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Development of automatic identification method for GIS PD (Partial Discharge) defects diagnosis
Young Chan Choi, Seung Wan Jung, Soo Nam Kim, Seong Il Kim and Joong Lok Kwon, Member, IEEE
patterns are used for diagnosing the cause of the PD defect. For this, a variety of methods or theories such as fuzzy method, chaos theory, wavelet, fractal and artificial neural network have been applied for effective PD pattern recognition [1-5]. Above the rest of them, ANN has been used as a powerful method and applied for on-line monitoring and diagnostic system [6-8]. According to this trend, the online preventive diagnostic system HiPDS-G (Hyundai intelligent Preventive Diagnostic System for GIS) has been developed by HHI (Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.) [9]. HiPDS-G can judge an abnormality for various diagnosis items such as partial discharge signals, drive section characteristic, gas pressure and lightning arrester leakage current, and especially the existence of any defects inside GIS can be verified by using PD (Partial Discharge) signals. Especially, the library of a variety of defects was implemented by using the developed sensor for PD identification and the diagnosis agreement for single-defects was recorded to be more than 99% by applying ANN method with 14 input variables. Also, a diagnostic algorithm for various multi-defects was developed for an automatic multi-defects identification. This paper focuses on a new PD diagnostic algorithm development for both single-defects and multi-defects among various diagnosis items of HiPDS-G. The work includes PD defect data acquisition and analysis, ANN modeling as an automatic identification method and application for PD defects diagnosis, and the agreement rate analysis through the application of the developed algorithm. II. PD DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS

AbstractIn this paper, an overview of a new GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear) PD (Partial Discharge) diagnostic algorithm for both single-defects and multi-defects in HiPDS-G (Hyundai intelligent Preventive Diagnostic System for GIS) developed by HHI(Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd) is given. The work includes PD defects data acquisition and analysis, ANN (Artificial Neural Network) modeling as an automatic identification method and application for PD defects diagnosis. And the agreement rate analysis through the application of the developed algorithm for PD defects diagnosis is performed. Index TermsArtificial Neural Network, Feature extraction, GIS PD, PD pattern database

I. INTRODUCTION

ecently, high capacity and high reliability of electric power utility are needed for the given circumstances such as increase in electric power demand and growth of an information-oriented society. Therefore, in order to prevent the breakdown of power systems from occurring due to insulation breakdown accidents and to establish an efficient maintenance schedule, the request of an online preventive diagnostic system for the electric power utility has been increased. There have been many studies for the preventive diagnostic system and especially, researches for PD (Partial Discharge) phenomena occurring inside GIS have been in the middle of the studies. PD patterns usually are displayed by UHF (Ultra High Frequency) sensor installed inside or outside GIS and the

Young Chan Choi is with Electro-Mechanical Research Institute, Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., LTD., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-716, Korea. He is now a principal researcher of Electric Power Machinery Research Department (e-mail: choiyc@hhi.co.kr). Seung Wan Jung is with Electro-Mechanical Research Institute, Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., LTD., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-716, Korea. He is now a researcher of Electric Power Machinery Research Department (corresponding author to provide phone: 82-31-289-5193; fax: 82-31-289-5050; e-mail: jswany@hhi.co.kr). Soo Nam Kim is with Electro-Mechanical Research Institute, Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., LTD., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-716, Korea. He is now a senior researcher of Electric Power Machinery Research Department (e-mail: soonami@hhi.co.kr). Seong Il Kim is with Electro-Mechanical Research Institute, Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., LTD., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-716, Korea. He is now a researcher of Electric Power Machinery Research Department (e-mail: sikim@hhi.co.kr). Joong Lok Kwon is with Electro-Mechanical Research Institute, Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., LTD., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-716, Korea. He is now a principal researcher and the head of Electric Power Machinery Research Department (e-mail: jlk0818@hhi.co.kr).

Fig. 1. A general PD diagnosis procedure

>287 < A general PD pattern classification procedure for PD data acquisition and analysis is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of total 5 stages : PD data acquisition stage which accepts PD data as a preset data format, preprocessing stage for filtering valueless raw data, feature extraction stage to extract distinguishing marks of each PD defect, diagnosis stage which classify the PD pattern by the developed diagnostic algorithm based on the PD pattern database and final decision stage for determining the ultimate diagnosis result. This paper follows the general recognition procedure explained above and each stage for PD data acquisition and analysis will be explained by the procedure. A. PD Data Acquisition 1) PD data format There are different PD data formats for effectively obtaining PD signals. In this paper, 2 different data format called PRPS and PRPD were selected. PRPS and PRPD are short for Phase Resolved Pulse Sequence and Phase Resolved Partial Discharge, respectively. PRPS data has a format of 6064 matrix consisting of PD magnitude and resolved phase for 1 cycle. PRPD data has a format of 10064N matrix by accumulating the real-time data consisting of PD magnitude, resolved phase, the number of PD occurrence, respectively. In this paper, the accumulating time was determined as several minutes and the data was created according to each single-defect and multi-defect. This PRPD data analysis can be a good indicator for an ambiguous PD patterns to diagnose as it presents distinctive features of each PD defect pattern which has been accumulated for a longer time than PD real-time data. 2) PD defect manufacturing In this paper, the tests for a variety of PD defects including single-defects and multi-defects inside GIS was performed and especially, the test PD cell for multi-defects were manufactured by combining 2 different PD single-defects. 5 kinds of defects, which were Floating Electrode (F), Busbar Corona (BC), Chamber Corona (CC), Particle (P) and Void (V), were selected as PD single-defects. What is the important point during this data acquisition test was that each single-defect had a different PDIV (Partial Discharge Inception Voltage), so when 2 different single-defects were combined inside GIS mockup for the test, the PDIV should be regulated in full detail to generate PD at both different single-defects. In this paper, PDIV of Void cell was selected as a reference value because it had a fixed PDIV once it had been manufactured, therefore, changing the test conditions of the rest PD cells such as electrode gap regulation should be needed. a. Single-defects There are several single-defects occurring inside GIS according to its physical causes. Among those, the following 5 single-defects were selected as representatives in this paper. Floating Electrode Busbar Corona Chamber Corona Particle Void

At first, Floating Electrode occurs by potential increase by bad connection inside GIS. And the concentric electric field would cause the corona discharge and this can be classified into Busbar and Chamber Corona depending on its location of protrusion. Particle discharge occurs by the movement of metal particle in GIS. And Void discharge generally happens by the concentric electric field at air gaps in the spacer of GIS. With 5 single-defects above, the PD pattern of each defect consists of several similar patterns which can occur due to different test conditions such as the state of PD cell and the applied voltage from outside. During PD test, total 5 different Floating Electrode pattern have been collected and implemented as Floating Electrode database in HiPDS-G and the same principle was applied to the other single-defects. For instance, several different PD patterns of Floating Electrode are shown in Fig. 2 and the rest patterns of Floating Electrode and the other single-defects are omitted.

Fig. 2. Examples of different Floating Electrode PD Patterns

>287 < b. Multi-defect In this paper, the tests for 10 kinds of multi-defects computed by equation of
5

3 B. Preprocessing Preprocessing stage prevents a lot of unnecessary data occurring by any kind of noise from applying to the next stage, which is feature extraction stage. The unnecessary data means some data which dont need to be diagnosed as they have few PD signals or too many PD signals in their PD data. Additionally, they had better be filtered in advance because the diagnosis result can be confused when applied to the diagnosis stage. In case of typical unnecessary data, which are usually called as noise data, are analyzed in terms of their phase characteristic and set up as one class in ANN with other 5 PD defects. Fig. 4 shows cellular phone noise which is one example of typical noise data

C2 were constituted by combining 5

single-defects and they were applied to the PD data acquisition test. The 10 kinds of multi-defect combinations were as follows, F & BC (Floating Electrode and Busbar Corona) F & CC (Floating Electrode and Chamber Corona) F & P (Floating Electrode and Particle) F & V (Floating Electrode and Void) BC & CC (Busbar Corona and Chamber Corona) BC & P (Busbar Corona and Particle) BC & V (Busbar Corona and Void) CC & P (Chamber Corona and Particle) CC & V (Chamber Corona and Void) P & V (Particle and Void) Among 10 kinds of multi-defect PD patterns, a couple of patterns are shown in Fig. 3. Its clear that the PRPD patterns indicate more specific characteristic as they have been accumulated for several minutes. It seems that multi-defects in Fig. 3 include 2 different single-defects in it.

Fig. 4. Cellular Phone Noise

(a) F & BC (Floating Electrode and Busbar Corona)

C. Feature Extraction Feature extraction stage is one of the most important parts in the field of pattern recognition because it can directly influence the diagnosis result. Even if the same numbers of features are extracted, the feature-vector extracted from good features which reflect unique characteristics of each PD pattern can result in a better diagnosis result [10]. In this paper, the features extracted from phase characteristic of PD data are divided into 2 distinguishing parts. The one is phase area characteristic and the other is phase distribution characteristic. 1) Phase Area Characteristics Phase area characteristics show where PD signals are located and concentrated at the range of phase. Total 6 features are selected as phase area characteristics as following,

(b) P & BC (Particle and Busbar Corona) Fig. 3. Examples of multi-defect PRPD Pattern

Mean of phase area ( f L ) PD occurrence frequency ( f N )

In this paper, PRPS and PRPD data were applied to single-defect and multi-defect classification algorithm, respectively. The reason why 2 different PD data format was applied is because multi-defect classification function is provided as an option in HiPDS-G. For single-defect, the diagnosis result is displayed on the screen as soon as any PD occurs, but when the diagnosis result is ambiguous for the final decision, the operator using HiPDS-G can additionally check the diagnosis result by PRPD data for more accurate diagnosis.

( fC1 ) Concentration rate of quadrant 3 ( f C 3 ) Asymmetry of quadrant 1 and 2 ( f A12 ) Mean of PD Magnitude ( f M )
2) Phase Distribution Characteristics In the field of statistics, skewness and kurtosis are two of the most commonly used indices to check how the data are distributed in the given range.

Concentration rate of quadrant 1

>287 < Skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of the data around the sample mean. If skewness is negative, the data are spread out more to the left of the mean than to the right and if positive, the data are spread out more to the right. Kurtosis is a measure of how outlier-prone a distribution is. The kurtosis of the normal distribution is 3. Distributions that are more outlier-prone than the normal distribution have kurtosis greater than 3; distributions that are less outlier-prone have kurtosis less than 3. In this paper, skewness and kurtosis are applied to two different phase range, positive half-period (0~180) and negative half-period (180~360). The following are 4 statistical features and total 8 features were selected because the whole phase range is regarded as2 independent half-period. Skewness of PD magnitude III. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK MODELING

( f SMP ), ( f SMN )

: Distribution characteristic of PD magnitude at each half-period Kurtosis of PD magnitude ( f KMP ), ( f KMN ) : Distribution characteristic of PD magnitude at each half-period Skewness of PD frequency ( f SFP ), ( f SFN ) : Distribution characteristic of PD frequency at each half-period Kurtosis of PD frequency ( f KFP ), ( f KFN ) : Distribution characteristic of PD frequency at each half-period As written above, total 14 features were finally selected and they are applied to the input variables of ANN in the diagnosis process. D. Diagnosis First of all, learning process in ANN is needed before applied to PD diagnosis stage. The learning process is performed with PD pattern database which was established by both a lot of PD patterns and a wide ranging of PD patterns even in one PD defect. As a result of learning process, weight and bias matrix are finally obtained. The detailed ANN learning stage will be explained in detail at the next section. In diagnosis stage, the weight and bias matrix are applied to PD data and the final diagnosis results are given through the internal matrix computation. The highest value between the PD diagnosis values is chosen as the first PD source and the value is recalculated in percent [%] and displayed [11]. E. Final Decision In this stage, the final PD diagnosis is conducted. In case of PRPS data, Unknown class is added with 5 PD defects and 1 noise class. And in case of PRPD data, no additional class is added as it is provided as an optional function for operators using HiPDS-G. The highest defect is finally displayed as a final diagnosis result in case of PRPS data and PRPD single-defect data and the highest two defects are finally displayed as a final diagnosis result in case of PRPD multi-defect data.

In this paper, ANN method has been selected for PD diagnosis because of its applicability among many algorithms for automatic identification method generally used in the field of pattern recognition. The ANN was composed of 3 layers, that is, input layer, hidden layer and output layer, and the number of neurons of input and output layer were determined based on the number of feature extraction and PD defects plus noise, respectively. And the weights and biases in ANN were finally calculated through repetitive learning process to minimize the total error between ANN target and output values. Also, the back propagation method was applied as a way of ANN learning process and it was performed through source coding in MATLAB. Additionally, the number of neurons of hidden layer was chosen as a reasonable value through repetitive practice to improve the diagnosis result. The modeling of each target values in ANN has been conducted by constituting a different column matrix to implement each single-defect and multi-defect. In case of PRPS data, the target has 61 column vector, therefore, total 66 target matrix is obtained for 5 single-defects and noise. Fig. 5 shows ANN modeling for PRPS data.

Fig. 5. ANN modeling for PRPS data

In case of PRPD data, the target has 51 column vector, therefore, total 5 15 target matrix is obtained for 5 single-defects and 10 multi-defects. Fig. 6 shows ANN modeling for PRPD data.

Fig. 6. ANN modeling for PRPD data

>287 < IV. DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM A. Objective Function Agreement Rate for Diagnosis (ARD) is developed and used to assess the diagnosis result in this paper.

5 single-defect and PRPD multi-defect diagnosis algorithm. Fig. 7 illustrates the overall diagnostic algorithm from step 1 to step 3. When PRPD multi-defect data of 10064 matrix is entered, for example, the process of the developed diagnostic algorithm is as follows, 1) STEP - The input data is classified into PRPD data based on its data format 2) STEP - After being applied to PRPD classification algorithm, it is classified into PRPD multi-defect. 3) STEP - Because the data was finally classified into PRPD multi-defect, it is applied to the PRPD multi-defect diagnosis algorithm. And the diagnosis result is calculated and the highest two defects are diagnosed as 2 PD sources. C. Diagnosis Result Analysis As a result of the proposed procedure, the diagnosis result for each PRPD and PRPD data are obtained as TABLE I and TABLE .
TABLE I DIAGNOSIS RESULT FOR PRPS DATA

ARD [%] =

f (D )
i =1 i

100

Di : ith PD test patterns

f ( Di ) is 1 if the diagnosis result equals to the PD source

and 0 if not N : the number of PD test patterns applied for diagnosis And the objective function is as follows, Where,

max [ ARD ( lr , nh)]

ARD : Agreement Rate for Diagnosis lr : learning rate in ANN nh : the number of neuron at hidden layer in ANN
B. Diagnostic Algorithm Development

Defect F BC CC P V Noise

Diagnosis Results F 99 0 0 0 0 0 BC 0 100 0 0 0 0 CC 0 0 100 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 99 0 0 V 0 0 0 0 99 0 N 1 0 0 0 0 100 UK 0 0 0 1 1 0

Diagnosis Agreement [%] 99/100=99 100/100=100 100/100=100 99/100=99 99/100=99 100/100=100 597/600=99.5

Total ARD [%]

UK is short for Unknown data and diagnosed when the highest diagnosis value is less than 50% and N is short for Noise. TABLE DIAGNOSIS RESULT FOR PRPD DATA

Defect F BC CC P V F&C F & CC F&P F&V BC & CC BC & P BC & V CC & P CC & V P&V Total ARD [%]

Diagnosis Agreement [%] 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 8/10 = 80 148/150 = 98.6

Fig. 7. The developed diagnostic algorithm for both single defects and multi defects

The proposed diagnostic algorithm in this paper was largely divided 3 steps. The 1st step is to classify the input PD data into either a PRPS or a PRPD data in terms of its PD data format. And in 2nd step, in case of PRPS, the most possible defect between several PD defects is diagnosed and in case of PRPD, PRPD classification algorithm is applied to reclassify whether the data is PRPD single-defect or not because once the input data is classified as PRPD data, it can be a single-defect or multi-defect without any criterion. Finally, in 3rd step, the reclassified PRPD data is diagnosed by independent PRPD

>287 < In case of PRPS data, the diagnosis result has been proven to be more than 99% for 600 different PD test patterns. Only 1 Floating Electrode data had a wrong diagnosis result as Noise, it seems that the Floating Electrode data had a very similar pattern with Noise data. In case of PRPD data, total 150 PRPD data was used as test pattern. The reason why only multi-defect of P&V was wrong is because the input data was classified into PRPD single-defect in step 2 not because the PRPD multi-defect diagnosis algorithm had a problem. It means that the proposed diagnostic algorithm in this paper is very powerful for PD source diagnosis and is very robust as it has a couple of redundancies for more accurate diagnosis result. V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PLAN In this paper, the development process of diagnostic algorithm for both single-defects and multi-defects occurring inside GIS was described. The proposed algorithm consists of 3 parts, and the most possible defect or defects was determined as a final diagnosis result after classification stage of PD input data had been performed. The new algorithm was implemented using artificial neural network by source coding in MATLAB, and it was proved that diagnosis ability of the developed algorithm was outstanding as a result of various verification process based on the acquired data. And the reliability of the diagnosis result is expected to be improved by continuously upgrading the algorithm and implementing an enormous amount of database by collecting both a variety of and a lot of PD data for both single-defects and multi-defects. REFERENCES
[1] M. M. A. Salama, Fuzzy logic applied to PD pattern classification, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.7, no. 1, 2000, pp. 118-123. [2] A. Krivda, E. Gulski, L. Satish, and W. S. Zaengl, The use of fractal features for recognition of 3-D discharge patterns, IEEE Tran., Vol. 2, No. 5, 1995, pp. 889-892 [3] M. M. A. Salama and R. Bartnikas, Determination of neural-network topology for partial discharge pulse pattern recognition, IEEE Tran., vol. 13, no. 2, 2002, pp. 446-456. [4] Y. Lim and J. Koo, Comparative analysis of partial discharge patterns from different artificial defects by means of conventional phase-resolved partial discharge analysis and a novel chaotic analysis of partial discharge, Journal of the Korean Physical Society, vol. 42, no. 6, 2003, pp. 755-764 [5] E. M. Lalitha, Wavelet Analysis for Classification of Multi-source PD Patterns, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.7, no. 1, February 2000 [6] R. Candela, PD Recognition by Means of Statistical and Fractal Parameters and a Neural Network, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and electrical Insulation, vol.7, no. 1, February 2000 [7] N. Hozumi, Discrimination of Partial Discharge Patterns Using a Neural Network, , IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol.27, no. 3, June 1992 [8] A. Krivda, Automated Recognition of Partial Discharges, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.2, no. 5, October 1995 [9] Young Chan Choi, Development of Portable GIS PD (Partial Discharge) Monitoring and Diagnosis System, International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis pp.119 [10] F. H. Kreuger, E. Gulski and A. Krivda, Classification of Partial Discharges, , IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol.28, no. 6, December 1993

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[11] Edward Gulski, Digital Analysis of Partial Discharges, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.2, no. 5, October 1995

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Fig. 1. A general PD diagnosis procedure

Fig. 2. Examples of different Floating Electrode PD Patterns

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(a) F & BC (Floating Electrode and Busbar Corona)

(b) P & BC (Particle and Busbar Corona) Fig. 3. Examples of multi-defect PRPD Pattern

Fig. 4. Cellular Phone Noise

Fig. 5. ANN modeling for PRPS data

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Fig. 6. ANN modeling for PRPD data

Fig. 7. The developed diagnostic algorithm for both PRPS and PRPD data TABLE I DIAGNOSIS RESULT FOR PRPS DATA

Defect F BC CC P V Noise

Diagnosis Results F 99 0 0 0 0 0 BC 0 100 0 0 0 0 CC 0 0 100 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 99 0 0 V 0 0 0 0 99 0 N 1 0 0 0 0 100 UK 0 0 0 1 1 0

Diagnosis Agreement [%] 99/100=99 100/100=100 100/100=100 99/100=99 99/100=99 100/100=100 597/600=99.5

Total ARD [%]

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10

TABLE DIAGNOSIS RESULT FOR PRPD DATA

Defect F BC CC P V F&C F & CC F&P F&V BC & CC BC & P BC & V CC & P CC & V P&V Total ARD [%]

Diagnosis Agreement [%] 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 10/10 = 100 8/10 = 80 148/150 = 98.6