reached during SBSTA consultations in Durban, adopting modalities and procedures to be reviewed periodically, and clearing the way for the first methodologies to emerge as early as next year. To sum up, Durban climate summit was a partial success and negotiators could not perform well. As it has been stated several debrief publications of climate change analysts, following years of

ThE cOuNTRiES dEcidEd TO LAuNch A pROcESS TO dEvELOp A pROTOcOL, ANOThER LEgAL iNSTRumENT OR AN AgREEd OuTcOmE WiTh LEgAL fORcE, ThAT WOuLd iNcREASE ThE EmiSSiON REducTiON TARgETS TO REAch A LEvEL ThAT kEEpS gLOBAL TEmpERATuRES iN chEck

struggle to rescue the international climate regime, from disappointments over transparency and the North-South divide in Copenhagen to tepid expectations and uncertainties over the effectiveness of the UNFCCCs role within international climate policy and long-term cooperative action, negotiators appeared to turn a corner in Durban with decisions that will lead to a more inclusive climate regime

with more symmetrical mitigation reporting systems. Many Parties felt that these decisions signalled a restored momentum to move beyond traditional North-South lines. However, there were others who expressed disappointment that the decisions failed to sufficiently strengthen mitigation commitments recommended by science and delayed a universal regime for another eight years. Next years twin-track climate change conference, COP-18/CMP-8, will take place from November 26 December 7, 2012 in Qatar and will operate in close cooperation with the Republic of Korea. Several work programmes are set to take place over the coming year, as will the establishment of new bodies of the UNFCCC. This year is therefore likely see an increased emphasis on transparency and implementation along with an emergence of new strategies for the development of an ambitious universal climate change agreement over the next four years.

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EVENTS

Technology Differentiation for Enabling Solar Manufacturing in India Event by IIT and Applied Materials India
Bharat Vasandani, EnErgEtica india

Applied Materials India and Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Bombay had organized panel discussion on Technology Differentiation for Enabling Solar Manufacturing in India. The event was held in the campus of IIT, Bombay on 13th December 2011. Energetica India was covering the event.

The panel.

pplied Materials India and Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Bombay had organized panel discussion on Technology Differentiation for Enabling Solar Manufacturing in India. The event was held in the campus of IIT, Bombay on 13th December 2011. The panelists were experts from the Indian Solar Industry, IIT Bombay and Applied Materials. The names included: Mr.James Robson, Corporate Vice President, General Manager, crystalline Silicon Solar Products, Energy and Environmental solutions Applied Materials, Inc. Prof. Rangan Banerjee, Professor, Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB) Mr.Vish Palekar, Business Head, Mahindra
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ThE paNEl diScuSSEd ThE Solar maNufacTuriNg EcoSySTEm iN iNdia aNd agrEEd ThaT much work NEEdS To bE doNE To promoTE Solar maNufacTuriNg iN iNdia

CleanTech Ventures Prof. Chetan Solanki, Associate Professor, Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB) Mr.D.N. Singh, Chief Technical Officer, Indosolar Dr.Pravin Narwankar, Chief Technology

Officer (CTO) for Applied Materials in India and Investment Manager for Applied Ventures in Applied Materials Corporate Business Development Group. Prof. Chetan Solanki, Associate Professor, Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB) The panel was moderated by Professor Vasi from IIT, Bombay. The topics touched upon during the discussion were Renewable Energy supply and demand in India, Path to Grid Parity and opportunities in off-grid market, Technology upgrades for achieving greater efficiency, Efficiency improvement and next-generation cells, Lowering the cost per watt and BOS, and End-market enablers for c-Si-PV. The panel discussed the solar manufacturing ecosystem in India and agreed that much work needs to be done to promote solar manufacturing in India. It was said that the current environment does not encourage solar manufacturing in India. The need for solar energy in India does present a good opportunity but the industry needs to come together and stop imports from China. Local manufacturing will also bring in jobs, help India move up the technology value chain. The panel said that long term research is important and academia like IIT can help by using their skills sets. The alliance between IIT Bombay and Applied Materials India is doing exactly that; bringing together two different skill sets to influence a change in eco-system with a long term focus. Mr.James Robson said that the solar industry needs innovation to reduce costs.
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EVENTS

ThE alliaNcE bETwEEN iiT bombay aNd appliEd maTErialS iNdia iS doiNg ExacTly ThaT; briNgiNg TogEThEr Two diffErENT Skill SETS To iNfluENcE a chaNgE iN Eco-SySTEm wiTh a loNg TErm focuS

Dr D.N.Singh.

Solar cannot be a sustainable industry without reduction in costs. It is an interesting fact that today 50% of renewable energy money globally is being spent on solar. Professor Rangan Banerjee was of the opinion that Solar Thermal was expected to be the answer for India because of lower cost and Indias experience in thermal power. But Solar PV seems to have left solar thermal behind in terms of costs and applications. Nevertheless, a lot of things are being worked out on both the fronts; solar thermal and solar pv. He said that renewable energy in India generates more electricity than nuclear; with wind and hydro leading and a huge potential from solar. Solar PV is still ~1% or less of the total generation in India. He listed technology development, financing challenges, policy, manpower, capacity building as the main challenges for the Indian solar sector. Mr. Vish Palekars belief is that solar will be more encouraged by the rise in electricity prices. He said that India could look at grid parity from 2020 when energy storage technology will mean 24 hours solar energy. He listed Rooftop, Telecom and On-Grid as the main current solar markets in India. Dr.Singh voiced his opinion that India needs to look at new technologies that could decrease costs and increase efficiencyTechnology innovation is the way forward in solar. Professor Vasi welcomed the collaboration with Applied Materials in areas related to renewable energy, which are is a focus at IIT Bombay. The event was a great example of collaboration between an university and a corporate enabling world-class research, innovation and workforce development. Applied Materials and IIT Bombay share a successful 5 year relationship for nanoelectronics and solar photovoltaic technology research.
energetica india

Mr.James Robson.

ThE EVENT waS a grEaT ExamplE of collaboraTioN bETwEEN aN uNiVErSiTy aNd a corporaTE ENabliNg world-claSS rESEarch, iNNoVaTioN aNd workforcE dEVElopmENT

Applied Materials has endowed IIT Bombay with over $12 million for the following projects: The establishment of the Applied Materials Nanomanufacturing Laboratory, Indias first 200mm semiconductor fabri-

cation facility and one of the few university-based 200mm facilities worldwide. Collaborative research on nanoelectronics and solar PV technology. Applieds donation of three state-of-theart physical vapour deposition and chemical vapour deposition process chambers to the National Centre for Photovoltaic Research and Education (NCPRE) for depositing thin films for solar cell applications. A solar PV and LED lighting system that lights up the main avenue at IITBs campus. The establishment of The Applied Materials Chemistry Laboratory for Energy and Nanoelectronics.
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EVENTS

Power Summit 2011 - Paving Way for More Power

Mr. Patnaik, Consulting Editor, EnErgEtiCa india

Energetica India attended the Power Summit in Dec 2011 and brings for the readers the discussion on the challenges in the Indian Power Space and current Industry dynamics.

he Power Summit 2011; presented by Bloomberg UTV and Jaypee Group in New Delhi 7-9 December 2011; was to bring together thought leaders, policy makers, innovators, power business decision makes and investors to discuss Indias Energy challenges and explore processes and systems to counter various challenges faced by the sector. The theme of the summit was Future Power, Future Strategies. The speakers at the Summit included Honble Power Minister Mr.Sushil Kumar Shinde, Honble Minister of Coal Shriprakash Jaiswal and Dr.Tarun Kapoor (Joint Secretary-National Solar Mission). The Summit was attended by Honble Power Minister Mr.Sushil Kumar Shinde on the inaugural day. In his address Mr.Shinde reiterated that the problems faced today by the sector shall be resolved soon. Bigger and more critical problems were faced in the past and sorted out in time in the best interest of sectoral growth. In the current plan the capacity addition is more than what was put in the last three five year plans put together. Today India is better placed in terms of a conducive policy, regulatory frameworks and forward looking state governments. Power plant equipment resourcing from multiple firms within the country, from a single supplier situation has given a big boost to sectoral growth. The initiative taken by the Power Ministry has brought MHI, Toshiba, Alstom, Doosan and such other world class companies to set up joint ventures in the country to supply the state of art technology to power generation plants. Manufacturing capacity of BHEL has been substantially enhanced to align with the capacity addition projections as well. Increasing investment by IPPs is a testimony of creation of a good busi64 JANUARY|FEBRUARY12

ness like climate. Contribution of power capacity creation from IPPs (Independent Power Producers) is steadily increasing and shall keep on increasing in the upcoming plan period. Honble Minister of Coal Shriprakash Jaiswal addressed the gathering on the second day. He mentioned that Coal India cant meet the staggering demand of coal by industries in the country. Since bulk of coal is consumed by the power sector, India has to resort to imports to meet the demand.

BiggEr aNd morE criTical proBlEmS wErE facEd iN ThE paST aNd SorTEd ouT iN TimE iN ThE BEST iNTErEST of SEcToral growTh
The panel discussions were focussed on coal and renewable energy. The coal shortage was at the centre stage and the deliberations were meaningful. The view aired was that the government must facilitate exploration and production from captive coal blocks to meet the demand and permit sale of excess coal in the market after meeting individual plant requirements. Because of a host of permissions and clearances required both at central and state level, hardly two dozens of captive mines have gone into production while awardees exceed two hundred. Another view was that the handing over of the natural resources like coal mines and crude oil deposits shall result in disasters as we have seen in petroleum segment. The private sector shall be given exploration and production contracts while coal

produced shall be distributed in a transparent manner. It will bring competition to the sector and increase the production to meet the demand in a more market driven situation. As regards meeting the shortfall by import; the panellists were of the view that it could be an immediate short term measure but in the long run it wont be feasible. The demand from India and China is so large that it would push the prices very high. In addition it could be seen what has happened to Indias efforts to import as well as owning and operating coal mines in Indonesia. The hike in price of coal is due to the governments of the country of origin levying higher taxes/duties to increase their revenue stream as well as to conserve the coal resources and use it more economically. We cant expect Indonesia, or South Africa or any other country for that matter to permit and increase coal production because of demand creation in other countries and deplete its natural resources at a faster rate. Thus import of coal from anywhere from outside the country is not a feasible solution in the long term and is saddled with fuel insecurity. India has to augment its production by liberalising the sector to attract large players with expertise and track record to explore deposits and dig out coal in larger geographies and regulator could safeguard the interest of all stakeholders. In the current situation, imported coal could be blended with indigenous run of the mine to run the generation units uninterrupted. Because of the high price of imported coal, attributed to coal price increase in international market and recent US Dollar Indian Rupee parity will thus increase the fuel cost per unit of energy generated. This requires that the tariff
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All you need to know about solar in India

Our CSP Today and PV Insider events in India
CSP Today India 2012
14-15 March, New Delhi www.csptoday.com/india/energetica Contact: Jack Ahearne - jack@csptoday.com, +44 (0)20 7375 7556
Now in its third year, the leading CSP event in India will provide you with your road map for CSP market dominance, by hearing from international developers, EPC groups, nanciers and government institutions on how to build a pro table CSP plant and create a viable business in India.

PV Manufacturing Summit India 2012

August, New Delhi www.pv-insider.com/manufacturing-india/energetica Contact: Matt Carr - matt@pv-insider.com, +44 (0)20 7375 7248
The inaugural PV Manufacturing Summit India 2012 (August, New Delhi) has been created by PV Insider to re ect the growing clamour within Indias nascent PV community to realise the incredible opportunity now open in the nation. The two-day conference will help manufacturers achieve their twin goals of building up a signi cant manufacturing base to meet the countrys energy demands, while equipping them to make an impact in the congested international PV markets.

PV Project Development Summit India 2012

July, New Delhi www.pv-insider.com/development-india/energetica Contact: Laura Hernndez laura@pv-insider.com, +44 (0)20 7375 4307
For the very rst time in India, PV Insider will be hosting the PV Project Development Summit (New Delhi, July 2012). This is a 2 day Conference & Expo event, covering all aspects of how to streamline and optimise your PV large scale business to increase your competitive advantage and seize the best new opportunities in the Indian market. The high-level summit is exclusively aimed at senior level decision making attendees including CEOs, CFOs, Managing Directors and Vice Presidents from Indian and International PV companies. Over 150 top attendees from all parts of the community will come together to share perspectives and bene t from incredible networking opportunities throughout the event.

Excellent and intimate venue with top level networking opportunities and real feedback from the PV eld
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so realised by Discoms be passed on to the consumer. Should the governments in the states and regulators dont act immediately the sufferings will spread soon to all consumer communities domestic, commercial and industrial and there will be long hours of more blackouts. Renewable evoked a lot of interest amongst the audience and the panel discussions covered almost all aspects in the renewable basket. Solar PV, wind power and small hydro which are the mainstay renewable in the present time, demand efforts to step up their contribution in the twelfth plan period. The Government encouragement has seen solar at more than 100 MW, wind at 14,000 MW and small hydro at 3,200 MW. This is good in terms of numbers so far but they have to leapfrog to substantive levels to abridge the demand supply gap and address the concerns of global warming caused by conventional power plants. The current round of reverse bidding of solar power under JNNSM has brought down the tariff levels into the narrow band and as low a tariff as Rs 7.49. It has demonstrated how government initiatives and policy changes can play a stellar role in making renewable a competitive source of power. It has also given confidence that the grid parity could be achieved sooner than expected and the country could create 20,000 MW solar capacities by 2022. However Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) which could contribute in a much bigger way as the unit sizes are larger did not get much attention probably because of absence of their developers and requirement of large continuous areas and water demand for setting up these facilities. Wind Energy was very interesting to the audience. The fast growth and the current installations exceeding 14,000 MW is the indication of its popularity amongst investors. Its drawback is that it does not follow the load curve like solar which contributes more as the daylight increases and power demand goes up during the day as well. Small Hydro is steadily gaining ground as more and more installations are coming up in hilly terrains. The officials from the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy Sources in their presentation dwelt upon the identified locations in various states, government initiatives, subsidy and incentives announced to make small hydro a major contributor in the Twelfth Plan Period. The water streams in the past which were used for mechanising small household things in the past are being modernised and replaced for generating electricity and meet the requirements in the neighbourhood. The summit aroused a lot of interest amongst the participative audience and culminated in finding ways for going ahead holistically to meet the staggering demand for power in the country leaving power poverty way behind.
66 JANUARY|FEBRUARY12 energetica india

solarexpo.com

RENEWABLE ENERGY AND DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

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RENEWABLEENERGY

Business Opportunities in Renewable Energy post Durban CoP-17

Mr. Sandeep GoSwaMi; Coo, FountainHead2 CleanteCH india pvt ltd

The Durban agreement to a second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol represents

the continued leadership and commitment of developed countries to meet legally binding emission reduction commitments. It also provides the essential foundation of confidence for the new push towards a universal, legal climate agreement in the near future.

An agreed outcome with legal force, for emission reduction with common but differentiated responsibility and respective capabilitiesThe Durban Declaration from the UFCCC [United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change] COP-17. he longest ever COP [Conference of Parties] in history, the world was kind enough not to make COP-17 the grave yard of Kyoto Protocol. CDM lives till 2015 (17) and there is a glimmer of hope that a new treaty which better engages the entire members beyond 2020 will come. Negotiations for the new deal will start next year, and it should be signed by 2015 at the latest, but the commitments will not take effect until after 2020. The treaty though welcome, as experts say, may still not yet be able to address the trajectory of rising the Global temperature by 3c which is much higher than the moderate ambition of 2c containment as agreed by all nations and woefully short of the high ambition of 1.5 c demanded by the Climate Saviours. Although many Nations ( not the people of those Nations, to be fair ) politically do not want to do anything serious about abatement of Climate change; if fact they are coming up with novel ways keeping the fossil fuel lobby happy, they can if they pause to think cut down on Carbon emission without compromising on development opportunities. All it needs is to sensitize the Business Houses to develop completely new ways of operating in response to climate change. And the answer lies only with Renewable Energy, Recycle Technology and Reuse opportunity. The AOSIS [Alliance Of Small Island
68 JANUARY|FEBRUARY12

States], LDC [Least Developed Country group], ALBA [Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra Amrica = Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America], and many member states from the G77 + China [Group of 77 developing countries] along with the yet unformed group of Mountain States, like Ecuador, Bhutan, Switzerland etcetera have their eyes on both the Annex2 countries & the BASIC Nations; to save them from facing Armageddon. Now among the BASIC [ Brazil + South Africa + India + China] nation, especially India has the historic opportunity to do something revolutionary, which it has been unable to do in the last 400 years; having missed the industrial revolution completely. Once in the very distant past India contributed to about 31% of the worlds new ideas (technology, innovation - in mostly agrarian civilization) and in the modern era the only claim to fame is its IT knowledge pool which would perhaps be around 2-3% contribution in the World dynamics. Although it is true that India is an emerging Economy, it is equally true that the poorest of the poor are still a large part of the population, who would be the hardest hit with a changing climate. So it is in Indias interest too to look at the Climate abatement potential. And understand that economic growth and development of a large population like ours would contribute to Global warming. Statistic is not always a good argument. Let the morally

deficit nations practice it in their politics. India should utilize its position as emerging economy to partner with like minded EU nations, especially in acquiring high end renewable energy technologies and use its traditional talent and enormous youth power to start ramping up its ambition towards climate abatement. India while following its National Action Plan for Climate Change ( a projected 75000 crore business by 2020) it should look towards eliminating fuel poverty through Better Building Design & retro-fit of exiting building and use of renewable energy as a policy; the huge potential it has in the residential / commercial space, as a growing Nation should be exploited fully. Making mandatory the practice of Green Building certification both IGBC-LEED (Indian Green Building Council- Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)& TERI (The Energy and Resource InstituteGRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) would put the country in leadership position to discuss and negotiate better it position in COP- 18 next year. It would also make great business sense to do so. As per experts the Clean Energy would be a $ 250 Billion business and by 2015 -16 we should be seeing a $ 5-6 Billion worth of business and growing. India can and should take up leadership position because unlike popular perception India is not in recession it is only facing slow growth from a projected 9 % to perhaps 6% due to recession
energetica india

RENEWABLEENERGY

in other Countries in the world. It is well understood that Residents of Climate friendly communities become self-sustaining in growing food, manage assets for energy generation, become expert in recycle & reuse and thus are able to take advantage of new and sustainable economic development opportunities. For India taking advantage of the potential business opportunities of climate change would come through partnerships. Both with private as well as public business houses, especially in EU where the economic doldrums may offer many entrepreneurs a competitive advantage to form alliance with proven and experienced players in the field of Renewable Energy, as there Companies are seeking newer pastures to stay afloat. Further with EU committing itself to the extended Kyoto Protocol, CERs & EU-ETS will be back in vogue form the uncertainty it faced before Durban. Presently the EU-ETS stands at 7 where as it should be in the range of 20 to 50.

While it is too early to know what USA would do to strengthen the Green Market, in EU discussions are already on in Brussels for direct intervention in the carbon market. Businesses and environmentalists have heaped pressure on the European Commission to bolster the European Unions Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). Following a letter to the president of the European Commission, 15 companies and lobby groups, including Dong Energy, Alstom, Vestas and Shell issued a joint statement, calling on the European Parliament to back measures to support the EU ETS. Whatever political policies countries adopt, one must understand that the world follows a capitalistic formula; which seriously needs a revamp in thought and process; but is the best option we have. And business therefore will always be done for profit. If India wants a high trajectory of growth it must balance between hand-outs (grants by Annex nations to atone their climate sins) which would not

always be the cutting edge technology, to buy -outs by Indian business of companies with cutting edge renewable energy technology but facing the brunt of the economic havoc being played out within the Euro zone. These buy-outs can be in various type of partnership, not necessarily change of ownership of a Company. Europe should look at the enormous potential India can offer in the Renewable Energy space and innovative approach to popularize the Renewable Energy products and services should be done at a faster pace. Indian businesses are very aware about CDM and its benefits and new ideas for PoAs (Point of Action) can be explored. If we take Solar as one example of renewable business opportunity, rural electrification alone would perhaps provide business to half the SPV players in Europe. Even tier II & III cities have scope in rooftop solar which could be exploited. What is needed is the right formula to popularize it.

PRODUCTS

Automatic zinc spray plant for lpg cylinders

LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) a highly inflammable gas is always recommended to use with following a list of safety instructions & so as to be applied with its equipments & accessories. A LPG cylinder manufacturing plant is bounded to have required quality standards. These cylinders are metallic so chances of getting degraded due to corrosion are severe & so surface treatments like paints, primers, zinc spray etc. needed to be applied to cope up this problem. Zinc sprayed cylinders which are painted afterwards does not require a inspection atleast for a period of 10-15 years. Worldwide LPG cylinder & tank manufacturers are using zinc spray systems, so quality concerns for these cylinders have come in comfort zone. But researches on LPG have open more scopes where this gas can be used & then increasing popuenergetica india

lation have forced manufacturers to produce more gas which ultimately requires increment in cylinder production so now quantitative quality has become a serious concern. Metalizing Equipment Co. Pvt. Ltd. (MECPL), India has served numerous LPG cylinder manufacturers by providing them zinc spray plants. Recently this company has manufactured a complete automatic zinc spray plant for one of the biggest cylinder manufacturer in India, this system need human intervention only for loading & unloading cylinders and for supervision of the process. Repeated quality can be assured with quantitative production. Cylinders to be hang vertically on overhead conveyor which first goes to blasting cabinet and then to spray coating booth. Detailed parts of this system are as follows:Blasting CaBinet : Vertically hung

revolving cylinders come to airless blasting cabinet where surface cleanliness of SA 2.5 is achieved & reusable grit is recycled whereas dust is been sucked to dust collector. ZinC spray Booth: After blasting cylinders on moving overhead conveyor reaches to metalizing booth where 03 nos. of arc spray guns are fitted on to the vertical reciprocating system. At a time 03 nos. of cylinders can be coated uniformly by maintaining speed of up & down motion of spray guns. Over sprayed zinc dust particles been sucked by exhaust fan mounted on the cyclone type dust collectors and disposed in a well manner to at-

tached dust collectors. automation: This complete process is controlled by PLC system so following parameters can be adjusted as per the production requirements: Speed of overhead moving conveyor Rotational speed of cylinder on it own axis Up & down speed and stroke length of gun reciprocation Wire feeding speed to achieve required production etc. This project will bring down complexities of cylinder manufacturers which were earlier due to higher production requirements & uneven manual coating works. MEC, India is active into the field of manufacturing thermal spray coating systems from more than last 40 years, core competency of us is to manufacture & develop coating equipments as well as automation together.
JANUARY|FEBRUARY12 69

PRODUCTS

Optimized TCG 2016 C Genset with Improved Efficiency for Biogas Operation
MWM GmbH is one of the worlds leading suppliers of highly efficient and environmentally friendly systems for energy production. The company, based in Mannheim in Germany, can drawn on 140 years experience in the development and optimisation of combustion engines for natural gas, special gases and diesel. With its understanding of the added value chain, its engineering expertise and its innovative ideas, MWM is a dependable partner who can develop and manufacture customised solutions for individual requirements. With over 1,270 employees across 11 subsidiary companies and two Representative Offices worldwide, the company has focused on ecologically progressive solutions for producing clean energy. To this end, cutting-edge, been increased especially for biogas. The TCG 2016 C genset continues to be available in the V8, V12, and V16 variants. Systematic optimizations of the ignition and control system TEM (Total Electronic Management) ensure more even load balancing over all cylinders. The anti-knock control has been further improved, and a new cylinder balancing concept has been introduced. A package including optimised butterfly valve construction, a new actuator for the gas mixer, and the nano-paint-coated mixture cooler make the genset even more durable and less susceptible to external influences. Thanks to these efficiencyboosting measures, the new gensets reach a maximum efficiency of 42.8% (65% CH4 / 35% CO2) or 41.7% (50% CH4 / 50% CO2) with biogas.

high-performance products, services and technologies are being developed for decentralised energy supply using gas

and diesel engines. MWM will present an optimized version of the TCG 2016 series whose efficiency has

Meyer Burger: The Process & Quality Management System

PQMS provides a real-time view of the production process. It contains valuable and comprehensive data about the single machines as well as about the whole process. The PQMS is the best source of information for the executive board and production management as well as for service & maintenance. The shortest reaction times in the wafering, cell and module process guarantee a continuous improvement and optimization at the highest level with positive financial effects: - Maximum machine load, availability and service life - Maximum output at highest quality - Optimized manufacturing costs Production leadership due to higher transparency The PQMS is the basis for higher margins, shorter innovation time and higher quality. It reports about yield, uptime and TCO in total as well as of specific process steps. In particular... - where exactly performance and quality is getting lost (failures at the beginning of the process impact on the following process steps) - where spare and wear parts have to be replaced - where the potential for improvement lies - how big is the financial benefit of an improvement (an increase of yield by 0.2% signifies savings of USD 200,000.- in a 100 MW FAB) - in combination with WTS (Wafer Tracking System) reporting about the status of bricks or wafers Easy connection, installation and utilization Any machine (irrespective of manufacturer) can be connected to the PQMS and it can be integrated easily and completely into any existing IT-infrastructure. The webbased user interfaces enable an instant access to the the data of different production sites - anytime and anywhere. Certainly, the PQMS is adapted to individual customer needs.

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