“How the Mafia Works” by Ed Grabianowski

Introduction to How the Mafia Works:

The Mafia has controlled everything from the street corner drug trade to the
highest levels of government. Glorified by movies and television, hounded by law
enforcement officials, marked for death by their enemies, mobsters live violent
and often brief lives. The Mafia at its core is about one thing -- money. Still,
there are secret rituals, complicated rules and tangled webs of family loyalty.

Photo courtesy FBI

FBI surveillance photo: Underboss Salvatore "Sammy
the Bull" Gravano notoriously testified against
the boss of the Gambino family, John "Dapper Don"
Gotti.

In this article, we'll find out how people get into the Mafia, what the Mafia
does and what law enforcement agencies have done to stop them. We'll also learn
about the important people and events that have shaped this not-so-secret
society.

Mafia: An Overview:
Today, the word "mafia" is used to refer to almost any organized crime group,
and in some cases is even used to describe groups completely unrelated to crime.
In this article, we will focus on the traditional meaning of "mafia": organized
criminal organizations of Italian or Sicilian heritage.

In organized crime there is a hierarchy, with higher-ranking members making

decisions that trickle down to the other members of the family. The Mafia is not
a single group or gang -- it is made up of many families that have, at times,
fought each other in bitter, bloody gang wars. At other times, they have
cooperated in the interest of greater profits, sometimes even serving on a
"Commission" that made major decisions affecting all the families (more on the
Commission later). Most of the time, though, they simply agree to stay out of
each other's way.
Mafia-dom is neither a political nor a religious affiliation. Because of their
Italian roots, many Mafioso are Catholic, but part of the oath a mobster takes
when he becomes a "made man" -- a member of a Mafia family -- is that the Mafia
comes before birth family and God.

Mafia Jargon
• La Cosa Nostra - The term cosa nostra, which is
sometimes translated from Italian to mean "our
thing," originally referred to the general
lifestyle of organized criminals in Sicily. When
the Mafia moved to the United States, FBI agents
listening in on wiretaps heard the term. They
began using the term La Cosa Nostra (which is
grammatically incorrect) to refer to the Mafia.
In time, La Cosa Nostra referred specifically to
American Mafioso, differentiating them from "old
world" mobsters.
• Omerta - Omerta is the Mafia code of silence.
• Made man - This is a man who has been officially
inducted into a Mafia family.
• Capo - The capo was originally the head of a
family in Sicily. Now, the capo is more like a
lieutenant who serves the family boss.
• Family - Each individual gang within the Mafia
is known as a family. Not everyone within a
family is actually related to one and other,
although it is common for relatives of mobsters
to be inducted into the same family as their
brothers or fathers.
• Wiseguy - This is someone who is involved with
the Mafia.
The Structure of La Cosa Nostra:
The structure described below refers specifically to La Cosa Nostra. Other
groups have similar structures, but they may differ in some ways.

Each group is made up of several gangs, known as families. The number of

families can range from fewer than 10 to more than 100. Sometimes, the emergence
of a new family must be approved by the heads of other families, while in some
cases a group can splinter off from another family and consolidate its power,
becoming recognized as a new family over time. Each family has separate business
dealings, but the dealings of the families can intermingle to a large extent
depending on their proximity to one another and the commonality of their
ventures.

The leader of each family is known as the boss, or don. All major decisions are
made by the boss, and money made by the family ultimately flows to him. The
boss's authority is needed to resolve disputes and keep everyone in line.
Just below the boss is the underboss. The underboss is the second in command,
although the amount of power he wields can vary. Some underbosses resolve
disputes without involving the boss. Some are groomed to replace the boss if he
is old or in danger of going to jail.

Beneath the underboss are several capos. The number of capos varies depending on
the overall size of the family. A capo acts like a lieutenant, leading his own
section of the family. He has specific activities that he operates. The capo's
territory may be defined geographically (as in, "everything west of 14th Street
belongs to Louie 'The Key' DiBartolo.") or by the rackets he operates ("Alfonze
'Big Al' Maggioli is in charge of illegal gambling."). The key to being a
successful capo is making money. The capo keeps some of the money his rackets
earn and then passes the rest up to the underboss and boss.
The "dirty work" is done by the soldiers. A soldier is
the lowest rank among made men. They're part of the
family, but they hold little power and make relatively
little money. The number of soldiers that belong to any
given capo can vary tremendously.

In addition to soldiers, the Mafia will use associates.

Associates are not actual members of the Mafia, but they
work with Mafia soldiers and capos on various criminal
enterprises. An associate is simply someone who works
with the mob, including anyone from a burglar or drug
dealer to a lawyer, investment banker, police officer or
politician.

There is one other position within the family that is

somewhat legendary -- the consigliere. The consigliere Sammy Gravano, notorious
is not supposed to be part of the family's hierarchy. He for turning state's
is supposed to act as an advisor and make impartial evidence against Mafia
decisions based on fairness rather than personal boss John Gotti, was an
feelings or vendettas. This position is meant to elected underboss in the Gambino
by the members of the family, rather than appointed by family.
the boss. In reality, consiglieres are sometimes appointed and are not always
impartial.

Mafia Divisions:
The Mafia is not an actual organization itself. There is no head of the Mafia.
Instead, the word Mafia is an umbrella term that refers to any of several groups
of gangsters who can trace their roots to Italy or Sicily.
In broad terms, there are five Mafia groups, defined mainly by the regions they
operate in or the regions they originated in. All five groups have their hands
in criminal operations that span the globe and have set up operatives in many
different nations. The Sicilian Mafia originated on the island of Sicily. The
Camorra Mafia began in Naples, and the Calabrian Mafia originated in Italy's
Calabrian region. The Sacra Corona Unita is a more recent group based in the
Puglia region of Italy. Finally, La Cosa Nostra is the American Mafia, although
this group can trace its history back to Sicilian families as well as some of
the other Italian groups.

There isn't a clear naming convention when it comes to Mafia families. Early
families were named after the region or town in Italy where they came from.
Sometimes, the name of the family would change to the name of the boss,
especially if he was a powerful or long-standing boss. The five main New York
City families had their names set semi-permanently by the testimony of informer
Joe Valachi before a Senate subcommittee in 1962 and 1963. The families were
named for the current bosses, although in one case, it was an earlier, more
powerful boss whose name would be used. These five families were the Bonanno,
Genovese, Gambino, Luchese and Profaci. The Profaci family was taken over by
Joseph Colombo a few years later, and he became so famous that the family is now
known as the Colombo family. The same thing nearly happened to the Gambino
family when it was taken over by John Gotti -- but before it became the Gotti
family, Gotti was arrested and convicted of racketeering and murder, based
largely on the testimony of Mafia traitor Sammy "The Bull" Gravano.

Vito Genovese (in his 1969 mugshot) began his

career working under "Lucky" Luciano and
ultimately became one of the most powerful bosses
in American Mafia history.

Most of the other U.S. families are simply named for the city they operate in.
Thus, you have the Philadelphia family, the Buffalo family, the Cleveland family
and so on.

Mafia Induction:
The details of a Mafia induction ceremony were a carefully kept secret for
decades. But in the early 1960s, Joe Valachi's testimony before a Senate
subcommittee shined a spotlight on the mob. The Mafia induction described here
is the ceremony conducted by the Sicilian Mafia as well as most American Mafia
families. Circumstances can alter some of the details of the ceremony, such as
an induction in prison or a quick induction during a gang war.
First, the potential gangster is told simply to "dress up"
or "get dressed." He is taken to a private place and
seated at a long table, right next to the boss. Other
Mafioso who are present will join hands and recite oaths
and promises of loyalty. The inductee must then hold a
burning piece of paper. In some families, the new soldier
is paired with a more experienced mobster who will act as
his "godfather," guiding him into Mafia life. The inductee
must promise that he will be a member of the family for
life, and then a drop of blood is drawn from his trigger
finger.

It takes more than just an oath and a drop of blood to get

into the Mafia, however. Only men of Italian heritage are
allowed in. In some families, both parents must be Joe Valachi
at La Tuna Prison, TX
Italian, while some only require an Italian father. The
prospective mobster must also show a penchant for making money or at the very
least a willingness to commit acts of violence when ordered to. Usually, the
criminal must pass a test before he will be considered for induction, and this
test is commonly rumored to be some sort of participation in an act of murder.

There is one last obstacle that some mobsters face when they try to become made
men -- the Commission. In the 1920s and '30s, the Mafia families in the United
States were almost constantly at war with one another. They would often recruit
new soldiers by the dozens so rival families wouldn't recognize them as enemies.
These new recruits could easily approach members of other families and
assassinate them. To put a stop to this, the Commission began requiring all the
families to make a list of their prospective members and circulate the list
among the other families. In addition to eliminating unrecognizable family
members, this also allowed the bosses to weed out prospectives that other
families had problems with. If those prospectives became made men, individual
disagreements could grow into violent wars between families.

Mafia Activities:
The ultimate point of the Mafia is to make money. Families use a variety of
activities to accomplish this. One of the most common is also one of the
simplest -- extortion. Extortion is forcing people to give up their money by
threatening them in some way. Mafia "protection rackets" are extortion schemes.
They tell a shop owner that she needs to pay them $100 a week so they can
"protect" her from criminals who might demolish the shop or hurt her family --
the implication being that the Mafia members themselves are these criminals.

The Mafia makes money by participating in virtually any activity that is

illegal. Illegal goods are expensive, untaxed and unregulated. Over the years,
mobsters have dealt in alcohol during Prohibition, illegal drugs, prostitution
and illegal gambling.

Sometimes, burglaries and muggings generate income, but the capos know that
their activities need a grander scale to ensure maximum profit. This is why they
hijack trucks and unload entire shipments of stolen goods. Another method used
by Mafioso is to pay off truck drivers or dock workers, who will "misplace"
crates and shipments that later end up in Mafia hands. The stolen goods could be
anything from stereo equipment to women's clothing (a favorite of John Gotti
early in his career).
 "Dapper Don" John Gotti in his 1990 mug shot

One of the most notorious Mafia schemes was the infiltration of labor unions.
For several decades, it is believed that every major construction project in New
York City was controlled by the Mafia. Mobsters paid off or threatened union
leaders to get a piece of the action whenever a union group got a construction
job, and they sometimes made their way into the ranks of leadership themselves.
And once the Mafia had its grip firmly on a union, it could control an entire
industry. Mafioso could get workers to slow or halt construction if contractors
or developers didn't make the right payoffs, and they had access to huge union
pension funds. At one point, the Mafia could have brought nearly all
construction and shipping in the United States to a halt. But the last 20 years
have seen the federal government crack down on Mafia-union connections to a
great extent.

The current structure of the Mafia took centuries to develop. To learn about the
history of the mafia and to see how law enforcement has dealt with organized
crime over the years, read on.

History:
The current structure of the Mafia took centuries to develop. It all began on
the island of Sicily. Although there are major organized crime groups from other
parts of Italy, the Sicilian Mafia is generally considered to be the blueprint
for all other Mafia organizations.

Several unique factors contributed to the development of organized crime on

Sicily. The island is located at an easily accessible and strategically
important place in the Mediterranean Sea. As a result, Sicily was invaded,
conquered and occupied by hostile forces many times. This led to an overall
distrust of central authority and codified legal systems. The family, rather
than the state, became the focus of Sicilian life, and disputes were settled
through a system in which punishment was dealt beyond the limits of the law.

In the 19th century, the European feudal system finally collapsed in Sicily.
With no real government or functioning authority of any kind, the island quickly
descended into lawlessness. Certain landowners and other powerful men began to
build reputations and eventually came to be seen as local leaders. They were
known as capos. The capos used their power to extract tributes from farmers
under their authority (much like the feudal lords before them). Their authority
was enforced through the threat of violence. Their criminal activities were
never reported, even by the victims, because of the fear of reprisal. This was
the beginning of the Sicilian Mafia
The Development of the Mafia:
Several elements of Mafia life that have lasted for
centuries first developed during the transition from a
feudal to a modern form of government in Sicily. The
phrase cosa nostra -- "our way" -- was used to describe
the lifestyle of a Mafioso in Sicily. The shroud of
secrecy that surrounded Mafia activities in Sicily became
known as omerta, the code of silence. Mafia bosses used
this code to protect themselves from the activities of the
criminals below them in the organization. The practice of
recruiting young boys into the Mafia, culminating with a
final test, also stems from Sicily.

In the early 1900s, organized crime had so thoroughly

infiltrated Sicilian life that it was virtually impossible
to avoid contact with the Mafia. Dictator Benito Mussolini
cracked down on the Mafia using harsh, often brutal
methods. But when U.S. troops occupied Sicily during World
War II, they mistook the many jailed criminals for Photo courtesy Amazon.com
political prisoners and not only set them free, but also Mario Puzo's "The
appointed many of them as mayors and police chiefs. Before Godfather" trilogy has
long, the Mafia had a firm grasp on Italy's Christian become the quintessential
Democrat party. telling of the Mafia
story.

In the postwar years, the various competing Sicilian families realized that
their constant fighting was costing them money. They called a ceasefire and
formed a group called the Cupola that would oversee the operations of all the
families and approve all major enterprises and assassinations. A similar system
would be put in place by the American families in the 1950s. While these
committees did succeed in stifling gang wars for a time, they also left the
bosses vulnerable to prosecution because with the Cupola in place, bosses
personally approved murders.
The fight against the Sicilian Mafia came to a head in the 1980s. Two very
prominent government prosecutors who had done a lot of damage to the Mafia were
assassinated in bombings. The public was outraged, and the government eventually
responded with the so-called Maxi trial. More than 400 Mafioso were tried in a
specially built bunker. Large cells in the back of the courtroom held the
defendants, who would often scream and threaten witnesses as the trial went on.
Ultimately, 338 were found guilty.

This wasn't enough to stamp out Sicily's Mafia, however. In 1992, the Italian
government sent 7,000 military troops to Sicily. They occupied the island until
1998. The Sicilian Mafia still exists today and is still active, but it is
quieter and less violent.

In the next section, we'll see how the Mafia came to the United States.

American Mafia:
Sicilians and other Italians began immigrating to the United States in the
1800s, but a major wave of them arrived on American shores early in the 20th
century. While the vast majority of them worked hard at building a new life for
their family through legal means, some of them brought the ways of the Sicilian
Mafia with them.

The first major Mafia incident occurred in New Orleans in the 1890s. A Sicilian
crime family was pressured by the local chief of police, who was then murdered.
When the mobsters were tried, they bribed witnesses and were acquitted. Anti-
Italian fervor erupted, and a lynch mob went to the jailhouse. The mob shot or
hanged 16 men.

Mafia families spread through the country in the first half of the 20th century,
emanating from New York City, where five families vied for control. The era of
Prohibition poured vast amounts of money into Mafia coffers as they sold illegal
alcohol in speakeasies around the country. Their power during this period grew
exponentially, and wars between the families broke out. There was an epidemic of
Mafia violence in the early 1930s -- bosses and underbosses were assassinated
regularly, with few bosses ruling their families for more than a few months
before they got killed. The Luchese family went through three or four bosses in
1930 alone.

In the middle of this bloodbath (and helping to orchestrate much of it) was a
mobster named Charles "Lucky" Luciano.

Mug shot of Charles "Lucky" Luciano

Luciano attained a position of great power throughout La Cosa Nostra, and he

threw his support behind an idea that had been floating around for some time --
the formation of a multi-family commission that would approve Mafia activities
nationwide.

The Commission:
A meeting in Chicago cemented the formation of a multi-family Mafia committee.
The seven-member Commission was initially made up of bosses from the five New
York families along with Al Capone from Chicago and Stefano Maggaddino of the
Buffalo family. The Commission members acted like senators for other families,
bringing their concerns to the attention of the rest of the Commission. For
example, the families in cities on the west coast were almost all represented by
the Chicago boss. Large scale money-making activities, as well as murders and
kidnappings, had to be approved by the Commission. Commission membership was
determined at national Mafia meetings that were held every five years.

One of these meetings was the scene of a famous event in Mafia history -- the
Apalachin Raid. On November 14, 1957, bosses (dons) from across the country met
at a tiny town in New York State, near the Pennsylvania border. A suspicious
state trooper led the raid and brought 58 mobsters into the spotlight -- and in
many cases, brought them to trial. While the raid struck a serious blow to the
Mafia, it had a more profound effect. The American public could no longer deny
that the Mafia existed.

Since its formation, the Commission has shrunk -- some families have fallen out
of power and no longer send representatives. Today, it is rumored to still
exist, but mainly on the east coast, and it is nowhere near as powerful as it
was in Lucky Luciano's day.

The Kennedy Rumors

Rumors of ties between the Kennedys and the Mafia go back to John F.
Kennedy's father, Joe Kennedy, who reportedly earned much of the family
fortune as bootlegger and had connections to mobsters like Meyer Lansky.
When JFK faced Hubert Humphrey in the Democratic primary in 1960, many
claimed that the Kennedy clan called on their mob connections to ensure
a favorable vote, and similar accusations were made during the
presidential election against Richard Nixon, which Kennedy won by a slim
margin.

Several theories tie JFK's assassination to the Mafia. Jack Ruby, the
man who murdered Lee Harvey Oswald (JFK's accused assassin), was a known
mob associate. One theory attributes motive to the Mafia through the Bay
of Pigs invasion of Cuba. The Mafia reportedly hated that Cuba was in
the hands of Fidel Castro, who had thrown them out of their lucrative
Cuban casino businesses when he came to power. The invasion was an utter
failure attributed by some to Kennedy's refusal to approve air support.

Another theory points to JFK's brother, Robert, whom JFK appointed to

the position of attorney general after he was elected president. Once
appointed, Robert Kennedy immediately began a Mafia crackdown. Robert
also died from an assassin's bullet.

Another rumor plays on suggestions that JFK kept several mistresses and
girlfriends, some of whom were known to associate with mobsters. Some
evidence, including federal wiretaps, shows that mobster Sam Giancana
may have set JFK up with various women, all the while recording proof of
the President's extra-marital affairs. Conspiracy theorists have
speculated that it was hit men sent by Giancana who murdered Marilyn
Monroe, one of JFK's supposed girlfriends. Giancana himself was murdered
shortly before he was due to testify on the Mafia/Kennedy connections.

Vegas and the Mafia:

La Cosa Nostra had always been involved in gambling, from numbers games to
sports betting. They operated luxurious, illegal casinos through the United
States, bribing local police officers to look the other way. When Nevada
legalized gambling in 1931, mobsters were not the first ones to see the
opportunity. The famous Strip was already developing, and a few fancy
hotel/casinos were already in place by the time the Mafia arrived.

Photo courtesy Nevada State Museum and Historical Society

Bugsy Siegel's infamous mob hangout, the Flamingo
Hotel

When they did arrive, it wasn't the usual suspects. Instead, many of the early
Vegas casinos were financed by Jewish mobsters like Bugsy Siegel and Meyer
Lansky. It cost a lot of money to build casinos, and these men offered shady
loans to prospective developers. Some of these loans happened out in the open,
with the mob-controlled Teamsters union using its pension fund to finance casino
and hotel construction projects. This stopped in 1975, when federal officials
took notice.

Mug shot of Meyer Lansky

Casinos generate huge profits on their own, so it didn't take much creativity on
the part of the wiseguys to figure out a way to get their cut. They skimmed cash
from casinos they partly owned or simply extorted payoffs from casino managers.
Many mob bosses were "business partners" with casino owners, whether the owners
wanted them as partners or not.

Since the 1970s, the government has been very strict about keeping the mob out
of the Vegas casinos. Today, it is believed that the major casinos are not
influenced by the Mafia, and any hint of an organized crime connection is enough
for a casino to lose its gambling license.

Fighting the Mafia:Undercover:

For legal officials to arrest and prosecute organized criminals, they need to
find out what's going on in the organization. They can bust drug dealers or
truck hijackers, but the family will just find new ones. They need to reach the
top to really crack a family. And the best way to do that is by sending someone
into the family undercover.

An FBI agent working undercover as a mob associate is an incredibly dangerous

job. This is the life that FBI agent Joseph Pistone led for six years, working
deep undercover as mob associate Donnie Brasco.

Photo courtesy FBI

FBI photo: Donnie Brasco (left) and "Sonny Black"
Napolitano in Florida

In an interview for the Web site Mafia-International.com, Pistone described how

he became an undercover agent:

I grew up around wiseguys on the streets of Paterson, New Jersey, but I

never got involved with them. I always worked all kinds of blue-collar
jobs: in construction, in bars, driving tractor trailers. So before I went
to college, I saw a lot of things and learned a lot. My first government
job was with the Office of Naval Intelligence, investigating drug, theft,
and espionage cases. I passed the FBI's entrance exams and became a special
agent in 1969. Because of my background and training it became clear that
my specialty was undercover.

Pistone was so effective that even when the operation put dozens of mobsters
behind bars, his Mafia friends still thought he was a mobster-turned-informant,
rather than an actual FBI agent. His story was made into the film "Donnie
Brasco."

Undercover work continues to be an important part of the FBI's fight against the
mob. A sting orchestrated by an undercover agent in Cleveland netted more than
40 corrupt cops in 1998. However, you will never hear of most undercover work --
the very nature of the job means that undercover agents use assumed names,
refuse to be photographed and hide their very existence from the public eye.