Finite Element Analysis

7/31/2013 MEE336 1
Finite Element Analysis

MEE521
Text book: Fundamentals of Finite Element Analysis
by T.R.Chandrupala & Ashok D. Belegundu
Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis
R.D Cook, Malkus, Plesha, Witt
7/31/2013 MEE532 2
Unit1: Fundamental Concepts
Physical problems, Mathematical models, and Finite Element Solutions.
Finite Element Analysis as Integral part of Computer Aided Design;.
Stresses and Equilibrium;
Boundary Conditions;
Strain-Displacement Relations;
Stress strain relations, Linear and nonlinear material laws; Temperature Effects;
Definition of Tensors and indicial notations;
Deformation gradients; Classification of different types of deformations:
Deformations and stresses in bars, thin beams, thick beams, plane strain- plane stress
hypothesis , thin plate, thick plate, axi-symmetric bodies..;
Approximate nature of most of these deformation hypotheses; General 3D deformation
(linear small deformation), Large deformation (nonlinear).
7/31/2013 MEE532 3
Unit2: General Techni ques and Tools of Displacement Based
Finite Element Analysi s
Energy and Variational principles for boundary value problems;
Strong, or classical form of the problem and
weak, or Variational, form of the problem;
Integral Formulations;
Galerkins and Weighted residual approaches;
Shape and interpolation functions for1D, 2D & 3D applications;
Use of shape (interpolation) functions to represent general displacement functions and in
establishment of coordinate and geometrical transformations;
Hermit, Lagrange and other interpolation functions;
Numerical integration of functions;
Gauss and other integration schemes.
7/31/2013 MEE532 4
Unit III: OneDi mensional Problems: Trusses, Beams & Frames
Introduction; Local and global coordinate systems;
Transformation of vectors in two and three dimensional spaces;
Finite Element Modeling of a basic truss element in local coordinate system using energy
approach;
Assembly of the Global Stiffness Matrix and Load vector;
The Finite Element Equations;
Treatment of boundary Conditions;
Euler Bernoulli (thin) beam element and Timoshenko (thick) beam element;
Beam element arbitrarily oriented in space;
Plane Trusses, Plane frames and Three-dimensional frames;
Solution algorithms of linear systems.
7/31/2013 MEE532 5
Unit IV Plane Stress and Pl ane Strai n Problems & 3D Probl ems
Plane stress and plane strain problems;
Iso-parametric Elements;
Constant Strain Triangles (CST);
Bilinear Quadrilateral Q4;
Modeling boundary conditions;
Orthotropic materials;
Numerical integration;
Higher Order Elements;
Four-node Quadrilateral for Axi symmetric Problems;
Hexahedral solid elements;
Tetrahedral solid elements;
Numerical integration.
7/31/2013 MEE532 6
Unit V Plate elements and Dynamical Analysis
Basic assumptions and formulations of classical Kirchhoff thin plate bending elements and
thick Mindlin plate elements including bending and transverse shear energies;
Degenerated shell elements;
Construction of stiffness matrices.
Dynamical equations of motion;
Consistent and lumped Mass Matrices;
Damping matrices;
Vibration Analysis;
Eigen value problems and solution techniques;
Transient dynamical and structural dynamical problems,
Explicit and implicit schemes of integrations,
Stability issues.
Hutton Chapter 10
R.D. Cook ch 11
R.D.Cook - ch 15
7/31/2013 MEE532 7
Unit 1 Introduction to Finite Element Method
History of FEA:
Structural Analysis was performed with
The Strength of Materials
Theory of elasticity and
Energy methods
They followed the closed form solutions where the full domain of the problem is
analyzed with Raleigh Ritz method or Galerkin method. Here the solutions are obtained
with the linear combinations of the mode shapes of the structure.
Courant has published a method of using piecewise polynomial over the sub-
domain of the system.
This has lead to the formulation of the finite difference methods.
The growth of computers, operating systems and the software has given more
drive for the development of the Matrix Methods of Structural Analysis, Finite Difference
Methods and Finite Element Methods.
This has finally found application in all fields of engineering such as structures,
fluids, heat transfer and other areas.
7/31/2013 MEE532 8
Unit 1 Introduction to Finite Element Method
History of FEA: (contd)
The common domain for all these problems are in solving a boundary value
problem with defined boundary constraints.
The problems can be formulated with differential or integral forms. Some of the
differential forms are the elliptical, parabolic or hyperbolic differential equations. Similarly
the integral form of the equations can be created with variational principles as strong or
weak forms.
We use a trial function or potential function that can be used by the equations of
motion which also satisfy the boundary conditions.
The method can be extended in finding iterative solutions for various quantum
mechanics problems and other Physics problems which are currently using special
functions and closed form solutions.
There are various probabilistic finite elements and probabilistic finite element
methods that are available which can be used in many probabilistic structural analysis.
Also they can be used in other probability analysis problems such as the once in
ideal gas thermodynamic systems, Astrophysics, chemical engineering, bio-chemistry and
so on.
7/31/2013 MEE532 9
Unit 1:
Consider a bridge for crossing the river,
Model a physical problem
Problem: We need to design a wooden plank (beam) to function
as a bridge. It is used by a person of weight W Kgs to cross the
river. The span of the bridge is L meters. What should be the
thickness of the beam (section modulus of the beam)
In physical situation first we need to estimate the length of the
River using proportionality methods.
Then for the given length we can estimate the size of the plank
Using our weight data and the available size and number of the
planks to design the bridge.
This is a physical problem !!!
Variables:
W weight,
breaking stress of the wood
b is the breadth of the plank
d is the depth of the plank
g acceleration due to gravity
L
W
7/31/2013 MEE532 10
Unit 1:
Mathematical models
Same problem is mathematically handled.
Using Strength of Materials method
M =Wg*(L/2) ----- we can calculate the maximum Moment
the plank has to with stand.
=My/I ------------ From Eulers equation
Z =I/y ------------ Section modulus
o=M/Z ------------ substituting for M and Z
I =bd
3
/12 --------- Moment of inertia for rectangle
o =3WgL/(bd
2
)
d =C(L)
0.5
where C=(3Wg/b)
0.5
is a constant
For the depth of the plank to be small we need b or s to be big
Units of d is in cms and L is in meters.
Variables:
W weight,
L
W
7/31/2013 MEE532 11
Unit 1:
o=M/Z ------------ For a given & M only Z can be modified
Z =I/y ----------- where the I is the moment of inertia
I =bd
3
/12 --------- Moment of inertia for rectangle
Increasing the d value gives a significant increase in I
Mathematical models:
Here the boundary value problem is a simply supported beam
With the boundary condition as
M =(EI) y
M =0 @ x =0 & x =L (Simply supported end condition)
Variables:
W weight,
EI
wl
y
dx
EI
wx
y
dx
EI
M
y
48
3
max

=
=
=
}}
}}
7/31/2013 MEE532 12
Unit 1:
The same problem can be discretized as a finite element model
Variables:
W weight,
F =K
{ } | |{ }
| | | |
{ } | | { } F K
K K
where
nx nxn nx
K F
e
1
) 1 )( )...( 1 (
=
=
=
Where [Ke] is the element stiffness matrix

7/31/2013 MEE532 13
Unit 1:
Finite Element Analysis as Integral part of Computer Aided Design
Here we will look at a Case Study where they try to integrate the CAD with FEA in a SME
Environment.
7/31/2013 MEE532 14
7/31/2013 MEE532 15
Unit 1:
Stresses and Equilibrium; Boundary Conditions;
Stresses and Equilibrium Equations:
P
i
V
S
i
Load P at a point i
T
(volume)
(Surface)
x
f
z
dv
f
y
dv (distributed force per unit volume)
f
x
dv
(Surface traction)
u
v
w
f =weight per unit volume
U=0
7/31/2013 MEE532 16
dy
y
y
y
c
c
+

Unit 1:
yz
xy
dy
y
xy
xy
c
c
+

dy
y
yz
yz
c
c
+

f
x
dv
f
z
dv
f
y
dv
Summing the forces in XY&Z direction will give us the equilibrium equations.
x
y
z
oxx - dir (of force, of area)
xy - dir (of force, of area)
7/31/2013 MEE532 17
Unit 1:
0
0
0
= +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
z
yz
xz
y
yz y xy
x
xz
xy
x
f
z y x
f
z y x
f
z y x
7/31/2013 MEE532 18
Unit 1:
Boundary Conditions:
z z z y yz x xz
y z yz y y x xy
x z xz y xy x x
T n n n
T n n n
T n n n
= + +
= + +
= + +

A
B
C
n=[nx,ny,nz]
T
T
x
T
y
T
z
dA
nydA
nzdA
nxdA
D
o
x
Summing the forces in the x, y and z directions
Equating to the external load applied on dA
7/31/2013 MEE532 19
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
=
x
v
y
u
x
w
z
u
y
w
z
v
z
w
y
v
x
u
xy
xz
yz
z
y
x
dy
y
u
c
c
dx
x
v
c
c
Unit 1:
Strain-Displacement Relations;
Summing the forces in the x, y and z directions
Equating to the external load applied on dA
u
v
t/2
xy
dx
dy
dx
x
u
u ) (
c
c
+
dx
x
v
v ) (
c
c
+
dx dv /
dx du /
7/31/2013 MEE532 20
) 1 ( 2
+
= =
=
=
+ =
+ =
=
E
G where
G
G
G
E E E
E E E
E E E
xy
xy
xz
xz
yz
yz
z
y
x
z
z
y
x
y
z
y
x
x
Unit 1:
Stress-strain Relations:
For linear elastic materials, the stress-strain relations
come from the generalized Hookes law
{ } { }

] [
]
) 1 (
........
) 1 (
..... 1 [
) 2 1 )( 1 (
) 1 (
) (
) 1 (
) 2 1 (
)]
2
(
) 1 (
[
) 2 1 (
) (
) 1 (
)
2
(
) (
) 2 1 (
D
and get can we similarly
E
E
E
E
E E
E
z y
z
y
x
x
z y x y x x
x z y x z y x
z y x z y
z y x z y x
=

)
+

=
+ + = +
+
+ +
= + +
+
= + +
+ +
= + +
7/31/2013 MEE532 21
Unit 1:
Linear and nonlinear material laws:
For linear elastic materials, the stress-strain relations
come from the generalized Hookes law
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
=
=

2
1
0
2
1
0 0
2
1
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
) 2 1 )( 1 ((
E
D
D
7/31/2013 MEE532 22
E =
Unit 1:
Special cases
One dimension probl ems:
Two Dimension problems:
Contains Plane stress problems and Plane strain problems
Plane stress Problems:
In this type of problems: A thin planar body is subjected to an in-plane loading on its edge
surface is said to be in plane stress.
0 =
z
7/31/2013 MEE532 23
E
E E
E E
E E
xy
xy
y
x
z
y
x
y
y
x
x

) 1 ( 2 +
=
+ =
+ =
=
Unit 1:
(
(
(
(
xy
y
x
z
y
x
E
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
) 1 (
2
7/31/2013 MEE532 24
0 =
z
(
(
(
(
+
=
xy
y
x
z
y
x
E
2
1
0 0
0 1
0 1
) 2 1 )( 1 (
Unit 1:
Plane Strain: If a long body of uniform
Cross section is subjected to transverse
loading along its length, a small thickness
in the loaded area can be treated as
Subjected to plane strain.
Temperature effects:
If temperature rise is DT(x,y,z)
| |
| |
| |
T
z
T
T
T T
different a in results that constra the strain Inplane
T T
condition stress Inplane
D
T T T
0 ) 1 (
, 0 int ,
0
) (
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
A A + =
=
A A =

=
A A A =

7/31/2013 MEE532 25
i
t
x
0
Unit 1:
Ref: Introducti on to tensors and i ndicial notation
Michael Raull i
The
0
x
i
x
i
t t
x
A +
0
y
z
o
In order to formulate a mathematical systems
for large displacement and deformation problems
we use different coordinate systems than that of the
linear problems where deformations and stresses are
very small.
Here a fixed global coordinate system is chosen to
Form a mathematical system.
The body is in state 0, then it moves to state T and
Then it moves to state T+DT
In these states the body has rigid body motion as well as
The deformations.
The physics of the problem is applied in the local
Coordinates and then transformed to the global coordinates.
7/31/2013 MEE532 26
Unit 1:
The local coordinate systems are called the Eulerian coordinate systems. The global coordinate systems
have the Total Lagrangian formulation as well as Updated lagrange formulation.
In Total Lagrangian formulation: We have 2nd Piola-kirchoff
. stress, and Green lagrange strain.
In Updated lagrangian formulation: We have Cauchy stress and
. Almansi strain
For Geometrically nonlinear
Problem large disp and rotation
But small strain
Materially non-linear only: Materially nonlinear only it uses engineering stress
Formulation (MNO) and strain.
Large disp, rotation and strain
formulation
Updated Lagrangian J aumann
formulation
Total Lagrangian formulation.
J aumann stress rate, velocity strain
2
nd
Piola-kirchoff stress, Green-
Lagrangian strain
7/31/2013 MEE532 27
Unit 1:
Ref: Introducti on to tensors and i ndicial notation
Michael Raull i
1. Tensors and tensor multiplication in indicial notation:
2. Derivatives in indicial notation
Gradients of scalar functions
Divergence of vector
Gradients of vector functions
3. Special operators
Kronecker delta function
Permutation operator
Kronecker-permutation relationship
4 Example
5 Summary
7/31/2013 MEE532 28
Unit 1:
Deformation gradients; Classification of different types of deformations:
Deformation gradient: This is the transfer function or a transformation
matrix between two Coordinate systems. Defined as follows:
{x}=[F]{X} x and X are two coordinate systems and
[F] is a transformation matrix
[F] =[R][u] where [R] is a rotation matrix and [u] is a strech matrix in
local coordinate system
[F] =[v][R] where [v] is the stretch tensor in the global coordinate and
[R] is the rotation matrix
[v] =[R][u][R]
T
[u] =[R
]T
[v][R]
X
Y
x
y
cos -sin
[R] = sin cos
Pure Rotation
Stretch matrix
Sx 0
[U] = 0 Sy
7/31/2013 MEE532 29
Unit 1:
Deformations and stresses in bars, thin beams, thick beams, plane strain- plane stress hypothesis ,
thin plate, thick plate, axi-symmetric bodies..;
Bar element: In one dimension it has only 1 dof per node.
1 2
u1 u2
x
F1
F2
L
AE
k where
F
F
u
u
k k
k k
F u u
L
AE
F u u
L
AE
L
L
AE A F
L
L
A F
=
)
`
=
)
`

=
=
A
= =
A
=
=
2
1
2
1
2 1 2
1 2 1
) (
) (
7/31/2013 MEE532 30
Unit 1:
Bar element: In one dimension it has only 1 dof per node.
1 2
u1 u2
x
F1
F2
{ } | |{ }

E
U B
u
u
x
N
x
N
function Shape N u N u
x
u
A F
i i i
=
=
)
`
(
(
(
c
c
c
c
=
)
`
=
c
c
=
=
2
1
2
1
2
1
0
0
) (
7/31/2013 MEE532 31
Unit 1:
Beam element: Thin beam element

E
u
u
x
N
x
N
function Shape N u N u
beam thin for
w
EI
M
x
w
y
EI
M
y
I
M
equation s Euler
R
E
y I
M
i i i
=
)
`
(
(
(
c
c
c
c
=
)
`
=

)
`
=
c
c
=
=
= =
2
1
2
1
2
1
0
0
) (
1 0
0 1
) ' (
7/31/2013 MEE532 32
Unit 1:
Problem Displacement
Components Strain Vector
T
Stress Vector
T
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bar u [xx] [xx]
Beam w [xx] [Mxx]
Plane Stress u, v [xx,yy,xy] [xx, yy, xy]
Plane Strain u, v [xx,yy,xy] [txx, tyy, txy]
Axi symmetric u, v [xx, yy, xy, zz] [txx, tyy, tzz, txy]
3D elements u, v, w [xx, yy, zz, xy, yz, zx] [xx, yy, zz, xy, yz, zx]
Plate bending w [xx, yy, xy] page 252 kjb [Mxx, Myy, Mxy]
_____________________________________________________________________________
Where
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 , , ,......., , ,
x
w
y
w
x
w
x
v
y
u
y
v
x
u
xy yy xx xy yy xx
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
7/31/2013 MEE532 33
Unit 1:
Approximate nature of most of these deformation hypotheses; General 3D deformation
(linear small deformation), Large deformation (nonlinear).
The approximation used in this deformation hypothesis is that the time is used in a quasi
static sense. That is, the inertial effects, are not consideredfor the quasi-static problems.
To perform a dynamic problem, the quasi static analysis is added with the inertial effects
and damping. They (all the damping and inertial components) were kept constant within
a single time step.

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Finite Element Analysis

Where [Ke] is the element stiffness matrix

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