E1-E2 Management

Chapter 16
Networking Principles, LAN, Intranet, Internet

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Networking Principles
Reasons why computers need to be networked are to share resources like files, printers, modems, fax machines etc. to share application software like MS Office, Adobe Publisher etc. increase productivity by sharing data amongst users

Communication Link

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LAN
Local Area Networks (LAN) is a small network which allows easy access to other computers or peripherals Characteristics of a LAN 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Physically limited distance (< 2km) High bandwidth (> 1mbps) Inexpensive cable media (coax or twisted pair) Data and hardware sharing between users Owned by the user

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Study of LAN

Study of LAN

LAN Topologies

Medium access control technique

Transmission medium / Network Components

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A) LAN Topologies
1. BUS TOPOLOGY

Drop line Cable End Tap

Drop line Tap

Drop line Tap

Drop line Cable End Tap

Flow of Data

Bus topology is multipoint. One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in the network. Nodes are connected to bus by drop lines and taps.

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A) LAN Topologies
2. TREE TOPOLOGY HUB
HUB HUB

The central hub in the tree is an active hub. An active hub contains a repeater. The secondary hubs can be active or passive.
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A) LAN Topologies
3. RING TOPOLOGY
A A B Data flow D C

Packet meant for A will reach to System A

Messages are passed from one host to the next until they reach the destination host. Typically messages pass the whole way around the ring and are checked and removed by the hosts that sent them
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A) LAN Topologies
4. STAR TOPOLOGY

HUB

Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link to a central controller, called a hub. The Hub acts as an exchange point

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B) Medium Access Control

Controlling access is needed to provide for an orderly and efficient use of the transmission medium. This is the function of medium access control (MAC) protocol. Two Types: 1. Centrally Access Control 2. Distributed Access Control (Used in LAN)

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B) Medium Access Control

LAN uses the Asynchronous (dynamic) approach

Round Robin

Reservation

Contention
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B) Medium Access Control

Reservation
Well suited for stream traffic A station wanting to transmit, reserves future slots for an extended or even an indefinite period

Contention
Appropriate for the bursty traffic In this technique, no control is required to determine whose turn it is; all stations contend for time. These techniques are by nature distributed.

Round Robin
Each station in turn is given an opportunity to transmit in logical sequence Useful when the data traffic has a stream or bursty characteristic

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B) Medium Access Control

Standardized Medium Access Control Techniques Bus Topology Ring Topology Switched Topology Request/ Priority (IEEE 802.12)

Round Robin

Token Bus (IEEE 802.4) Polling (IEEE 802.11) DQDB (IEEE 802.6)

Token Ring (IEEE 802.5 & FDDI) ___

Reservation

___

Contention

CSMA/CD (IEEE 802.3) CSMA (IEEE 802.11)

___

CSMA/CD (IEEE 802.3)

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MAC Frame Format

MAC Frame MAC control Destination Source MAC MAC Address Address LLC PDU CRC

LLC PDU DSAP SSAP

1 or 2 LLC control

Variable Information 1 octet

I/G

DSAP value

C/R

SSAP value

LLC PDU with generic MAC Frame format

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MAC Frame Format

The MAC layer receives a block of data from the LLC layer and is responsible for performing functions related to medium access and for transmitting the data. MAC implements these functions, by making use of protocol data unit at its layer The fields of this frame MAC control: Contains any protocol control information needed for the functioning of the MAC protocol. Destination MAC Address: Source MAC Address: LLC: The LLC Data from the next higher layer. CRC: The cyclic redundancy check field (This is an error-detecting code)

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C) Network Components
1. Network Interface Cards (NICs)
Puts the data into packets and transmits packet onto the network. May be wired or wireless

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C) Network Components
2. Cabling

Coaxial cable Twisted - Pair Cable Optical Fiber 4. Speed 5. Bandwidth

The choice of cable depends upon

1. cost 2. distance 3. Number of computers involved

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C) Network Components
3. Repeater
It amplify the incoming signal received from one segment and send it to all other attached segments & allows the distance limitations of network cabling to be extended. Repeaters also allow isolation of segments in the event of failures or fault conditions. Repeaters simply allows to extend network distance limitations. It does not give any more bandwidth or allow to transmit data faster.

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C) Network Components
Network Segment A

4. Bridges

Network Segment B

Bridges interconnect Ethernet segments. Most bridges support filtering and forwarding & Spanning Tree Algorithm. Follows the IEEE 802.1D specification standard learns about the network and the routes & Packets are passed onto other network segments based on the MAC layer. The bridge builds up internal table to determine which segment incoming frames should be forwarded to..
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C) Network Components
5. Router

A device that connects any number of LANs. It uses standardized protocols to move packets to their destination using routing tables More sophisticated than bridges, connecting networks of different types Forwards data depending on the Network address (IP), not the Hardware (MAC) address. and thus can have multiple network clients. Resides on network layer of the OSI model
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Routing
Routable Protocols
DECnet

IP
IPX OSI XNS DDP (AppleTalk)

Protocols which are not routable

LAT (local area transport, NetBEUI

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C) Network Components
6. HUB
An unintelligent network device that sends one signal to all of the stations connected All computers/devices takes the data that comes into a port and sends it out all the other ports in the hub. hubs are used to add and remove computers in the network. Ports are 10BaseT type Resides on Layer 1 of the OSI model

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Ethernet and fast Ethernet (CSMA/ CD)

carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD). The most commonly used medium access control technique for bus/ tree and star topologies In bus topology, with CSMA/CD the data transmits at 10 Mbps,. follows IEEEs 802.3 specification. Ethernet Features SN Traditional topology Linear Bus

1
2 3 4

Other Topologies
Type of Architecture Access Method Specifications

Star Bus
Baseband CSMA/ CD IEEE 802.3

5
6

Transfer Speed
Cable Types

10 Mbps or 100 Mbps

Thicknet, Thinnet, UTP

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