Cations that coordinate with H2O (or CO32 or SO42) in solution

"Hard" or "Type A" Cations

(All electrons removed from outer shell) (Thus a noble-gas-like configuration of the outer shell)

Outline solid for naturally occurring elements or ions; dashed for ones that rarely or never occur in nature. Symbol
(see scale at far right)

Ions commonly concentrated in residual soils and residual sediments. Small symbol ( ) indicates less certainty. Ions concentrated in deep-sea ferromanganese nodules Ions least depleted from mantle in formation of crust Ions enriched in CAIs (Ca-Al-rich inclusions in meteorites) relative to the composition of the solar system Ions that enter early-forming phases in igneous rocks Ions that enter later phases in igneous rocks because of their large size (mostly "large-ion lithophiles") 8 most abundant solutes dissolved in seawater 9th to 16th most abundant 17th to 22nd most abundant Most abundant solute in average river water (HCO 3) 2nd to 8th most abundant solutes in average river water Solutes that can be limiting nutrients in the oceans Macronutrient solutes on land Micronutrient solutes on land Ions essential to the nutrition of at least some vertebrates ("essential minerals")

4 most abundant constituents in atmosphere 5th to 8th most abundant Cations that form simple fluoride minerals Cations that form simple oxide minerals Cations that form simple sulfide minerals Cations that form simple bromide or iodide minerals Cations that form oxysalt minerals (e.g., S6+ in sulfates, As5+ in arsenates) Anions that form minerals with K+ and Na+ Anions that form minerals with Mg2+ Anions that form minerals with Al3+, Ti4+, and Zr4+ Anions that form minerals with Si4+ Anions that form minerals with Cu+ Anions that form minerals with Ag+ Anions that form minerals with Au+
z/ = r 16

Elements that occur as native minerals, recognized in antiquity ( recognized from Middle Ages to 1862; recognized after 1963.) Elements that make natural mineral alloys with Fe Elements that make natural mineral alloys with Cu Elements that make natural mineral alloys with Os Elements that make natural mineral alloys with Pt Elements that make natural mineral alloys with Au Elements that are thought to make up most of the Earth's core (Fe>Ni>Co), along with possibly S or O
Inset 9: The many valence states of nitrogen
Example NO3 (nitrate)

Fe
Zr
Li
Lu

(number of protons)

Atomic Number

Element Name Atomic Mass Naturally occurring isotopes

Noble Gases
(No ionization) He
Helium

m=4.0026 r=1.2 34 Ne
Neon

m=6.941 r=0.60 67
z / r = 1
Sodium ion

m=9.012 r=0.31

9
Magnesium ion

10

Na+ 11 Mg2+12 Al 13 Si
m=22.990 r=0.95
Aluminum ion as Al3+ or Al(OH)3n n

m=14.007 m=10.811 m =12.011 r=0.20 r=0.11 r=0. 15 10 11 14 15 12 13 14 4+ 5+ 3+

or Si(OH)0 4
4 4

or B(OH)4 )

2 bicarbonate (HCO3) as nitrate (NO3 ) 2& carbonate (CO3 )

z = 32 = ionic charge r ionic radius

5+ 4+ 3+ 2+ 1+ 0 3

Anions with which hard cations preferentially coordinate

z / =4 z/ r = r 2

Cations that m=1.0079 coordinate r=10-5 with OH (or H2O) in 123 solution

z / r =

Hydrogen ion

H+

Coordinate F>O>N=Cl>Br>I>S
Commonly coordinate with O of carboxyl groups of organic ligands
See also Insets 1 to 5 and 7.

54 Ge Actinium
m=72.59 r=1.05 234

3+

10 most abundant elements in Earth's crust 11th to 20th most abundant elements in Earth's crust 21st to 40th most abundant elements in Earth's crust 41st to 92nd most abundant elements in Earth's crust

Ionic Radius (r) ()

(or elemental radius for elemental forms)

Noble Gases
(No ionization) He
Helium

+ 2+ LiLithium Be 3 ion

4 B Boron 5 C N 7 6 Beryllium ion Carbon, as CO , Nitrogen as borate (B(OH)

Cations that coordinate with OH or O2 in solution 4+ 3+

Cations that coordinate with O2 in solution (e.g., as NO3, PO43, SO42, etc.) 5+

EC, +

Most abundant (bold) Radioactive (italicized)

-

See also Inset 7.

Anions

Hydrogen as hydride

Radioactive decay pathways

z = ionic charge r ionic radius = ionic potential or charge density

7
Nonmetals

Gases

NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) NO2 (nitrite) NO (nitric oxide) N2 O (nitrous oxide) N2 (nitrogen) NH3 (ammonia)

6 C

7
N2

Diamond Molecular Molecular & graphite nitrogen oxygen

O2

Anions that commonly coordinate with H+ (e.g., as CH4, NH3, H2S, H2O, etc.) 4 3 2

m=1.0079 r=2.08 123

m=4.0026 r=1.2 34 Ne

Reduced carbon

6 N

Reduced nitrogen

r=0.77 r=0.71
Metals

m=12.011 m=14.007 m=15.999 r=2.60 r=1.71 r=1.40

Most natural occurrences of carbides and nitrides are in meteorites or mantle phases.

Oxygen as oxide

9 8 F asFluorine fluoride
m=18.998 r=1.36

10
Neon

m=20.180 r=1.5

20 21 22
Ar

18
Argon

Where Fe2+ and Fe3+ would fall if they were hard cations

23
Potassium ion

K+ 19 Ca
m=39.098 r=1.33

phosphate (PO4 m=24.305 and HPO42 ) m =28.086 m=32.066 m =26.982 r=0.65 r=0.41 m=30.974 r=0.50 r=0.29 r=0.34 24 25 26 32 33 34 36 28 29 30 31 Fe 3+ 27 Fe 2+ 5+ 6+ 3+ 4+ 2+ 20 Calcium ion

m=39.948 r=1.8 36 38 40 Kr

39 40 41
m=85.468 r=1.48

40 42 43
44 46 48 ? m=87.62 r=1.13 84 86 87 88
2+

45
(48)

Titanium ion

Ti 22
r=0.90
z /r =

(1+ r=1.13)

(2+ r=0.93)

69 71
In
1,3+

36 Krypton

4+ 5+ 2+ 3+ + 6+ 40 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y Zr 42 Nb 41 Mo 39 Molybdenum Zirconium ion Rubidium ion Strontium ion Yttrium ion

m=83.80 r=1.9 78 80 82 83 84 86 Xe

m=88.906 m=91.224 r=0.80 r=0.93

Niobium (or Columbium) ion

e.g., as molybdate

85 87
Cs+

89
La & REEs
3+

90 91
92 94 96 ? Hf

m=92.906 r=0.70

93 (96)
Ta

m=95.94 r=0.62 92 94 95 97 96 98 100

Tungsten (Wolfram) e.g., as tungstate

z / r = 1

54 Xenon

m=131.29 r=2.1
124 126 128 129 130 131 132 134 136

Radon

(222)
219 220 222

m=232.038 r=0.95
(+3 r=1.14)

(231)
(+4 r=0.98)

Uranium, e.g. as uranyl (UO22+)

Neptunium

Plutonium

very rare (<30 g in crust)

223

223 224 226 228

ge s har diu ic c c ra ion ioni z/ = 1 = r

227 228

227 228 230 231232 *234

231 234

m=238.029 r=0.7 234 235*238

Very limited Very limited natural natural occurrence occurrence on Earth on Earth

98 Californium 104: Rutherfordium 99: Einsteinium 105: Hahnium 100: Fermium

z /r

=4

"Soft" ("Type B") Cations

(Many electrons remain in outer shell)

z / r =

Rn

86

m=132.905 m=137.327 r=1.35 r=1.69 See below 130 132 134 135 136 170Yb 133 137 138 2+ Ac 3+ 89 Fr + 87 Ra 88 Actinium ion Francium ion Radium ion m=227.03? (223) (226) r=1.18 r=1.40 r=1.76

55 Ba 56 Barium ion Cesium ion

5771

72 Hafnium ion

4+

73 Tantalum ion

5+

Th

91 Protactinium ion

Pa5+

92

Np

93 Pu

94

z /r = 2 z /r = 1

174 176 177 178 179 180 4+

m=178.49 m=186.207 m =180.948 m =183.84 r=0.81 r=0.56 r=0.73 r=0.68

e.g., as tantalate

Ta
Tantalum

Re
Rhenium

Os
Osmium

Ir
Iridium

Pt
Platinum

Au
Gold

Hg
Mercury

Tl

Pb
Lead

Bi
Bismuth

Thallium

Bismuth as bismuthide

6+

74

Re7+

75 Rhenium ion

180 181

180 182 183 184 186 6+

185 187

90 Thorium ion

Bi 83 Po 84 82 Os 76 Ir 77 Pb Re 78 79 75 Thallous thallium Bismuth ion Iridium ion Tungsten (Wolfram) Plumbous lead Osmium ion Rhenium ion Platinum ion Mercurous ion Polonium Gold ion ion m =204.383 m =208.980 m =207.2 m =192.217 m=195.078 m=196.967 m=200.59 r=1.20 r=1.40 m=183.84 m=186.207 m=190.23 r=1.20 r=0.66 r =0.69 r =0.96 r =0.65 r =1.37 r=1.19 r=0.64 ? (3+ r=0.85) 196 198 199 210 211 212 184 186 190 192 193 204 206 207 209 210 211 205 206 203 180 182 183 214 215 200 201 187 188 189 191 193 194 195 208 210 211 212 214 215 207 208 210 184 186 185 187 197 202 204 206 216 218 196 198 212 214 190 192 3+ 4+ 2+ 5+ 4+ Elements 95 and beyond do not occur naturally: Hg Tl Bi 80 82 Pb 81 83 U 92 95: Americium 101: Mendelevium Mercuric ion Plumbic lead Thallic thallium Bismuth ion Uranium ion 96: Curium 102: Nobelium r=1.10 r=0.84 r=0.95 r=0.74 97:Berkelium 103: Lawrencium r=0.97 W
4+

4+

74

4+

4+

Pt

2+

Au+

106 108 110 111 112 113 113 115 114 116 + + Tl 81 Hg 80

as in tellurites Stannous tin as in antimonites m=112.411 m=114.818 m=118.710 m=121.760 m=127.60 m=126.904 3+ r=0.81 r=0.97 r=0.44 r=0.89 Iodine r=0.90 1+ r =1.32 r=1.12 is shown twice

Cd 48 Indium ion49 Cadmium ion

2+

Sn

70 72 73 74 76 2+

m=74.922 r=0.69

75
Sb
3+

m=78.96 r=0.50 74 76 77 78 80 82

Chromium

Iron

Cobalt

Nickel

Copper

Zinc

Arsenic

Selenium

r=1.27
5+

r=1.26 r=1.25 r=1.24 r=1.28 r=1.39

r=1.48 r=1.6

m=74.922 r=2.22

51 50 Antimony ion,

Te

52 Tellurium ion,

4+

75
Iodine as iodate (IO3 )

53

44
Ru

45
Rh

46
Pd

47
Ag
Silver

48
Cd
Cadmium

49
In
Indium

50
Sn
Tin

51
Sb
Antimony

52
Te
Tellurium

Sb

51

m=78.96 r=1.98 74 76 77 78 80 82 Te 2 52

m=79.904 r=1.95
(7+ r=0.39)

Anions with which soft cations preferentially coordinate

m=40.078 m=44.956 r=0.81 r= 0.99

Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Vanadium ion Chromium, e.g. as Scandium ion Titanic titanium

e.g., as vanadate chromate (CrO4 2)

Ti 22
Titanium ion

3+

VVanadium ion
r=0.61
3+

4+

Coordination with S or O likely 3+ 3,4+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 24 25 Cr 26 27 Co Mn Ni 28 Fe Cu 29 Chromic Nickel ion Cobaltic cobalt 23 Manganese ion Ferric iron Cupric copper
chromium

z
z /r = 4

16

/r = 8

r=0.37

2)

as selenate (SeO42)

Sn4+
3+ 31 30 Ga Gallium ion

z / r =

Stannic tin

50

r=0.47

m=47.867 r=0.68 m=50.942 m=51.996 r=0.59 r=0.52 46 47 48 50 52 53 54 50 51 49 50

r=0.75 2+

23 VVanadous vanadium

m=51.996 4+ r=0.53 r=0.69 3+ r= 0.64

2+

Co 50 52 53 54 Mn 25 26 Cobaltous cobalt Manganous Mn m=50.942 Ferrous iron m=58.693 2+ m=63.546 m=54.938 m=55.845 m=58.933 24 Cr r=0.74 r =0.72 Chromous r=0.74 r=0.80 r=0.76 r=0.96 chromium 58 60 50 51 55 61 62 64 59 63 65 r=0.90 54 56 57 58 Mo4+ 42 Tc 43 Ru3,4+44 Rh2+ 45 Pd2+ 46 Ag + 47 Molybdenum ion Technetium Ruthenium ion Rhodium ion Silver ion m=95.94 Very limited m=101.07 m=102.906 Palladium ion m=107.868 m=106.42 natural r=0.68 3+ r =0.69 r=0.86 r=1.26 occurrence r=0.86 4+ r=0.67 on Earth 96 98 99 102 104 105 99 92 94 95 96 100 101 (100) 106 108 110 107 109 103 97 98 100 102 104

Fe

r=0.64 2+

r=0.63
2+

r=0.73
2+

r=0.69

Zn

2+

+ 28 Ni 29 Cu 27 Nickel ion Cuprous copper

Zinc ion

Germanium ion

r=0.71 Ge4+ 32 m=72.61 r=0.53

51 e.g., as antimonate
r=0.62
Arsenic e.g., as arsenite

Sb5+ As
3+

e.g., as tellurate

r=0.42 Te6+ 52 r=0.56

Principal elements in iron meteorites (Fe>>Ni>>Co) and, with S or O, presumably dominant elements in Earth's core

other than noble gases

Aluminum

Silicon

Sulfur

as phosphide

Intermediate

m=20.180 r=1.5

16 14 P 15 S as silicate (SiO ) Phosphorus as Sulfur as

sulfate (SO42 )

6+

Intermediate Cations
(Some electrons remain in outer shell)

Sulfur S as sulfite (SO

Cations that coordinate with O2 ( OH) in solution 4+ 16 5+ 6+

12 13 14

14 15
3

16 17 18
2
Sulfur as sulfide

19

20 21 22
Ar

Elemental Forms
(uncharged)

13

14

As

33 arsenate (AsO )

Se

34

Al Si

16 S

Si 14 P
Silicon as silicide

15 S Phosphorus

17 16 Cl Chlorine
as choride

18
Argon

r=1.43 r=1.34

m=28.086 m=30.974 m=32.066 m=35.453 r=2.71 r=1.81 r=1.84 r=2.12

Most known natural occurrences of phosphides and silicides are in metorites and cosmic dust.

m=39.948 r=1.8 36 38 40 Kr

32 33 34 36
Se
2
Selenium as selenide

35 37
Br

m=65.39 r=0.74 64 66 67 68 70

m=69.723 r=0.62

33

4+ Se

e.g., as selenite

34 Selenium

24
Cr

Fe

26

Co

27

28
Ni

Cu

29

Zn

30

33
(Atomic masses and isotopic information are omitted to conserve space)

34
Se

As

As

Arsenic as arsenide

33

34

35

36
Krypton

Bromine as bromide

m=83.80 r=1.9 78 80 82 83 84 86 Xe
Xenon

79 81 (82)
Iodine as iodide

Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium

112 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 122 124

121 123
3+

120 122 123 124 125 126 128 130

r=1.34 r=1.34 r=1.37 r=1.44 r=1.56 r=1.66 r=1.58 r=1.61 r=1.7

as a solute in seawater because it speciates both as I (to right) (here). and IO 3

2+

m=126.904 m=127.60 r=2.16 m=121.760 r=2.21 (7+ r=0.50) r=2.45 120 122 123 124 125 126 (124) 127 121 123 (128) (130) 128 130 Bi
2

Antimony as antimonide

Tellurium as telluride

53

54

m=131.29 r=2.1
124 126 128 129 130 131 132 134 136

73
z/ r= 8

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

83

At

85
Astatine

Rn

86
Radon

m=208.980
z /r =1
The only bismuthide minerals are of Pd, Ag, Pt, Au, and Pb

(222)
215 218 219 218 219 220 222

r=1.46 r=1.37 r=1.35 r=1.35 r=1.38 r=1.44 r=1.60 r=1.71 r=1.75 r=1.82

= z/r

237
z = /r 8

239

Coordinate I>Br>S>Cl=N>O>F
Commonly coordinate with C of organic ligands, as in methylmercury Rare earth elements (REEs) (effectively "Hard" or "Type A" cations in their 3+ state)

*For the sake of simplicity, the 235U-207Pb and 232Th-208Pb series are omitted.
z / r =
z/r = 2

An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions

Version 4.7c 2003 L. Bruce Railsback, Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2501 U.S.A. (rlsbk@gly.uga.edu) For updates and more information, see http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/PT.html. Inset 2: Hardness of oxide minerals of hard cations Inset 3: High-temperature behavior of hard cations
Cation (outlined for intermediate cations)

Inset 1: Bulk modulus (Ks in GPa) of oxide minerals of hard cations

Mineral of one cation: 38 Quartz Mineral of two cations: 210 Perovskite Nonmineral: 71

Ce

4+

58 59 Nd 60 Praseodymium ion Neodymium ion

3+

Cerium ion

Eu Pr 3+
Pm

Li Na

Be 2+ Mg

Bromellite

251

B 3+ Al

C 4+
3

Chrysoberyl 240 2+ Spinel 3+ 198 254 Corundum

Si

4+

Periclase 160

50

Inset 5: Typical simple oxysalt minerals (__MOn minerals without OH or H2O) 5+

NaNO3 MgAlBO4 Me2+CO3 (Natratine) Minerals with (e.g., (Sinhalite) KNO3 1+ cations only Calcite) (Niter)

Lime 115

Ca

2+

Perovskite 210 Tausonite 175

Ti216
200

4+

Rutile

3+

4+

5+

Inset 6: Melting and decomposition (d) temperatures (K) of oxides of intermediate and soft cations 00
Tenorite 2+

Rb

Sr

2+
87

Nb Y 1 Zr 50 152*
0

3+

4+

5+

71

40

Cs

Ba

2+

La

3+

Hf

4+
145

*Baddeleyite has Ks = 95 GPa but is not the most stable ZrO2 phase at ambient conditions; value shown is for the latter.

12 0 0 80 0

KAl2Si3O8 (Kspar) Na3PO4 CaSO4 (Olympite) (Anhydrite) Al2 SiO5 (K-S-A) Na2SO4 AlPO4 ZrSiO4 (Zircon) (Berlinite) (Thenardite) Minerals
"K-S-A" indicates kyanite, andalusite, & sillimanite.

Si

4+

5+

6+

Cd

In

1373(d) Tugarinovite 4+ 4+

1373(d) 1023(d) ~473(d) >1773

2185

1353(d)

Sb

928

Minerals with Minerals with 1+ to 3+ 1+ to 4+ cations cations

with 1+ & 2+ cations

Au

3+ +

Hg Hg

W
See also Inset 3.

Rh

Ir

3+

Pt

2+

423(d)

~1773(d) 1173(d)

1273 (d) 598(d)

1170 Tl no stable 773(d) 1107 oxide Montroydite Avicennite

Au

373(d) 2+

Tl +
852 3+

Massicot Bismite 2+ 3+

Pb

Bi

1098

High z/r Strong O2 Rb bonds, but Intermediate cation-cation Low z/r repulsion z/r Weak cation- Strong cationoxygen bonds oxygen bonds

Br I

Bromargyrite
(AgBr)

MgCl2 HgBr2 MgBr2 MgI2 10-2 1 NaBr NaI 100

Iodargyrite
(AgI)

Mineral of two cations 5.5 Perovskite

(Mohs scale)

Si-Na-Krich minerals

1903 3+ Hematite 3+ 00 2 3+ 0 2 Mn 0 0 Cu 1 Co Paramont- Eskolaite 1353(d) Fe Argutite Arsenolite Zincite 1719 1168 (d) 3+ 1838 3+ roseite 4+ 4+ 3+ 2+ Ga As Cr Bunsenite Ge V 2+ 2+ Zn 2+ 2+ Cuprite 547 2079 1388 2240 2603 Fe Mn Co Cu + 2242 Ni 2400 2054 1652 2078 2228 1509 Romarchite Valentinite Monteponite Manga- Wstite 2+ 4+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 3+ + 3+ 2000 Mo nosite 1600 Ag Sn Rh Pd

16

Cassiterite 4+

As

5+

Sn

588

Inset 7: Conceptual model of the behavior of oxides of hard (and intermediate) cations
Li Cations N 1

Inset 8: Solubility of halides of hard and soft cations

Anion:

K
AgF Halite

Lime

2+ Ca3.5

Perovskite 5.5

Ksp

Ti 4+ >9
6.5

(Ru=6-6.5) Srilankite

3-3.5 Shcherbinaite

V 5+

Cr 6+

K
Bi

----Di An 3200

Cr

Ca2+
2+

Cr -----

3+

Mineral Nonmineral

Sellaite
(MgF2)

Villiaumite
(NaF)

Sc 3+ Y
3+

Ti 2103

Ti

4+

943

5+
10

Cr
00

6+

H+

Cl

Chlorargyrite
(AgCl)

HgCl2

(NaCl)

Mineral of 2+ one cation: 7 Quartz Hardness

Sr

3+

Zr 6.5

4+

Nb

5+

Baddeleyite

3-4 Molybdite

Mo

6+

Rb
673

Sr

2938

Zr

4+

3123

Nb

5+

1785

Mo

6+

1074

La 3+ Hf 4+ Ta 5+
H=6
7 Tantite

W 6+

Cs

+
1500

Ba

2+

HgI2 10-6 10-4

2286

La

3+

2580

Hf

4+

3173

Ta

5+

2058

6+

Chromite Forsterite Anorthite Augite Enstatite Hornblende Ilmenite Magnetite Apatite Titanite (sphene) Zircon Biotite K-feldspars Albite Quartz

Mg-Al-Fe-CaTi-rich minerals

38 Quartz

5+

Ho 67 71 69 Holmium ion m =150.36 Thulium ion m=173.04 Lutetium ion Lantha- Lanthanum ion m=140.908 m=144.24 No natural 151 153 m=157.25 m=158.925 m=162.50 m=167.26 m=164.930 r=0.96 r=1.04 nides: m=138.906 m=140.116 r=1.09 m=168.934 r=0.94 occurrence m=174.967 r=1.08 r=1.02 r =0.99 2+ (2+ r = 1.13) r =1.00 r =0.97 r=1.15 (4+ r=0.92) r=0.95 168 170 171 r=0.93 63 152 154 155 r=1.11 156 158 142 143 144 on Earth 144 147 148 Eu 162 164 166 176Hf ? 175 176 156 157 149 150 160 161 162 146 145 172 173 136 138 140 Europium ion 169 165 167 168 170 ? 138Ba 159 141 138 139 (150) 158 160 148 150 ? 142 152 154 163 164 174 176 r=1.12

La

3+

57

r=1.01
3+

Ce

58 Cerium ion

3+ 61 Sm3+ 62 m=151.964 Gd 3+ 64 Samarium ion Tb r=1.03 Promethium Gadolinium ion

63 Europium ion

3+

Inset 4: Solubility of oxide minerals of hard cations

66 65 Dysprosium ion Terbium ion

Dy

3+

3+

Er

68 Erbium ion

3+

Tm

3+

Yb

70 Ytterbium ion

3+

Lu

3+

Li Na

Bromellite

Be9

2+

3+

C Si

4+

N P

5+

1700

Li

Be

2+ 2+Fo 2+

2681

3+

Chrysoberyl 8.5 2+ + 3+ Spinel Periclase 7.5-8 9 5.5-6 Corundum

723 En

4+
Ab

216

N
500

5+

Mg

Al

4+

5+

7 Quartz

6+

Ab

Na

Mg
Fe

1193

3125

3+ Al 2345

An 1996

Si

4+
Q

5+

855

290

6+

Melting T (K) 2103 of oxides of hard cations Minerals are shown with size of circles representing proportions of cations.

Ti 4+

Li4.4

Bromellite

2+ 3+ Be7.4 B 2.77

C 4+

N 5+
5+ P 1.37

H= 6

Na9.9

Mg2+
2.4

4+ Al3+ Si 3.9 8.1

Corundum Quartz

S 6+

z/r = 2

Substitutes for Ca2+

Fe -----

3+
Il

Minerals in order of typical temperature of formation*:

Periclase

H= 8

K14.0 Ca2+
Lime 1.4

Sc3+

Ti 4+
9.7 Rutile

5+ V 7.6 Cr 6+
Shcherbinaite

H=

H= 4

Rb

28.9

2+ Sr4.3

Y 3+

Zr 4+ Nb5+ Mo6+
Baddeleyite Molybdite

1745

10-8

Na+(

Solubility of )-, )-, )-, and Mg2+( )-bearing halides (mol/L)

Ag+(

Hg2+(

*A non-rutile synthetic TiO2 is the hardest known oxide

Th Thorianite

5+

Th

5+

*Order of crystallization in any one magma depends on bulk composition, pressure, and fluid composition.

2+ La 3+ Hf 4+ Ta 5+ Ba6.7
Mineral 9.7 Log of activity of cation species in distilled water at 25 C Tantite

W 6+

10

2000 2500 0 300

1 5 00

200 0

See also Inset 6.

2500

3493

Melting T (K) of simple oxides of hard cations

Th 5+ Thorianite

3000