Functions

Three essential functions of switching network namely speech path switching, message path switching and changeover to standby are describedbelow: 12.1Speech path switching The switching network switches single channel and b r o a d c a s t connections with a bit rate of 64 Kbit/s and multichannel connection with n x 6 4 K b i t s / s . T w o c o n n e c t i o n p a t h s a r e n e c e s s a r y p e r s i n g l e c h a n n e l connection (e.g. from calling to called party and from called to calling party).F o r a m u l t i c h a n n e l c o n n e c t i o n , n x 2 c o n n e c t i o n p a t h s a r e n e c e s s a r y . I n broadcast connections, the information is passed from one signal source to number of signal sinks (no opposing direction). The coordination processor (CP) searches for free paths through theswitching network according to the busy status of connection paths stored att h a t m o m e n t i n t h e s w i t c h i n g n e t w o r k s m e m o r y . A s p a c e s t a g e s e c t i o n i s a q u a r t e r o f t h e s p a c e s t a g e arrangement; with an SN: 252 LTG, for example, this corresponds to half a space stage group SSG.After path selection, the CP causes the same connection paths to beswitched through in both switching network sides of an SN. The SGCs areresponsible for switching the connection paths. In a capacity stage with 63 LTGs, one switch group control participates in switching a connection path;however in a capacity stage with 504, 252, or 126 LTGs, two or three switchgroup controls are involved. This depends on whether or not the subscribersare connected to the same TSG. The CP gives every involved switch group c o n t r o l s e t t i n g i n s t r u c t i o n s n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e t h r o u g h - c o n n e c t i o n . T h e s e setting instructions always have the same data format.An SGC receives the setting instruction from the CP via the messagebuffer unit MBU: SGC, the secondary digital carrier SDC: SGC, n an SGC andthe CP are exchanged via an LIM. The SGC calculates the setting data usingthe call processing programs and service routines. The SGC loads the data.

SWITCHING TECHNIQUES.
SPACE DIVISION SWITCHING MULTIPLE STAGE SWITCHING TIME DIVISION SWITCHING TWO-DIMENSIONAL SWITCHING MULTI STAGE TIME AND SPACE SWITCHING.

INTERNET
Introduction:
The Internet is not a program, not software, not hardware or a big system. It is agroup of various co-operating computers worldwide interconnected by computerbased on TCP\IP communication protocols. People use it to get information over asAndrade communication link. The hundreds or thousands or millions of computernetwork are connected to each other for exchanging the information which is based on the unique identity and set of procedures. Internet is a series of interconnectednetworks providing global link to information.GIAS: BSNL launched the Gateway Internet Access Service (GAIS) through dialup/leased/ISDN network. Users can access GAIS from 99 cities in India by thismeans. INTERNET CONNECTIVITY INTERNET TECHNOLOGY The basic function of Internet can be summarized as under-Interconnecting of computers to form a network.Interconnecting of computers to form a network of networks. To establish a communication link between two computers within as network. To provide alternate communication link among the networks, even if one network isnot working. These are based on TCP/IP communications protocol. Transfer of a file through Internet:-Suppose a file is to be transmitted on Internet from one computer to other onesBreak the file in to small packetsAttached destination and source address in o packetsMultiplexed and transmit these packetsAt destination de-multiplex the packetsRemove address bits from the packets and assemble the data in to the original fileMake source bits as destination address and send the acknowledgement in to thesource Therefore, it is clear that network hardware sends the packets to specifieddestination and network software reassembles of communications, the computernetwork performs the following functionsAddressing and routingFragmentation and error correctionData error checkingConnectivity controlMultiplexing and de-multiplexingData flow controlEnd users interface etc. The data handlingA single module cannot handle the entire process. One that adopted as a standardis an open system interconnection (OSI) model.

COMMON TERMINOLOGY USED IN INTERNET: WWW:-World Wide Web (WWW) is a wide area hypermedia information retrieval aiming to give
universal access to a large universe of documents.

HTTP:
Hyper text transmission Protocol (HTTP) is the communication protocol usedto transfer documents from the server to client over the WWW (http:// www).

HTML:
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a system of marking or tagging thevarious parts of web documents to tell the browser software how to displaythe document text, link graphics and link media.

ISDN:
Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) is a digital phone connectiontechnology that provides both voice and data services over the sameconnection

ISP:
Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an agency that provides Internet access andother net related services

NATIONAL INTERNET BACKBONE (NIB)

Networking is a key component of any Internet Services Provider (ISP) operations. The networking equipments like access servers, routers and modems are critical tothe successful functioning of ISP.An ISP node where subscribers enter internet, consists of a set of equipments asgiven below.Access serverRouterModem bankLAN (Local Area Network) componentsSecurity serverRack, console & power supplyNetwork management agent.Help desk

CELLULAR MOBILE SERVICES: Cellular is one of the fastest growing and most demanding telecommunicationapplications. Today, it represents a continuously increasing percentage of all newtelephone subscriptions around the world. Currently there are more than 45 millionsubscribers in worldwide and nearly 50% of those subscribers are located in USA. Itis forecasted that cellular system using a digital technology will become theuniversal method of telecommunications. By the year 2005, forecasters predict thatthere will be more than 100 million cellular subscribers worldwide.the successful functioning of ISP.An ISP node where subscribers enter internet, consists of a set of equipments asgiven below. Access serverRouterModem bankLAN (Local Area Network) componentsSecurity serverRack, console & power supplyNetwork management agent. Help desk

CELLULAR MOBILE SERVICES: Cellular is one of the fastest growing and most demanding telecommunicationapplications. Today, it represents a continuously increasing percentage of all newtelephone subscriptions around the world. Currently there are more than 45 millionsubscribers in worldwide and nearly 50% of those subscribers are located in USA. Itis forecasted that cellular system using a digital technology will become theuniversalmethod of telecommunications. By the year 2005, forecasters predict thatthere will be more than 100 million cellular subscribers worldwide. 1. WIRELESS IN LOCAL LOOP (WLL) MOBILE WLL is a communication system that connects customers to the PublicSwitch Telephone Network (PSTN) using radio frequency signals as substitutesof conventional wires for all part of connection between the subscribers andthe telephone exchange. It works on CDMA technique. The local loop isaccess part of telecommunication network i.e. the part between PSTN switchand subscribers. WLL network application involves uses of radio to replace of the wire link between PSTN switch and subscriber. The radio technology isable to provide same quality of services as that provided by the wires line.Application of wireless loop technology has just been started in theworldwide. There is no standard for this so far. However, a number of nationaland international air interface standards for digital cellular mobile telephonesystem are available.

TECHNICAL ASPECTS:
WLL is based on CDMA technique and is entirely different from GSM. The system for WLL services can be divided in two following parts:-BSC (Base Switching Centre):- It provides links between BTS & BSM; I itconsists of different processors, in BSNL it is of SUN Polaris of LG Company. InLG 1 BSC can have 48 BTS? In BSNL we have two types of BSC:I. V-5.2:-