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Abstract
An experimental prediction is developed considering gravitational acceleration “g” as a purely
mathematical function. This expands potential experimental avenues in relation to the hypothesis to be
tested presented in “Practical modelling methods of the polarizable vacuum I-III”. Subsequently, the
construct herein presents the following:
i. A pseudo-electromagnetic, pseudo-propagating transverse plane wave harmonic
representation of gravitational fields at a mathematical point, arising from geometrically
spherical objects, using modified Complex Fourier Series.
ii. Characteristics of the Amplitude Spectrum based on (i).
iii. Derivation of the fundamental harmonic frequency based on (i).
iv. Characteristics of the frequency spectrum of an implied Zero-Point-Field (ZPF) based on (i)
and the assumption that an electromagnetic (EM) relationship exists over a change in
displacement across a practical benchtop test volume.
1
rstorti@deltagroupengineering.com, tdesiato@deltagroupengineering.com.
1
1 ITRODUCTIO
A metric engineering description was presented in [3] based on the principles of similarity and
an engineering parameter, termed the critical ratio “KR”, has been formulated to indicate proportional
experimental conditions. “KR” may be stated as the ratio of the applied electromagnetic (EM) fields to
the induced change of gravitational field, in terms of energy densities.
1.2 HARMONICS
1.3 EXPERIMENTATION
The method of solution contained herein facilitates the determination of the following PV / ZPF
experimental design boundaries at practical benchtop conditions,
i. Amplitude and frequency spectrums.
ii. Poynting Vectors.
iii. Coupling frequencies.
2 THEORETICAL MODELLIG
The time domain modelling in the proceeding section may be applied over the displacement
domain of a practical benchtop test volume by considering the relevant changes over the dimensions of
that volume. This is illustrated by sample calculations presented in section 5.
2
3 MATHEMATICAL MODELLIG2
It was illustrated in [1] that dimensional similarity and the equivalence principle could be
applied to represent the magnitude of an acceleration vector “aPV” as follows,
3 2
ω PV . r
a PV K 0 ω PV, r , E, B, X .
c (3)
Where,
Variable Description Units
K0(ωPV,r,E,B,X) Experimental relationship function4 None
ωPV Harmonic frequency modes of PV Hz
E Magnitude of PV electric field vector V/m
B Magnitude of PV magnetic field vector T
c Velocity of light in a vacuum m/s
Table 2,
2
All mathematical modelling and output was formed using “MathCad 8 Professional” and appears in
standard product notation.
3
Equation (1) represents the magnitude of a periodic square wave solution with constant amplitude.
4
“X” denotes all variables, within the experimental environment, that influences experimental results
and behaviour. This also includes all parameters that might otherwise be neglected, due to practical
calculation limitations, in theoretical analysis.
3
In accordance with the harmonic representation of “g” illustrated by equation (1),
“K0(ωPV,r,E,B,X)” is a frequency dependent experimental function. It was illustrated in [1] that
K0(ωPV,r,E,B,X) = K0(X) = KPV-3/2. Hence, an expression for the frequency spectrum may be derived in
terms of harmonic mode. This may be achieved by assuming the acceleration described by equation (3)
is dynamically, kinematically and geometrically similar to the amplitude of the 1st harmonic (|nPV| = 1)
as described by equation (2) as follows,
aPV ≡ CPV(1,r,M) (4)
Therefore, utilising equation (3) and (4), it follows that all frequency modes may be represented by,
G .M
n PV 3. . . r .c
2
ω PV n PV, r , M . 2 c G M .e
r π .r (5)
Hence, the fundamental frequency (|nPV| = 1) as a function of planetary radial displacement
may be graphically represented for the Earth as follows,
RE
Fundamental Frequency
ω PV 1 , r , M E
ω PV 1 , R E , M E
r
Radial Distance
Figure 1,
Where,
Variable Description Units
RE Radius of the Earth m
ME Mass of the Earth kg
Table 3,
The gravitational field surrounding a homogeneous solid spherical mass may be characterised
by its energy density. Assuming that the magnitude of this field is directly proportional to the mass-
energy density of the object, then the energy density “Uω” may be evaluated over the difference
between successive odd frequency modes as follows,
U ω ( r, M ) .
4 4
U ω n PV, r , M n PV 2 n PV
(6)
Where,
h . 4
U ω ( r, M ) ω PV( 1 , r , M )
2.c
3
(7)
Variable Description Units
Uω(nPV,r,M) Energy density per change in odd harmonic mode Pa
h Planck’s Constant Js
Table 4,
4
3.4 SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS
Utilizing the approximate rest mass-energy density “Um” of a solid spherical object, as
described by equation (8), an expression relating the terminating harmonic frequency mode to “r” and
“M” may be derived as follows,
3.M .c
2
U m( r , M )
4.π .r
3
(8)
Assuming that |Um(r,M)| = |Uω(nPV,r,M)|, equation (8) may be related to equation (6) and solved for
“|nPV|”. This is termed the harmonic cut-off mode “nΩ” as follows,
Ω ( r, M ) 4
n Ω ( r, M ) 1
12 Ω ( r, M ) (9)
Where, “Ω(r,M)” is termed the harmonic cut-off function,
3
2
U m( r , M ) U m( r , M )
Ω ( r, M ) 108. 12. 768 81.
U ω ( r, M ) U ω ( r, M )
(10)
Subsequently, the upper boundary of the ZPF frequency spectrum “ωΩ”, termed the harmonic
cut-off frequency, may be calculated as follows,
ω Ω ( r , M ) n Ω ( r , M ) .ω PV( 1 , r , M )
(11)
The derivation of equations (9-11) is based on the compression of the energy density to one
change in odd harmonic mode whilst preserving dynamic, kinematic and geometric similarity in
accordance with BPT. The subsequent application of these results to equation (1) acts to decompress
the energy density over the Fourier domain yielding a highly precise reciprocal harmonic
representation of “g”. Hence, “nΩ” and “ωΩ” may be graphically represented for the Earth as follows,
RE
n Ω R E, M E
n Ω r, M E
ω Ω r, M E
ω Ω R E, M E
r
Radial Distance
Cutoff Mode
Cutoff Frequency
Figure 2,
3.4.2 ZERO-POINT-FIELD
The cross-fertilisation of the amplitude and frequency characteristics of the Fourier spectrum
with the ZPF spectral energy density distribution is a useful tool by which to analyse expected
Experimental Prototype (EP) characteristics. This may be achieved by graphing the ZPF Poynting
Vector “Sω” as follows,
S ω n PV, r , M c .U ω n PV, r , M
(12)
5
ZPF Poynting Vector
S ω n PV , R E , M E
n PV
Harmonic
Figure 3,
4 PHYSICAL MODELLIG
The spectral characteristics of an EP may be articulated for a spherical test object with
uniform mass distribution at the surface of the Earth assuming,
i. The ZPF physically exists as a spectrum of frequencies and wave vectors.
ii. The sum of all ZPF wave vectors at the surface of the Earth is coplanar with the gravitational
acceleration vector. This represents the only vector of practical experimental consequence.
iii. A modified Complex Fourier Series representation of “g” is physically real and is representative
of the magnitude of the resultant ZPF wave vector.
iv. A physical relationship exists between electricity, magnetism and gravity such that the physical
interaction of the test object with the PV may be investigated and potentially modified utilizing
the equations defined in the preceding section.
The application of modified Fourier Series to define the modes of oscillation of physical
systems has been experimentally verified since its development by Joseph Fourier (1768-1830). [4] The
representation developed in the preceding section is defined in the time domain but may also be applied
over an arbitrary displacement domain “∆r” as appears in standard engineering texts for beams,
membranes, strings, control systems and wave equations. [5,6]
If we consider a small5 cubic test volume of length “∆r” to be filled with a large number of
incremental displacement elements, frequency characteristics of the test volume may be hypothesised.
Assuming each element within the test volume may be described by sinusoids of appropriate amplitude
and frequency, it may be conjectured that the system interaction of the elements produces an amplitude
and frequency spectrum consistent with a modified Fourier Series representation of “g” over “∆r”.
The resultant wave vector at each frequency mode of the test volume is required to be
coplanar with the gravitational acceleration vector for it to be representative of physical reality. Hence,
only a line of action vertically downward through the cubic element is required for experimental
consideration. Moreover, the mathematical representation of forces acting through the test volume is
further simplified by approximating “g” as constant over the vertical dimension of the test volume.
In accordance with PV / ZPF theory, test objects are assumed to produce a gravitational
spectral signature6 in the same manner as the signature produced by the planetary masses. It is also
assumed that the gravitational forces experienced by objects arise from its spectrum coupling to the
background field.
5
Refers to an experimentally practical benchtop volume.
6
Gravitational spectral signature is defined as the spectrum of amplitudes and frequencies unique to “r”
and “M” by the application of modified Fourier series.
6
5 SAMPLE CALCULATIOS
The fundamental frequency mode of the PV at the surface of the Earth may be usefully
approximated as follows,
ωPV(1,RE,ME) ≈ 0.04 (Hz) (13)
An expression may be defined representing the mode bandwidth of the local gravitational field
as follows,
∆ω PV( r , M ) ω Ω ( r , M ) ω PV( 1 , r , M )
(14)
Assuming an ideal relationship between the mathematical model and the background gravitational field
yields7,
∆ωPV(RE,ME) ≈ 520 (YHz) (15)
Assuming a cubic element of length “∆r” possesses spectral attributes over the displacement
domain, the permissible modes “Ν∆r” starting from “ωΩ” at “r” over “∆r” as |nPV| → nΩ may be
approximated by,
∆r
N ∆r( r , M ) ω Ω ( r , M ) .
c (16)
In figure (4),
1. The arrows pointing downwards represent a uniform gravitational field.
2. The arrows pointing upwards represent a uniformly applied system field.
3. The cube represents the experimental test volume of length “∆r”, with base residing at co-ordinates
(0,0,r).
4. The square section represents an EM flux area.
5. “h” represents the vertical displacement above the EM flux area.
∆r
-X Y
-Y X
Figure 4,
7
YHz = 1024 (Hz).
7
5.2.2 ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS
6 COCLUSIOS
The construct herein suggests that the delivery of EM radiation to a solid spherical test object
may be used to alter the weight of the object. If the test object is bombarded by EM radiation, at high
energy density and frequency, the gravitational spectral signature of the test object may undergo
constructive or destructive interference.
References
8
APPEDIX A
2 .h .ω
3
ρ 0( ω )
3
c (A.1)
Yields,
2 .h . 3 1. h . 4
ω dω ω
c
3 2 c3
(A.2)
Substituting equation (5) into (A.2) yields the generalised change in odd mode representation according to,
U ω( r , M ) .
4 4
U ω n PV, r , M n PV 2 n PV
(6)
where,
h .G.M . 2 .c .G.M .
3
2
U ω( r , M ) K PV
πr.
π .c .r
2 5
(A.4)
#ote: Equation (A.4) is a modified representation of equation (7).
Subsequently, if:
9
3 .M .c
2
U m( r , M )
4 .π .r
3
(8)
U ω( r , M ) .
4 4
U m( r , M ) n PV 2 n PV
(A.5)
Next, let:
U m( r , M )
D
U ω( r , M ) (A.6)
Hence,
4 4
D n PV 2 n PV
(A.7)
10
2 1
3 3
1 1
2 2
1 . 108.D 12. 768 81.D 48 12. 108.D 12. 768 81.D
2 2
12 1
3
1
2
108.D 12. 768 81.D
2
2 1 2
3 3 3
1 1 1
2 2 2
108.D 12. 768 81.D 48 24. 108.D 12. 768 81.D i . 3 . 108.D 12. 768 81.D 48.i . 3
2 2 2
4 4 1.
D n PV 2 n PV solve , n PV, factor
24 1
3
1
2
108.D 12. 768 81.D
2
2 1 2
3 3 3
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 . 108.D 12. 768 81.D 48 24. 108.D 12. 768 81.D i . 3 . 108.D 12. 768 81.D 48.i . 3
2 2 2
24 1
3
1
2
108.D 12. 768 81.D
2
(Eq. A.8)
Analysing the structure of the preceding equation leads to simplification by assigning temporary definitions of “F” and “L” for use with equation (A.8). This approach is required to
fully exploit the “MathCad 8 Professional” symbolic calculation environment and may be articulated as follows,
Let: “F = 108D+12√(768+81D2)” and “F = L3”. Hence, an expression for “nPV” as a function of “L” may be defined by,
1. 4
solve , n PV, factor L 1
12 L
11
Equation (A.9) is a simplifying intermediary step leading to the harmonic cut-off function “Ω(r,Μ)” subject to the redefinition of “L” as follows,
Therefore,
Ω ( r, M ) 4
n Ω ( r, M ) 1
12 Ω ( r, M ) (9)
Performing the appropriate substitutions of “D” into “L3 = 108D+12√(768+81D2)” for application to equation (9) yields,
3
2
U m( r , M ) U m( r , M )
Ω ( r, M ) 108. 12. 768 81.
U ω( r , M ) U ω( r , M ) (10)
Hence,
ω Ω ( r , M ) n Ω ( r , M ) .ω PV( 1 , r , M )
(11)
12