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Again, what is this about?
An attempt to show how to design a Storage
Subsystem for an Datawarehouse Environment
from a physical perspective.
Aimed at conventional environments using
standard devices such as Fibre Channel SAN
arrays for Oracle Databases.
The presentation will demonstrate the Array and
Drive selection process using real life examples.
You will be in for a few surprises!
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Enterprise Business Intelligence (EBI)
Most companies have multiple Oracle instances (such as ODS
and DW) with an ETL Engine (Informatica) and Reporting tool
(Business Objects) all rolled into an Enterprise Business
Intelligence (EBI) Environment.
ODS is the Operational Data Store (a near real time copy of the
company's Transactional data) and DW is the Datawarehouse (a
collection of aggregated corporate data).
The ETL Engine (such as Informatica) transforms and loads data
contained in the ODS into the DW.
The Reporting Engine (such as Business Objects) reports off
data from both the ODS and DW.
This presentation covers the storage design for the DW.
Typical size of an DW is around 5-10TB for a large software
company.
Though the typical Enterprise Warehouse is small in size, it is
by no means less busy.
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Enterprise Business Intelligence (EBI) – contd.
Re
po
Users rts
Reporting Engine
Database Layer
ODS DW
One Way
Replication from
Source Systems
Load
Ex
tr
ac
t
ETL Engine
Online Click
HR ERP CRM
Sales Stream
Transaction Systems
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Datawarehousing and the Storage Subsystem
One of the biggest factors affecting
performance in Datawarehousing is the
Storage subsystem.
Once the environment is live, it becomes
difficult to change a storage subsystem or
the layers within.
So it is important to design, size and
configure the Storage subsystem
appropriately for any Datawarehousing
Environment.
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What is the Storage Subsystem?
CPU The physical components of a
Switch
conventional storage subsystem
are
Memory PCI
Array
Port 1 Port 2 Port n
In this presentation, we talk
Front End Ports to Host
about the Array component of
CPU Cache the Storage Subsystem.
Drives
Array
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IO Fundamentals
READS are WRITES are
from the Storage to the Storage
Subsystem Subsystem
Storage
Subsystem
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IO Metrics
Key IO Metrics are
IOPS – Number of IO requests/second issued by the application.
IO Size – The size of the IO requests as issued by the application.
Latency – The time taken to complete a single IO Operation (IOP).
Bandwidth – The anticipated bandwidth that the IO Operations are expected
to consume.
Latency or response time is the time
it takes for 1 IO Operation (IOP) to
complete.
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Datawarehousing Storage Challenges
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Profiling Datawarehousing IO - Reads
From a IO performance perspective - Array
capabilities along with Raid and Drive
1 configuration determine Read performance
in a Datawarehouse.
· Normally, in a conventional DW,
you would notice many reports
running against the same set of Users
objects by different users for Re
ad
different requirements at the s
same time.
Typical DW
(less than 10TB)
Database
Object1 Object2 Object5 Object6 Object9
Objects
objects are relatively small in
size, it is a normal tendency to
Object3 Object4 Object7 Object8 Objectn
place these objects on the same 2
set of spindles (Also given the 3
fact that today’s Drives are
geared for capacity, not
performance).
Reads · Due to high concurrency of the
requests, about 60% of these
read requests end up as Random
Read Miss to the Array. Random
4 Reads Miss is the slowest
operation on an Array and require
such reads to be met from the
· High degree of random Disks.
concurrency (along with write
intensive Loads) to single set of · Such Random Reads can be big
disks will absolutely kill your user (1MB Sized IOP) or as small as DB
experience. Block Size. To accommodate both
such requirements, throughput
and latency require to be taken
into consideration.
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Profiling Datawarehousing IO – writes
From a IO performance perspective, Cache sizing & Cache
reservation along with Raid and Disk configurations
determine write performance in a Datawarehouse.
1
Users (Temp Tablespace Writes)
ETL Engine
Database
Normally, these are driven by Object1 Object2 Object5 Object6 Object9
Objects
rigid SLA’s.
Object3 Object4 Object7 Object8 Objectn
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Profiling Datawarehousing IO – Summary
To summarize (in Storage Terminology)
Enterprise Datawarehousing is an environment in which
Performance is important, not just capacity.
Read and Write intensive ( Typically 70:30 Ratio)
Small (KB) to large sized IOPS (> 1MB) – for both reads and
writes.
Latency is very important and the IO Operations can
consume significant amount of bandwidth.
In order to make these requirements more meaningful, you
need to put numbers against each of these terms - for e.g. -
IOPS, bandwidth and Latency - so that a solution can be
designed to meet these requirements.
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Starting the Design
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Storage Subsystem Design Process
If you have an existing Warehouse
1 2 3
If you have an existing
Collect Stats Collect Stats Collect Stats Warehouse – Collect stats
from Oracle from System from Storage
from all sources and
correlate to ensure you are
If not available, then reading it correctly.
Correlate Stats and document
Summarize/Forward
Project
requirements as best as
you can.
If not, then you would have
4
Requirements Gathering
to document your
Phase requirements based on an
5 understanding of how your
Identify suitable Identify Identify suitable
System(s) suitable Array SAN switches environment will be used
7
6
Drive
and proceed to the design
RAID
Drive
phase.
Infrastructure Design
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Storage Subsystem Design Requirements – contd.
If using the data from an existing Warehouse - Do a forward
projection, using these stats as raw data, for your design
requirements. The existing IO subsystem would be affecting
the quality of the stats that you have gathered and you
need to factor this in.
Separate out Reads and Writes along with the IO size.
Document your average and peak numbers at Oracle Level.
Anticipated IOPS – Number of IO Requests/Sec.
Anticipated IO Request Size – IO Request Sizes as issued
by the application for different operations.
Acceptable Latency per IO Request.
Anticipated Bandwidth requirements as consumed by the
IOPS.
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A Real World approach to the Design
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Requirements for a typical Corporate DW (Assuming 5TB in size)
Performance
The requirements below are as to be seen by Oracle. These are today’s
requirements. It is expected that as the database grows, the performance
requirements would scale accordingly.
Read peaks need not be at the same time as the Write peaks. Same
scenario for multiblock/single block traffic.
Reads Writes
Requirement Total
Multi Block Reads Single Block Reads Multi Block Writes Single Block Writes
Acceptable Latency/IO
< = 30ms < = 10ms < 20ms < 5ms 5ms to 30ms
Request
>16KB <= 1MB >16KB <= 1MB
Expected IO Request Size (Average IOP Size 764K)
16KB
(Average IOP Size 512K)
16KB 16KB to 1MB
Average 1200 IOPS 4000 IOPS 400 IOPS 450 IOPS 6050 IOPS
IOPS
(IO Requests/Sec)
Peak 2000 IOPS 5200 IOPS 525 IOPS 650 IOPS 8375 IOPS
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Requirements for a typical EDW (Assuming 5TB in size) – contd.
Capacity
The database is 5TB in size (Data/Index). And so
provide 10TB of usable space on Day 1 to ensure
that sufficient space is available for future growth
(Filesystems at 50% capacity). Scale performance
requirements appropriately for 10TB.
Misc
IO from redo/archive/backup is not included in
the above requirements.
The storage subsystem needs to have the ability
to handle 1024K IO Request size to prevent IO
fragmentation.
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Conventional Storage thinking
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Requirements to Array & Drive Capabilities
The below would be a typical response to the requirements. However
as we shall we, implementing as below would result in a failure.
Feature Requirement Recommended Notes
Net Bandwidth 1.8 GB/sec (Today) 1 Hitachi Modular AMS1000 has 8*4Gb Front End Ports for a
Consumed 3.6 GB/sec (Tomorrow) Array AMS1000 total of 4 GB/sec Bandwidth
Determines Writes
Cache
Performance
16GB Maximum Cache is 16GB
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Storage Subsystem Design Process - Array
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Storage Array – Enterprise or Modular?
Arrays come in different configurations – Modular,
Enterprise, JBOD etc.
Modular arrays are inexpensive and easy to manage. They
provide good value for money.
Enterprise arrays are extremely expensive & offer a lot
more functionality geared towards enterprise needs such as
wan replication, virtualization and vertical growth
capabilities.
As I will show later on, vertical scaling of an array is not
really conducive for performance. Adding more modular
arrays is a cheaper/flexible option.
For this presentation, I am using the Hitachi Modular
Series AMS 1000 as an example.
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Typical Modular Array (simplified)
Servers Conventional Array specs
include
SAN Switch Number/Speed of Host
Ports (Ports available for
Array
Port 1 Port 2 Port x the host system to connect
Front End Ports to
Host to).
Size of Cache.
Management Raid Cache
CPU Controllers
Maximum Number of
Drives.
Disk
Controllers
Drives
Number of Raid Controllers.
Number of Backend Loops
for Drive connectivity.
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Oracle requirements to Array Specs
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Array Specs – contd. (Questions for Array Vendor)
· Are these ports full
speed?
1 · What is the queue
depth they can
sustain?
Port 1 Port 2 Port x · Maximum IO Size that
the Port can accept?
5 Drives
Array
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The HDS AMS1000 (Some questions answered)
· Are these ports full speed? –
Only 4 out of 8 are Full Speed
for a peak speed of 2048MB/
1 sec.
· What is the queue depth they
Port 1 Port 2 Port x can sustain? – 512/Port
· Maximum IO Size that the Port
can accept? – 1024K
Front End Ports to Host
n
yo
a ch s
4 T Chip Can we manipulate the Cache
reservation policy between
1066 MB/sec
Reads and Writes? - No
2
2 Raid
Management CPU Cache 3
Controllers
U/ 2132
GB
2 CP
chyo
n lex) 5
4 Ta ps c ( Simp
e
4 Chi MB/s · How may drives can this array sustain before
2048 Drives
consuming the entire bandwidth of the array?
– Depends on Drive Performance
· Optimal Raid Configurations? – Raid 1 or Raid
10. For Raid 5 – Not enough CPU/Cache.
· Raid 10 – Stripe width 64K default, Upto 512K
with CPM (License)
AMS1000
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Analyzing the HDS AMS1000
Regardless of internal capabilities, you cannot
exceed 1066 MB/sec as net throughput (Reads and
Writes).
Limited Cache (16GB) and the inability to
manipulate cache reservation means that faster and
smaller drives would be required to complete writes
in time.
The 1066MB/sec limit and the Backend Architecture
restricts the number of drives that can be sustained
by this array.
Limited number of CPUs and Cache rule out using
RAID 5 as a viable option.
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Matching the AMS1000 to our requirements
AMS1000
Feature Requirement Recommendation Notes
Capability
1 AMS1000 = 750MB/sec
Net Bandwidth 1.8 GB/sec (Today) 1066MB/sec (Theoritical) 5 Arrays (Min)
5 AMS1000 = 3.6 GB/sec
Consumed 3.6 GB/sec (Tomorrow) 750 MB/sec (Realistic) 8 Arrays (Recommended) 8 AMS1000 = 5.8 GB/sec
Raid Levels - RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 10, RAID 5 RAID 1 and RAID 10 Not enough CPU for RAID 5
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HDS AMS1000 - Conclusions
Bandwidth requirements – We would need
min of 5 Arrays to meet today + future
requirement.
Physical hard drives and RAID configuration
determine the storage capacity and other
performance requirements (IOPS/Latency).
Testing various configurations of Drive and
RAID levels would determine how desired
requirements - (IOPS/latencies) can be met.
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Storage Subsystem Design Process – The Drives
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Hard Drives
Regardless of how capable your array is, the
choice of the Drives will ultimately decide
the performance.
Ultimately all IO gets passed down to the
physical hard drives.
The performance characteristics
(Throughput, IOPS and Latency) vary
depending of the type of the IO request and
the drive busyness.
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Hard Drives – FC or SATA or SAS
Choice limited by selection of array.
The drive interface speed (2Gb/4Gb etc) is not relevant as the
bottleneck is the media and not in the interface.
SAS is a more robust protocol than FC with native support for
dynamic failover.
SAS is a switched, serial and point to point architecture
whereas FC is Arbitrated Loop at the Backend.
The IDE equivalent of SAS is SATA. SATA offers larger
capacities at slower speeds.
For an Enterprise DW with stringent IO requirements, SAS
would be the ideal choice (If Array supports SAS).
Faster the drives, better the overall performance.
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Hard Drives – Capacities – Is bigger better?
Bigger drives results in the What Capacity should
ability to store more objects
resulting in more concurrent I pick?
requests and thus a more 450GB
busier drive.
Object1 Object2
300GB
Object3 Object4
146GB
Object5 Object6
Object1 Object2
Object7 Object8
Object3 Object4
Object1 Object2
Object1 Object2
Object3 Object4 Object5 Object6
Object3 Object4
Object7 Object8
Object5 Object6
Object7 Object8
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Performance of Drives vis-à-vis Active Surface Usage
250
200
Random 8K
IOPS
150
100
50
0
25% 50% 75% 100%
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Hard Drives Specs
Hard Drive specs from Manufacturers typically
include the below:
Capacity – 146GB, 300GB, 450GB etc
Speed – 7.2K/10K/15K RPM
Interface Type/Speed – SAS/FC/SATA, 2/3/4
Gb/sec
Internal Cache – 16MB
Average Latency – 2 ms
Sustained Transfer rate – 73-125 MB/sec
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Oracle requirements to Disk Specs
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RAID, Raid Groups & LUNS
RAID is essentially a method
to improve drive performance by splitting requests between multiple drives
and reduce drive busyness.
And provide redundancy at the same time.
RAID GROUP 1
LUN 4
LUN 5
RAID GROUP 2
Host Systems see Luns as
LUN 1 individual disks
LUN 2 Systems (presented by the Array).
LUN 3
Array
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RAID Levels – RAID 1
Reads from either drive
will help reduce drive
busyness.
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RAID Levels – RAID 5
Reads will be split across drives depending
on size of IO request/stripe width and help
Each additional IO operation will
reduce drive busyness. consume bandwidth within the
array.
Depending on stripe width, a
DATA1 DATA2 DATA3 PARITY
request may be split between
DATA4 DATA5 PARITY DATA6
drives.
CPU Intensive due to parity bit
calculation.
Writes require 4 IOP
High Write Penalty and hence
(Retrieve Data & Parity into Cache, Update Cache intensive.
Data & Parity in Cache and then Write Back
into Disk) High CPU overhead during
recovery.
RAID 5
Bigger the RAID group (More
drives), higher the penalty
(especially during recovery).
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RAID Levels – RAID 10
Writes require 2 IOP Combines both RAID1 and RAID0.
(Overwrite existing data)
Same advantages of RAID1 with the
· Reads from either of the advantage of striping (scaling across
mirrored drives.
· Reads will be split across
multiple drives).
drives depending on size
MIRROR
of IO request/stripe
With a bigger stripe width, the IO requests
DATA1 DATA1
width. can be met within a single drive.
Traditionally Modular Arrays have been
MIRROR able to offer lengths of 64K stripe width
DATA2 DATA2 only (on a single disk). This means that an
IO request exceeding 64K would need to be
split across the drives.
MIRROR
Splitting across drives means more IOP’s
DATA3 DATA3
and consuming more backend capacity
(overall Array+ Drive busyness).
MIRROR Newer arrays (AMS2500) offer up to 512K
DATA4 DATA4 stripe width.
You can do a combination of RAID1 on the
array and stripe on the system (Volume
Manager) to overcome the array stripe
width limitation.
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Drive and RAID – Initial Conclusions
Since the AMS1000 supports only FC/SATA drives, we
will use FC Drives.
We will test using 146GB 15K RPM drives.
RAID5 is not an option due to high write penalty.
RAID10 on the array is not an option as the array can
offer only 512K stripe width. Our preference is 1024K
stripe width so that a single 1024K multiblock IO
request from Oracle can (at best) be met from a single
drive.
This leaves us with only RAID1 on the array.
We can test using RAID1 and RAID10 (Striping on the
system) under various conditions.
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RAID Level Performance Requirements
44
And the results are ..
Active Surface
RAID Config Data Drives Feature Expectation Actual Notes
Area /Drive
IOPS 654 IOPS 567 IOPS
RAID 1
4 Concat Volumes across 68% 8 Bandwidth 147 MB/sec 141 MB/sec
4 Raid 1 Luns Linux Host with
Latency 5ms to 30 ms 46 ms
400 GB NOOP Elevator and
IOPS 654 IOPS 642 IOPS Vxvm Volumes.
RAID1
8 Concat Volumes across 33% 16 Bandwidth 147 MB/sec 142 MB/sec
8 Raid 1 Luns
Latency 5ms to 30 ms 15 ms
RAID 10 IOPS 654 IOPS 509 IOPS
2 Stripe Volumes across 4
RAID 1 luns 68% 8 Bandwidth 147 MB/sec 136 MB/sec
(Raid 0 on system and Linux Host with
Latency 5ms to 30 ms 87 ms
Raid 1 on Array) NOOP Elevator and
400 GB Vxvm Volumes (1MB
RAID 10 IOPS 654 IOPS 626 IOPS
4 Stripe Volumes across Stripe Width)
8 RAID 1 luns 33% 16 Bandwidth 147 MB/sec 142 MB/sec
(Raid 0 on system and
Raid 1 on Array)
Latency 5ms to 30 ms 25 ms
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Drive and RAID conclusions
RAID1 on a Linux Host outperforms a
RAID10 combination (RAID0 + RAID1
Combination).
To meet our requirements, usable surface
area cannot exceed 33% of a single 146 GB,
15K RPM FC Drive.
For 10 TB (Day 1 + Future growth), we
would need 410 drives of 146GB, 15K RPM
Drives.
46
Match requirements to Array and Drive capabilities
47
Requirements to Array & Drive Capabilities
Actual Minimum
Feature Requirement Typical Storage Design Recommended Notes
Requirement
1 AMS1000 = 750MB/sec
Net Bandwidth 1.8 GB/sec (Today) 1 Hitachi Modular Array 8 AMS1000 Arrays is
5 AMS1000 Arrays 5 AMS1000 = 3.6 GB/sec
Consumed 3.6 GB/sec (Tomorrow) AMS1000 preferable.
8 AMS1000 = 5.8 GB/sec
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Final Thoughts
If we had followed the capacity method of allocating
storage to the Instance, a single AMS1000 would have
been sufficient. But as we discovered, we would
require at least 5 arrays to meet requirements.
Similarly, the initial recommendation was 165 146GB
drives . However we determined that a minimum of
410 drives is required to meet performance
requirements.
Out of the 146GB of available capacity in the drive,
only 49GB is really usable.
RAID1 outperforming RAID10 is a surprise, but this
may not be case on all platforms. The choice of
Operating System, Volume Management and other
configuration aspects do influence the final outcome.
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The Future is Bright
As always, Low Price does not equal Low Cost. If you
design the environment appropriately, you will
spend more initially, but the rewards are plentiful.
Modular Arrays are continuously improving and the
new AMS2500 from Hitachi has an internal
bandwidth capability of 8GB/sec (Simplex). So a
single AMS2500 would suffice for our needs from a
Bandwidth perspective.
Solid State Devices appears to be gaining
momentum in the main stream market and
hopefully within the next 2 years, HDD will be
history.
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Questions ?
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