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  • Cantors Paradox PDF

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    Colectivo Utopía Morelia
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    Cantor's Paradox arises from Cantor's theorem that the power set of any set has strictly greater cardinality than the original set. It shows that assuming the universal set C contains all sets leads to a contradiction, since C would have to be an element of its own power set P(C), but Cantor's theorem proves the cardinalities |C| and |P(C)| are unequal. Cantor's theorem is proven by showing any injective function from a set A to its power set P(A) cannot also be surjective, since the subset B of elements not mapped to by the function leads to a contradiction whether B is or is not an element of itself. This highlights issues that arose from naive

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    Cantor's Paradox arises from Cantor's theorem that the power set of any set has strictly greater cardinality than the original set. It shows that assuming the universal set C contains all sets leads to a contradiction, since C would have to be an element of its own power set P(C), but Cantor's theorem proves the cardinalities |C| and |P(C)| are unequal. Cantor's theorem is proven by showing any injective function from a set A to its power set P(A) cannot also be surjective, since the subset B of elements not mapped to by the function leads to a contradiction whether B is or is not an element of itself. This highlights issues that arose from naive

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    Descărcați ca PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
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    72 vizualizări16 pagini

    Cantors Paradox PDF

    Încărcat de

    Colectivo Utopía Morelia
    Cantor's Paradox arises from Cantor's theorem that the power set of any set has strictly greater cardinality than the original set. It shows that assuming the universal set C contains all sets leads to a contradiction, since C would have to be an element of its own power set P(C), but Cantor's theorem proves the cardinalities |C| and |P(C)| are unequal. Cantor's theorem is proven by showing any injective function from a set A to its power set P(A) cannot also be surjective, since the subset B of elements not mapped to by the function leads to a contradiction whether B is or is not an element of itself. This highlights issues that arose from naive

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    din 16

    Cantors Paradox

    An Example of a Set-Theoretic Paradox Other than Russells Paradox


    By

    Dawn MacIsaac
    MEng Candidate Department of Computing and Software
    1

    References and Notes

    M Pakkan, V Akman, Issues in Commonsence Set Theory, Artificial Intelligence Review, 8(4), 1994

    J T Miller, An Historical Account of Set-Theoretic Antinomies Caused by the Axiom of Abstraction, http://www.u.arizona.edu/~miller/finalreport/finalreport.html

    R N Andersen, Set Theory and the Construction of Numbers, http://www.uwec.edu/Academic/Curric/andersrn/sets.htm

    Naive vs. Axiomatic Set Theory Naive Set Theory


    Loosely Defined Concepts

    Example: Cantors Definition of a Set

    Naive vs. Axiomatic Set Theory Axiomatic Set Theory


    Rigorously Defined Concepts

    All of Cantors Theorems can be rigorously described in terms of 3 Axioms


    4

    Cantors Axioms
    A1) Extensionality: two sets are identical if they have the same elements A2) Abstraction: for any given property there is a set whose members are just those entities having that property A3) Choice: If B is a set, all of whose elements are non-empty sets, (no two of which have any elements in common), then there is a set C which has precisely one element in common with each element of By 5

    Cantors Axioms

    A2) Abstraction: for any given property there is a set whose members are just those entities having that property

    y x [xy (x)]
    6

    Set-Theoretical Paradoxes

    y x [xy (x)]
    The set of all things which have the property of:

    not being members of themselves

    being an ordinal

    being a set

    Russells Paradox

    Burali-Fortis Paradox

    Cantors Paradox

    Cantors Paradox
    Also known as The Paradox of Cardinality Let C be the universal set and P(C) be its power set Since P(C) is a set (the set of all subsets of C) it must be contained within C (because C contains all sets), so |P(C)| |C| However, by Cantors Theorem |C| < |P(C)|
    8

    Contradiction

    Cantors Theorem

    Let A be any set and P(A) be its power set |A| < |P(A)|

    Cantors Theorem
    Recognize the existence of an injective function f: A P(A) a {a} for instance
    A a b c {a} {b} {c} P(A)

    10

    Cantors Theorem

    |A| |P(A)| Now, if |A| = |P(A)| then f would also have to be surjective

    11

    Cantors Theorem
    f: A P(A),
    Consider a function which maps as in the diagram A a B b z {b} {a} {a, b} Then consider the consequences of a set defined as B
    12

    where f is surjective
    P(A)

    B = {x A | x f(x)} A z A | f(z) = B

    Cantors Theorem
    zBzB zBzB

    Contradiction So f cannot be surjective f: A P(A), Injective but not surjective

    |A| < |P(A)|


    13

    Set Theoretical Axioms

    The Axiom of Abstraction basically states that a formula that specifies any property can define a set This non-constrained axiom allowed for the existence of some sets which do not exist The barbers town The Universal Set
    14

    Set Theoretical Axioms

    The Axioms of Zermello-Fraenkel Set Theory build in constraints to avoid the allowance of such sets. Axiom of Foundation (A6) Axiom of Separation (A7) Axiom of Replacement (A8)

    15

    Questions??

    Contents of todays presentation can be found at: http://www.cas.mcmaster.ca/~wmfarmer/CAS- 701- 02/contributions/index.html

    16

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