International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET) Volume 2 Issue2 pp 072-075 May 2013 www.ijsret.

org ISSN 2278 0882

Path loss in Wireless Sensor Mote

Vaishali Department Electronics & Communication Engineering, IMSEC IMS Engineering College, MTU Noida vashalig@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
The major problem encountered in wireless channel is the path loss of the channel severely attenuates the transmitted signal and sets a lower bound on the signal strength, the receiver can expect. In this paper we study about the wireless sensor mote to transfer the data at receiver point to cross the hurdles. Whenever the signals are transmitted then it is possible to cross obstructions present in between the signal transferred to receiver end. Here we study about the path loss implications (to transfer the data) with the help of wireless sensor mote. Sensor mote is so small that everyone cannot see it and it is so smart that it performs the efficient working. If there is any obstruction to catch the information, then this device is helpful to take it. Sometimes we use wireless communication to take the information at distant places and during data transfer processing, when information reaches at the receiver end, then we get some loss of information because of obstructions. This paper aims at studying path loss incurred by information during data transfer from Sensor mote to Central Receiver system. There are many questions arises in everyones mind that is it working? Now the answer is yes. Yes, it is working with the best result. Sensor motes are spread randomly in the atmosphere to catch the information. It gives us exact and original images without the loss of information. Keywords: Wireless sensor MATLAB, MEMS Technology. mote, Path loss, communicating to other devices. The major problem in wireless channel communication is path loss because of obstructions occurred in between the path followed. The path loss of the channel severally attenuates the transmitted signal and sets a lower bound on the signal strength the receiver can expect. Multipath fading does a few things. With path loss, it attenuates the transmitted signal. Attenuation introduced by multipath fading adds to the attenuation introduced by path loss. Together with AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) originally present in the channel, this attenuation in the received signal strength sets a limit on the SNR required of the demodulator to achieve a certain BER. The Doppler shift introduces phase impairment to the modulated signal received under path loss condition and is another error source that can limit the achievable BER. To investigate these problems, we need to develop more complex channel models, channels having randomly time varying impulse responses. The channel model for wireless communication and its impact on receiver front end design by considering path loss in a channel.

1. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this paper is to analyze techniques for designing wireless communication systems for millimeter scale sensing and communication known as Assembly of particles-Sensor mote. A smart mote element is a self-contained sensing and communication system that can be combined into roughly a cubic-millimeter mote to perform integrated, massively distributed sensor networks. Sensor mote can consist of hundreds to thousands of dust motes, spreads randomly, each containing the capability of sensing and monitoring environmental conditions and Figure1: Received power under path loss and multipath fading. As shown in above figure, the received powers variation in distance from the transmitter can be understood by observing its average value at a given distance from the transmitter as well as its local variation in spatial proximity to that location. Received power variation between the transmitter

IJSRET @ 2013

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET) Volume 2 Issue2 pp 072-075 May 2013 www.ijsret.org ISSN 2278 0882 and receiver, there are many propagation paths and signals travelling through these different paths interfere with one another. To illustrate this, we can draw a simple picture that incorporates four of these paths. goes through path 1 at the Rx antenna. At the receive antenna, these two signals will have a phase difference between proportional to d-d. Specifically, d-d is very small compared with lambda, the wavelength of the carrier. The interference is always destructive in nature because the phase difference is small, movement of receive antenna results a small variation of received power. The reflector is due to global objects (like a hill), which move/change, the interference in nature. The interference is formed as a result of reflection due to global objects and is deterministic in nature.

Figure2: Four paths to differentiate the effect of interference caused by global and local reflectors. Multipath fading has a distinct impact on the fragility of wireless links. It is considered a smallscale phenomenon in the sense that the level of attenuation of the signal changes substantially if the position of the receiver or the transmitter is varied by about half a wavelength. One of the most common features of wireless sensor networks is the fact that the nodes are usually static; static multipath fading is therefore of particular interest. Another physical phenomenon of interest is shadowing; it is considered a large-scale effect, as it corresponds to substantial deviations of the RF signal from its mean due to large obstacles, which create shadow zones that cause deep fades if a receiver happens to enter them.

Figure3: Two paths drawn to show the effect of interference caused by global reflector. Local Reflection In this section, we focus on small-scale reflection. The signal that goes through path1 and path 2 which is redrawn in the below figure. The signal goes along path1 from the Rx antenna. A replica of this signal travels along path2. The Rx antenna bounds off a local reflector before it arrive at the Rx antenna. It interferes with the signal that travels along path 1. The received antenna is situated with respect to Tx antenna, this interference can be destructive or constructive in variation of received power. Large phase difference results large variation of received power. The interference patterns in the present case are formed as a result of reflection due to local objects and are random in nature.

2. PATH ENVIRONMENT
To classify the paths according to the reflection is based on whether they suffer from global (large) reflection or from local (small) reflection. In global reflection, paths 1 and 2 do not go through global reflection, whereas paths 3 and 4 go through such reflections. In local reflection, paths 1 and 3 do not go through local reflections, whereas paths 2 and 4 do go through such reflections. Global reflection Let the signal going through path1 (with distance between Rx and Tx antenna equal to d) will arrive at the Rx antenna directly. A replica of this signal follows path3, where it bounds off a global reflector (e.g. a hill) before it arrives at the Rx antenna (with distance between Rx and Tx antenna equal to d). There it interferes with the signal that

Figure4: Two paths to show the effect of interference caused by local reflector.

IJSRET @ 2013

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET) Volume 2 Issue2 pp 072-075 May 2013 www.ijsret.org ISSN 2278 0882 Path loss: A First glance Large scale propagation is of the order of 5 to 50 .Hence this path loss is described by interference effects going on between signals propagating through paths 1,2 and paths 3,4. The path1 is line of sight (LOS) and path 3 is non-line-of-sight (NLOS). Interferences between paths 1 and 4, paths 2 and 3 and paths 2 and 4 show similar characteristics. Characteristics of the path loss include the following: 1. It involves large scale propagation in the local averaged power over a region of 5 to 50. It is a constant power over this region, with its value set equal to average. 2. Path loss is attributed to interference between paths 1, 2 and paths 3,4, we can conclude that the received power goes down as transmitter/ receiver separation increases. The effect of movement is a simple loss in signal strength received by receiver. The signal loss to first order is a simple function of distance. Path loss is due to free space propagation and reflection and also by diffraction and scattering. 3. The number of relevant path is small, boiled down to one or two. Path loss include signal loss in the received signal, which lowers the SNR and hence BER. separation between the two users decreases, the received interferences power level increases. To calculate the maximum interferences power level received by user 1 , we assume a gain LOS path which allows us to determine the maximum interference power level Pr max, the minimum separation that user 2 can be from user 1, with a NLOS path.

4. ANALYSIS
Wireless Sensor consist of hundreds to thousands of dust motes, spreads randomly, each containing the capability of sensing and monitoring environmental conditions and communicating to other devices. If there is any obstruction in between the path to be followed then it follows another path and communicates with the nearest mote and again return back to same path followed to carry the information.

In the above figure, P1, P2 ...Pr are the inputs. W1,1....Ws,r are the paths followed by the input motes. b1...bs are the base stations. n1...ns are the processing of signals and a1, a2....as are the output results sending to the antenna.

Fig5: - Bidirectional optical communication link, for clarity, one of the many motes is shown

3. MINIMUM SEPARATION
The friis equation allows us to determine the minimum separation between users for a given interference level. Let assume, we have two users, user1 and user2. User 1 receives the power from the base station and also receives power transmitted by user 2, which acts as interference. The interference propagates from user2 to user1, following the same path loss mechanism. From the friis equation, the

The above figure shows the input layer, hidden layer (path hidden by the obstruction) and output layer.

IJSRET @ 2013

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET) Volume 2 Issue2 pp 072-075 May 2013 www.ijsret.org ISSN 2278 0882 The experimental data shows the behaviour of electromagnetic field near the transmit antenna and the motes spread all over it to transfer the information. If these motes face difficulty in finding the path, then it follows another path to send the information.

5. CONCLUSION
In this paper we presented an overview of the Sensor mote and studied how the sensor mote works actually to follow the path and sends the information at the receiver end without any loss. In this paper we discussed about how the signal, message and information transfer from one mote to another mote and to the base station to receiver end. In this paper, I have discussed that at the receiver end how we can get the actual information.

ACKNOLDGEMENT:
I am thankful to faculty members of ECE department of IMSEC, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh for their support during preparation of this paper.

REFERENCE
[1] V. S. Hsu, J.M. Kahn, K. S. J. Pister, Wireless Communication for Smart Dust, 1998, [2] K. S. J. Pister, J.M. Kahn, B. E. Boser, Wireless Networks of Millimeter-Scale Sensor Nodes,1998, http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust [3] Kris Pister, Smart Dust: Autonomous sensing and communication in a cubic millimeter, http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust [4] B. Warneke, B. Atwood, K. S. J. Pister, Smart Dust Mote Forerunners, Proc. IEEE Inter. Conference on MEMS, 2001. [5] E. A. Hollar, COST Dust, M. S. Thesis in UC Berkeley, 2000. [6] B. Warneke, M. Last, B. Liebowitz, K. S. J. Pister, Smart Dust: Communicating With a Cubic Millimeter Computer, IEEE, 2001. [7] J.M. Kahn, R.H. Katz, K. S. J. Pister, Next Century Challenges: Mobile Networking for SmartDust, http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDus. [8] Bosco Leung, VLSI for wireless communication , Prentice hall publication. [9] J. Bachrach and C. Taylor,Localization in Sensor Networks . Wiley and Sons, 2005. [10] A. Boukerche, H. Oliveira, E. Nakamura, and A. Loureiro, Localization systems for wireless sensor networks, Wireless Communications, IEEE, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 612, December 2007

Another figure shows the followed by the sensor mote.

complete

path

Below figure shows the obstruction occurred in between the path followed and the alternative path taken. This obstruction can be in form of hill, doors, windows or any domestic objects. It shows the various different paths followed by the mote.

IJSRET @ 2013