Muhammad Nadeem School of Electrical Engineering &Computer Sciences

muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk

Oscillations-II
P = mv
G

E = hf

o
L = rP

2 F = ma 2 h + V = ih Physics 2 x t E = mc 2 h E = / o o = P B = 0 c R h k E = dB / dt x.P h

20th Century

B = o j o o dE / dt

21st Century

Energy in SHM
According to work-energy theorem

U = W
If we stretch the spring from its equilibrium position x = 0 (U(0)=0) to some final position x (U(x)), the potential energy stored in the mass-spring system is
x x

U ( x) U (0) = Fs dx = (kx)dx
0 0

1 2 U ( x) = kx 2

U (0) = 0

Whether spring is stretched or compressed by displacement x, potential 1 2 energy stored in the system is kx 2
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk

As we have seen, for harmonic oscillator

x(t ) = A cos(t + )
So

v(t ) = A sin(t + )
1 2 U = kx 2 1 2 = kA cos 2 (t + ) 2
K=
Potential energy is stored in the Spring due to compression

1 2 mv 2 1 = m 2 A2 sin 2 (t + ) 2 1 = kA2 sin 2 (t + ) 2

Kinetic energy is stored in the mass due to motion

k = m
2

muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk

Both, K and U, oscillates with time and have a maximum value of kA2 2 During the motion both, K and U vary between zero and maximum value. At maximum displacement, K is zero but U has maximum value 1 kA2 2 At the equilibrium position (x = 0), potential energy is zero but the Kinetic 1 energy has maximum value kA2 2 At other positions, sum of K and U is 1 kA2 . 2 This constant is the total energy E The total energy of the oscillator remains constant at every time

1 2 1 2 E = K + U = mv + kx 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 = kA sin (t + ) + kA cos 2 (t + ) 2 2 1 2 = kA 2
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk

Energy versus time at =0

Energy versus displacement

E K
U
1 2 U = kA cos 2 (t + ) 2
1 2 2 K = kA sin (t + ) 2 1 2 E = kA 2

E U K
1 2 U = kx 2
1 2 K = mv 2 1 E = kA2 2
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk

Finally, we can use the principle of conservation of energy to obtain the velocity for an arbitrary displacement by expressing the total energy at some arbitrary position x as
K +U = E 1 2 1 2 1 2 mv + kx = kA 2 2 2

k 2 v= ( A x 2 ) = ( A2 x 2 ) m

It substantiates the fact that the speed is a maximum at equilibrium position x = 0 and is zero at the turning points x = A.
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk

Consider a simple harmonic oscillator, mass attached to a spring with spring constant k, (a) When the displacement is one half the amplitude, what fraction of the total energy is kinetic and what fraction is potential? (b) At what displacement is the energy half kinetic and half potential?

muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk

(a) When the displacement is one half the amplitude, what fraction of the total energy is kinetic and what fraction is potential?

Since So

1 2 E = kA 2
2

1 2 1 A 11 2 1 U = kx = k = kA = E 2 2 2 42 4 1 3 K = E U = E E = E 4 4

The energy is 25% potential and 75% kinetic.

(b) At what displacement is the energy half kinetic and half potential?

1 2 1 2 1 kx = kA x = A 2 4 2 Energy will be half kinetic and half potential at x = A / 2 U = E/2

muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk

(a) A block of mass M= 4 kg is suspended from a spring with a force constant k=5.38N/m. A m=50 g bullet is fired into the block from below with a speed of V0=150m/s and comes to rest in the block. Find the amplitude of the resulting SHM. (b) What fraction of the original kinetic energy of the bullet appears as mechanical energy in the oscillator?

muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk

(a) A block of mass M= 4 kg is suspended from a spring with a force constant k=5.38N/m. A m=50 g bullet is fired into the block from below with a speed of V0=150m/s and comes to rest in the block. Find the amplitude of the resulting SHM. (b) What fraction of the original kinetic energy of the bullet appears as mechanical energy in the oscillator?

(a) Let block/bullet system moves with speed V. By law of conservation of linear momentum

Now amplitude can be found by conservation of energy of oscillator, 1 2 1 kA = (m + M )V 2 E = K 2 2

mVo mVo = (m + M )V V = (m + M )

Note: This is the velocity of system at zero displacement

(m + M ) A= V k
(m + M ) mVo mVo A= = k (m + M ) k (m + M ) muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk

By substituting numerical values

mVo (0.5)(150) A= = = k (m + M ) (538)(0.5 + 4)

(b) The fraction of the energy is 1 (m + M )V 2 2 E ( m + M ) V =2 = 2 1 2 m Ko V o mVo 2 From (1)

V m = Vo (m + M )

So

0.5 E (m + M ) m2 m = = = = 2 (m + M ) (m + M ) 0.5 + 4 Ko m
muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk

A block of mass m1= 1.88 kg slides along a frictionless table with a speed of 10.3m/s. Directly in front of it , and moving in the same direction, is a block of mass m2=4.92kg moving at 3.27 m/s. A massless spring with a spring constant k=11.2N/cm is attached to the back side of mass m2 as shown. When the blocks collide, what is the maximum compression in the spring?

muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk

A block of mass m1= 1.88 kg slides along a frictionless table with a speed of 10.3m/s. Directly in front of it , and moving in the same direction, is a block of mass m2=4.92kg moving at 3.27 m/s. A massless spring with a spring constant k=11.2N/cm is attached to the back side of mass m2 as shown. When the blocks collide, what is the maximum compression in the spring?

At the moment of maximum compression, the two block will move as one. Let their speed isV So by law of conservation of mom.

v1 m1

v2 m1

m1v1 + m2v2 (m1 + m2 )V = m1v1 + m2 v2 V = = 5.21m / s m1 + m2

Loss in Kinetic energy is

1 1 1 2 2 2 K = (m1 + m2 )V m1v1 m2 v2 = 33.7 J 2 2 2

muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk

By law of conservation of energy

U = K U f U i = K 1 2 kx = 33.7 J 2
So maximum compression is

U i = 0 1 2 U f = kx 2

2(33.7 J ) 2(33.7 J ) x= = = 0.24m k 1120 N / m

muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk

A 7.94 kg mass is resting on a spring. The spring is compressed by 10.2cm by the mass. (a) Calculate the force constant of the spring. (b) The mass is pushed down an additional 28.6cm and released. How much potential energy is stored in the spring just before mass is released? (c)How high above this new (lowest) position will the mass rise?

muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk

A 7.94 kg mass is resting on a spring. The spring is compressed by 10.2cm by the mass. (a) Calculate the force constant of the spring (b) The mass is pushed down an additional 28.6cm and released. How much potential energy is stored in the spring just before mass is released? (c)How high above this new (lowest) position will the mass rise?

(a)

kx = mg mg (7.94)(9.8) k= = = 764 N / m x 0.102

Maximum compression in the spring is x= 10.2cm+28.6cm so potential energy stored in the spring will be

(b)

1 2 U = kx 2 1 2 ( ) U = 764 (0.286 + 0.102) = 57.5 J 2 muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk

(c) By law of conservation of energy

K f + U f = Ki + U i
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 mv f + mgy f + kx f = mvi + mgyi + kxi 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 m(0) + mgh + k (0) = m(0) + mg (0) + kxi 2 2 2 2 1 2 mgh = kxi 2

k 2 764 h= xi = (0.286 + 0.102) 2 = 0.73m 2mg 2(7.94)(9.81)

muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk

FIZIX IS FUN

muhammad.nadeem@seecs.edu.pk