Summer 2013 MB0050

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Summer 2013 Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 3 MB0050 Research Methodology - 4 Credits (Book ID: B1700) NAME: MANGESH RAMRAO GHULE Roll No.511224090 Q1.Explain the process of problem identification with an example. Answer : Problem Identification - A Process : One of the most important first tasks of research is to identify and define clearly the problem you wish to study. If you are uncertain about the research problem or if you are not clear in your own mind about what you want to study, others who read your proposal will also be uncertain. A well-defined research problem statement leads naturally to the statement of research objectives, to the hypotheses, to a definition of key variables, and to a selection of a methodology for measuring the variables. A poorly defined research problem leads to confusion. Given the fast pace of change in todays market and the high volume of information that inundate leaders on a daily basis, it is essential to have an approach for identifying key organizational issues. Problems often arise at the senior leadership level and those leaders need to suppress their natural inclination to immediately solve the problem. The tendency to react (Ready, fire, aim) often leads to less creative solutions that may not meet the real need. It is critical that a structured, deliberate approach be taken to solve complex problems in order to arrive at a solution that will allow effective collaboration among all the key knowledge experts, so that they can generate useful ideas and achieve the desired result. All research is set in motion by the existence of a problem. A problem is a perceived difficulty, a feeling of discomfort about the way things are, or a discrepancy between what someone believes should be the situation and what is in reality the situation. While problems are the initiating force behind research, not all problems require research. A potential research situation arises when three conditions exist: 1. A perceived discrepancy exists between what is and what should be. 2. A question exists about why there is a discrepancy. 3. At least two possible and plausible answers exist to the question. The last point is important. If there is only one possible and plausible answer to the question about the discrepancy, then a research situation does not exist. Problem situation :

A recent situation analysis assessment of a hospital in District A found that 125 HIV-positive adults were coming to the hospital every day as part of a DOTS program to take medication for tuberculosis (TB). But last months service statistics from the hospitals DOTS program revealed that for one entire week, none of the 125 patients received any medication. Discrepancy : All 125 patients should be receiving a daily treatment for TB, but all 125 did not receive a single treatment for an entire week last month. Problem question : What factor or factors are responsible for 125 patients failing to receive any treatment for their TB for an entire week? In this example, a problem situation exists, but the reason for the problem is already known. Therefore, assuming that all the facts are correct, there is no reason to conduct research on the factors associated with the break in the supply of daily TB medication for 125 patients. Nonetheless, there may very well be a need to conduct research on the question of why the supply logistics system is incapable of providing medication during the rainy season, when it is known that roads and bridges are frequently damaged So A structured approach along with the proper tools and techniques can result in solving numerous issues that organizations face on a daily basis. It may take a little more time on the front end to identify the correct problem, but the ideas and solutions generated by the team will meet the needs and desires of customers. Q2. Interview method involves a dialogue between the Interviewee and the Interviewer. Explain the interview method of data collection. What are the uses of this technique? What are the different types of interviews? Answer : Interview method of data collection : Interviews are a systematic way of talking and listening to people and are another way to collect data from individuals through conversations. The researcher or the interviewer often uses open questions. Data is collected from the interviewee. The researcher needs to remember the interviewers views about the topic is not of importance. The interviewee or respondent is the primary data for the study. Interviewing is a way to collect data as well as to gain knowledge from individuals. Kvale (1996, p. 14) regarded interviews as an interchange of views between two or more people on a topic of mutual interest, sees the centrality of human interaction for knowledge production, and emphasizes the social situations of research data. Interviews are ways for participants to get involved and talk about their views. In addition, the interviewees are able to discuss their perception and interpretation in regards to a given situation. It is their expression from their point of view. There are many reasons to use interviews for collecting data and using it as a research instrument. Gray (2004, p. 214) has given the following reasons: RD

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Q3. A study of different sampling methods is necessary because precision, accuracy, and efficiency of the sample results depend on the method employed for selecting the sample. Explain the different types of Probability and Non-Probability sampling designs. Answer : Probability sampling designs : Probability sampling is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that gives all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected. (1) Simple Random Sample. The simple random sample is the basic sampling method assumed in statistical methods and computations. To collect a simple random sample, each unit of the target population is assigned a number. A set of random numbers is then generated and the units having those numbers are included in the sample. (2) Systematic Sample. In a systematic sample, the elements of the population are put into a list and then every kth element in the list is chosen (systematically) for inclusion in the sample. For example, if the population of study contained 2,000 students at a high school and the researcher wanted a sample of 100 students, the students would be put into list form and then every 20th student would be selected for inclusion in the sample. (3) Stratified Sample. A stratified sample is a sampling technique in which the researcher divided the entire target population into different subgroups, or strata, and then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different strata. This type of sampling is used when the researcher wants to highlight specific subgroups within the population. (4) Cluster Sample. Cluster sampling may be used when it is either impossible or impractical to compile an exhaustive list of the elements that make up the target population. Usually, however, the population elements are already grouped into subpopulations and lists of those subpopulations already exist or can be created. RD

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Q4. a. Differentiate between descriptive and inferential analysis of data. Answer : Descriptive Statistics : Descriptive statistics includes statistical procedures that we use to describe the population we are studying. The data could be collected from either a sample or a population, but the results help us organize and describe data. Descriptive statistics can only be used to describe the group that is being studying. That is, the results cannot be generalized to any larger group. Descriptive statistics are useful and serviceable if you do not need to extend your results to any larger group. However, much of social sciences tend to include studies that give us universal truths about segments of the population, such as all parents, all women, all victims, etc. Frequency distributions, measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode), and graphs like pie charts and bar charts that describe the data are all examples of descriptive statistics. Inferential Statistics : RD

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, ANOVA, correlation analyses, structural equation modeling, and survival analysis, to name a few. b. Explain with examples various measures of Central Tendency. Answer : The three most commonly-used measures of central tendency are the following. (1) Mean : The sum of the values divided by the number of values--often called the "average." Add all of the values together. Divide by the number of values to obtain the mean. Example: The mean of 7, 12, 24, 20, 19 is (7 + 12 + 24 + 20 + 19) / 5 = 16.4. (2) Median : The value which divides the values into two equal halves, with half of the values being lower than the median and half higher than the median. Sort the values into ascending order. RD

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Q5. The chi-square test is widely used in research. Discuss the various applications of chisquare test. Under what conditions is this test applicable? Answer : Chi -square test : Chi-square is a statistical test commonly used to compare observed data with data we would expect to obtain according to a specific hypothesis. For example, if, according to Mendel's laws, you expected 10 of 20 offspring from a cross to be male and the actual observed number was 8 males, then you might want to know about the "goodness to fit" between the observed and expected. Were the deviations (differences between observed and expected) the result of chance, or were they due to other factors. How much deviation can occur before you, the investigator, must conclude that something other than chance is at work, causing the observed to differ from the expected. The chi-square test is always testing what scientists call the null hypothesis, which states that there is no significant difference between the expected and observed result. chi-square is the sum of the squared difference between observed (o) and the expected (e) data (or the deviation, d), divided by the expected data in all possible categories. Applications of chi-square test : 1.In business : No matter the business analytics problem, the chi-square test will find uses when you are trying to establish or invalidate that a relationship exists between two given business parameters that are categorical (or nominal) data types. 2.In biological statistics : Use the chi-square test for goodness-of-fit when you have one RD

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Q6. What is analysis of variance? What are the assumptions of the technique? Give a few examples where this technique could be used. Answer : Analysis of variance : Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of statistical models used to analyze the differences between group means and their associated procedures (such as "variation" among and between groups). In ANOVA setting, the observed variance in a particular variable is partitioned into components attributable to different sources of variation. In its simplest form, ANOVA provides a statistical test of whether or not the means of several groups are equal, and therefore generalizes t-test to more than two groups. Doing multiple two-sample t-tests would result in an increased chance of committing a type I error. For this reason, ANOVAs are useful in comparing (testing) three or more means (groups or variables) for statistical significance. Assumptions : ANOVA models are parametric, relying on assumptions about the distribution of the dependent variables (DVs) for each level of the independent variable(s) (IVs). Initially the array of assumptions for various types of ANOVA may seem bewildering. In practice, the first two assumptions here are the main ones to check. Note that the larger the sample size, the more robust ANOVA is to violation of the first two assumptions: normality and homoscedasticity (homogeneity of variance). 1. Normality of the DV distribution: The data in each cell should be approximately normally distributed. Check via histograms, skewness and kurtosis overall and for each cell (i.e. for each group for each DV) Homogeneity of variance: The variance in each cell should be similar. Check via Levene's test or RD other homogeneity of variance tests which are generally produced as part of the

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2.