Contents

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Introduction of NTPC Introduction about Project Production of Electicity Principal of Steam Power Plant H.T.Switch gear L.T.Switch gear Generators and Transformers D.C. System Switch Yard Coal Handling Plant Coal Handling Plant Power Distribution Demineral Plant(DM Plant) Coal ,Water and Steam Cycle Conclusion

PLANT FLOW DIAGRAM

H.T.SWITCH GEAR

OPERATIONG VOLTAGE - 6.6KV

For low voltage circuits fuses may be used to isolate the faulty circuit. For voltage higher than 3.3 kV isolation is achieved by circuit breaker.

Requirement of circuit breaker:

1. 2.

After occurrence of fault the switchgears must isolate the faulty circuit as quickly as possible i.e. keeping the delay to minimum. It should not operate when an over current flows under healthy condition.

Basic principal of operation of circuit breaker:

Circuit breaker consists of a fix contact and sliding contact into which moves a moving contact. The end of moving contact it attached to a handle that can be manually operated or may operate automatically with the help of mechanism that has a trip coil energized by secondary of CT. Under normal condition the secondary of CT is not energized sufficiently to trip the coil but

under false condition the coil is energized fully to operate the trip coil and the circuit breaker is operated.

1. 2.

MOCB (Minimum oil circuit breaker) SF6 (Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breaker)

Here oil and SF6 are used to quench the arc.

L.T SWITCH GEAR

OPERATING VOLTAGE- 415VOLT

TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER: - Air break circuit breaker

Air brake circuit breaker:

The arc interruption process of air- based circuit breaker is based on the natural deionization of gases by cooling action. The arc is resilient and can be stretched, and has a resistance, which can be increased both by length and confinement. Hence the arc resistance is increased by stretching the arc and as the resistance increases to higher value, the short circuit current drops to zero and arc is extinguished. Reducing the phase difference between the system voltage and the short circuit current assure that when the are current is interrupt at its zero value, the recovery voltage has very low value at its not allowed to reach 2-3 times the value of the system peak voltage, a phenomenon that occurs in most cases, when arc current is interrupted at low power factor.

GENERATORS AND TRANSFORMERS

INTRODUCTIONThe auxiliaries in a plant can be divided into two categories1. 2. URGENT AUXILIARIES- the urgent auxiliaries are those, which are associated with running of unit. SERVICE AUXILIARIES- the service auxiliaries are those whose loss would not affect output.

GENERATOR

SPECIFICATIONS-

TURBO GENERATOR (gen1, gen2)

KVA Pf Volts of stator Amperes of stator Volts of rotor Amperes of rotor Rpm Hz Phase Connection Coolant

247000 0.85 15750 9050 310 2600 3000 50 3 YY Water (stator)& hydrogen (rotor)

Gas pressure Insulation class

3.5kg/cm-sq. B

EXCITATION SYSTEM-

1.

STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM-The generators in stage -1(u-1&u-2) have this excitation system. Static excitation system has slip ring and carbon brush arrangement. It consists of step down transformer, converter and AVR (automatic voltage regulator).

2.

BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM The generators in stage -2(U-3, U4& &U- 5) have this excitation system. It has two exciters, one is main exciter and other is pilot exciter.

GENERATOR PROTECTION-

1.

STATOR PROTECTION- The neutral of star connected winding is connected to primary of neutral grounding transformer, so that earth fault current is limited by over voltage relay.

2.

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTIONIn case of phase-to-phase fault generator is protected by longitudinal differential relay.

3.

ROTOR PROTECTION- Rotor winding may be damaged by earth faults or open circuits. The field is biased by a dc voltage, which causes current to flow through the relay for an earth fault anywhere on the field system.

4.

OVER SPEED PROTECTION Mechanically over speed device that is usually in the form of centrifugally operated rings mounted on the rotor shaft, which fly out and close the stop valves if the speed of the set increase more than 10%.

5.

OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION It is provided with an over voltage relay. The relay is usually induction pattern. The relay open the main circuit break and the field switch if the over voltage persists.

6.

SEAL OIL SYSTEM Hydrogen in the generator is under very high pressure. There is a possibility of this hydrogen to come out of gaps, which is very hazardous. So, seal oil is used to seal the gaps so that hydrogen doesnt come out.

7.

LUBRICATION OIL SYSTEM Turbine lubrication-oil system seeks to provide proper lubrication of turbo generator bearings and operation of barring gear. Pumps are used to circulate lubrication-oil inside the generator. The oil of the lubrication and the governing system is cooled in the oil coolers. The cooling medium for these coolers is circulating water.

TRANSFORMER

TYPE PF TRANSFORMERS

1. GENRATOR TRANSFORMER: -This is a step up transformer. This supply gets its primary supply from generator and its secondary supplies the switchyard from where it is transmitted to grid. This transformer is oil cooled. The primary of this transformer is connected in star. The secondary is connected in delta. These are four in number. 2. STATION TRANSFORMER: -- This transformer has almost the same rating as the generator transformer. Its primary is connected in delta and secondary in star. It is a step down transformer. These are 4 in number.

3.

UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER: -- This is a step down transformer. The primary receives from generator and secondary supplies a 6.6 KV bus. This is oil cooled. These are 8 in number.

4.

NEUTRAL GROUNDED TRANSFORMER: -This transformer is connected with supply coming out of UAT in stage-2. This is used to ground the excess voltage if occurs in the secondary of UAT in spite of rated voltage.

SPECIFICATIONS

Generator transformer (GT-1 & GT-2)

KV MVA Phase Hz Connections Type of cooling Rated HV and IV (MVA) Rated LV (MVA) No Load Voltage HV (KV) No Load Voltage IV (KV) No Load Voltage LV (KV) Line current HV (Amps) Line current IV (Amps) Line current LV (Amps) Temp rise coil oC Temp rise winding oC

15.75/242 250 3 50 Y-D 11 OFAF/ONAF/ONAN 250/150/100 250/150/100 242

15.75 597.14/358.29/238.86

9175.15/5505.09/3670.66 50 55

Neural grounded transformer (NGT)

KVA Phase Hz Type of cooling No load voltage HV (volts) No load voltage LV (volts) Line current HV (Amps) Line current LV (Amps) Temp rise oil oC Temp rise winding

1150 3 50 ONAF/ONAN 6600 250 105.9 2655.8 50 55

Potential Transformer

KVA Phase Hz Type of Cooling

1000 3 50 ONAN

No Load Voltage HV (volts) 6600 No Load Voltage LV (volts) Line Current HV (Amps) Line Current LV (Amps) Temp rise oil oC Temp rise winding oC 433 87.53 133.5 50 55

D.C SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION:

DC system is generally used for control and protection operation, as AC supply is not fully dependable. To maintain constant supply in case of power failure we use DC supply.
DC system consists of a battery charger. These are the mode of energy storage.

CHARGING EQUIPMENTS:

The battery charging equipment comprises of trickle charger, quick charger, battery panel, main distribution board and switch control and signaling board.

CHARGING EQUATION:

In battery PbO2 used as positive plate and Pb as negative plate.

1. 2.

DISCHARGING PROCESS CHARGING PROCESS

BATTERY CHARGER:

Battery charger normally operates in two modes. 1. 2. Float charging: It is constant voltage mode and works as a trickle charger. Boost charging: It is constant current mode and works as a quick charger.

TRICKLE CHARGER:

This charger is fed from three-phase ac supply and gives a dc-stabilized output at rated full load current. The variation of the dc output voltage is limited to +/- 1% for 0 to 100% load variation and simultaneously ac voltage variation of +/- 10% of frequency variation of +/- 5% from 50 Hz.

The rectification is obtained through full bridge controlled silicon rectifier. Stack comprising of these SCR and three diode with the surge suppression RC network connected across each SCR and diode.

SWITCH YARD

As we know that electrical energy cant be stored like cells, so what we generate should be consumed instantaneously. But as the load is not constants therefore we generate electricity according to need i.e. the generation depends upon load. The yard is the places from where the electricity is send outside. It has both outdoor and indoor equipments.

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 220KV SWITCH YARD-

OUTDOOR EQUIPMENTS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

BUS BAR LIGHTENING ARRESTER WAVE TRAP BREAKER CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER CORONA RING EARTHING ROD CURRENT TRANSFORMER POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER LIGHTENING MASK LIGHTENING MOOSE

INDOOR EQUIPMENTS

1. 2.

RELAYS CONTROL PANELS

CIRCUIT BREAKER:

The code for circuit breaker is 52. An electric power system needs some form of switchgear in order to operate it safely & efficiently under both normal and abnormal conditions.

Circuit breaker is an arrangement by which we can break the circuit or flow of current. A circuit breaker in station serves the same purpose as switch but it has many added and complex features. The basic construction of any circuit breaker requires the separation of contact in an insulating fluid that servers two functions:

1. 2.

It extinguishes the arc drawn between the contacts when circuit breaker opens. It provides adequate insulation between the contacts and from each contact to earth.

The insulating fluids commonly used in circuit breakers are: 1. 2. 3. 4. Compressed air Oil which produces hydrogen for arc excitation. Ultra high vacuum Sulphur hexafluorides

The Specifications of the circuit breaker used are:

MAKE TYPE RATED VOLTAGE RATED LIGHTING IMPULSE WITHSTAND VOLTAGE RATED SHORT CIRCUIT BREAKING CURRENT RATED FREQUENCY RATED NORMAL CURRENT RATED CLOSING VOLTAGE RATED OPENING VOLTAGE

CROMPTON GREAVES LTD. AIR BLAST CIRCUITREAKER 245 KV

1050 KV 25 - 40KA 50HZ 2000 A TO 4000 A 220 V DC 220 V DC

LIGHTING ARRESTER:

It saves the transformer and reactor from over voltage and over currents. We have to use the lightning arrester both in primary and secondary of transformer and in reactors. A meter is provided which indicates the surface leakage and internal grading current of arrester.

1. 2.

Green arrester is healthy Red arrester is defective.

In case of red we first de-energize the arrester and then do the operation.

AIR BREAK EARTHING SWITCH:

The code of earthling switch is 5, 6, 7.The work of this equipment comes into picture when we want to shut down the supply for maintenance purpose. This help to neutralize the system from induced voltage from extra high voltage. This induced power is up to 2KV in case of 400 KV lines.

The specification of earthling switch is:

MAKE TYPE VOLTAGE CURRENT MOTOR VOLT (AC) CONTROL VOLT (DC)

S & S POWER MADRAS 245 KV 10 KA 415 VOLTS 220 VOLTS

BUS BAR:

Bus bars generally are of high conductive aluminum conforming to IS-5082 or copper of adequate cross section .Bus bar located in air insulated enclosures & segregated from all other components .Bus bar is preferably cover with polyurethane.

1.

Current Transformer (CT):

A current transformer is a type of instrument transformer designed to provide a current in its secondary winding proportional to the alternating current flowing in its primary

. Current Transformer Diagram Application:

1.

They are commonly used in metering and protective relaying in the electrical power industry where they facilitate the safe measurement of large currents, often in the presence of high voltages. The current transformer safely isolates measurement and control circuitry from the high voltages typically present on the circuit being measured. Current transformers are used extensively for measuring current and monitoring the operation of the power grid. The CT is typically described by its current ratio from primary to secondary. Often, multiple CTs are installed as a "stack" for various uses (for example, protection devices and revenue metering may use separate CTs). Similarly potential transformers are used for measuring voltage and monitoring the operation of the power grid.

2. 3.

4.

Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT):

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the device to the supply frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay as shown in figure below.

The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical.

In practice the first capacitor, C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series.This results in a large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop across the second capacitor C2, and hence the secondary terminals.

The total number of bays is 22. Out of which we have 3 spare bays.

Bay 1 Bay 2 Bay 3 Bay 4 Bay 6 Bay 7 Bay 8 Bay 9

250 MVA 15.75/242 kV Generator transformer 1 Spare 40 MVA 220/7.1 kV Station Transformer- 3 40 MVA 220/7.1 KV Station Transformer - 1 40 MVA 220/7.1 KV Station Transformer - 2 250 MVA 15.75/242 KV Generator Transformer -2 220 Kv (Chin hut) Luck now Feeder - 1 220 KV Luck now Feeder -2 Bus couplets 220 KV

Bay 10 Bay 11 Bay 12 Bay 13 Bay 14 Bay 16 Bay 17 Bay 19 Bay 20 Bay 21 Bay 22

220 KV Fateful Feeder - 1 220 KV Fateful Feeder - 2 220 KV by Pass Breaker 210 MW Generators -3 40 MVA 220/6.9 KV Station Transformer - 3 210 Mw Generators - 3 220 KV Transfer Bus Coupler- 2 220 KV Kanpur Feeders - 1 220 KV Kanpur Feeders - 2 220 KV Kanpur Feeders - 3 220 KV Kanpur Feeders - 4

COAL HANDLING PLANT

Introduction: -

NTPC Unchahar gets its coal supply mainly from Bihar. Now coal is also coming from Australia, as coal produced in India is of low grade and ash content is more. The coal being filled in the wagons of the rail reaches plant. The purpose of this plant is to convey the coal to the bunker in the size not larger than 20mm.It handles and transports the coal to the bunker from the wagons by passing through various conveyors, transfer points, crusher houses, etc.

Type of coal: -

BCCL costs Rs.4/kg CCl cost Rs.6/kg

Type of unloading the coal: -

1. Manual Unloading: Previously, manpower was used for unloading the wagons. But it was very time consuming and more workers were required for the job to be done.

2. Box in (using wagon tippler for unloading): This method is still used in stage -1of NTPC Unchahar. For this method, Indian Railway grants 10 hours for unloading the 58 wagons. In this method, Wagons are separated and tippled by using wagon tippler. The Beetle Feeder is used to move the wagon on wagon tippler. The coal from the wagons gets accumulated in The Track Hopper. At this time; the size of the coal is approximately 300mm.

3. BOBR: - This method is used in used in stage -2 of NTPC Unchahar. Indian Railway grants only 2.5 hours for Unloading 58 BOBR wagons. This is an advanced technology in which we use the compressor system.

In Bottom Open Bottom Release (BOBR) technology the wagons are opened from side. Pressure is applied by the compressor to open the bottom gates of the wagon so that the coal gets released over the track hopper and wagon get unloaded quickly.

Various equipment used in CHP: -

1. WAGON TIPPLER: thermal power project.

The wagon tippler is a most important device in

The Wagon tippler turns back the wagon at 135-degree angle and the structure of the wagon tippler is to be very heavy. Upper side of the wagon is fixed with the many angles for supporting the wagon. When the wagon is fixed on the Platform then whole platform is turned back and the coal fall down in the wagon tippler hopper. The unloading time of the Rack is 6hours. Here the type of the rack is Box C / Box N type.

A- WTH, B-VF, C- BC, D- DS are the parts of the wagon tippler.

1.

Wagon Tippler Hopper: The Wagon tippler Hoper is a part of the wagon tippler where the coal is stored from the wagon tippler. The size of the coal here is less than 300mm.

2.

Vibrating Feeder: The vibrating feeder is used for falling the coal on the conveyer through Wagon tippler Hoper. Before Wagon tippler Hoper and Vibrating Feeder the gate is providing to control the flow of the coal.

3.

Beetle Charger: The Beetle charger is a traveling device that is used to carry the wagon on the wagon tippler platform.

4.

Dust Suppuration: Dust Suppuration is a useful device. When the wagon are tippling then the dust is mixed in the air and that area becomes very dusty then Dust Suppuration operates and water flows through its points and the dust settles down. It is an automatic device.

. 2. PADDLE FEEDER: - They have been installed on conveyors below the manual unloading track hopper. There are 6 nos. of paddle feeders, 3 on each conveyer. 3 Paddle Feeders of each conveyer move to and fro within a limiting range. The rotating part of the paddle feeder is called as plough wheel. Plough wheel has 6 blades. By the rotation of the plough wheel, the coal of the track hopper gets accumulated between the blades and is discharged on the conveyor below it. The main components of paddle feeder are:

1.

Plough wheel-It is the rotating part consists of 6 blades. It is attached with the rotor of 3-phase slip ring induction motor.

2.

Reduction gear boxwheel.

It is installed to control the speed of plough

3.

End limit switch (left or right)-It provides the limiting motion of the paddle feeders.

4.

Anti-collision switch- It provides the prevention from collision between two paddle feeders.

5.

Interlock system-It is provided for safety purpose. By this, the conveyor belt moves first then paddle feeder starts.

3. VIBRATING FEEDER: They have been installed below the track hoppers of wagon tippler. The coal is accumulated over the vibrating feeder so by giving vibrations to the vibrating feeder we discharge the coal from track hopper to the conveyors. Their main purpose is to provide uniform feeding on the conveyors. The vibrating feeders consist of a tray to which vibrator body is fixed on the rear end.

4. TRANSFER POINTS: Transfer Point is provided with flap gate and Conveyer. In transfer Point the coal is transferred from one conveyer to other conveyer.

1.

Flap Gate: The flap Gate is a two-way device. It consists of two gates. Both gates cannot operate together. By help of the flap Gate, we change the way of coal that fall down on the conveyer.

2.

Conveyers: The Conveyer Belt is a moving device. It travels on its platforms. The shape of the conveyer belt is to be flat but on the platforms it is to be in curve shape. The coal falls down the conveyer and goes to the primary Crusher House Platforms. The capacity of conveyer in Stage I is 800MT/ hr. & in Stage II is 1200MT / hr.

Many protecting device provide to the Conveyer--a -Zero Speed Switch, b -Pull Cord Switch, c - Belt Sway Switch

1.

Zero Speed Switch: - The Zero Speed Switch prevents the Conveyer from over load run. When the conveyer is over loaded, the speed of the conveyer is reduced and Zero Speed Switch is operated and stops the conveyer. This device is provided at Head End of the Conveyer. The Zero Speed Switch is a Centrifugal Switch.

2.

Pull cord Switch: This is a manual protecting device. When the Worker sees any mistake like big stone or any dangerous fault, pulls this cord. The Pull Cord Switch is to be operated, and the Conveyer stops.

3.

Belt Sway Switch: The Belt Sway Switch also protects the conveyer. This device is provided on both side of the conveyer. When the conveyer leaves its way the switch is operated and the conveyer stops. This is also an automatic protecting device.

5.

PRIMARY CRUSHER (ROTARY BREAKER): - In Primary Crusher House, the coal breaks in Rotary Breaker. Here the coal comes from the Transfer point; breaks here and the stone fall down to a separate place. Coal is converted from 300mm to 150mm size. Part of the Primary Crusher House a- Rotary Breaker b- Belt Feeder

1.

ROTARY BREAKER: The Rotary Breaker has a rotating mechanism. It is rotated on the shaft. The coal come from the conveyer through the Flap Gate falls down into the rotary breaker. The rotary breaker is to be

rotated and coal moves up and down and collides and hence breaks. The Rotary Breaker is H.T. 170KW 6.6KV Motor

2.

BELT FEEDER: The Belt Feeder is a small size of the conveyer. It is used for feeding the coal to the conveyer through Flap Gate.

6.

SECONDARY CRUSHER (RING GRANULATOR): In Secondary crusher House first the magnetic part separate from the coal and then feed to the Secondary Crusher. This Crusher breaks the coal in 20mm size and coal is sent to the Flap Gate and then feeded to the conveyer. The Secondary crusher is hammer type. H.T. motor are used for breaking of the coal. Specifications are 700KW 6.6KVMotor.

7.

CROSS BELT MAGNETIC SEPRATORS: They will remove the ferrous particles, which passes along with the coal. It consists of electromagnet around which a belt is moving. It is suspended from top, perpendicular to the conveyor belt at certain height. Whenever any iron particle passes below the CBMS, it is attracted by the magnet and stick to the cross belt below it. The CBMS capacity is of 50kg.

8.

METAL DETECTOR: The purpose of installation is to detect any metallic piece passing through the conveyor. Whenever the pieces pass below the search coil of the metal detector, it gives the trip command to the conveyor. Simultaneously, sand bag marker will fall on the conveyor belt so that the metal can be searched easily and removed.

9.

STACKER/RECLAIMER: It is a very important device. The whole Structure of it is called Super Structure. It stacks the excessive coal and reclaims the coal on its requirement. It is a two-way device. It consists of following main parts.

1. Stacker: - The Stack is a position (1). When the rack comes, the excessive coal is send to the stacker through the conveyer from Secondary Crusher house. The coals are stacked at the Secondary Crusher Coal Heap. The coal falls down from the stacker through Boom Conveyer.

2. Reclaimer: The Reclaimer is position (2). When the rack is not coming and there is a shortage of coal, then reclaiming is to be started

and the coal is lifted from the Secondary Crush Coal Heap and feeded to the bunker.

3. Boom Conveyer: The Boom conveyer is a Bi-directional conveyer. It moves clockwise & anticlockwise direction. In stacking position, it is moving in clockwise direction and in the reclaiming position its moving in anticlockwise direction. They are provided with Center Chute and End Chute on the both end.

4. Boom hoist: The Boom hoist is a link of the Super Structure. The hoist is moved up and down. For controlling the up & down position, limit switch is provided.

5. Slew drive: The Slew Drive moves at 180-degree. When the coal is stored on both the side of the track of travel, then the Slew Drive moves and lifts or fall the coal from Boom Conveyer. For control the rotation of Slew Drive, the limit switch is provided.

6. Bucket wheel: - The Bucket Wheel is used when there is a requirement of the coal. It is a rotary device. It is always rotated in anticlockwise. In the Reclaiming position, the Center Chute is to be up and End Chute of the Boom Conveyer is fixed on the conveyer. The Bucket Wheel rotates; when the Bucket of the wheel is full with coal and the wheel is rotated the coal fall down on the Boom conveyer and the coal is send to the Super Structure.

7. Travel: It is a slip ring induction motor driven system. The Super Structure moves on it. The normal speed of the Travel is 10 meter / minute. It moves on its track from one end to other end.

10.

TRANSFER TOWER: Here the coal is send to the Tipper. Transfer Tower is provided with a coal sampler.

11. 12.

TIPPER: The Tipper is a three-way device to feed the coal in Bunker. It is moveable device. It is move on its track. BUNKER: - Here the coal is collected from the tipper and stored. The capacity of the bunker for Stage-I is 4800MT & Stage-II is 8700MT

COAL HANDLING PLANT POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

STAGE-1 S.NO MCC-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CON1/A/B/C/D CON2A/B (P) CON2A/B (S) CON10A/B P/F 1-6 LCC PLOUGH WHEEL LONG TRAVEL PCRD SPEED CONTROL B/F-1, (PCH) MCC-2 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 B/F-2 (PCH) SUSPENDED MAG. LIGHTING BOARD DE-1 (SCH) MAG.SEP.(SCR) VIB.SCREEN-1, 2(SCH) CON-3A/B CON-4A/B B/F-4 (SCH) MCC-3 37 160 55 22 22 NR-2 37A SF-1 63A SF-3 250A FSU-2 250A SF-2 63A NR-3 64A BKR 269 NR-3 96A NR-2 37A 22 5.5 2.2 0.25 22 75 125 75 125 NR-3 134A BKR 228A NR-3 143A BKR 228A SF-2 100A NR-34A RV-11A NR-5A RV-0.6 NR-2,37A DRIVE (CONVEYOR) RATINGS (KW) TYPE-F.L

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

CBMS-3 TP-8 TT-1 DE-4(BUNKER) DE-3(BUNKER) CON5A/B CON6A/B CON7A/B CON8A/B(P) CON8A/B(S) CON9A/B CON12 BEETLE 1,2 BAGOB 1,2 110 125 90 160 75 90 125 CHARGER 55 TRIPLER- 71

63A 63A 63A 250A BKR 195A BKR 228 159A BKR 269 BKR 134 159A BKR 228A RV-98A RV-126A SF-63A

VIB.FEEDERS 1,2,3,4

STAGE 2

Equipment

KW

Conv14

2*95

Conv15

2*140

Conv16

2*115

Conv17

65

Conv18

160

Conv19

115

Conv20

315

Conv21

140

Conv22

140

Conv23

2*110

Conv24

110

Conv25

110

Conv26

2*115

R.B

160

Crusher

450

STAGE-2

S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Drive (conveyor) Ratings (KW) CON14A/B CON15A/B CON16A/B CON17A/B CON18A/B CON19A/B CON20A/B (HT) CON21A/B CON22 CON23 CON24A/B CON25A/B CON26 R.B CRUSHER (HT) 2*95 2*140 2*115 65 160 115 315 140 140 2*110 110 110 2*115 160 450

Type-F.L 161 237 195 115 269 195 34 237 237 182 182 182 195 269 54 35 47 80 127 127

BELT FEEDER (SCH) 18.5 1,2 BELT FEEDER (PCH) 25 4,5 PADDLE FEEDER 7,8,9,10 S/R-2 BOOM CONVEYOR S/R-2 BUCKET WHEEL S/R-2 SLEW/TRAVEL MOTOR 7.5(DC) VGF 1,2,3,4 SWP 1A/B 37 115 45 75 75

22 23

65 195

24 25

SWP 2A/B SUMP-PUMP

32 15

TERMS CBMS ILMS PF TT TP MD SM RB VGF RPG CR RH VS BF FG TC WT PH PCH SCH S/R CO CHP TH MCC LCS PCS

FULL FORM Cross belt magnetic separator Inline magnetic separator Paddle feeder Transfer tower Transfer point Metal detector Suspended magnet Rotary breaker Vibro grizzly feed Rack and pinion get Crusher rotary Reclaim hopper Vibrating screen Belt feeder Flap gate Telescopic chute Wagon tippler Pent house Primary crusher house Secondary crusher house Stacker/Reclaimer Conveyor Coal handling plant Track hopper Motor control center Local control switch Pull card switch

BSS ZSS VF VF.

Belt swag switch Zero speed switch Vibrating feeder Vibrating fan

SOME IMPORTANT FACTS

Coal handling plant area Length of conveyor stage-1 Length of conveyor stage-2 M.U.T.H coal capacity stage -1 New track hopper coal capacity stage -2 Primary yard coal capacity stage -1

200acrs 13km 13.5km 2800 M.T 5400M.T 2.5 lac M.T

Secondary yard coal capacity stage -1 1.5 lac M.T Secondary yard coal capacity stage-2 Bunker capacity stage -1 Bunker capacity stage-2 Coal used in 24 hrs(4 unit) Total plant area Total township area Coal import Water source Power line (220kv) Power export 1.8 lac M.T 400*12=4800 M.T 730*12=8760 M.T 12000 M.T 970acrs 280acrs CCI, BCCL Sharda and dalmau canal Uncr-Lko(2 lines), Uncr-Fatehpur(2 lines), Uncr-Kanpur(4 lines) Delhi, Punjab, Rajesthan, UP, Haryana, Chandigarh, J & K, HP

DEMINERAL (DM) PLANT

INTRODUCTION: --

Water is required in plant for many purposes like for formation of steam, for removal of ash, for safety during fire, etc. But the water required for the formation of steam should be perfectly devoid of minerals because if minerals are present in the steam and the steam strike the blades of the turbine, then due to being high in pressure it produces scars or holes on the turbine blades.

PURIFICATION OF WATER: Water is purified in DM plant through a chain of processes as under: --

1.

Carbon filter Water taken from the river is first sent to the carbon filter for the removal of carbon contents in the water.

2.

Strong acid cation exchanger After passing through the carbon filter, water is sent to the strong acid cation exchanger, which is filled with the concentrated HCL. The acid produces anions, which get combined with the cations present in the water.

3.

Strong base anion exchanger After that the water is sent to the strong base anion exchanger, which is filled with the concentrated NaOH.The base produces cations, which get combined with the anions present in the water.

4.

Mixed bed exchanger And then water is sent to the chamber of mixed bed exchanger where the remaining ions are removed. This is the last stage of purification.

COAL, WATER & STEAM CYCLES

COAL CYCLE

C.H.P Plant Boiler section

Bunker

R.C Feeder

Pulverization mill

1.

R.C Feeder:

It is an induction motor driven device, which

determine the Quantity of coal enter in the pulverize mill.

2.

Pulverization mill:

Pulverization means exposing a large surface area

to the action of oxygen .Two Types of mill are used in the plant.

1.

Ball mail:

A ball mill operates normally under

suction. A large drum partly filled with steel balls, is used in this mill .The drum is rotated slowly while coal is fed in to it .The ball pulverize the coal by crushing. This type of mill is used in stage-1.

2.

Contact mail:

This mill uses impact principle. All the grinding

elements and the primary air fan are mounted on a single shaft. The flow of air carries coal to the primary stage where it is reduced to a fine granular state by impact with a series of hammers. This type of mill is used in stage-2.

WATER CYCLE

D.M Plant Hot well C.E.P Pump 1, 2, 3 Derater Boiler Feed Pump Heater 5, 6 Feed Regulating station Boiler Drum. 1. DERATER: 1. Feed strong tank of water

Low Pressure Heater High Pressure Economizer

2. 3.

To produce sufficient pressure before feeding to B.F.D. Filter the harmful chemicals.

2. FEED REGULATING STATIONS: 1. Control the quantity of water in to boiler drum.

3. ECONOMISER: 2. Flux gases coming out of the boilers carry lot of heat. An economizer extracts a part of this heat from the flue gases and uses it for heating the feed water.

4. DRAFTS SYSTEM:

3. In forced draft system the fan is installed near the base of the boiler furnace. This fan forces air through the furnace, economizer, air preheater and chimney. 4. In an induced draft system, the fan is installed near the base of Chimney.

STEAM CYCLE

Boiler Drum Ring Header Boiler Drum (Steam chamber) Super Heater H.P Turbine Repeater I.P Turbine L.P Turbine condenser

1.

BOILER: Boiler drum consists two chambers water chamber, steam chamber. Before Entering in super heater the steam is going in to boiler drum, where the boiler drum filtered the moisture and stored in to water chamber.

2.

SUPER HEATER: The function of super heater is to remove the last traces of moisture from the saturated steam leaving the tube boiler. The temperature is approx.530 oC.

3.

TURBINE: Steam turbine converts the heat energy in to mechanical energy and drives the alternator. The velocity attained during expansions depends on initial and final heat content of the steam. Turbine having number of stages in which the pressure drops takes place.

Conclusion

On completion of my vocational training at Feroze Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Project, Unchahar I have come to know about how the very necessity of our lives nowadays i.e., electricity is generated. What all processes are needed to generate and run the plant on a 24x7 basis. NTPC Unchahar is one the plants in India to be under highest load factor for the maximum duration of time and that to operating at highest plant efficiencies. This plant is an example in terms of working efficiency and management of resources to all other thermal plants in our country. The operating plf of the NTPC as compared to the rest of country is the highest with 87.54% the highest since its inception. The training gave me an opportunity to clear my concepts from practical point of view with the availability of machinery of such large rating.

Acknowledgements

Everything that happens in the world is an out come of interaction of various factor, some of which are favourable while other not. Always for a desired result, the number of favourable factors is more. This work is NO exception to this fact. I acknowledge that Ive been fortunate enough to get the support, mentally and physically in everything that I do.

First of all I would like to thank Shri Munish Jauhari, Honourable DGM (EMD),NTPC Unchahar who led the entire team of FGUTP for functioning of each department in a modernized and techno-commercial atmosphere to make the project touch such peaking performance.

I would give our special thanks to Mr. Bimal Shah (HR-EDC) and Mr.A.K.Singh (Sr Engg), for giving his very kind permission to undergo the training programme under the able guidance of NTPC engineers. We would thank Mr .M V Sathe (Supdt Engg.), Mr. K.K.Singh (HT Switchgear),Mr.K.M.Gupta(HT Switchgear),Mr.J.K.Sahu (LT Switchgear), Mr.H.Mukherjee (Motor Maintenance), Mr.Rakesh(Supdt.,Switchyard) & Mr.Verma(CHP) under whose able guidance I completed my training. All these people were of immense importance regarding the knowledge and supports for the well furnished equipments. Special gratitude towards Mr.Ranjeet Prasad Singh who provided us the best moral support which I was in need for.

I greatly acknowledge the help and the mental strength provided by our entire family for encouraging me and providing me knowledge & guidance related with every deptt. of NTPC, FGTUP.

At last I conclude by thanking all the employees of NTPC, FGTUP (both executives & workers) who helped me in making our training a boon for me.

Mayur Btech Final Year, Electrical Engineering Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology,Allahabad.

Conclusion
Battery hazards are summarized below. Battery Hazards Summary Short circuits cause a great reduction in battery capacity. To prevent short circuits in a battery, overcharging and overdischarging should be avoided at all costs. The adverse effect of gassing is that if gassing occurs and the gases are allowed to collect, an explosive mixture of hydrogen and oxygen can be readily produced. To reduce the amount of gassing, charging voltages above 2.30 volts per cell should be minimized. Whenever the battery is charged, the current flowing through the battery will cause heat to be generated by the electrolysis of water and by I2Ri power generation. Higher temperatures will give some additional capacity, but they will eventually reduce the life of the battery. Very high temperatures, 125F and higher, can actually do damage to the battery and cause early failure.