Principles of Sanitation:

1) Every building should have adequate supply of potable water. 2) Every room should be properly ventilated with adequate and properly located windows to ensure fresh air within. 3) Every room should have adequate natural light. 4) Construction should be such as to ensure walls, floors and roofs free of dampness. 5) Open spaces around the buildings should be free of dampness and bad odor. 6) All the building waste should be rapidly disposed away from building without causing any danger to public health. Building wastes; Solid waste and Liquid waste. 1. Refuse: Ashes, Garbage, Rubbish, Street & House Sweepings. Mainly Solid/Semi Solid and Dry/Semi dry 2. Sewage: Sullage, Sanitary sewage and Storm sewage. Mainly Liquid/Semi Liquid. Refuse: Generally all sorts of dry/semi dry wastes produced in building other than human excreta. Ashes: These are incombustible residues produced in buildings. Garbage: Solid/ Semi solid waste produced from food generally organic in nature. Rubbish: Solid waste produced in buildings generally in dry state. Paper/rags/plastic etc. Street and house sweepings: consisting of non combustible materials like glass/pottery/dust/metal scrap as well as dried leaves and animal droppings. Sanitary Sewage: Consisting of liquid/semi liquid waste produced by human beings in wash rooms/kitchens/toilets etc. Extremely foul in nature. Storm Sewage: Surface runoff/Sub soil run off developed due to the rain fall. Not so foul in nature. Sullage:Spent water from bathrooms, kitchen sinks etc. other than w.c./latrines. Drains: pipeline used to collect sewage from independent building/s of single owner. Generally small Diameter and small capacity. Sewer: A common large diameter pipeline used to collect and transport sewage from number buildings of different owners. Public Sewer/Private Sewer. Sewerage: Process of carrying and disposing sewage to appropriate locations.

Systems of sanitation: Collection >>> Transportation ->>>> Disposal

There are two systems of sanitation adopted in urban areas. 1) The Conservancy System 2) Water Carriage System. Conservancy System: Older and Outdated method. It Consists of 2m to 3m wide lanes in between row of plots Open drain at the centre of this lane. Latrines along the Lane. Night soil collected in baskets below the latrines. It is Removed manually and emptied in tankers/carts. Waste water flows into open drains which in turn flows into drains along road. Use of very less water. Economical and uncomplicated. Disadvantages: Excreta/Urine lie unclean for several hours. Pollutes environment and creates nuisance of obnoxious odour flies/stray animals. Obnoxious odour spread to streets and other areas of community by the vehicle carrying the excreta to the point of disposal. Its a dirty job. A great social injustice to the persons handling the human waste. Highly labour dependent. High chances of contamination of water well in the proximity of this system. Detached latrines inconvenient during odd time/odd season. Precious urban land lost in conservancy lanes. Not suitable for multistoried development. System remains unmaintained in the absence of workers creating health hazard to dwellers.

Water Carriage System: Best system from health point of view. Use of water for carrying sewage by self cleansing velocity. Network of pipes below and above ground used to convey sewage to public sewer. Sewage enters into the system from sanitary fittings passes flows through traps, bends/Ts/pipes, Inspection chambers, manholes to point of disposal. Advantages: Human waste does no t lie in open hence nuisance free and hygienic. No flies, no spread of communicable diseases Sewage flows on its own due to self cleansing velocity achieved by slop. Toilet convenient to use even in odd hours/seasons as they are closer & inside. Very much suitable for multistoried development as toilets are repeated above. Precious urban land not wasted in conservancy lanes.

Water Carriage System: - - - - >>>>Sanitary Sewage It consists of Waste water & Soil Water
Waste Water : Water collected from kitchen sinks, bathrooms, wash basins, bidets etc. Soil Water: water especially collected from Water Closets.

Sanitary Fittings Traps Vertical Pipes, Vent pipe, Anti siphonage pipe, fresh air inlet, Foul Air Outlet. I.C. (inspection chambers), manholes etc. Horizontal Pipeline Public Sewer. Septic Tank, Sewage Treatment Plants, etc. Self Cleansing velocity, Smooth unobstructed flow, Gradient, Ventilation, Cleaning, loss water seal, Avoiding entry of foul odour, Invert Levels Following points should be considered in the design of drainage system. 1) The layout of the system should be as simple and direct as possible. The number of bends and sudden level changes kept to mimimum. 2) Pipes should be laid in a straight line and true alignment. 3) The pipes should be non absorbent, durable, smooth in bore and of adequate strength. 4) Pipes should be adequately supported. 5) Foul water drains should be well ventilated to prevent the accumulation of foul gases and development of pressure inside drains. 6) All the parts of drainage system should be accessible for inspection and cleaning. 7) The pipes should be laid to self cleansing gradient to prevent settlement of solid matter. 8) Ideally, Pipes should not pass under a building and should not be laid close to building foundation. 9) Branch connections should be swept in the direction of flow. Max length 8m for waste water and 4.5m for soil water branch. 10) Drain pipes should be laid 900mm below roads, 600mm below garden and 1000mm away from the foundation. 11) At every change of direction, change of level and pipe junction there should be an inspection chamber for cleaning purpose. 12) Gully traps should be provided at the foot of every waste pipe. 13) At the outgo of every sanitary fitting a trap must be provided to avoid entry of foul gases into the spaces. 14) Anti-siphonage pipe should be connected to outgo of trap to avoid loss of water seal.

Sanitary Fittings
Sanitary fittings are the important organs of a drainage system. These actually facilitate the day to day human activities in the buildings. Hence these fittings are required to be chosen wisely and fitted properly for efficient working of the system. These fittings come with the associated equipments and accessories. They could be classified as soil water fittings and waste water fittings. Soil Water Fittings W.C. (Water Closet) Indian Type W.C. (Water Closet) Western Type W.C. (Water Closet)Anglo-Indian Type Urinal Slop Sink Waste Water Fittings Accessories Flushing Cistern, Trap, Foot Rest Flushing Cistern, PVC Seat, Toilet Paper Holder, Water Jet, Flushing Cock. Flushing Cistern/Flushing Cock, PVC Seat, Toilet Paper Holder, Water Jet, Flushing Cistern/Flushing Cock, Foot rest, Baffle/Divider Plank, trap, Half Round channel Flushing Cistern, Trap Accessories

Wash Basin Shower Tray Bath Tub Sink Bidet Drinking Fountain

Trap, Mirror, Soap Tray, Towel Rail Curtains, Soap Tray Trap, Soap Tray, Peg, Hand rail, Towel Rail Trap, Drain Board Trap Trap

Desirable Qualities in a sanitaryware: a) Materials used should be impermeable and easy to clean. b) Surface should be nonporous, nonabsorbent and smooth. c) Curves should facilitate the easy flow. d) Fittings should be of strong and durable material. e) Should be acid and chemical resistant. f) Should have adequate resistance to wear and tear. g) Square/acute Corners should be avoided. Some of the fittings are made of China Clay they are smooth and glazed with variety of colours. Some of the fittings are of good quality Stainless steel they are shiny and smooth.

TRAPS
A trap is a simple device of pipe bent in such a way that it always holds a small quantity of water called seal Traps are used to prevent entry of foul air into the fittings but, to allow flow of waste matter and water into the pipes from the fittings. Traps are specified by their inlet and outlet size. Traps are made of various materials likes Stone ware(SW),Cast Iron(CI),Chinaware, PVC etc. The trap should be installed as close as possible to the unit served. A water seal may range from 15mm to 100mm. Clean-outs of suitable size are required on all traps except those made integral with the fixture or those having a portion which is easily removed for cleaning of the interior body. The traps are formed as P Q & S traps to accommodate the position of outlet waste /soil pipe relative to sanitary fitting. Where sanitary appliances discharge foul water to the sanitary pipe work system there should be a water seal provided by means of a trap, to prevent foul air from entering the building spaces under working conditions There are variety of traps used in buildings with/without fittings at different locations depending on the necessity. These are as follows 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)
Nahani Trap/Floor trap: Bath rooms, Urinal channel ends, Kitchen, Below WHBs, Gully trap : Immediately outside building at the foot of waste water pipe. Bottle Trap: Wash basins/Kitchen Sinks Grease Trap: washing places of restaurants, garages, service stations. Intercepting Trap/Disconnecting Trap: Last chamber in a house drainage. Silt Trap: Washing places, open courtyards. Stable Gully traps: At the end of stable channel. P,Q, S Trap: Indian w.c.

Desirable qualities of any tarp are: Material used for trap should be impermeable and non absorbent. It should have sufficient water seal. Inner surface should be smooth, nonporous and non absorbent. It should have cleaning access when used above floor. For ease of connection it should have socket/spigot ends and anti siphonage socket.

BOTTLE TRAP

Reasons for loss of water seal from traps.: 1) Foul air back pressure due to unventilated drainage pipes/line. 2) Evaporation of water due to non use of system for prolonged duration. 3) Leakage through cracks/joints etc. 4) Rag/cloth at the outlet absorbing water from the trap. 5) Siphonage due to upper toilets connected to same vertical pipe/stack. Following points should be considered in the design of drainage system. 1) The layout of the system should be as simple and direct as possible. The number of bends and sudden level changes kept to mimimum. 2) Pipes should be laid in a straight line and true alignment. 3) The pipes should be non absorbent, durable, smooth in bore and of adequate strength. 4) Pipes should be adequately supported. 5) Foul water drains should be well ventilated to prevent the accumulation of foul gases and development of pressure inside drains. 6) All the parts of drainage system should be accessible for inspection and cleaning. 7) The pipes should be laid to self cleansing gradient to prevent settlement of solid matter. 8) Ideally, Pipes should not pass under a building and should not be laid close to building foundation. 9) Branch connections should be swept in the direction of flow. Max length 8m for waste water and 4.5m for soil water branch. 10) Drain pipes should be laid 900mm below roads, 600mm below garden and 1000mm away from the foundation. 11) At every change of direction, change of level and pipe junction there should be an inspection chamber for cleaning purpose. 12) Gully traps should be provided at the foot of every waste pipe. 13) At the outgo of every sanitary fitting a trap must be provided to avoid entry of foul gases into the spaces. 14) Anti siphonage pipe should be connected to outgo of the trap to avoid loss of water seal. Inspection Chamber: I.C. are provided in a drainage system for the following purposes: a) Inspecting and cleaning of underground drains. b) Inspection and cleaning of branch drains. c) Smooth change of direction of flow and drop in the invert level. I.C. should be located at i) change of direction ii) branch junction iii) sudden change of invert level and iv) every 30m distance in straight pipeline.