New Easy Latin Primer

1
is!
NEW
EASY LATIN PBIMEK.
F.
HAVERFIELD,
LANCING COLLEGE
SHOREHAM, SUSSEX
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER
BY
REV.
EDMUND FOWLE,
AMESBUllY HOUSE SCHOOL, BICKLEY, KENT,

AUTI10B OF " Short and Short and Easy Latin Book," Easy Greek Book,
" " Gods and Heroes," Schoolboy's First Book of Easy Poetry,"
etc., etc., etc.
LONDON
SWAN SONNENSCHEIN,
1886.
LE
BAS & LOWREY,
PATEKNOSTEK SQUAEE.
as this
As boys are not over- careful in the use of Books, and New Easy Latin Primer should be constantly in
several parts have been issued
the learner's hands, the
separately at
One
Shilling each.
Part
I.
Accidence.
Syntax.
Irregular Latin Verbs.
liarities
II.
,,
III.
IV. Difficiliora
taking in the Gender and Pecuof the Substantive, etc., etc.
PREFACE.
THIS
little
Book
is
an attempt to supply a want that

a Latin Primer sufficiently full
is still
universally felt
and yet
the
It
sufficiently easy for
our Preparatory and for
Lower Forms
of our Public. Schools.
has been thought well to follow in
many
particulars
the lines of the P. S. L. P.
AMESBURY HOUSE, BICKLEY, KENT.

January 13th, 1886.
*** Certain matter will be found repeated in these pages,

but this has been found necessary, so that each of the four
parts,
when published
separately,
may
be complete in
itself.
PART
I.
ACCIDENCE.
PART
I.
ACCIDENCE.
CONTENTS.
1.
2.
Latin Alphabet Parts of Speech
.... ....
,
PAGE 11
12
PAGE
29. Participles
37 37 38 40
30.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7.
Gender, Number, Case
. ,
12
Regular Verbs Conjugated 31. Tenses of Regular Verbs

(Active)
32.
Parts of Speech explained
13
14 15
Stem and Root

Substantives
....
Substan-
Tenses of Regular Verbs

(Passive)
Declension
tives
of
33. Imperative
Mood
.
(Active
16
of
and Passive)
34.
...
42
43
8.
Gender
tive
the
Substan18 20
Infinitive
Mood
and Passive)
35.
....
(Active
9.
Adjectives
Gerunds, Supines, Participles
10. Adjectives 11. Adjectives 12. Adjectives

13.
Three Term. Two Term. One Term.

.
21
44
or
36. Irregular
Anomalous
45
Verbs
37.
Notes on the Adjectives
Tenses in
full of Irregular
14. 15. 16. 17.
Numeral Adjectives Numerals Numerals (in full)
Verbs
38.
46
39.
.
Deponent Verbs Deponent Verb

(Utor)
....
in
full
48
50
18. Irregular
19.
20.
21.
Comparison of Adjectives Comparisons Notes on Comparison Comparison of Adverbs

.
Impersonal Verbs 41. Defective Verbs

40. 42. Quasi-Passive
.... ....
...
...
52 54
and Semi55
Pronouns Pronouns
of
etc.
.
.
Deponent Verbs
43.
22. Declension of
23.
Derived Verbs
56
57
Compounds
Pronouns,
Relative
. .
44.
Adverbs
45. Prepositions 46. Conjunctions
58
59 59
for
24. 25.
The Verb " Sum The Verb

tive
"
. .
34
47. Interjections 48. General
26. Transitive
and Intransi34
Rules
of
the
Verbs
Verb 28. Regular Verbs

27.
Stem
of the
....
...
Quantities
Latin
35
36
49.
Words
Epitome
(Prosody)
...
60
62
NEW EASY
PART
The Latin Alphabet
The
letters
I.
LATIN PRIMER,
ACCIDENCE.
etc.
LATIN ALPHABET,
is
the
same as the English without w.

:
the Capital or Ancient
have also two forms like the English (b) the Small or Modern.
;
(a)
The Alphabet
also,
as
in
English,
is
divided
into
(a) Vowels, (6) Consonants.

a.
b.
Vowels sound by themselves, and are
a, e,
i,
o, u, y.
The Consonants must be joined with Vowels

any sound
;
to have
as,
b (be), c
(ce), f (ef).
The Consonants again are subdivided

1.
into
Mutes.
Nasals,
b, c, d, g, k, p, q,
t.
2.
3.
m,
1,
n.
Liquids.
Spirants,
r,
4
5.
f,
h,
j,
s, T.
Double,
six
x, z,
made up
of cs, ds.
There are
sound)
:
ce, ce,
Diphthongs (two vowels with a combined au, in common use ei, eu, ui, seldom used.
;
Latin
is
spelt
by
syllables, the quantity of

,
which
is
w long ~, short
same
11
or doubtful ^.
The
stops in Latin are the
as those used in English.
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
PARTS OF SPEECH.
The Parts
1.
of Speech are eight.

5. 6. 7. 8.
Substantive
Adjective
Adverb
Preposition
2.
3. 4.
Pronoun Verb
Conjunction
Interjection
The Substantive, Adjective, Pronoun, Verb change their meaning by their endings. These changes are called Flexions, and in making these Nouns are said
to
changes be declined, Verbs The other parts of conjugated. speech, sometimes called Particles, have no flexions.
GENDEK, NUMBEE, CASE.

1.
The Noun
consists
of
Substantive,
Adjective,
and
These have for the most part Gender, Number, and Case. There are Three Genders:
(a) Masculine, (b)
Pronoun.
Feminine, (c) Neuter.
Two Numbers
(a) Singular, a table;
(b) Plural, tables.
Six Cases,
known
in
English by their
signs, in
Latin by
their endings or flexions.
Nom.
Voc.
Ace.
Gen
But-
Answers Who or what? Used in speaking to persons. Answers Whom or what ? Of whom, of what, whose ? To or for whom or what ?
,
By, with, or from whom, or what?
PARTS OF SPEECH.
13
PARTS OF SPEECH EXPLAINED.

1.
The Noun Substantive
is
the
name
of anything
as,
a pen, Ccesar, Corinth. Names of persons and places are Proper Nouns all others are Common Nouns.
2. The Noun Adjective is joined with a Substantive, show the quality of the Substantive. Hence it is said
to
to
qualify a Substantive.
3.
good
Icing
a bad pen.
noun.
The Pronoun is sometimes used instead of (pro) a Hence its name. Sometimes it qualifies a Noun
is
This boy
the son of that good gentleman, and he
is
good boy himself.

4.
(a)
The Verb tells us What a thing or person
(6)
(c)
What What
The boy is good. is. The boy loves. a thing or person does. a thing or person suffers, i.e. what is being The boy
to a
is loved.
done to one.
5.
The Adverb
is
added
its
Adverb, to qualify
6.
Verb or Adjective, or another meaning as, The boy runs quickly.

;
is
The Preposition from pr8B and pono, to place before, placed before a Noun, to mark its relation to another The boy is word as, The boy was hurt by the dog.
;
without knowledge.
7.
joins together words Winter or summer.

8.
The Conjunction (from cumôgether, and jungo, to join) and clauses as, The boys and girls. The dog bit the cat and ran away.
;
The Interjection (a word as
it
other words, from inter, among, and jacio, to throw)
were thrown in among is an
exclamation
Lo
it
thunders
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER.
STEM AND ROOT.

STEM.
The Stem of a word has been defined as " that part on which the changes of flexion are based," i.e., it is that part of the word which remains after the variable endings have been taken away.
In Nouns the Stem
Plural of Declensions
is
I.,
found by throwing away rum from the Genitive II., V., and um from the Genitive Plural of
Declensions
III.,
IV.
Thus The Stem

,,
The Stem
,, ,,
,,
of
Memo, is Hens A. Dominus is DominO.

Lapis
is
of
Nubes is Nubl. Gradus is QradU.

Dies
is
,,
LapiD.
DiE.
is
But before a Noun can be declined, when the last letter of the Stem a vowel, as in mensa, domino, nubi, gradw, die, this vowel must be cast off, and the case-endings can then be added to what remains, which
is
called the Clipt Stem.
For all practical purposes the part of the Stem needful for declining a Substantive can be found by throwing away the Genitive Singular termination of the five declensions.
ROOT.
word must not be confounded with its Stem. It is really that part which kindred words (words of one family) have in common. Thus in the words acies, acus, acuo, the common root is ac, sharp, but their Stems would be respectively acie, acu, acu.
The Boot
of a
SUBSTANTIVES.
15
SUBSTANTIVES.
A Noun
Substantive
is
the
name
of anything
as,
a pen,
Ccesar, Corinth.
There are
five
Declensions of
Substantives,
known by
the ending of the Genitive case.

1.
ae
i,
(diphthong), Mensa, mensce.
3. is,
2.
Dominus, domini.
5. ei,
4. us,
Nubes, nubis. Gradus, grades.
Ees, ret.
NOTES ON THE SUBSTANTIVES.

Peculiarities of the Substantives are given at length (pp. need only give here two or three simple notes. 168-183).
We
1.
Nom. and Voc.
those of the Second Declension

fili.
cases are alike in both numbers, excepting some of as, dominus, Voc., doming ; films, Voc., ;
2.
In Neuter Nouns the Nona., Voc., and Ace. are alike in both num-
bers,
3.
and in the plural they end in
a.
Some words
pueri
;
of the
Second Declension in
it
;
er
keep the
throughout
as, puer,
some drop
as, magister, magistri.
4. In the Third Declension note should be taken of nubes, nubis, which does not increase in the Genitive case, and lapis, lapidis, which does. Those which increase in the Genitive Singular have their Genitive Plural
in
wm
5.
instead of ium, with exceptions.
of the Third Declension have in the nominative various terminations (or endings), as nubes > lapis, opus, mare. All other cases depend on the Genitive singular.
Words
The following Substantives are declined

Mensa, mensse (f.), a Dominus, domini, (m.), a lord. Magister, magistri, (m.), a master.
table.
(see over)
Lapis, lapidis (m.), a stone. Opus, operis (n.), a work.
Regnum, regni
Nubes, nubis
(n.),
a kingdom.
cloud.
(f.),
Mare, maris (n.), the sea. Gradus, gradus (m.), a step. Genu, genus (n.), a knee.
(f.),
Ees, rei
a thing.
16
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES.
FIRST DECLENSION.
S.
N. Mensa
V. Mensa
(f)
a table
table
P. N. Mensae
(f.)
tables
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES.
THIRD DECLENSION.
S.
1ST.
Lapis (m.)
18
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER,
GENDER OF THE SUBSTANTIVE.

There are three Genders
(a) Masculine,
;
a Substantive must be either
Common,
i.e.
Feminine, (c) Neuter. (Z>) Masculine or Feminine.
Some
also
are
We
I.
give two
common General Rules
Certain classes of things are of certain Genders.

Masculine.
GENDERS OF SUBSTANTIVES.
19

EXCEPTIONS.
DECLENSION
Nouns
So
in
I.
a denoting Males, are Masculine
as, poeta,
a poet.
also are
Hadria, Adriatic Sea.
Scurra, a buffoon.
DECLENSION
II.
A few in -us are Feminine
Alvus, the belly. Arctus, the Bear (constellation).
Carbasus, fine flax.

Colus,
the ground. Pampinus, vine-leaf. Pirus, a pear-tree, (a)
Humus,
distaff.
Sapphirus, a sapphire. (6)
Vannus, a winnowing fan.
A few
in us are
Neuter
Pelagus, the sea.

Virus, poison.
Vulgus, the
common
people
(generally).
DECLENSION
in.
Exceptions are numerous (see pp. 158-167).
DECLENSION
IV.
A few in us are Feminine

Acus, a needle. Anus, an old woman.
Domus,
Idus
a,
house.
(pl.)j tlie Ides.
Manus, the hand. Nurus, a daughter-in-law. Porticus, a portico. Socrus, a mother-in-law.

Tribus, a tribe.
DECLENSION
V.
All are Feminine except dies, which is common in the Singular, but Masculine in the Plural, and meridies, midday, which is Masculine.
(a)
(b)
And names And names
of plants. of jewels.
20
NEW
EAST LATIN PRIMER.
ADJECTIVES.
Noun
Adjective qualifies a Substantive, as
A good boy. A bright day.
tall tree.
Cold weather.
A A
happy
sad
child.
state.
Adjectives are divided into three Classes

in the
1.
those which have
Nominative
2.
Three terminations.
Two
terminations.
3.
One
termination.
1.
Adjectives of three terminations end in

us, a, urn, as
er, a, urn,
bonws, bona, bonwm, good, as tener, tenera, tenerwm, tender.
er t is,
e,
as acer, acrzs, acre, sharp.
2.
Adjectives of two terminations end in

is, e,
as tristt*, triste, sad.
or, us,
as melior, melius, better.
3.
Adjectives of one termination have various endings;

Felix, happy.
as,
Ingens, immense.
Praestans, excellent.
The following sample Adjectives

Bonus
Tener Acer
Tristis
are declined;
good.
tender.
bona
tenera
acris
bonum
tenerum
acre
sad.
better.
sharp.
triste
Melior
Felix
melius
happy.
ADJECTIVES.
21
ADJECTIVES OF THREE TERMINATIONS.

S.
Masc. N. Bonus V. Bone A. Bonum G. Boni D. Bono A. Bono

N. V. A. G. D.
Fern.
Neut.
Masc.
P. N. Boni
bona bona
bonam
bonaa bonaa
bonum bonum bonum

boni
V. Boni A. Bonos G. Bonorum
Fern. bonae bonaa
Neut.
bonas
-arum
bona bona bona -orum
bona
tenera tenera
bono bono
P. N. Teneri
tenerse
S.
-erum -erum Tenerum teneram -erum

Tener Tener
Teneri
tenersB tenerae
teneri
V. Teneri teneraa A. Teneros teneras G. Tenerorum -rarum
tenera tenera tenera
-rorum
Tenero A. Tenero
Acer Acer
tenera
acris acris
tenero tenero
acre acre acre
fc
S.
N. V. A. G. D. A.
P. N. Acres
Acrem
acrem
V. Acres A. Acres
acres acres acres

all
acria acria acria
Acris ) Acri > all genders Acri )
G. Acrium ) D. Acribus > A. Acribus 3
genders
ADJECTIVES OF TWO TERMINATIONS.

M. F.
S.
N.
triste
triste
N. V. A. G. D.
Tristis Tristis
Tristem
Tristis)
Tristi
{
all
triste
M. F. P. N. Tristes V. Tristes A. Tristes

G. Tristium) D. Tristibus > A. Tristibus.)
P. N. Meliores V. Meliores A. Meliores
all
N.
tristia
tristia
tristia
genders
genders
A. Tristi )
N. Melior V. Melior
A. Meliorem
melius melius melius
meliora meliora meliora

all
G. Melioris D. Meliori
)
> all
genders
A. Meliore(i).)
G. Meliorum ) D. Melioribus > A. Melioribus^
genders
ADJECTIVES OF ONE TERMINATION.

S. N. Felix (m.
f.
n.)
V. Felix A. Felicem (m. f.) felix (n.) G. Felicis D. Felici A. Felici (rarely Felice)
P. N. Felices (m. V. Felices A. Felices
f.)
felicia (n.) felicia felicia
G. Felicium) D. Felicibus > A. Felicibus )
all
genders
22
NEW
EASY LATIN PKIHER.
NOTES ON THE ADJECTIVE.

There are some Adjectives declined tenerum, which however drop the e, as
Niger, nigra, nigrum, black.
like
tener,
tenera,
There are eleven other Adjectives declined like acer. Celer It has also ium in the Gen. Plural keeps e before r.
;
um
1.
only when used
of
the ancient body-guard at
Rome
Celeres, Celerum.
Alacer, lively.
5.
6. 7.
Paluster, marshy.
Pedester, pedestrian.
8. Saluber, healthful.
9.
2. 3.
Campester, level. Celeber, crowded.

Equester, equestrian.
Silvester,
woody.
Puter, rotten.
4.
10. Terrester, earthly. 11. Volucer, winyed.
Adjectives of one termination have various endings

rapax, rapacious.
praestans, excellent.
ingens, immense.
NUMERAL OR PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.

There are some Adjectives which are however declined like bonus or tener or niger y excepting that they have no Voc. and make the Gen. Sing, to end in ius and the Dative in i. Alius
also
makes
a\'md instead of aliwm in the Neut. Sing.
Unus,
one.
Uter, which (of two).
Solus, alone. Totus, whole.

Ullus, any.
Alius, one (of
Neuter, neither (of two). Alter one (of two).

Nullus, none.
any number).
:
The numeral
N. A. G. D. A.
Adjectives, duo, two; tres, three, are thus declined tria N. Tres duae duo tria A. Tres duo Duos (o) duas -orum G. Trium Duoruin -arum D. Tribus -obus -abus Duobus
Duo
Duobus
-abus
-obus
A. Tribus
NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.
23
NUMERALS.
Numerals are divided
1.
into
Cardinal numbers
those on which the other

;
num-
bers hinge (cardo, a hinge)

2.
as,
unus, one; duo, two.

:
Ordinal numerals
denoting numerical rank (ordo) primus, first ; secundus, second.
3. Distributive
numerals
apiece or at each time.

tolas
4.
:
giving or distributing so many Pueri scripserunt Unas episletters apiece.
The boys wrote two

is
Numeral Adverbs
denoting the number of

done.
times
:
anything happens or The boy spoke twice.
Puer
bis locutus est
The general rule for writing compound numbers 1. In numbers less than twenty.
(a)
is
Small number first, without as one word, tredecwi).

Larger number
first,
et.
Tres decem (13) (written
(b)
(c)
with
et.
Duo
de viginti (18).
Decem et tres (13). Unde viginti (19).
2.
In numbers over twenty.

(a)
Just the reverse
small number with
et.
:
Eomulus reigned
(b)
thirty-seven years navit septem et triginta annos.

et.
Romulus reg
Larger numbers without
To men
are assigned thirty-two teeth bini viris attribuuntur.
Dentes
triceni
3.
In numbers above one hundred the larger comes with or without et. Centum (et) septem (107).
first,
4.
The thousands
poetry)
;
adverbs to mille,
or
are expressed by prefixing the numeral as, bis mille, ter mille (chiefly in
to
by prefixing the cardinals
milia, as,
duo milia,
N.B.
plural substantive,
tria milia.
is
Mille, a thousand, is
and
an indeclinable adjective. Milia, thousands, is a neuter declined like maria; so that duo milia hominum=two thou-
sand men.
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
I
3
g
-fi
fjllfmfmll ns
11 1 1 i i
ifiiisiiiillllll S 9 ^ lilt ssf^ .S

-d
iiilLjfliJIiifl
cr cr
NUMERALS,
25
Si55
<
8g'i-
-s
m * -3 o 2 8 *'
bo
.a
.Sa
26
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives have three degrees of comparison
1.
:
Positive.
2.
Comparative.
3.
Superlative.
The comparative and
superlative are, ordinarily, both formed
from the
positive.
The comparative
i
is
formed from the positive by changing

;
or
is
of the Gen. Singular into ior

Gen.
,,
as,
Altus, high Brevis, short
alti
Comp.
altior
brevis
brevior
The
or
is
superlative is formed from the positive of the Gen. Singular into issimus ; as,
Altus, high Brevis, short
by changing
Gen.
,,
alti
brevis
Sup. altissimus brevissimus ,,
Adjectives however in er form their comparative regularly, but their superlative by adding rimus to the Nom. Singular;
as,
Pulcher, beautiful
Celer, swift
pulcherrimus
celerriinus
Six Adjectives in
regularly,
as, facilis, facilior,
Facilis, easy.
Difficilis, difficult.
lis, though they form their comparative form their superlative by changing is into limus ;
facillmms
Similis, like.
Gracilis, slender.
Dissimilis, unlike.
Humilis, lowly.
;
But other Adjectives

Utilis
in
lis
are Regular
as,
utilior
utilissimus.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
IRREGULAR COMPARISONS.
Adjectives are compared quite irregularly, as in the comparative or superlative being obtained from English, other words long since unused or forgotten.
Some
Bonus, good
28
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
NOTES ON COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.

1.
The comparative
of multus (plus)
Singular, but full Plur., though

plures, plura; Gen.,
2.
plurium
(i.e.
has no masc. or fern, gender in the somewhat irregular. Nom. and Ace., Dat. and Abl., pluribus
Adjectives in us pure
rnagis
as,
by a vowel) use for comparison magis pius, maxime pius except those in quus ; antiquus, antiquior, antiquissimus, and a few others.
us preceded
and maxime
as,
3.
Adjectives in dicus, ficus, volus change us of the positive into entior
and entissimus;
as,
magni/icws, magniflce?itior,
positive.
magnificentim'wws.
Ocior, swifter, has

4.
no
Many
Adjectives have a positive only.
There are some Adjectives which seem to spring from Prepositions.

Positive Adj.
Preposition.
E, ex, out of
Intra, within
Comparative.
Superlative.
PRONOUNS.
29
PRONOUNS.
There are eight kinds of Pronouns.
1.
Personal.
Eeflexive.
5. Definitive. 6.
2.
Kelative.
3. Possessive.
7. Interrogative.
4.
Demonstrative.
:
8. Indefinite.
1.
Personal Pronouns are

1.
2.
Ego, I. Tu, thou.
2.
Reflexive:
Se
themselves (sese), himself, herself, itself,
3.
Possessive:
1.
2.
3.
Meus, mine. Tuus, thine.

Suus,
his, hers, etc.
:
4.
5. 6.
Cujus, whose. Noster, ours.

Vester, yours.
4.
Demonstrative
2.
1. Is, that, he, she, it.
3.
Ille,
that (yonder).
Hie, this (near me).

:
4. Iste, that (near you).
5.
Definitive
Idem, same.
6.
Ipse, self.
7.
Relative:
Qui,
who or which.
8.
Interrogative: Quis, who or what ?
Indefinite:
Quis (aliquis) any one.
DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
S.
N. Ego
30
NEW EASY
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN.
i
LATIN PRIMER.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
are
N. A. G. D. A.
(none)
declined
like
bonus
or
Se
Sui
Sibi
niger, except that
meus makes mi in the Voc. Sing. Masc. Tuus and smis have no Vocative.
Se
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
1. Is,
that, he, she,
it.
2.
S.
N. Is
PRONOUNS.
31
RELATIVE
PRONOUN.
Qui, wlw or which.

S.
N. Qui
P.N. Qui A. Quos

G.
quas
quae quae
quas
Quorum
quarum
quorum
D.
A.
Quibus or queis or quls Quibus or queis or quis
The Interrogative Pronoun noun quis, are mostly declined
quis,
and the
Indefinite Pro-
like qui,
with some differences.
32
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
THE VERB SUM.

Sura, es, esse,
fui,
futurus, to be.
it is
Before other Verbs are given,

verb SUM, which
because
(p. 40).
it
necessary to
know
the
is
called
the Auxiliary or helping Verb,

;
helps to conjugate the other verbs
as
Amatus sum
it is
But when not used

i.e. it
as
an Auxiliary Verb
called
Copulative,
as,
"couples" the subject to the complement;

;
Homo
est morfcalis
man
is
mortal.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
THE VERB SUM.
33
CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRESENT.
34
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER.
THE VERB.
Verbs are of various forms
1. 2.
Regular
Irregular
as,
Amo, moneo,
rego, audio.
etc.
as,
Possum, volo, nolo, malo,
3.
Deponent
Impersonal
Defective
partly active, partly passive;
as,
Loquor, 1 speak,
p. 48.
as,
4.
used in 3rd pers. sing, and infinitive mood; Piget me, it grieves me.
not having
all their
5.
6.
parts
as,
Inquam,
I say.
;
Quasi-passive, or
All of
semi-deponent
as, fio, I
am made
gaudeo, gavisus sum, I rejoice.
which
will
be mentioned in their proper places.
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS.

Verbs are
either
1.
Transitive;
or,
2. Intransitive.
1.
Transitive
transitive is
made up of two Latin words, trans, across, For our present purpose it will signify passing on, and it means, when spoken of a Verb, that the action of the Verb passes on to the case which follows it
and
eo, to go.
The word
I love the boys.
I hit the table.
I eat
an apple.
;
Here
that
2.
is,
it
can be seen at once that

is
that there
an
love, hit, eat are transitive Verbs action in the Verb which passes on to the case.
Intransitive.
(in
Verb is intransitive, that is, not transitive there is no action in the Verb to pass on ; as
I stand.
meaning
bird
is
not)
when
The
tree grows.
The
flies.
Here
it
can be seen that in stand, grows, flies there
no action that
;
will pass on.
There are some Verbs which are both transitive and intransitive
Doleo, I grieve, grieve
for.
as
THE VEEB.
35
STEM OF THE VERB.

To conjugate a Verb a boy must know, not merely
Present, but also that of the Perfect
the
Stem
of the
and Supine.
The Stem
in the Third Conjugation,
of the Present is found in the Imperative Mood ; except (1) where the final " e " must be cut off ; and (2) in
re or ere
Deponent Verbs, where
must be thrown away. Thus the stem

Venor
Utor
is
of
Amo
is
Ama.
is
Vena.
Moneo
Mone.
Vereoris Vere.
is
Rego is RegAudio is Audi.
Dtis
Partior
Part i
The Stem
of the Perfect of
I.
any Eegular
(a)
Verb
of
;
CONJUGATION
is
found by adding v to the Stem of the Present as, Ama, amav.

found by changing
e of
CONJUGATION
II. is
the
Stem
of the Present
into u; as, Mone, monu.
CONJUGATION IV.
is
as,
found by adding v to the stem of the Present Audi audiv.

t
The Stem of the Perfect in Conjugation only be found by consulting a dictionary.

to the
III. is so irregular
that
it
can
The Stem of the Supine of any Eegular (a) Verb is found by adding t Stem of the Present in Conjugations I., IV. as, ama, amat ; audi, In Conjugations II., III., the Stem of the Supine is so irregular audit.
;
that the Verb should be looked out.
We
add here the Tenses,
etc.,
formed from the

of Perfect.
different Stems.
From Stem of Present.

Present Act. and Pass.
From Stem
From Stem
Supines
of Supine.
Future Simple A. and P.

Imperf. Act. and Pass. Imperat. Act. and Pass.
Infin.
Perfect Act. Future Perfect Act.

Pluperfect Act. Infinitive Perfect Act.
Participle Fut. Act. Infinitive Fut. Pass.
Pres.
Act.
and
Participle Perf. Pass. Perfect Pass.
Pass.
Future Perf. Pass.

Pluperfect Pass.
Infinitive Perf. Pass.
Gerund and Gerundive

Participle Pres. Act.
(a) We say Eegular Verbs, for many are irregular, and it would be beyond the scope of the present manual to enter into the various irregularities.
36
NEW
EASY LATIN PEIMER.
THE REGULAR VERBS.

Regular Verbs have
4 Conjugations. 2 Voices. 4 Moods.
6 Tenses.
2
Numbers.
6 Persons (generally). 3 Gerunds.
2 Supines.
4 Participles.
THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS

are
known by
1. 2.
3.
the ending of the Infinitive Mood.
4.
Has a long before re; as, amdre, to love. Has e long before re as, monere, to advise. Has short before re as, reg^re, to rule. Has I long before re ; as, audlre, to hear.
;
Two
1.
VOICES.
_
Active.
2. Passive.
1.
_,
Six TENSES.
Present,
FOUR MOODS.
1. Indicative.
2. 3.
Future Simple.
Imperfect.
2.
Conjunctive. Imperative.
4. Perfect.
5. 6.
Future Perfect.
Pluperfect.
4. Infinitive.
Each
tense, in Indicative
and Conjunctive Mood, lias two Numbers, and three Persons in each Number.
The Imperative has Number and

incomplete.
Person, but the latter

Person.
The
Infinitive has neither
Number nor
THREE GERUNDS.
1. 2. 3.
Nom.
or Ace. in dum Genitive in di ; as,
as,
amandfw?, loving. amandi, of loving.
Dat. or Abl. in do
as,
amando,/or or by
loving.
Two
1. 2.
SUPINES.
Supine in urn Supine in u ;
as, as,
amatwm,
amatw,
to love.
to be loved,
or in loving.
PARTICIPLES.
37
PARTICIPLES.
There are four Participles
1. 2.
:
Present in ans or ens; as, amans, loving ; monews, advising. Participle in dus (known as the Gerundive) ; as, amandus, to that is to be, or that must be loved.
Perfect in us
;
;
be,
3.
as,
as,
4.
Future in rus
amatws, loved, or having been loved. amaturus, going to love, about to love.
:
These Participles are also classed in another way
Two
Active.
1.
Present in ans or ens.
2.
Future in
rus.
Two
Passive.
1.
2.
Perfect in ws.
Participle in dus.
THE REGULAR VERBS CONJUGATED.
38
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
in
I H |
a
<i
u ^ ^
11
<i
5
>
">
*43
i
"8
S .S >
a a
THE REGULAR VERBS.
39
S| |
8
|
^^ ss
B
>
*
OH
i
PH
|
i
.1 .1 .1 .1
II
cJ c3
||f J
.2
a
rt
0>
d c3* ba d a a a a
ll
e3
<i <i <i
II
jj
ss f
l
K* rt
<
si
a g
>
e3
l
PH
a a
'S
1^1 5
&
40
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIME B.
pdaoj dq ii[6iw
e d
H^|
Amarem
Ameremi
02
P-*
03 CQ
duidq
svai
-0
^ 3 -S S a a
a s
-a -g
"S
la!
a a a a a
a a a a a
111
ti
pdsiapv
03
THE REGULAR VERBS.
41
Uddq am[
fiviu
acimi
o o
N45M
r
*>
NNN|
rt Q
iT
^
1
*s "i
CQ
j|J
| Î i1 1 1 1 ??
3
CQ rj
02 ry
s
,,
co
^
CQ
rt
"
02
|
^>
f
pj
-'
S,
1 1 1 111 1 1 1 1 1 1 <U OQ O> o> o) co

^
!3
1
a ^
W2
_<
s <!<!<j1<3j<l<l
p^
*s
^s
sis" ^2_S
I
1 i 1 1 1 11 -tj<j^<fj<^*jj
*-i
'
a a ^ ^^ 9 CO <d s s ^
JT7
s! +^S-5
2 2
"S
^ 8 .g i/SJ ^c3SS>g^g SMtoco^^QJ .^ tj

^
S
-s
^
f*<
fl
BifHÎ 1 1 i
53
E3 C3
-r-r
.PH
i|
SCOP;
^si^ g^g^ 1 ^-^

"S
J9
<j
* I i "2 ^ sSs ~3cOco M

P
f3
2gg cDCDa) "illlil s ssa

ff
.,_,
S 1
.^ .^
fldS SflS^l
^
J3
^l
CO
^,
CO
cd^
|KH^* %
%
.
{'.. a S 3
a s s & =
T3
g| e
S rO
~H
d
SO
>
e8
"^
T O
.2
-5 -5 -5
^ ^ s s
'i 3
^ S
-^
-a H
a
441114 I
CO
PH
|
5
DQ
PL|
42
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
THE REGULAR VERBS.
43
INFINITIVE MOOD.
ACTIVE.
Present and Imperfect

Perfect and Pluperfect
Amare
Amavisse
to love
to
have loved
be about to love advise
Future
Perfect
Amaturus
Monere
Monuisse
esse
to
to
and Pluperfect
to
have advised
about to advise
Future
Moniturus esse
Eegere
Kexisse
to be
to rule
to
have ruled
about
to rule
Future
Perfect
Kecturus esse
Audire
Audivisse
to be
to
hear
and Pluperfect
to
have heard
about to hear
Future
Auditurus esse
to be
PASSIVE.

Perfect
Amari
to be
loved
and Pluperfect
Amatus
esse
iri
to
have been loved

about
to be
Future
Amatum
Moneri
to be
loved
to be
advised
Monitus esse
to
have been advised

about
to be
Future
Perfect
Monitum
Regi
iri
to be
advised
to be ruled
to
and Pluperfect
Eectus esse
have been ruled

about
to be
Future
Perfect
Kectum
Audiri
iri
to be
ruled
to be
to
heard
and Pluperfect
Auditus esse
have been heard

about
to be
Future
Anditum
iri
to be
heard
44
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMEE.
GEEUNDS, SUPINES, PAETICIPLES.

There are three Gerunds
:
THE IRREGULAR VERBS.
IRREGULAR OR ANOMALOUS VERBS.

The following Verbs
are called Irregular or Anomalous,
46
KEW EASY LATIN
PRIMER.
'S
*S
fl
.S
J
"^
ci
'-3
I S o
43
I I I o
1 g'S
o o o
PH PH PH
II II
c
'+2 co
I
-o
fi
+3
e S ^
.5
o o o o o
.3 .3
J2
-3 ^J
3 S o
PH
PH PH PH PH PH
PH PH
02
S W 3 '43
*S
'5
2 2 o
O O
PH PH
ss
-
13^1
a
ll
a
0) O)
0)
O3
"o
"o
"o
PL,
"o "o
"o [o 'o [o [o 'o
~ __
l|
PH PH
PH PH
PH Pn
O2
.2
.13
.1
.1
S2
-T3
o o o
B*A
!
f3 CO
a O
CO
.
to O)
i. to OJ
i1 3
co O)
.2 "3
"3 .2
S
ô
"S
03
'
O
od
"S
"S
O
Pi
"S
'o
*3
5zi
I
Jz;
PH PH PH PH
^ K & &
02
PH"
02
THE IRREGULAR VERBS.

paûud are
pens 'saS-ed O.M4 OQUI sasaej o? aepjo jo )no ^nd eaB 03^ jo sasua^ eseqit
*ij*|
e
KJ K) Kl K]
î
SS
1
,0 IS lo rO f^ Ss K*,
02
PH*
CO
_ta "
r
osset
Conjunc
ossem
a m
Ql
'm
""oi
Q.)
Q>
Pos
Pos
Pos
Pos
Pos
Poss
us
atis
rant
.
Potera
Poteras
Poterat
Potera
Potera
Potera
PR
1x4
S.
-5
o3
cfl
c3
c3
c3
'
-s
-
s
CQ
CQ
PH
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
IMPEKATIVE MOOD.
Present.
Future. Nollto Nolito

Nolitote
Noli
Nollte
Fer Fi
I
Ferte
Fite
Ite
Ferto
Ito
Ferto
Ito
Fertote
Nolunto Ferunto
Itote
Eunto
INFINITITE MOOD.
Present and Imperfect.
Posse
Velle
to be able to be willing to be
Nolle
unwilling
Malle Ferre
Fieri Ire
to be to
more willing
bear
to be
to
made
go
DEPONENT VERBS.
49
In conjugating a Deponent Verb, it will be seen that they an Active Verb by having Gerunds and Supines.
also take of the nature of
They also have four Participles, two (Pres. and Fut.) Active form and sense; one (Perf.) Passive in form, but generally Active in sense and the Gerundive.
in
;
Particular notice must be taken of the meaning of the Perfect Participle of a Deponent Verb, venatus, verltus, usus, partltus, the English of which, is, liaving hunted, having feared, having used, having divided ; whereas if it were the Passive
Participle of an Active
Verb
it
would be hunted, having been
There is indeed no such convenient Latin Parhunted, etc. ticiple as having loved, having advised, etc., in Active Verbs.
DEPONENT VERBS CONJUGATED.
1st Pers. Pres.
2nd Pers.
Inf. Pres.
Pres.
NEW EASY LATIN
PRIMER.
THE VERB " UTOR.
51
>
)CU
^5
2
*"
**
& & 1 n M g * a
tj
's?
'
a!
<
>S
^-
2 |C
J SJ GPPP ppppp
-I
*ddfl^' a I J
rg r3
.-r
r^
s
t3
co"
-J
<a
1 'P P P p p
m
GO
ft
CM
.S
^d
+-(
^ w M
1 1
PH
1 s 1 3 1 J 5 ^
-<
S S
'S3
CQ
$3
P P P P P P
CQ
CO
CQ
'tO
'S
S
CO
p p p p p p
E3 CQ
.^
00
.PH CO
._
CO
i S
"2
'S
"S
p-*&
^5
ô
a g
TO
no
*=
)g
co
CO
5
co CQ
J S
co CO
>g
CO"
-ta
g
DQ CO
I
DQ
>S
CQ
>S
CO
0>
OQ
)CP
'g)
g
)
P P P P P P
02
PM'
p p p p p P
OQ
PW
III
02
I P P
PM
52
NEW
EASY LATIN PEIMEK.
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
noun
Impersonal Verbs are those which have no Personal Proas Subject, and are used only in the Third Person
It vexes
Singular (Ind. and Conj.) and in the Infinitive Mood.

It hails, grandinat.
me,
me
piget.
The greater number of the Impersonal Verbs are. of the second conjugation. give those most commonly used.
We
CONJUGATION
Delectat, it delights.
I.
Tonat,
it
thunders.
it
Juvat,
it
delights.
Fulgurat,
lightens.
Constat, it is evident.
Grandinat,
it hails.
CONJUGATION
Oportet,
it
II.
Licet, it is lawful.
behoves.
Pudet,
it
shames.
Decet,
it
becomes.
it is
Pcenitet, it repents.
Dedecet,
unseemly.
Tsedet, it disgusts.
Liquet, it is clear. Attiuet, it relates.

Pertinet, it belongs.
Piget, it irks.
Miseret,
Libet,
it
it
moves pity.
pleases.
CONJUGATION
Accidit, it happens.
III.
Plait, it rains.
Contingit, it befalls. Ningit, it snows.
Lucescit, it dawns. Vesperascit, it grows late.
CONJUGATION IV.
Convenit,
it suits.
Evenit,
it
turns out.
Expedit,
it is
expedient.
IRREGULAR.
Interest, it imports.
Kcfert,
it
concerns.
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
53
the case they are constructed with. with the Accusative Case
Decet.
The Impersonal Verbs may be arranged also according to The following are used
Oportet.
Piget. Poenitet.
Dedecet.
Delectat.
Juvat.
Pudet.
.
Miseret.
Tsedet.
The following are used with the Dative Case

Libet.
Licet.
Accidit.
Convenit.
Contingit. Evenit.
Expedit.
Some of these Impersonal Verbs, however, are constructed with ad and the Accusative, e.g. attineb and pertinet, while others, in addition to an Accusative of the person, have a GeniSo we may sum up the casetive as well, as piget, pudet, etc. construction of these Impersonal Verbs thus
:
Those which require

a.
5.
c.
Accusative of Object oportet, decet, Dative of the Object libet, licet, etc. Ad with Accusative attinet, pertinet,
: : :
etc.
etc.
etc.
d.
A Genitive
it is
with an Accusative, piget, pudet,

interest
To
these
we may add
Genitive,
re.
and
refert,
which admit a
;
Genitive unless
place of the
necessary to use a
pronoun
when, in
we
use mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra,
agreeing with
129
(III. a).
The Impersonals
Fulgurat,
it lightens,
Pluifc, it
rains,
it hails,
Vesperascit, it gets late,
Tonat,
it
thunders,
Grandinat,
Ningit,
it
snows,
Luscescit, it dawns,
are of course not used with any Personal or other Object.
54
NEW EASY LATIN
PRIMER.
DEFECTIVE VERBS.
Irregular or Anomalous Verbs (see pp. 45-48) are those which have for the most part the usual tenses, but are irregular as regards the formation of some of these tenses as
;
Possum, I am able. Volo, I am willing. Nolo, I am unwilliny.. Malo, I prefer. Fero, I bear.
lam made. Eo, I go. Queo, I am able.

Fio,
But Defective Verbs are those which want parts of a Verb, and may be divided into
1.
some
of the usual
Those which have no Tenses derived from the Present stem, though they have the English of the Present as
;
Ccepi,
I have begun (Present-Past)

hate.
Odi,
Memini, I remember.
2.
Those which have Perfect without Supine, and those which iave neither Perfect nor Supine; as, Tremo, J tremble, which has no Supine, and Mitesco, I grow mild, which has no Perfect or Supine.
3.
Verbs defective
in various forms; as
Aio, 7 say.
QUEOSO, I entreat.
Inquam, I
say.
Fari, to speak.
Imperatives: Apage, begone; cedo,give

age, come
;
liere;
have, salve,
Ji
ail;
vale, farewell.
QUASI-PASSIVE AND SEMI-DEPONENT YERBS.
55
QUASI-PASSIVE
AND SEMI-DEPONENT VERBS.
Quasi-Passive Verbs are those which unite an Active form
with a Passive meaning
as
Exulo, I
Fio,
am
banished.
I am made.
Liceo,
I am put to auction. Vapulo, I am beaten. Veneo, I am on sale.
SEMI-DEPONENT VERBS
(1) are,
first,
those which have an Active Present but a

;
Perfect of Passive form (Active meaning)

Audeo, I dare.
Fido, I trust.
Perfect,
,, ,,
as
Soleo,
Gaudeo, I rejoice. I am wont.
Ansus sum, I dared. Fisus sum, I trusted. Gavisus sum, I rejoiced. Solitus sum, I was wont.
(2) Those which have an Active Perfect with
Deponent
Perfect Principle; as
Present.
Perfect.
Perfect Participle.
Juratus, having sworn.
Juro, I swear.
Ceno, I sup. Prandeo, I dine.
I swore. Cenavi, I supped. Prandi, I dined.

Juravi,
Cenatus, having supped. Pransus, having dined.
So nupta, wedded; potus, having drunk, and some others.
56
NEW
EAST LATIN PRIMER.
DERIVED VERBS.
Derived Verbs are divided into
1.
Frequentative.
2.
Inceptive.
3.
Desiderative.
1.
Frequentative Verbs express repeated or intenser action, and are of the First Conjugation, and end in to or so, or
it o t it or.
The
principal Frequentative
sing.
Verbs are
Haesito
Canto
Capto fCurso
Cursito
catch up. run hither
run hither
cry aloud.
& thither. & thither.
Clamito
Dicto
Dictito
say often. say often. lear
Gesto
These are all conjugated regularly -are, -avi, -atum, except those marked f> which have no perfect or supine but
; ;
Minitor, -an, -atus sum,

2. Inceptive
is
deponent.
Verbs (sometimes called Inchoative) express beginning of action, and are of the Third Conjugation, and end in asco or esco ; as
Labasco, I begin to totter. Pallesco, I turn pale.
Mitesco,
Puerasco, I become a boy. I become mild.

desire of action,
3. Desiderative
Verbs express
and are
;
of the
Fourth Conjugation, and end in urio

Esurio,
as
Parturio,
I am hungry, wish to eat. I am in labour, wish to produce.
ADVERBS.
57
ADVERBS.
There are four kinds of Adverbs
1. 2. 3.
4.
Adverbs Adverbs Adverbs Adverbs
of place. of time. of number.

of description.
1.
1.
2.
Adverbs of place answer the questions

Ubi, where ? Quo, whither
4.
? ?
5. 6.
3.
Quorsum, whithenvard
Unde, whence ? Qua, which way ? Quatenus, quousque, how far
2.
Adverbs
1.
of time
ubi,
answer the questions

when ?
2.
Quando,
Quamdiu, how long
3.
Adverbs of number answer the question

Quoties,
how
often
4.
Adverbs of description express
manner
quality
quantity.
Many Adverbs
e,
are derived from Adjectives, and end in
ter
as
Fortiter, bravely.
Pulchre, finely.
Misere, wretchedly.
Sapienter, wisely.
N.B.
Adverbs
of negation are non,
haud, not.
58
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
PREPOSITIONS.
There are three
1.
classes of Prepositions
2.
Those which are followed by the Accusative Case. Those which are followed by the Ablative.
Those which are followed by the Ace. and Abl.
3.
1,
Prepositions followed by the Accusative Case

at
Ad,
to,
Juxta, adjoining to, beside Ob, over against, by reason of Penes, in the power of
Per, through
Ante, before
Apud,
at, in,
among
Circum, around
Circa, circiter, about Cis, citra, on the near side of Contra, against, over against
Pone, behind Post, after, behind

Prseter, beside
Erga, towards (of the feelings) Extra, outside of out of Infra, below
t
Prope, near ; propius, proximo Propter, nigh, on account of Secundum, next, along, according Supra, above [to
Inter, between,
among, amid
Intra, within
Trans, across Ultra, beyond Versus, versum, toivards
2.
Prepositions followed by the Ablative Case

Ex, e, out of, from Palam, in sight of PraB, before, owing
A, ab, abs, by or from Absque, without Clam, witliout the knowledge of
[with
to,
compared
Coram, in
the presence of
Cum, with De, down from, from, concerning

3.
Pro, before, for, instead of Sine, without Terms, reaching to, as far as
Prepositions followed by the Accusative or Ablative

In, into, against (Ace.)
In, in, upon,
among
(Abl.)
Sub, up to, under (Ace.) Sub, under (Abl.)
Super, over, upon Subter, under
In and sub, with Accusative, imply motion; with Ablative,
rest.
CONJUNCTIONS.
59
CONJUNCTIONS.
There are two kinds
1. 1.
of Conjunctions
2.
Co-ordinative.
Sub-ordinative.
Co-ordinative are those which join words and sentences

together, but do not affect
mood
as
Et, que, ac, atque, and.
Aut,
vel, ve, either, or.
Sed, autem, but.
Nam, enim, /or,

2
etc., etc.
Snb-ordinative are those which join sentences, influencing
mood
as
Ut, that.
Quum, when,
Si, if.
since.
Ne,
Quia
lest.
I because.
\
Nisi, tinfew.
INTERJECTIONS.
An
interjection is used to express pleasure, pain, astonishment, etc., and is used with different cases.
0, O I oh ! A, ah, alas
May be used
!
with a Nominative,
Eheu,
lieu, alas
Vocative, or Accusative Case.

it !
Pro, proh, forbid
En
")
, ,
, ,
;
May
be used with Nominative or

Accusative.
Ecce j
Hei,atoM
YSB,
woe
60
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
PKOSODY.
GENERAL RULES FOR THE QUANTITIES OF LATIN WORDS.
1.
A vowel
A
The following are LONG before two consonants

:
SHORT.
1.
;
as,
jdctdntes.
2.
vowel before a double consonant or a j in_same word j as, felix,

pcerice,
One vowel before another vowel in the same word is short, as via-, but diei, flo are long, and fidei, iUttM are common.
All cases in a except ablative of the and its .correfirst declension
3.
Amazon, Ajax. Diphthongs; as, menses, pauca,

Teucri, h~i.
2.
sponding adjectives;
bond.
as, mensd,
4.
Datives and ablatives singular and plural when they end in a, as, i, o, u, is (and e of the 5th declension)
j
COMMON.
Syllables are sometimes common (i.e. long or short) when a vowel in the same word stands before
is
5.
as, mensd, mensce, lapidi, gradul, melion, domino, 'bond, gradu, mensis, dominls, facie. Accusatives plural, unless they end
two consonants, of which the first a mute and the second is a

(7,
liquid
r)
as duplex, latebra.
but one (penultimate) of a three-syllable or four-syllable word may be marked long or short (- w) as the pupil hears his tutor pronounce it, or as he himself may know; as, laplde, operibus, domtnus, amdbam.
The
last syllable
with.
a very useful rule for all common words which the pupil is familiar the penultimate long or short directly he hears it pronounced in dictation, or because, having heard it again and again, he is quite sure of the quantity.
N.B.
This
is
He marks
To
see
to these rules
how these few general rules work we subjoin a couplet marked according and these rules only and we find that we have the quantities of
Quascunque aspicles, lacrymse f ecere, lituras ; Sed tamen et lacrymge pondera vocis habent.
considerably more than half the syllables.
II.
THE LONG AND SHORT TERMINATIONS WITH PRINCIPAL EXCEPTIONS.

LONG.
a,
i, o,
ucas,
es, os.
I is
long, as domini; but
1.
2.
a is long, as frustra ; but Puta, ita, quia, ejS, are short, All cases in a are short as men set, except the ablative of the opertt,
first
1.
Nisi, quasi are short.
2.
Some
dative and vocative cases of
3.
Greek nouns are short, as Chlorl. Mihl, tibl, sibl, ubl, ibl, have the i
declension, as inensa.
common.
PROSODY.
Pallas, lampadas(|icc.), are short,
61
and
domino j but eg6, modo, citS, duo, sci6, nesci6, are

5 is long, as
anas
(a duck).
short
putO,
common.
1.
Some words
tis;
is
long, as tu, genu.
long, as hostes ; but in es increasing short in the gen. are short comes, comles is
but though increasing short
w
2.
abies, aries, Ceres, pes,are long.
c is long,
1. 2.
as ac, hie (here)
but
Nee, donee, fac, are short.
Es from sum and its compounds are short, and penes and some Greek
plurals, as Troade's.
Hie
(he, this) is
common.
as
Greek
as is long, as musas ; butcases in as of third declension, as
os is long, as gladi5s but some Greek words are short, as Argos, Delos, and 6s, ossis (a bone), and compos.
;
SHORT.
,
yb,
<*, t, I,
r,
n
3.
is, ys,
us.
aether,
aer,
because derived from

are long.
e is short,
1.
as regg
but
;
a!0jjp, aTjp,
Imperatives of second conjugation

as,
mone
2.
Ablatives of the fifth declension, as

die;
is short, as tegmgn; but in many Greek words, such as Hymen, it is long.

is,
3.
Adverbs derived from adjectives in Bene us, as operose, are long. and male are however short.
Monosyllables in
(except the enclitics que, n6, v8) are long; as,
e
1.
ys
?s is
short, as
duMs
but
4.
me,
5.
te, se, de, e,
ne.
2.
and ablatives in is, as dommis Sis, from sum, and its compound
Datives
;
Quare, hodie, fere, ferme, ohe, are

3.
long.
6. 7.
possls, Vis, from volo,

vis, strength
;
and
its
compound,
Cave and cave are both used. Fame, abl. of fames, is long.
b, d,
t,
4.
Second per. sing, of the pres. of the

fourth conjugation, as audis, also malls, noils, veils, are long, ys is short, as chely s.
y
8t,
are short, as ab, sed,

I
amat,
chely'.
us
sol,
1.
is short,
as Hannibal; but nil, sal, are long nihil, common.
Us is short, as
dominus
but
geni;
Words increasing long in the

;
tive, as juventus, salus, senectus

2.
r
1.
2.
is short,
as vlr ; but
dispar, etc.
3.
Lar, Nar, ver, fur, cur.
The monosyllables crus, thus The us of the fourth declension, except Nona, and Yoc. Singular,
are long.
Par with
its
compounds
Syllables that cannot be
Rules already given must

the
first syllable
of
words
of this Table and by the General be looked out in Dictionary or Gradus ; as for instanca such as quoque, generd, gradus, etc.
marked by the help
62
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER.
EPITOME.
There are
8 Parts of Speech. 2 Numbers. 6 Tenses.
3 Persons.
Singular.
Plural.
I,
3 Genders.
6 Cases.
5 Declensions (Substantives). 3 Classes of Adjectives.
thou, he.
Them, you, they.
3 Gerunds.
2 Supines.
8 Kinds of Pronouns.
4 Conjugations of Verbs.
2 Voices.
4 Participles. 4 Kinds of Adverbs.

3 Classes of Prepositions. 2 Kinds of Conjunctions.
4 Moods.
EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH

1.
Two NUMBERS:
1.
Substantive")
2.
Singular, as mensa, a table. Plural, as mensas, tables.
I
4.
Verb
rb Adverb
>sition Prepositi
THREE GENDERS
5.
6.
7.
)
f
inction C Conjunct
undeclined.
1.
Masculine.
2.
3.
Feminine.
Neuter.
8.
jectiony Interjecti
Six CASES,
with their signs in English.
1. 2. 3.
THREE CLASSES OF ADJECTIVES

1.
Nominative,
Vocative,
No
0.
sign.
Those which have in the Nominative three terminations

:
Accusative,
No
Of.
sign.
us, a,
4. Genitive,
5.
6.
Dative,
Ablative,
To
or for.
er, a,
um, as Bonus, a, urn. um, as Tener, tenera, teneruw.

as Ace?*,
acrt's,
In, with, from,
er, is, e,
acre.
by.
2.
Those which have

as
Trisfa's, triste.
two.
FIVE DECLENSIONS OF SUBSTANTIVES.

1.
83. i.
is, e,
or, us,
as Melior, melius.
Gen.
5. ei.
3. is. 4. us.
2.
3.
Those which have
one.
Felix, ingens, prsestans.
PRONOUNS.
PRONOUNS.
There
are
8
:
Kinds
of
3.
POSSESSIVE:
1.
2.
Pronouns
1.
Personal.
Meus, Tuus,
Suns,
Cujus,
Noster,
Vester,
mine.
thine, your.
his, hers, etc.
3.
2. Reflexive.
4.
3. Possessive. 4.
whose.
ours.
Demonstrative.
5.
6.
5. Definitive.
yours.
:
6. Kelative. 7. Interrogative.
8. Indefinite.
4.
DEMONSTRATIVE
1. Is,
that, he, she,
it.
2.
3.

Ille,
that (yonder).
1.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
1.
4. Iste, that (near you).
2.
Ego, I. Tu, thou

Plur.
5.
(you).
DEFINITIVE:
1.
Idem, same.
2. Ipse,seZ/.
6.
3.
4.
Nos, we. Vos, you, ye.
RELATIVE: Qui, who
or which.
7.
2.
REFLEXIVE:
Se
(sese), himself, herself, itself, themselves.
INTERROGATIVE: Quis, who or what ?

INDEFINITE
Quis
:
8.
(aliquis),
any
one.
VERBS.
Verbs have
4 Conjugations. 2 Voices.
1.
2.
3. 4.
4 Moods.
6 Tenses. 6 Persons.
3 Singular. 3 Plural.
Has a long before re. Has e long before re. Has e short before re. Has i long before re.
Two VOICES:
1.
3 Gerunds. 2 Supines.
Active.
2. Passive.
4 Participles.
FOUR MOODS:
1. Indicative.
FOUR CONJUGATIONS Known by the endings Infinitive Mood
2.
of the
3.
Conjunctive. Imperative.
4. Infinitive.
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMEE.
Six TENSES
1.
THREE GERUNDS
1. 2.
Present.
2.
3.
Future Simple.
Imperfect.
3.
Ending in dum. Ending in di. Ending in do.
4. Perfect.
5.
6.
Two
1.
SUPINES
Future Perfect.
Pluperfect.
2.
Supine in um. Supine in u.

:
FOUR PARTICIPLES
THEEE PERSONS
Singular. Plural
I,
1.
Present in ans or
ens.
thou (you), he.

(you), they.
2. Participle in dus. 3. Perfect in us. 4.
We, ye
Future in
rus.
PARTICLES.
The
four Parts of Speech which are undeclined are
1. 3.
:
Adverb.
Preposition.
2.
Conjunction.
4. Interjection.
:
4 KINDS OF ADVERBS
1.
3.
Adverbs of Place. Adverbs of Number.
2.
4.
Adverbs of Time. Adverbs of Description.

:
3 CLASSES OF PREPOSITIONS
1.
2.
3.
Those which are followed by the Accusative case. Those which are followed by the Ablative. Those which are followed by the Accusative and Ablative.
2 KINDS OF CONJUNCTIONS
1.
Co-ordinative.
2.
Sub-ordinative.
INTERJECTIONS
are particles of exclamation, and are not classed or divided except as regards the cases they are used with.
END OF PART
I.
PART
II.
SYNTAX.
PART
II.
SYNTAX.
CONTENTS.
PART
THE
II.
SYNTAX,
A SIMPLE SENTENCE.
simplest sentence that can be framed contains a single thought
only; as
Puer amat. The boy loves.
Puer amatur. The boy is loved.
That of which or of whom something is said is called the subject, as, " and " the that which is said of the subject is called the predicate boy " " is loved." loves," (from prcedico, to assert), as
;
We cannot indeed speak without having a subject to speak about, and we cannot frame a sentence without saying something concerning that
subject.
The
Verb.
and that which
subject in the simplest sentence is always the Nominative Case, called the predicate is the is said about the subject
Now
this Subject or
1.
Nominative case
may
be either
A
A
Substantive.
2.
3.
An
Adjective used as a Substantive.

Infinitive
Pronoun.
4.
5.
1.
An
Mood.
Clause.
2.
3. 4. 5.
Puer amat. Omnes amant vitam. Nos amamus.
The boy
All
loves.
men
love.
love
life.
We
Amare est jucundum. Amare patriam est decorum.
To love is pleasant. To love one's country
is
honourable.
if
A simple sentence may, however, consist of a single word only because a Pronoun is the subject the latter is implied in the ending of the Verb, as amamus, "we love," not necessarily nos amamus.
But a simple sentence, though not the simplest sentence, may consist more than a subject and verb by the introduction of what is called an " The boy loves," if we object; as for example in our simplest sentence,
of
69
70
wish to say
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
whom or what the boy loves, will generally be in the Accusative, as
we must add an
object,
which
Puer amat matrem. The boy loves his mother.
Thus we see that a simple sentence Verb, or Predicate, (3) an Object.
may
consist of (1) a Subject, (2) a
Of course any of these three elements

1.
2.
3.
may be extended e.g. we may add An Adjective (say bonus) to puer An Adverb (say valde) to amat An Adjective (say car am) to matrem as
;
Bonus puer valde amat caram matrem. The good boy greatly loves his dear mother.
These Adjectives bonus and caram are called epithets (from two Greek " CTTI Ti6t)[ju, epi," on to, and "tithemi," I place), and qualify (or attribute some quality to) each of the Substantives, and hence are said to be in attribution to them.
words,
Valde
is
an Adverb
.
(i.e.
something added to the Verb) and
qualifies
The Adverb frequently increases or lessens the force of the Verb. Instead, however, of valde we might have had an adverbial egression, as magno studio (with great affection)
the Verb amat
:
Bonus puer amat magno studio caram matrem,
tive case that
Note that the Object is so generally in the Accusawe speak of the Accusative or Object.
We have already learned that most Verbs take the Accusative after them, but we have also learned that some take other cases as
;
(a)
Puer potitur pecunise (gen.). The boy gains possession of money.

Puer paret matri (dat.). The boy obeys his mother.
(b)
A SIMPLE SENTENCE.
(c)
Puer utitur cultro
(abl.).
The boy uses
his knife.
which
extend a sentence also by putting in some other Substantives we already have, and these second Substantives are then said to be in apposition.
refer to the Substantives
We can
dux amat Acbaten comitem. JEneas the leader loves Achates his attendant.
Here dux
Achaten.
is
in apposition to &neas, and comitem in apposition to
Again instead of a single we sometimes have a double object. One is then called the nearer object, and is put in the Accusative case, the other the remoter object, and is put in the Dative as
: ;
Puer dat librum matri. The boy gives a book to
his mother.
These remarks do not apply from copula, a link, as

Puer Puer
est bonus.
fit vir.
to the
Verbs which are called Copulative
Vir nascitur poeta.
The boy is good. The boy becomes a man. The man is born a poet.
For in these sentences the word linked or joined to the subject and completing the sense, is called the complement (or completion), both copula
and complement forming the predicate.

PBEDICATE.
Subject. Vir.
Copula. Nascitur.
Complement.
Poeta.
Of course the ways of enlarging a simple sentence might be multiplied

in a greater degree.
*#* Reference
is
made
School Latin Primer Rules.

that follow each rule.
in the following pages to the Public This is the meaning of the figures The more important of these rules are
also given in full in Latin
and English in
parallel
columns
on pp. 192-206.
FOUR GENERAL RULES,

A.
A
in
FINITE
Verb agrees with

Person.
88.
its
Nominative Case
Number and
Rex pugnat.
Reges pugnant.
Nospugnamus.
Etc., etc., etc.
B.
An
Adjective agrees with Gender, Number, and Case.
its
Substantive
in
89.
Fortis rex "hsibet peritum ducem.
c.
Substantive
it is
is
put in the
Bex
vincit
same Case as that

90.
ducem, fortem virum.
with which
Rex,fortis
in apposition.
vir,
pugnat.
Filius regis, sapientis viri, pugnat.

I).
A Eelative agrees with its Antecedent in everything

; i.e.
in
Gender, Number, and Per son. 91.

ibat, etc.
quern, regina amavit, Begina, quam rex amavit, Vidi regem qui ibat, etc.
Bex,
ibat, etc.
Bex amabit
te,
feraina, quce
72
amas reginam.
THE VERB AND
ITS
NOMINATIVE OR SUBJECT.
73
THE VERB AND

I.
ITS
NOMINATIVE OR SUBJECT.
VI.
If the Nominative Case or Subjects are of different
(as
Every finite Verb must have a Nominative Case as its Subject.

93.
Persons
Ego
tu
ille),
the
Verb
(in
Rex
pugnat.
lieges pugnant.
II.
the Plural
of course) will agree with the First Per-,
Number
This Nominative Case or Subject need not always be put

in,
son rather than with the Secone/,and with the Second rather
but
is
understood.
than with the Third.
92, l.
Pugnat (understand ille.) Pugnant (understand illi.)

III.
Ego
et tu
pugnamus.
Tu
its
et ille pugnatis.
The Verb must agree with
VII.
or Subject in Number (Sing, or PI.) and in Per-
Nom. Case
son (First, Second, Third). 88. Nos pugnawws. Ego pugno. Tu pugnas. Vos pugnafo's. Illi pugnant. Hie pugnat IV.
a Pronoun (ego, tu, ille, nos, vos, illi) is the Nominative Case or Subject, it is only put
in for the sake of
Sometimes an Infinitive Mood is the Nominative Case or Subject to a Verb, which Infinitive
Mood
HO,
is
then considered a Sub-
stantive in the
I. 26, 4.
Neuter Gender.
When
Mentiri
est
improbum.
VIII.
Sometimes a clause
is
the No-
emphasis or
distinction.
minative Case or Subject ; and this is also looked upon as a
Ego pugno,
1
tu fugis.
Neuter Substantive.
156, 3.
Nos pugnaraus, vos fugitis. But " I fight,' " we flee," without any
distinction between " J" and "we," would be simply pug no, fugimus.
Celare suas culpas mentiendo est im-
probum.
IX.
V.
Though
all
it
has been stated that
Two
or
more Substantives of
Verbs have a Nominative
the Singular
Number
will
have a
92.
Verb in the Plural Number.

Rex
et
Case or Subject, yet there are Impersonal Verbs,of which more

will
dux pugnant.
be said (see page 106,107)
74
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER.
THE ADJECTIVE AND SUBSTANTIVE,

I.
of the Adjective is to describe the nature of the Substantive with which it goes, i.e., it " qualifies the Substantive."
II.
The use
(including the Participle and Adjective Pronoun, which partake of the nature of the Adjective) agrees with the Substantive in Gender, Number, and Case i.e., if the Substantive
if
The Adjective
be of the Masculine Gender, the Adjective must be Masculine the Substantive be of the Singular Number, the Adjective
;
must be Singular if the Substantive be in the Nominative Case, the Adjective must be in the Nominative, &c.
Bonus rex regit civcs. Boni reges regunt cives.
Rex laudat/j/^m
ducerc.
Bex
laudat fortes duces.
Bonus rex
regit cives.
rex being Masculine, bonus is Masculine rex being Singular, bonus is Singular rex being Nominative, bonus is Nominative
Boni reges regunt
cives.
reges beiug Masculine, boni is Masculine reges being Plural, boni is Plural
reges being Nominative, boni
is
Nominative.
Eex
laudat fortem
ducem
ducem being Masculine, fortem is Masculine ducem being Singular, fortem is Singular ducem being Accusative, fortem is Accusative.
III.
If the Adjective, however, has to
go with Substantives, which are
of different Genders,
the Feminine
agrees with the Masculine rather than but in things without life it will often be put in
it
the Neuter Gender.
92, 2.
92 (a.)
et rcgina snnt
Hex
Labor (m)
bom.
)
et ignavia (f.)
sunt dissimillima (n
IV.
Adjectives are ofcen used by themselves as Substantives to present either persons or things, 156, as
Multi,
re-
miny mei\
Multa, miny things. Vera dicere est liouestum.
AVPOSITION.
THE RELATIVE AND ANTECEDENT.
75
APPOSITION.
When
two Substantives come
together representing the same thing, they are put in the same
ing)
a Substantive placed (in meanby the side of another
Substantive.
Case.
90.
To
As
explain this
Reges, fortes
viri,
Reges, fortes viri, pugnant. Rex amat reginam, bonam femi-
pugnant
nam.
Filius regis,/oris viri, pugnat. Rex dat ensem duci, bono viro.
reges and viri are both of them evidently the same persons referred to put in apposition, or placed by
Rex
utitur ense, acuto telo.
But the two Substantives need not necessarily be of the same
the side of each other they are both of them in the same Case, the Nominative.
Rex
Here
in the
dat ensem duci, bono viro.
Number
or Gender.
viro, referring to duci, is put

last sentence
Tixit Thebis tnagno oppido. Dedit regi ensem, donum reginse.
In the
same Case as duci (Dative), (Bex utitur ense,
This
is
called
to
Apposition
place beside
&c.) it is very plain that telo refers to ense; it is therefore put in the
from appono,
came Case as ense
(Ablative).
THE RELATIVE AND ANTECEDENT.

I.
I.
The
or
Eel alive means the Relative

qui," which relates to some person or
to
its
Antecedent as possible.
will
Pronoun "
refers
Many boys
parse
did
this,
Puer
fecit hoc,
thing mentioned before.
The
the
boij
The
fore
Antecedent
means
before,
who
will
person or thing mentioned be-
from
ante,
and
not be able to parse Quod puer fecit, Which the boy did,
cedo, to go.
The
Relative
doubtless
and Antecedent are most difficult for

to
though both contain simply a Nominative Case, a Verb, and

an Accusative Case.
They
will
stumble at the latter because

they have to take the Accusative
young
boys
understand,
chiefly because, in whatever Case the Relative Pronoun is,

it
Case
first.
must, according to the Eng-
II.
lish language,
come before
sense,
its
Verb
cause
to
it
make
and be-
This Relative Pronoun agrees (see p. 31). with its Antecedent

(i.
e. t
has to be taken as near
the word to which
76
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.

Paupereg, quorum boni miserentur, sunt grati (thankful).
it
refers) in everything but Case.
91.
Morbus, cui medicus

gravis.
medetur, est
Eex, qui amavit reginara, ibat, &c. Kegina, qua amavit regem, ibat, &c.
Eeges, quos regina ainavit, ibant, &c. Eegina, quam rex amavit, ibat, &c. Eex amavit te, femina, quss amas
Ensis,
quo rex
utitur, est acutus.
reginam.
Eex, cui dux dat ensem, est fortis. Eex, cujus ensis est acutus, est fortis.
Eex, a quo civitas
gubernatur, est
ibat,
fortis.
Taking the
Res., qui
first
sentence
ibat, &c.
Milites,
fortes.
quibuscum dux
sunt
amavit reginam,
rex beiug Sing., qui is also Sing. rex beiug Mas., qui is also Mas.
rex being 3rd Per., qui is also 3rd Per.
In the sentences given above it will be seen that in turning
them
But though
qui
is
rex
is
Nom. and
Nom.,<?wiis not the Nom. because rex is, for rex is the
into English the Relative Pronoun, in whatever case it is taken before its Verb, is,
that
its
it
may come
it
as near to
Nom.
is
to the
Verb
ibat,
and qui
Antecedent
refers
the
as
word
to
the
Nom.
to amavit.
which
as
possible,
Taking the fourth sentence

Regina,
The sword, which

which Ace.
the leader has,
<fec.
quam
rex amavit, ibat, &c.
after has, pity, &c.
Regina being Fem,,quam is also Fern. Begina being Smg.,quam is also Sing.
The
The
poor, whom the good whom Gen. after pity.
But reyina
is
is
Nom. and quam

is
disease, which the physician, which Dat. after heal.
&c.
Ace.,
to
is
because regina
the
the
The sword, which

which Abl.
the king uses, &c.
after uses.
Nom.
quam
amavit,
Verb
ibat
and
Again The king,
&c. to
to
the Ace. after the Verb
wliom the leader
gives,
whom
Dat. after gives.
in.
The The
king, whose sword is sharp, &c. whose Gen. of the possessor.
The Case of the Relative Pronoun may be any Case which the Verb governs, as
Ensis, quern
whom
The
&c.
king, by whom the state Abl. after a.

soldiers,
is,
&c.
with
whom
the general,
dux habet,
est acutus
whom
Abl. after
cum.
THE VERB -AND
ITS ACCUSATIVE
OR OBJECT.
77
THE VERB AND

I.
ITS ACCUSATIVE
OR OBJECT.
II.
All
ordinary take an Accusative case after
Transitive Verbs
implying not)
action in the
Sto,
when
Verb
to
there
is
no
pass over
is
them, which Accusative Case called the nearer object.

Eex
landat ducem,
stand.
95, 96.
Arbor crescit, tlie tree grows. Avis volat, the bird flies.
Here
it
can be seen that
stand*,
The word
across,
Transitive
is
made
up of two Latin words, trans, and eo, to go. To our

it will
it
grows, flies are Intransitive, for there is no action to pass over.
We
after
need put no Substantive
present purpose
passing
over,
signify
them
to
make
sense.
and
means,
passes
Intransitive
take no Case.
Verbs then (as a rule)
when spoken
over to the
of a Verb, that
the action of the
Verb
Intransitive
called
Verbs
are
also
Noun which
gov-
Neuter.
erns
it.
The
By an
then,
ordinary Transitive Verb,

is
mon
following are some comNeuter or Intransitive
which
meant a Verb after you can place some

Substantive to
Verbs
Cado, Cubo,
Curro,
Common
com
I fall.
I
lie
down,
plete the sense, as
run.
III.
I sit. J stand. Vivo, I live.

Sedeo,
Sto,
I touch.
This will take any such com-
Neuter Verbs, however, do take an Accusative after

Som.e
mon
ink,
word, as
table, chair,
pen,
book, cat, dog, house, &c.
them, but only an Accusative of some particular word which

is
In
other words,
action in touch
there is an which passes
of like meaning
with
the
Verb.
on
to table, chair, pen, ink, &c,

II.
Lndo aleam. Servio servitutem. Vivo vitam.
This Accusative
is
called the
Verb
is,
is
call
Intransitive
Accusative of kindred meaning.

97
that
not
Transitive
(in
78
NEW EASY LATIN
PRIMER.
THE NOMINATIVE AFTER THE VERB.

Although most verbs take after them an Accusative Case, after some a Nominative appears, a
full list of
It will
be seen that after these
Verbs a Nominative appears> which must be regarded as a

Complement,
or
that
which will be found on
which
p. 156 of P.S.L.P.
completes the sense.
They
1.
2.
are
Examples
fit
Copulative Verbs. The Passive of those Verbs which in the Active are called Factitive
videtur
Verbs.
dux.
habetur
N.B.
These words
Factitive, &c.
P.S.L.P. p. 176,
Copulative, are explained, see

p. 75.
appellatur
fest vocatur
and
I.
Nemo nascitur
sapiens.
Poeta evadit orator.
The Copulative Verbs

Sum, I am.
Fio,
are
III.
I become. Appareo, I appear. Existo, I stand forth. Audio, I am called. Maneo, I remain. Nascor, J am born. Videor, J seem. Evado, I turn out.
II.
When, however,
Verb
is
the Copulative
in the Infinitive,
and
is
preceded by an Accusative, its Complement will also be in the

Accusative.
es? e
Dicunt regem
( \
v &e* 1
)
)
rducem.
vocari
The following are the passive of some of the principal Facti'
Dicunt poetam evadere oratorem.

i
The Latin Primer

this
Rule for
Verbs,
live
Verbs I am esteemed. I am thought. Nominor, J am named.

Habeor,
Existimor.
Appellor, Dicor, J
Creor,
is:
"Copulative
infinite,
whether finite or
gene-
lam called. am said. J am created.
rally have a Complement agreeing with the Subject ;" but this
requires some such explanation as we have given above.
THE GENITIVE AFTER THE VEEB.
79
THE GENITIVE AFTER THE VERB.

I.
V.
followed
Some Verbs
the
are
by
it
Misereor
and
miseresco,
Genitive
Sum when
(b)
pily.
135.
)
signifies
127
Misereor Miseresco
|P^P^m.
Nature
Eegis est
recte
Function
(it is
Token
Duty
ITomirus est
(it
the nature) eirare. is the duty} imperare
Miseror, commiseror, take an Accusative
VI.
II.
Memini, reminiscor, recorder,

Refert, 129.
it
Interest,
it
imports.
I remember
133
Bex
(a).
obliviscor,
I forget
concerns.
Regis interest regere recte. Kegt's ref ert regere recte.

III.
meminit
reininiscitur
v
I
recordatur
oblivisuitur
'
suarum culparum.
Verbs of Accusing, Acquitting,
These also take an Ace. (seep.83).

VII.
Piget,
it
Condemning,
133.
Warning,
&c.
irJcs;
it
Pudet,
repents
it
it
shames;
it
These, as well as a Genitive case of the chaige, take an Accusative of the

Ubjtct (seep. 12;.
/
I
Poanitet,
disgusts; Miseret,
Ta?det, moves pity
take a Genitive with

cusative (see p. 82).
an Ac134.
ducem ignavice. cotderanat ducem multo?'tt??&

accusat
Kex
I
sceltrwm.
Pêt
\
(
ducem ignavice. admouet ducem pristine

absolvit
Regew
Eegem
pudet
poaaitet
tsedet
scelerwm
(crimes.)
fortunes.
miseret pauperww.
literally ren-
rv.
These sentences
Abounding,
Deprivdered, are
It irks,
it
Many Verbs
Wanting,
ing (and
(
of
Enriching,
ako
shames,
it
repents,the king,
Potior).
119
(b)
C eget 6 CI< pecunice.
but in construing, the Accusative should be taken first, as

if it
Rex
j *
potitur urbis. liberat ducem culpce.
were a Nominative.
These also take an Ablatv, see p.
The king repents, &c., of his crimes.
80
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER.
THE DATIVE AFTER THE VERB.

I.
Some Verbs
the
are
followed
by
Rex
Rex
studet
(is
eager after)
literis.
Dative.
Many
of these
if
Medicus medetur (heals) morbo.

indulget (indulges in) dolori.
II.
may
in
be remembered
learned
the
Henry's
following rhyme (See " First Latin Book,"

:
(pp. 62, 63)
Verbs compounded with

following Particles
tha
A Dative put,
106 (a.)
remember pray,
bene, male, satis, re,
ad, ante, con, in, inter, de, ob, sub, super, post et praa.
After envy, spare, obey,
Persuade, believe, command; to these Add pardon, succour, and displease; With vacare "to have leisure," Andplacere "to have pleasure," With nubere (of the female said),
Senefacit (does good to) ^ mafedicit (speaks ill

of)
The English
of it is
"to wed
;''
Servire add, and add studere,
sa^sfacit (satisfies)
resistit (resists)
Heal, favour, hurt, resist, aud indul-
acZhaeret
ge.
104, 105, 106.
(keeps close
N.B.
Juvo I please, Isedo J hurt, Jubeo I order govern an Ace. governs an Ace. (or Dative)
.
to) antece\l\t (surpasses) confidit (trusts in)
infert bellum
(wages
duci,
Rex
war on)
interdicit (forHds) bel-
finvidet(envies)
parcit spares)
lum
f&trahit
(takes
away
paret (obeys)
persuadet (persuades)
credit (believes)
j>
/
from) pecuniam o&stat (opposes)
subvemt
supertuit
lived)
prcestsit
(assists)
(has
(is
out-
ex
imperat (commands) ignoscit (pardons)

succurrit (succours)
displicet (displeases)
superior
to)
placet (pleases) favet (favours)
Rex
jpostfert libertati.
(sacrifices)
suas opes
Rex
nocet (hurts) resistit (opposes) vacat (has leisure for) philo{
Many
Verbs,
Jiowever,
so
com-
pounded are construed with
the Ac-
sophic.
Regina nubit (marries) regi.
cusative or with the Case of their own Preposition the Preposition
Rex
servit
(is
the slave of) duci.
being of course repeated.
THE ABLATIVE AFTER THE VERB.

III.
III.
81
Sum, with
its
compounds
107
(b).
ex-
Virtus deest
(is
wanting
to) regi.
cept possum..
Absum, I am absent. Adsum, I am present, stand Desum, I am wanting.

Insum,
Intersum,
Magna fortitude inerat dud. Dux subest arbori.

by.
IV.
fat, sunt y
I am in, or upon. I take part in. Obsum, I am against, injure. Prresum, I am at the head of. Prosum, I am serviceable.
Subsum, I
Supersum,
when used
107
for habeo,
take a Dative.
(c.)
to
Est mifii pater There is a father me; i.e., J have a father.
am
unde?.
I survive.
dud.
V.
Sum and
other Verbs are some-
est causa doloris
Rex
abest regince. adest dud. interimt prcsliis.

o&fuit
times followed by two Datives,
dud.
preztmt exerdtui. prodesi multis.

8uperl\\\i regince.
one being used as a Complement, the other being the Dative of the Recipient. 108.
Mare
est exitio nautis destruction to sailors.
The
sea
is
a
.)
(See p.
THE ABLATIVE AFTER THE VERB.

I.
II.
Some Verbs
the Ablative.
Fungor,
to
are
followed
by
Verbs of Abounding, Wanting,

Enriching, Depriving.
119 (b.)
abundat (abounds) divitiis. eget (is in need of) pecunid.
119 (IX. a.)

perform.
Fruor, to enjoy. Utor, to use. Vescor, to eat (feed upon.) Potior, to get possession of. Dignor, to deem worthy.
f ungitur
Rex
locupletavit (enriched) dti-
cem auro. fraudat (defrauds) cunid.
me
pe-
These also take a Gen.

III.
(p.79.).
m-unere ducis.
fruitur Victoria.
Hex
utitur pecunia.
vescitur carne.
potitur urbe. dignatur se honor e.
Verbs wben compounded with

Prepositions, ab, de,
Consul
ex.
122 (a.)
(retired
magistratu
office.)
abiit
Potior takes
P-79).
also
a Gen. (see
from Rex se
dejecit (threw himself
down
Dux
equo,
eanit
(went out
of)
domo.
82
NEW
EAST LATIN PRIMER.
VERBS WHICH TAKE TWO CASES.

ACCUSATIVE AND GENITIVE.
T.
Verbs of Accusing, Acquitting, Condemning, Warning.

faccusat
dncem
ignavi<# (cowardice.)
conderanat ducein
absolvit (acquits)
1
I
multorum scelenm*. dncem ignavi^.
admonet ducewt pristine fortuu^.

II.
Figet. it
irJcs.
Pudet,
it
shames.
Miseret, it
Poenittt, it repentt. Tsedf t, it disgusts.
moves pity.
\
pudet
poenitet taadet
}$celerum
{piget
Regem
miseret pauperww.
ACCUSATIVE AND DATIVE.

Verbs of Comparing, Giving, Restoring, Promising, Owing, PayWithdrawing.
Rex
confer t
irg, Telling, Threatening,
magwa
par vis.
\
rt
ddit prBsm.\um
\
f
promittit preemiwra debet pecuniam

solvit
peouniaw
inoi
duci
\
nnrrabat hcec
minatur
\em
detrahit pecunia?^
In
all
these sentences the Accusative
is
the Case of the nearer

Object.
Object,
and the Dative the Case of the remoter
VERBS WHICH TAKE EITHER OF TWO CASE3.
83
VERBS WHICH TAKE EITHER OF TWO CASES.

GENITIVE OR ACCUSATIVE.
Memiui, J remember. Recorder, I remember.
Reminiscor,
Obliviscor,
GENITIVE OR ABLATIVE.
See
pp.79.81.
I remember I forget.
)
(
Verbs of Abounding or Wanting, Enriching or Depriving, as also

potior.
meminifc
reminiscitnr
recordatnr
obliviscitur
suattem culparum (or ( 6Uascu as .) lp

I
Rex eget pecuni^ (or pecnnW). Bex potitur urbz's (or urbe).
Hex
liberal
ducem
culpce
VERBS WHICH TAKE A DOUBLE
CASE.
TWO ACCUSATIVES
PER-
TWO ACCUSATIVESOBJECT AND COMPLEMENT,

of making, Verbs Thinking, &c.
Calling,
SON AND THING.

Verbs of Asking, Teaching, Entreating, Demanding, Admonishing, Concealing.
/
rogavit hoc ducem. docuit filittm literas.

orat te "hoc,
poscit
fecit
militem dncem.
Rex
vocavit
pace?7t.
ducem
1 putat
urbem Eomam ducem siultum
V celavit
monuit ducem. ea. ea ducem.
TWO
Sum
Vertis id vitio mihi
DATIVES.
with other words.
Filius est dedecori raatri
The son
is
You impute
it
a disgrace to his mother. as a fault to me.
84
NEW
EAST LATIN PRIMER.
ADJECTIVES AND THEIR CASES.

should be noted hero, that although logically the construction or Cases with Verbs and Adjectives ought to be considered under one head, it has been found convenient in this very elementary work to treat the Verbs and
It
Adjectives apart.
will
Adjectives, like Verbs, take certain give them in the following order.
1
.
Cases after them.
We
2. 3.
4.
Those Those Those Those
which take the Genitive. which take the Dative.

whiqji take the Ablative.
which take the Genitive or Ablative.
THE GENITIVE AFTER THE ADJECTIVE.

I
the Thing Measured follows words denoting such as satis, parwn, &c., and Neuter Adjectives, such quantity, as aliquid, muJtum, &c. 131.
of
The Genitive
Rex habet satis sapientia (sufficient wisdom*) Rex habet multum pecunics (much money.")
II.
Adjectives which signify

skill,
knowledge,
desire,
fear,
care,
memory,
their contraries
power,
innocence,
and
132
(I.),
133
(IT.)
take a Genitive after
them
/peritus belli. negligens (regardless of) cupidus laudis.
officii.
x est
<
potens (master of) sui conscius recti.

. ,
.
inemor
leneficii.
timidus mortis. însons mendacii (falsehood)
ADJECTIVES AND THEIR CASES.
85
THE DATIVE AFTER THE ADJECTIVE.

advantage, disadvantage,
likeness,
pleasure,
displeasure,
submission,
nearness, &c.,
105, 106.
<&e.
unlikeness,
take a Dative after them.
utilis patriiz, iuutilis exercitui.
similis deo, dissimilis patri.
Ilex est
gratus omnibus.
supplex regince.
fiuitimus (near
akin
to)
pootos
THE ABLATIVE AFTEK THE ADJECTIVE.

L
The following Adjectives take
an Ablative
119 (IX. a)
II.
As
also
the
Substantives
119 (IX. a).
opus and usus

Opus
est
mihi pecunit.
dignus, worthy ;
indignus, unworthy ; coutentus, contented ;
fretus, relying ;
praeditus,
Uaiis est miLi pecunid.
III.
endued.
Adjectives which take a Geni live or Ablative. 119 (IX. b.)

abounding, wanting,
enriching,
dignus culpd.
ex est / i n dig nus laude. \conteni\isparvo,

virtute.
depriving.
Ten a
Rex
fretus divitiis abiit
est dives
eqi(orum (or equis).
Eex
est expers
metus
(or metu).
86
NEW EASY
LATIN PROIElt.
DIFFERENT USES OF CASES. We have given the Cases as they come after Verb or Adjective. We
proceed
Cases,
now
to consider
some
of the different uses of the different
and
to give examples.
NOMINATIVE.
I.
IV.
as Subject. 93.
The Nominative
II.
Nominative, with
Comparative.
Ferrum
quam,
quam
after
Hex pugnat.
124, xiv. (i.)

cera.
est durius
Nominative put in Apposition.

90.
Nominative
(see p. 78).
after certain
Verbs
Rex,filius ducis, pugnat.

III.
VOCATIVE.
The Vocative
out
137.
dis-
Nominative used in exclamations with or without an Interjection.

138.
is
said to stand
of
the
sentence,
as
it
never
In/and iin ! Unutterable ! Ecce nova turba ! Lo I a new

turbance
1
depends on any word.

Eex, pugnas.
ACCUSATIVE.
I.
III.
Accusative of .Respect.
Accusative
Infinitive.
100.
as
93
Subject of the
(2).
Hex Hex
tremit artus.
est
nudus
lacertos,
Scio regem pugnare,
IV.
Accusatives used in Exclama-
N.B.
This will be fully explained in another place (see p. 100).
tions with or \vithout

jection.
138.
an Inter-
Me
II.
En
miserum, ivretched me 1 quatuor aras Lo,four altars

!
Accusative put in Apposition.

90.
V. Accusative, Duration of Time

102
(1).
Rex
laudat
ducem,fortem virum.
Hex
regnavit duos annos.
DIFFERENT USES OF CASES.

VI.
Accusative, Measure of Space.
102
(2).
87
VIII.
Accusative oi Place Whither*

101.
Eex
Muri erant duos pedes
Bee Ablative of Measure,
alti.
ivit
Eomam.
p.
IX.
Accusative,
with quam,
after
VII.
Accusative, after certain
positions (see
list, p.58).
Pre-
124 (xiv. 2) Comparative. Puto mortem leviorem quam dedecus.
Accusative
after
Transitive
Ecx
dixit
contra spem.
Verbs, as already mentioned.
GENITIVE.
I.
HI.
Genitive
Possessor.
of
the
127.
Author and
Ablative
(see p.
may
.)
be
also
used
88
IV.
Bex
est filius
duds.
Elliptic Genitives.
(128)
(a.)
n.
Genitive
90.
put
in
Parvi, of little value. Minoris, of less value. Minimi, of very little value.
Apposition.
Rex
est filius ducis, fortis viri.
Magni, of great value. of more value. Plurimi, of high value. Tanti, of so great value orprice.
Pluris,
HI.
Genitive
Epithet. of
128
Quality
(II.)
(with
Quanti, of what price. Maxiini. of very great price. ex em ^ ^ un ûm magni, at a great
price.
Genitive
(see
after
certain
Verbs
Rex
est vir vnagnce fortitudinis.
p.79.)and Adjectives.
DATIVE.
I.
Dative in Apposition.
90.
Eex
dat librum duci, forti viro

II.
With the exclamations, He mihi
hei, alas! vse,

!
woe !
139.
Vaa regi
III.
Dative after certain Verbs (see p.so).
104, 105, 106.
88
NEW
EAST LAT1X PRIMER.
ABLATIVE.
I.
VII.
90.
Ablative in Apposition.
Ablative of
Manner
(c )
Rex
utitur ense, telo acuto.
Rex
Excepting in a few phiases Ablative of
II.
quires
Manuer without Epithet cum.

VIII.
re-
degree.
Ablative after ibe Comparative 124 (XIV.)
Rex
est fortior duce.
Ablative of Condition,
(d.)
Rex
est fortis
mea
sententia.
in.
Ablative
after
certain
PrepoAblative of Quality with Epithet,

(e.)
sitions (see list).
122 (XII.)
Dux
After
dicebat cor
am rege.
Rex
est
some when compounded.

Rex
afciit
benigno vultx.
magistrate.,
X.
Ablative of Respect.
( /. )
IV.
Rex augitur
Ablative
tbe
of
(is distressed)
animo.
tbe
Agent takes
a,
Preposition,
ab.
122
XL
Ablative of Price,
j
CXIT. 6).
(g.)
Rex
culpatur
a regind.
Bex emit funduui magna pecunia.

XII.
Ablative of Measure,
(/t.)
V.
Ablative of Cause (a.)
Rex
est
bonus amore
virtutis.
Murus
broad.)
erat
latua
pede
(a
foot
VI.
XIII.
Ablative
of
the
Instrument.
Ablative of Matter.
(/.)
Rex
dcfendit se
manibus
Cibus ducis constat carne, &c.
ON CASES INDEPENDENT OF VERB OR ADJECTIVE.

XIV.
Ablative of Time
IP/**;*?
89
XVII.
120(X.)
The Ablative of Place

without
a
is
put
Rex pugnavit hieme. Rex veuiet biduo (in two

Romulus
vixit
Preposition,
is
13 y
when
days').
paucis annis ante Numam, multis annis post Ilonie-
the question
121
ichut road /
(XI. A.)
Rex*ibat. pvsecipiti via.
mm.
XV.
Ablative of Place
Where?
121
(XI
A)
See Locative Case, below.
XVIII.
Ablative Absolute.
(125)
est
Ri-x vixit Neapoli et postea Thebis. Ternpla patent (are open') tota urbe.
XVI.
Ablative of a
question
is
Urbe condita, Romulus factus

rex.
Town when
?
the
Whence
fugit
121 (XI. 0.)
This Ablative
ever, we
Absolute,
how-
Rex
So
Boma.
and rure.
must explain
at greater
also with cZorao
length.
LOCATIVE CASE.
I.
See Latin Primer.

Place
121 (B, a.)
Where"
is
word be
of the First or
put in a Case resembling the Genitive Singular if tho Second Declension, Singular Number; if not, in a
Case resembling the Ablative.
II.
Like to the above are used.

humi, on the ground. Coaii, at home.
121 (B,
belli
6).
at the
militias
wars
run, in the country.
Hex
est foitis
domi
et
90
NEW
EAST LATIN PRIMER.
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.*
The Latin Piimer Rule
follo\YS
:
is
as
as a Substantive), and sometimes the Relative Pronoun.
Substantive combines with a Parti-
EXAMPLE
1.
"In
eodern
quondam
et grues.
ciple in the Ablative
which
is called
prato pascebantur anseres
Absolute.
Adveniente
&c., &c.
domino
prati,
grues,'
Now this requires some explanation which a teacher will

always supply
viva voce to his
The Latin words in italics form an Ablative Absolute. Follow

the Rule given. Take the Ablative Case of the Substantive,
But some
study
of
possible pupil or class. people take up the
when
Latin
but that help Hence Books.
any derived from

explanawill,
without
domino, but put no sign to it " the saying, Domino, master;"

t;
prati,
of the field
"
;
and then
many
tions in theAuthor's
Books
of course, be passed over by those who, in a much better
the Participle (which you will find in the Ablative Case, ad " " The vi'niente, coming up." master of the field coming up,
the cranes (easily flaw away)."
2. Mures aliquando habuerunt consilium quomodo a fele caverent. Multis aliis propositis,
way,
will
make
the explanation
by word of mouth.
In turning Latin into English, the rule for construing is this :
EXAMPLE
"
omnibus placuit," &c.
Take the Ablative Case of the Substantive as if it were a Nominative

by which I mean, take putting any sign before it
it
Multis
aids
propositis
is
an
without and then
Ablative Absolute in the Plural
Number. There isno Substantive

to take, but there are two Adjectives. So we take mullis a^'/s,put-
take the Participle either directly, or as 30071 after as you can.
It
that
tive
it
noted, however, not always a Sulstanthat is used but sometimes

it is
;
must be
ting no sign before it, and say, Multis aliis, "many other things;"
propositisjz&'vmg been proposed
2ilacuit, "it
may be an
*
Adjective (used
i.e-
pleased," &c.,&c.,&c.
N.B.
Absolute,
released (absolutus) so to speak from government.
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.
91
EXAMPLE
mortem
filios
3.
"
sibi
Agricola senex quum propinquare sentiret,

fieri solet,
may
therefore be put into an
convocavit, quos, ut
Ablative Absolute, as
Hex, hostibus
victis,
iuterdum discordare noverat,
et fas-
red
bit
domum,
cem virgultorum afferri jussit. Quibus

allatis, filios hortabatur, &c. &c.
If you are my leader, I shall conquer.
Quibus
allatis
is
an Ablative
If you
are
my
leader
may be an
Absolute, the Relative Pronoun We take quibus being used. (agreeing with virgultis, underbefore stood), putting no sign " which " and ; it, say, Qidbus,
allatis,"
Ablative Absolute. Te duce, vincam.
in the Ablative
Care must be taken not to put Case a Substanhaving a participle agreeit when it forms the
Verb.
consul, departed
hortabatur,
having been brought ;" u he exhorted," &c.
tive
ing with
Sometimes instead of a Participle
subject of the
Caesar, being
another
Substantive
is
(or
made
an Adjective)
used.
We
we
shall
Ccesare duce vincemus.
CcBsar being
must not put the words made Consul as an

;
Casar, being our leader,

conquer.
Ablative Absolute
if
we
did,
we should
will
There
culty in
more diffito use when knowing

be
still
departed" without any Nominative Case.

consul,
abiit.
leave
"
Csesar factus
(not
Casara
an Ablative Absolute in turning

English into Latin.
The King, when he has conquered his enemies, will return home.
facto consule)
If,
however, we say
Ccesar, his enemies being conquered,
departed.
Here
will
it
is
said that the
King
we can put
conquered into
solute
(victis
his enemies
being
do a certain thing after another thing has been done
an Ablative Abhostibus), as
it
that he will return
home when
;
does
tive
not
form
the
Nominato the
he has conquered his enemies when he has conquered his enemits
Case or
Subject
Verb.
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER.
QUAM AFTER THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE.

" There are two ways of expressing the word " than Latin aft.T a comparative degree (124 xiv.).
I.
in
By
word quam, which is followed by any things compared being in the same case.
the
Iron
is
case, the
harder than wax.
Ferrum
est durius
quam
cera.
They say that iron is harder than wax. Dicunt ferrum esse duriorem quam ceram.
Sooner forget injuries than kindnesses. Citius obliviscere injuriarum quam leneficiorum.
II.
By
the Ablative case,

Iron
is
quam being
left out.
harder than wax.
Ferrum
est durius cera (Abl.).
I think that death is lighter than disgrace. Puto mortem esse leviorem dedecore.
But in comparison with cases other than the Nominative or Accusative quam must be used, as also where its omission
would cause any ambiguity.
I his
is
more useful
est utilius
to
me than
to you.
tibi.
Hoc
I have
mihi
quam
lost
more money than you (have).

plus pecuniae
Ego amisi
quam
tu.
He
is
richer in lands than in servants.
Est
ditior agris
quam
ministris.
SEQUENCE OF TENSES.
93
SEQUENCE OF TENSES.
One very important thing
Sequence of Tenses.
" have"), are followed Future, and Perfect (with
for a
boy
to
remember
is
the proper
The
Present,
by Present or Perfect Subjunctive, or Future Participle in rus with

bim.
The
Imperfect,
Pluperfect,
and Perfect are followed by Imperor
fect or Pluperfect Subjunctive,
Futwe
Participle in
rus with
Essem.
Queero, 1 ask.
\
>
Quseram, 1 will ash.

Quaesivi, 1
have asked.
Quid aga?, what you are doing. Quid egeris, what you did or have done. Quid acturus sis, what you are going to do.
Quserebam, I was asking.

Qusesivi, 1 asked.
,
\ (
had
asked.
Quid ageres, what you were doing. Quid egisses, what you had done. Quid acturus esses what you were about
)
to do.
Let these points also bo noted.

Dicit se amare, he says that he is loving. Dixit se amare, he said that he was loving.
Dicit se amavisse, he says that he Dixit se amavisse, he said that he
has loved, or loved.
had
loved.
Polliretur se
amahmrm
e?se,
Pollicitus est se
amaturum
etse,
he promises that he will love. he promised that he wculd love-
94
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
1.
IV
of
It
is
The Verb
The
Infinite consists
used
is
Verb -Nouns.
(1.)
what
which supply
cases to
fiuiiive.
Iii-
known
with
140
Obliquely (or in as Enuntiatio
Infinitive.
Obliqua)
Subject.
Accusative
(3);
oi
93
(2.)
(3.)
(4.)
The Gerunds The Supines

Participles.
(2).
Aiunt terram esse rotundara.
See Latin Primer, 45 (II.)

II.
V.
The
Infinitive
with
the
GeIt
is
runds, Participles, and Supine in itm, governs the same cases

as the Verb Finite.
142 (HI.)
used in narration for a

140
(2).
Finite Verb.
Dux Dux
vult obedire rtiagistro.
Fors omnia regere. Chance governed all things.
cupidus est obediendi magistro,

III.
VI.
The
Infinitive
is
often
used
as a Substantive for the
NomiCase.
It is
native
140
(I.)
or
Accusative
used to carry on the construction of a Verb or Ad140

(4).
jective.
Discere (Norn ) est difficile.
Puer
dic't
(calls
miserum mori
Ptiir voluit discere
(Ace.)
multa Puer paratus (ready) discere multa
GEKUNDS AND SUPINES.
GERUNDS.
I.
IV.
There are three Gerunds ending in dum, di, do, reckoned as part of the Verb Infinite, and,
The GmltivB Gerund

to Substantives
is
joined
and Adjectives.
141
(2).
mentioned above, forming as it were cases when the Inas

finitive is
Rex
didicit
Rex
est cupidus
artem scribendi. bene scribendi.
declined as a Verbal
V.
Substantive.
II.
The Dative Gerund Nouns and Verbs

called
is
joined to
(3.)
141
These Gerunds are

1.
Puer dat ope ram discendo.
Accusative
loving.
iu
dum, Amandwm,
2.
3.
Genitive in di, AmantK, of loving. Dative or Ablative in do, Amando, to or for or by loving.
III.
The
cause
AbJativ3
Gerund
or
is
is
of
or manner,
used
(4.)
with a Preposition.
141
The
Accusative
Gerund
is
(1.)
Puer Puer
ando.
discit
docendo.
vincit
joined to Prepositions. 141 Puer natus est ad agendum.
pugnando.
de spoli-
Reges rixantur
(quarrel)
SUPINES.
I.
II.
There are two Supines called 1. Supine in urn, Amatww, to love.

3.
tive Passive of eo,
to yo,
forms
the
Infinitive
of the
(5 a.)
Future
Supine in u, Amatw, to be loved.
Passive.
141
Dux
II.
sperat proelia non
pugnatum iri
The
Supine
in
after
um
is
an
of
III.
Accusative
;
Verbs
motion it is thus equivalent to " ut" with the Subjunctive.

141
(5.)
The Supine in u
opus
follows the in-
declinable Substantives/as,?7<?/fls
&
certain Adjectives,
&
is
Puer
it
(goes) dormitum,
an AbL of Respect. 141
(6.)
This
Supine, which is the
used with
Present
m,
Difficile est dictu. It is difficult to say, or to be said, or
Infini-
in saying.
96
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER.
PARTICIPLES.
I.
2.
There are Four

1.
Participles.
ens, as
2.
Present in ans or
The Participle in dus (Gerundive) is formed from the present Participle by throwing away s and adding dus, as amans, amandus
;
Am ans,
2.
monens.
regens, regencies.
Participle in dus (the

Amano'ws.
Ge-
The Perfect Participle is formed from the Supine in um by

changing um into us, as araatum, amatws ; rectum, rectws. The Future Participle is formed
rundive), as
us, as
4.
3.
Perfect in
from the Supine

ing
rus, as
in
u by add-
Amattts.
4.
amatw, amaturws;
seen that
the
Future
are
for
in rus, as
rectw, recturws.
Amaturws.
N.B.
It will
lie
"before
They
order
arranged in this the sake of their
Participles can lie formed in this ivay the Supines must be known.
II.
being more easily formed, as

follows
1.
:
These
Participles
are
also
classed in another
way
The Present Participle is formed from the present tense by chang-
Two Two
Active
1
.
amans ;
ing o into ans or ens, as amo, rego, regens.
2.
Present in ans or ens. Future in rus.
Passive.
1. 2.
N.B. In the Second Congngation it will be by changing eo into ens, as moneo, monen*.
Perfect in us. Participle in dus.
THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE.

I.
I
II.
The
Present Participle
is
used
|
in Latin Prose to express con-
to express a single instantaneous action,

It
must not be used
tinuous action, as
as
his books
The boy went, carrying

with him. Puer ibat gerens suos
Drawing his sword ( really, ''having drawn his sword"), the Icing
attacked the enemy.
libros secum.
That is, he was carrying his books all the time he was goiug.
Euse
stricto
(or)
btrinxisset (not
quum ensem ensem stiingens)
rex impetum
fecit in hostes.
PARTICIPLES.
III.
97
2.
The
to
pupil will
hardly require
be reminded that though

3.
Of hunting be the Genitite Gerund, Venor the VenaSubstantive andi;

will
tionis.
The love of hunting.
the ending of the Present Participle, yet that a word

ing is
"ing" and yet not be translated by a Present Par-
may end
ticiple in
1.
in
We learn by teaching. By teaching will, of course be the Ablative Gerund.
Latin, as
is
PARTICIPLE IN BUS.
Learning by the In-
useful. here will be translated

finitive
Learning
This has been fully explained

as
Mood,
discere.
The Gerundive,
pp. 98, 99.
THE PERFECT PARTICIPLE

I.
PASSIVE.
The
Perfect Participle Passive
is
Ceesar,
Brutus having been made
the one most frequently found

in Latin, as
consul, departed. CaBsar, Bruto facto consule, abiit.

II.
Amatus
loved, having
been loved.
ticiple
It is also the
Parthe
generally used in Ablative Absolute.

CcBsar having been
parted. Csesar factus consul
made
abiit.
consul de-
must remember that Intrasitive Verbs have no Per/. Part. Pass., such as "ventus" from "venio," and that the Perf. Part, of a Depoment Verb, means having (and not having been), as usus, having used from utor.
We
FUTURE PARTICIPLE.
I.
II.
:
The Future Part

in
always ends
is
sum
to
form the Future
Infini-
urus
and
to,"
"
the English
tive Active.
"about
"going
to,"
"in' '
tending to, "and also simply

Amaturue,
to
to"
Puer
The boy said that he would come. dixit se venturum esse.

III.
about
"
to love," with, of course, simply, a future meaning.
love," "
" to love" going intending to love," or
This Future Part :
is
sometimes
used to express a purpose instead

of ut with the Subjunctive.
II.
This
Future
Part
is
used
The boy goes away

father.
to consult his
with the Infinitive of the
Verb
Puer
abit consulturus patrem.
98
KEW EAST
LATIN PRIMER.
THE GERUNDIVE.
III.
The Gerundive is another name, and no doubt a more correct one, for the old-fashioned Participle
When
turned
the word must has to be

into
Latin
we
must
in
dus.
It is
of like
generally use the Gerundive in agreement with the Substantive,
form with the Gerund, hence

the
provided the Verb governs

144 (IV.
2.)
name
Gerundive.
in
It
is
an
Accusative.
sometimes used
place of the
Gerund
Puer
est studioeus
is
The gate must be shut. Porta claudenda est. The food must
Gibus sunieudus
be taken.
est.
The boy
audiendi patrem. very desirous of hearing
his father.
Here we have the Genitive Gerund with the Accusative

Case after
it,
The state must be ruled. itespublica regenda est
but instead of
this the Gerundive
may be
used.
IV.
put our Substantive in the case we want it to be (here

his father will
We
When
the Gerundive of neuter
be the Genitive) and make our Gerundive agree

it.
or intransitive Verbs, as "live," " die," has to be used, it must
with
Puer
143.
Bex
This
est studiosus patris audiendi. interfeclus est iu liberandd
be used Impersonally in the neuter Gender with "est," and what might be supposed to be
the Nominative
urbe.
is
Case
is
to be
144
called
the
Gerundive
turned into
(IV,
the
Dative.
Attraction, and should only be used when the Verb governs
a.)
the Accusative.
"We must live well. Beue vivendum est nobis.
H.
The English of the Gerundive " is to " is with sum is be," meet to be," " must be."
Amandnsest, He
be loved, is
is to be loved,
must live well. Beae vivendum c-st mihi.

1
He must live well. Beue vivenduiu est

The boy must
illi.
must
live well
meet
to be loved,
Puero bene vivendum est
THE GERUNDIVE.
V. VII.
99
When
means
ral"
the English Nominative ";<?," or "people in gene-
Let the pupil study well these sentences, of which we give

both the Latin and the English. We must labour. Laborandum est (aobis). The wicked must die.
Improbis
it is
generally
live well.
left
out
We must
Beae vivendum efat (nobis). We must die. Moriendum est (nobis).
monendum
believe.
est.
VI.
We must
comes from a Verb which governs the Dative Case (as credo), the sentence is a little more puzzling, as there will then be two DaIf this .Gerundive
Credendum est (nobis). We must believe the wise. Credendum est sapientibus.
We must read
(Dat. of Object). the book.
Liber legendus est nobis,
tives
in
the
after
sentence
the
the
Dative
Gerundive
Dative
the
of
We must fear the wicked Improbi nobis tiinendi sunt. The wicked must fear.
Improbis metueudum
est.
(Agent) and the the Object after

144 (IV.
1,
Verb.
the boys. Ignosceiiduin est pueris

(Dat. of Object.)
We must pardon
&).
We must
believe
good people.
VIII.
" Must" and
"
i.e.,
ought," are to
Good people must be Credendum est nobis

bu3.
believed by us. bonis homini-
be expressed in Latin, however, sometimes by the Impersonal
Verb
in
oportet
to
But
where
times
instances of this kind, the sense would be
We
ougbt
we must
"believe
you
Oportet DOS credere vobis.
doubtful,
the
agent
is
some-
Or by
necesse est, it is necessary,
expressed with the Ablative, as
by a or ab
our parents. Necesse est nobis parere parentibus.
We must obey
IX.
nobis credendum est bonis hominibus.
There are
yet,
however, other
is
Sometimes, however, the agent may be left out (see v,) where its omission can cause no ambiguity, and the sentence stand,
senses in which must
used,
and the Latin
will therefore
be
Credcudum
est bonis hominilius.
altogether different You must hear me, i.e., nothing shall prevent your hearing me. Nihil obstabit quominus audias mp.
100
NEW
EASY LATIN PKIMER.
ACCUSATIVE CASE AND INFTNITIVE MOOD.

This form of
that of the
is
expression, like Ablative Absolute,
As with the
it
Ablative Absolute
will
be well to take this as

learn
beginners very slow to learn, but a few words of explanation and example should make it
are
plain.
also
one which
found in Latin, that the Pupil
may
strue
first
it
how
sees
to
it
conin a
will
when he
Sentence.
Latin
This
enable him also to

to
tion
know how
This Accusative and Infinitive

is
or
called Enuntiatio ( bliqua Oblique (Indirect) Enuncia-
turn the Oblique Enunciainto Latin, though here

difficult thing be to know when to use
again the more

will
tion,
or statement.
is
is
the Accusative and Infinitive,
The Latin Primer Rule

"The
Subject put in the Accusative."
of
and when
to
use ut with the
an
Infinitive
Subjunctive Mood.
It
having been just previously

The
Subject of a Finite Verb Nominative."
Let us look
following
carefully at
the
see
it.
stated that
*
is
sentence,
and
how we ought
a
to construe
Vidernus
aves
auctumno
in
alias
And
are
the two examples
it
gives
terras migrare.
We
Anni
fugiunt.
see that birds migrate into other
Tears
It
flee,
lands in autumn.
flee.
is
Constat annos fugere. that years
evident
(Latin Primer, 93.
1,
2.)
Here we have an Accusative Case (fives), and an Infinitive
example we have Verb (fugiunt) with and the Nominative (mini) the second example we in have the Infinitive Verb (Verb
In the
first
Mood
(migrare).
We
take vide*
Finite
mus, according to the old, but
never-to-be-forgotten, rule " Take the Nominative Case,

first,
and, if there
Verb,
;"
is
in
the
Infinitive
Mood) with
take the
and put
then
not one, in a
will
the Accusative annos.
Nominative
we
ACCUSATIVE CASE AND INFINITIVE MOOD.

take
as
101
aves,
the
Accusative
then in
Latin
the Accusative
Case, and Subject of the Infinitive Mood migrare ; before

the Accusative. Case,
with Infinitive is used, as-^

1.
we
will
put
is
in
the
most
They say (as a matter of fact that the earth is round.

Aiunt TEKRAM BSSE rotundam,
It
is certain (as a matter of fact) that the earth moves round the sun.
important
3.
word "THAT"; and, as migrare

Present Infinitive, we will construe it as if it were the Third Person Plural of the
the
Constat TEEKAM MOVERI circum

solem.
3.
Present
Indicative
videmus,
We
that
believe
(as a
we
see
aves that birds migrare
God
is
the
matter of fact) Creator of all
things.
migrate.
Credimus DEUM ESSB Creatoron
omnium rerum.
In
into
birds
turning such a Sentence
Latin
migrate,
We
we
see
that
But we enter
larly
more
the
into
this in
particufollow-
leave
out
word "that" turn what might be the Nominative into the Accusative, and put the Verb in the Infinitive Mood
the
;
we ing pages, which with the word ** THAT."
head
Reverting,
however,
for
instead
of,
as learners
might
moment
to the
mode
of con-
think they were to do, using " ut " with the Subjunctive.
struing such sentences as
we
But here
difficulty
sometimes
the
is
the
have given, we see that in all these we have first to put in "that" take the the word
Accusative Case as
a Nominative, then
Infinitive
it,
knowing when to use the Accusative and In" ut " finitive, and when to use
with the Subjunctive.
if
it
were
the
take
Mood and
construe
The
ex-
as
if it
were the Indicative
planation however that seems most satisfactory is
When
in
before the
word "
that
"
And as in the first Mood. and third sentences the Accusative comes before esse (as the Subject), we take care to
have the Accusative after
(as the
esse
English you can insert the words "as a matter of fact,"
Complement).
102
NEW
EAST LATIN PRIMER.

"
"THAT" AND
There are two common ways " THAT " of in expressing
Latin
1.
UT."
II.
" Ut"
with
is
the
Subjunctive
generally
however,
Accusative and Infinitive.
after
used
We hear that the boy is sick. Audinius puerum esse segium.

2.
Accidit, it "happens.
Reliquurn
est, it
remains.
Sequitur, it follows.
"Ut"
with the Subj.

he has learned
The boy
is so idle that
And many
other like words.
nothing.
Puer est tarn ignavus wYdidiceritnihil.
But when
to express that by the Accusative and Infini" ut" with tive, and when by
*'
"
Accidit ut puer puniatur. Beliquura e^t ut puer eat domum. Sequitur ut puev sit domi.
III.
the
Subjunctive,
is
no doubt
give here
rules
very puzzling.
We
When "to," the ordinary sign of the Infinitive, can be turned

into
it
some
very
simple
and
"that,"
"in order
that,"
explanations.
I.
be rendered by
Subjunctive, as
expresses a purpose and must " ut " with the
Use
Verbs
the Ace. and Infin. after

of
saying,
thinking,
perceiving,
The boy was

(i.e.,
sent to school to learn
knowing,
hearing,
that, in order that, he might learn, i.e., for the purpose of learn-
&c
and with such words as

manifestum
&C.
est,
ing)-
constat,
fS/,
Jama
Fuer missus est ad ludum utdisceret.
&C.,
IV.
The boy says The bey thinks
It is evident
\
that he has learned many things well.
II is certain] that the boy has learned

>
" such," with the Subjunctive is used to

After
"so" and "
many
things well.
express a consequence.
Fuer
dicit
Filer putat
Se didicisse multa beue.

didicisse multa bene.
The boy
is so idle that
he has learned
nibil
nothing.
Uoost.it
puerum
Fuer est tarn ignavus ut didiceri
THAT
V.
AND " UT.

VIII.
103
" is also used The word " that after Verbs of doubting, if preceded by a negative or a question, &c.,
inwbich case
it
must
be translated by "quin," and " quin" takes the Subjunctive

;
" ne " "that not" by "ut," as I fear that the boy will not come.
Vereor ut puer veniat.
With words of fearing, "ne"and "ut" seem to exchange places ; " that" must be translated by
There
Who
Non
no doubt f fas mother very doubts

is
*
***
J fear
that the boy will come, i.e

lest
the b
lovcs
am afraid
he come.
Vereor ne puer veniat.
much.
est dulium QuisduUtat
IX.
\ v
em
valdo.
After words rance
VI.
expressing hinduse quominus with the
" that not " can be turned into " lest,' it is called
When
Subjunctive,
What
Quid
prevents the boy from going

?
home
a negative PURPOSE, and must be translated by "ne."

is sent to school that he may not be ignorant of letters. Puer mittitur ad ludura ne (that not,
obstat
quominus
puer
eat
domum ?
X.
It
The boy
has been said that when
lesf) sit
ignarus literarum.
is
it
But when "that not"

ko
used
"that" introduces a purpose, " must be translated by " ut
express
a negative CONSE-
QUENCE, "ut non"mustbe used.
with the Subjunctive ; but sometimes the idea of purpose is not

clearly brought out in the
Eng-
He was
so idle as not to learn
many
lish sentence, as, e.g., after the
things.
Erat tainignavus utnondisceretmults.
VerbsAdvise,
ask,
VII.
command (not jubeo),

strive (not couor),
When
in
Exhort, beg,
there
the
a comparative dependent clause, the

is
word " that
must be translated by "quo," and requires

the Subjunctive, as
"
where, nevertheless, a purpose is and therefore " ut "

implied, with the Subjunctive
is
used,
as
Moneo
Impero
te
ut bene vivas.
to live well.
The boy is punished that he may be the more industrious.

Puer punitur quo
sit diligentior.
I advise you
tibi
ut bene vivas.
to live well.
I command you
104
NEW EASY LATIN
PRIMER.
OBLIQUE STATEMENT.
Oblique Statement is ordinarily formed by the Infinitive Clause (Accusative with Infinitive) and depends on an Impersonal Verb, or a Verb of declaring, thinking, perceiving, &c.
An
In Oblique Statement
Infinitive
all
Mood, whereas
the principal Verbs will stand in the all the Subordinate Verbs, i.e., the
Verbs in the Subordinate Clauses (provided they express the words and opinions of the original speaker) will be in the
Subjunctive.
Caesar " Plura stint" inquit "qu
volo dicere
tibi."
(Direct.)
to
Ccesar said,
l '
There are more things which I wish
mention
to
you?
;
Here Sunt
is the principal Verb and Volo the Subordinate Verb therefore in Oratio Obliqua the sentence will run thus
Ceesar dixit plura esse qnee vellet dicere ei. (Oblique.) Ccesar said, that there were more things which he wished to mention to
him.
QUI.
Qui requires the Subjunctive when there
(1.)
is
implied
In order that, monerem.

Pudet
that,
Litteras scrips! quibus
= tu
iis)
puerum.
(2.) Since,
me
tui qui
= quum tu) tarn
ignavus
sis.
(3.)
Such
Sunt qui
Ego, qui
(=
ejnsmodi ut) discant multa.

ego) senex sim, disco multa.
(4.) Although,
(= quamvis
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
105
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
pages might here be written on the Subjunctive Mood, but we will be content with giving the principal conjunctions which are followed by the Subjunctive Mood.
Many
I.
CONSECUTIVE
; quin, but that. The boy is so foolish that he knows nothing. Puer est ita stultus ut nihil sciat.
ut, so that
There
is
Non
est
no doubt but that these things are true. base vera sint. Who is there who does not weep ?
dubium quin ( = ut non)

(
Quis est quin
II.
FINAL
I
ut, in order that.
Quo, in order
that.
ne,
lest,
that not.
i.e.
will strive to conquer,
in
Quominus, bat that. order that I may conquer.

lest
Enitar ut vincam. I will strive that you may not conquer (i.e. Enitar ne vlncas.
you should).
may conquer the more easily. Enitar quo facilius vincam. What hinders me from conquering (i.e. but that I may conquer) Quid obstat quominus ( = ut eo minus) vincam f
will strive in order that I
III.
CAUSAL
quum,
since.
Since these things are so, I will go. Quse quum ita sint, ibo.
IV.
CONDITIONAL
The general
Dum, modo, dummodo, provided

ivill
Dux
that. conquer provided that he fears nothing.

vincet
dum
V.
nihil metuat.
CONCESSIVE
Licet, quamvis, ut, although. Although those things are true, I mill not go. Ut ea vera sint non ibo.
VI.
COMPARATIVE
Tanquam,
talk as
if
ceu, velut, quasi, as
if.
I were foolish. Loqueris tanquam stultus sim.
You
106
NEW EAST LATIN
PRIMER.
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
I.
III.
Conjugation.
Impersonal Verbs are those which have no Personal Pro-
Accidit, it happens.
noun
as Subject, and are used only in the Third Person Sin-
Contingit, it befalls Ningit, it snows. Plait, it rains.
Lucescit, it dawns.
gular (Ind. and Conj.) and in the Infinitive Mood.

It hails, grandinat. It vexes me, me piget.
Vesperascit, it grows lats.
IV. Conjugation.
Convenit, it suits. Evenit, it turns out.
For the Conjugation of Impersonal Verbs see pp. 61, 62, of the Latin Primer
.
Expedit,
it is
expedient.
Irregular.
Interest, it imports. Befert, it concerns.
II.
III.
The
greater
number of the Im-
personal Verbs are of the second

conjugation.
that are
We
give
those
and also, Verbs which take a Dative Case after them if used in the PasIntransitive
Verbs
most commonly used.

/.
siveVoice, are used impersonally There is playing by me, or I play.

Luditur a me.
Conjugation.
I
Delectat, it delights.
am
believed.
Creditur mihi.
Juvat, it delights. Constat, it is evident, Tonat, it thunders.
IV.
The Neuter
of the Gerundive
is
Fulgurat,
it lightens.
it
Grandinat,
II.
hails.
often used impersonally. I must play. There must be playing by me. Ludendum est mihi.
Conjugation.
it
Oportet,
behoves.
V. In using Impersonal Verbs the

different persons,
7,
thoit,
lie,
Decet, it becomes. Dedecet, it is unseemly.

Figet, it irks.
&c.,
are
Pudet,
it
shames.
different
expressed by the cases the Verbs
Pcenitet, it repents.
take after them.
Taedet, it disgusts. Miseret, it moves pity.

Libet, it pleases. Licet, it is lawful.
The
following are used with the Accusative Case

Decet.
Juvat.
Oportet. Miseret.
Teedet.
Piget.
Pcenitet.
Liquet,
it is clear.
Dedecet.
Delectat.
Attinet, it relates.
Pertinet,, it belongs.
Pudet.
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
1Q7
Oportet
Oportet
me
ire, it
behoves
me
you
to go, or
I ought
you
he
to go.
Oportetteire
eum ire
&c.
him
&o
VI.
&c.
&G.
The
following are used with the Dative Case

Licet.
Libet.
Accidit.
Contingit.
Evenit.
Convenit.
Expedit.
as
Licet mi hi
ire. it is
allowed
me to
you him
go, or
I may
you
he
<&o.
go.
Licet
tibi ire
ei ire
Licet
,,
&c.
&c.
&c.
YIT.
impersonally in the Passive Voice sometimes have the Ablative and Preposition, to express
Intransitive
Verbs when used
the person,
as
"by
Luditur a me, there is playing Luditur a te ,, Luditur ab eo

&e.
&c.
,,
you
&c.
me, or I flay. you play.

he plays.
&c.
him
But
this Ablative is often left out.
VIII.
Interest, refert, are
used with the Genitive as also with the Pos129 (III.

).
sessive Cases, mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra.
Regis interest facere recte. Regis refert facere recte, It imports (it concerns) the king to act rightly.
II. See also p. et mea interest te valere, your interest and mine that you should
Et tua
It
is
both to
be well.
IX.
The Impersonals
Pulgurat, it lightens. Tonat, it thunders.
Pluit, it rains.
Grandinat,
Ningit,
it
it hails.
Luscescit, it dawns. Vesperascit, it gets late
snows
are of course not used with any Personal or other Object.
108
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER.
MODE OF ASKING QUESTIONS.

The Interrogative Pronoun "quis
Quis homo
est ?
"
asks a question, as
Who
is
the
man
?
?
Qua
sunt
illae
puellse ?
Who
are those girls

?
Quid agis ? What are you doing ? Quid est nomen tibi? What is your name Cujus est hie liber? Whose is this book ?
Such words
also, as
?
Quando, when
Ubi,
When
? ?
?
Quo, whither ? Quorsum, whitherward
Quamdiu, how long

Quoties,
how
?
often
Unde, whence ? Qua, which way

Quatenus,
?
*
Ubi, where
how far
Quousque, hou far ?
are all of
them Interrogates, but they can ask only
particu-
lar questions, as
Quo curds ?
Quando
Whither do you run ? When will you return ? Quoties dixisti hoc ? How often have you said
redibis ?
&e.,
&.c.,
this ?
&c.
1.
But
in
used, in
much
asking questions in Latin the word ne is frequently the same way that we use the note of Interro;
gation in (?) English
no English Do you
is
to
be given to
it,
as
Videsne, puer?
see,
boy ?
MODE OF ASKING QUESTIONS,

II.
109
IV,
If there is
a nan in the sen-
When
(or
there
is
tence ne will
come
at the
end
tion asked, Utrum,
a double ques"whether,"
is
of non, and will non>^, as
thus
make
nwn
or ne),
used, fol-
lowed by an, " or,"
as^
puella
dili-
Nonne
est puer diligens ? Is not the boy industrious ?
Utrum
"Whether
est
?
puer
an
gentior
From
the very wording of the
is the ?
boy or the girl more
sentence, it will be seen that the answer "yes" is expected
industrious
Utrum need
translated, as
to say
not,
it is
nonne therefore
however, be
quite
is
said to be
a sign of a question
when
enough
the
answer "yes"
is
expected.
Is the boy or girl
more industrious 1
III.
Num
"no"
is is
put when the answer
expected, and, like nc, must not be translated, as
Neither, indeed, need be put in in Latin, but be left out in the same
Utrum
it
may
as
way
"whether"
lish, for it
Num est puer diligens ?

Is the boy industrious ?
out in Engmatters not whether

is
left
we say
answer
the
Here,
however,
being
the
"no"
question
to
Utrum
gentior
est
?
puer
an
puella
dili-
expected,
may be
this
turned so as
or
Est puer an puella diligentior
?
show
and the words
rendered not simply

Is the boy industrious f
V.
to
which
"yes" or
no"
In indirect questions the Verb

is is
applicable, but
put in the Subj.
Mood
The boy
to
is
not industrious, is he ?
it
He asks who you are.

Eogat quis
sis-
which
is
clearly
seen
is
He
that the
pected.
answer
"no"
asks whether the boy or girl more industrious.

utrura
is
ex-
Rogat
puer
an
puella
sit
di.igentior
110
NEW
EAST LATIN PEIMER.
PRONOUNS.
There are Eight kinds of Pronouns
1.
4.
Demonstrative
1.
Is,
that (he, she,
it).
Personal.
Reflexive.
5.
Definitive.
2. 3. 4.
Hie, this (near me),

Ille,
2.
3. 4.
6. Relative.
7.
that (yonder).
Possessive.
Interrogative.
5.
Iste, that
(near you).
Demonstrative.
8. Indefinite.
Definitive
Idem, same.
Ipse, self.
1.
1.
2.
Personal Pronouns are 3. Nos, We. Ego, I.

Tu, Thou.
4.
Vos, Ye.
6.
Relative
Qui,
2.
ReflexiveBe
(sese), himself, herself, itself,
who
or which.
7.
themselves.
8.
1. 2. 3.
Interrogative
Quis,
who
or
what
Possessive
Meus, my, mine.
Tuus, thy, thine, your. Suus, his own, her own, &c.
Cujus, a, um, Noster, our.
Vester, your.
8.
Indefinite
Quis,
any
one.
4. 6.
N.B.
6.
2 D's, 2 I's, 2 E's, 2 P's, Will give the Pronouns eight with ease.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
II.
But
this
Personal
Pronoun
The Personal Pronouns,

tu,
ego,
is
not
nos,
vos,
and the Demon-
except
generally expressed, for the purpose of
Pronouns, ille, illi, are sometimes used as the Nominastrative

tive
Case
to the
Verb where no
is
emphasis. J am walking in the garden, Ambulo (not ego ambulo) in horto.

III.
other Nominative
expressed
or evidently understood.
But
if
I wish
to
show some
distinction
between what /
am
else
Amo
Anias
means Ego amo, I

,, ,,
love.
lovest.
Amat
amas, Ille amat,
Tu
Thou
doing and what somebody is doing, I must use ego.

I
He
loves.
am walking
domo.
in the garden, you are

in horto,
Amamus
Arnatis
Amant
Nos amamus, We love. Vos aiuatts, Ye love. Illi aiuant, They love.
sitting in the house.
Ego ambulo
tu sedes
in
PRONOUNS.
Ill
EEFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.
The Reflexive Pronoun
often misunderstood,
fore misplaced.
se
is
In the
is
first
sentence the
man
and there-
speaking of himself, so we must use " se." In the second

sentence the
man is
speaking of
The master said

writing.
TJte
'that
he
the boy, so
we must use "eum."
master praised the boy and said " that he " was good.
Magister dixit se scribere. Magister laudavit puerum et dixit
eum
esse
bonum.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
III.
The Possessive Pronouns,

stantives,
like
Adjectives, agree with their Sub-
and THAT ALONE.
reading his book. She was reading her book. They were reading their book.
He was
Note that you" in English is both singular and plural tu and " your" is both and vos " tuus" "and be care;
'
tester,"
ful
Must
be
all
turned into suum

II.
whether you are speaking to, or of one person or more than
one.
librum,
Notice the difference between

ejits,
Wliat are you doing,
my my
boy
and
suus.
his
Quid agis, puer ?
What
(own) book.
his brother
et lege-
are you doing,
boys
The boy was reading
Puer legebat suum librum.
Quid
agitis, pueri ?
The boy was sitting near and reading his book.

bat ejus
(i.e.,
Soldier, hasten your flight.
Miles,
matura tuam fugam.

maturate vestram fugam.
Puer sedebat prope fratrem
Soldiers, hasten your flight.

Milites,
his brother's) librum.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
The
and
hie
distinction
isle
between
hie, ille
:
must be remembered means " this near me," ille
Boy, do you see this book J Videsne hunc librum, puer ?
"that yonder, "pointing at something at some distance, and istc, "that of yours, or that by you."
Boy, give me that book (yonder). Da mihi ilium librum, puer.

Boy, give
me
that book of yours
near you).
Da
rnitii
^st^tm librum puer
112
NEW
EAST LATIN PRIMER.
PREPOSITIONS.
I.
III.
The Preposition must stand

1.
Either immediately before the word that it governs.
not used ordinarily " for with," unless it may be

is
Cum
2.
Or before the Adjective agreeing

with that word.
"
turned into " together with," along with,"

The
Icing
3.
Or before a Genitive depending

on that word.
went with (together with)
his legions.
Milites ibant trans agros hostium.
Milites
ibant
trans fertiles
agros
Rex ivit cum legionibus. The king fought with his sword.
hostium.
Milites ibant trans hostium fertiles agros.
Rex pugnavit
gladio.
Tenus,
however, follows
its
case, which is sometimes a So also do versus Genitive. and versum.

II.
In (in) is used before ordinary words, but not before a name of a Town, or a Noun denoting Time when, as
The king was
sitting in the garden.
Rex sedebat in
horto.
A, ab for by is used of an Agent, but not to express the instrument.

The The
The king was fighting in Italy. Rex pugnabat in Italia.

The king was
(i.e.
living in Carthage
man was
at Carthage). Rex vivebat Carthagine.

is intense.
killed
by me.
(agent)
.
Vir occisus est a
me
In winter the cold
man was
is
Hieme
In,
killed
by a
frigus est
it is
stone.
magnum.
Vir occisua est lapide (instrument).
when
followed by the
rest in
Ad
of
I
used after Verbs of motion, but not before names
Abl. signifies
Sedeo in domo.
In,
Towns, etc. He was going

He was
when
it is
followed by the
to the city.
Ibat ad urbem.
going to Rome. Ibat Romam.
Ace., signifies motion into, or on to or to,

Festino in
domum.
For
list
of Prepositions, see p. 58.
END OF PART
II.
PART
III.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
PART
III.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
PAGE
14.
1.
2. 3.
Irregular Verbs, Conj. I. Irregular Verbs, Conj. II.

Irregular Verbs,' Conj. III.
(a)
(b)
(c)
117
117
Perfect
at, xi,
si,
Snp ne
, ,
turn
119
119 119
xum sum
turn
Verbs with no Perfect 15. Verbs with no Supine 16. Verbs with neither Perfect nor Supine 17. Verbs with two Supines
. . .
132 133
134
.134
18.
(d)
(e)
si,
120
120
psi,
ui,
ptum
turn
19.
(/)
(g)
(/i)
120
121 121
more Supines from .135 Supines somewhat similar

or
Two
the same Verb
(i)
(fc)
No Supine Supine turn with Reduplication r Supine turn, sum Perfect di, Supine sum
ui,
in,
-
from
20. Perfects
different Verbs
136
somewhat similar that come from different

137
.
122 123 123
Verbs
21. Principal Inceptive Verbs
1.
(I)
Compounds
of do
139
(m) Verbs that cannot be arranged under previous
headings
4.
5. 6.
123
io of
2. 3.
With Perfect and Supine. With Perfect only.

Without Perfect or Supine.
Verbs in
Conj. III. Irregular Verbs, Conj. IV.
Principal Neuter Verbs . 7. Principal Verbs both Active

8.
124 125 125

126
22. Frequentative 23. Desiderative 24. 25.
and Neuter Deponent Verbs

1. 2.
26.
Regular
Irregular
127
128
27.
9.
Verbs .140 Verbs 140 141 Impersonal Verbs Impersonate relating to the weather 142 Specimen of an Impersonal Verb in full .112 Anomalous Verbs 142
.
.
.
Quasi-Passives
and
Semi. .
28.
Deponents
10.
11.
Compounds
of
Sum
Eo
12.
13.
Verbs similar in spelling with different meanings!32

.
129 130 130 131
29.
.... .143 Irregularities of Edo Defective Verbs .... 143

.
.
30. Fari, to speak
145
31. Age, Ave, etc 145 32. Irregular Verbs (alphabetically
arranged)
....
146-151
113
PART
It is to be noted
III.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
*
throughout that forms thus marked
occur only in compounds.
IRREGULAR VERBS
Crepo
crepui
CONJUGATION
lie.
I.
Cubo
cubui
crepitum cubitum
creak.
Domo
Mico
Plico
domui
micui
*plicui
domitum
*plicitum
tame.
glitter,
fold.
Sono Tono
Veto
Seco
sonui
toiiui
vetui
sonitum tonitum yetitum
sound.
thunder,
forbid.
cut.
secui
sectum
Do
Sto
dedi
steti
datum
statum
give.
stand.
Juvo Lavo
jiivi
lavi
jutum lotum
help.
wash.
IRREGULAR VERBS
Deleo Fleo *Pleo
delevi
flevi
CONJUGATION
deletum
fletum
II.
blot out*
weep.
fill.
*plevi
*pletum
Neo
Ardeo
Fulgeo Hsereo
nevi
arsi
fulsi heesi
netum
arsum
heesum
spin.
take fire.
glitter.
stick.
Jubeo
jussi
jussum
117
command.
118
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VERBS.
Maneo
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VEKBS.
119
CONJUGATION III.
All the Verbs of the Third Conjugation are of themselves
BO irregular that they require to be classed in as the following.
I.
some such way
PERFECT
arc,
SUPINE
turn.
Cingo
120
Lsedo

Colo
colui
121
till.
Consulo
consului
cultum consultum
*cubifcum
consult.
lie
*Cumbo Exuo Fremo
*cubui
exui
down.
off.
exutum
fremitnm
put
fremui
murmur.
groan.
Gemo
Grigno
genmi
genui
gemitam
genifcum
produce.
tinge.
Imbuo
Induo
imbai
indui
lui
imbutum indutum
luitum
put
on.
Lao Minuo
Occulo
wash, atone.
lessen.
minui
occului
minutum
occnltum
posifcum
hide.
Pono
posui
rui
place.
Ruo
Sero
Statuo
Strepo
semi
statui
f rutum sertnm statutum

strepitum
rush, fall.
join.
set
up.
Texo
Tribuo
strepui texui
tribui
roar.
Vomo
t
vomui
460
;
textum tributum voniitum
weave.
assign.
vomit.
The Primer
iv.
Met.
gives ruitum as supine, and ruiturum occurs in Ovid, but Andrews gives rutum. Cf . obrutus.
VII. PERFECT
ui,
NO SUPINE.
fear.
Metuo
metal
nui
Nao
Tremo
Volo
nod.
tremble.
tremui
volui
wish.
VIII. PERFECT
Arcesso
vi,
SUPINE
turn.
122
CONJUGATION OP LATIN VERBS.
Pasco
123
X. PERFECT
di,
SUPINE sum.
*Cando
Edo
124
Solvo 1
Velio 2

solvi
Verto Vinco Volvo 1

1
vi, Supine but they only make vi because there is a v in the present. This because it also makes vulsi has been included in those making Perfect si, Supine sum (see p. 4).
These might have been included in those making Perfect
turn,
2
125
IRREGULAR V^BBS
Aperio
Operio
Salio
CONJUGATION IV.
apertum opertum
saltum
open,
cover,
aperui
operui
salui
sepelivi
leap,
"bury.
Sepelio
sepultum
sanctum,
Sancio
sanxi vinxi
consecrate.
Vincio
Fulcio
vinctum
fultum
bind.
fulsi
Haurio
Sarcio
Seepio
hausi
sarsi
ssepsi
haustum sartum
seeptum
sen sum
prop. drain.
mend.
in.
Sentio
sensi
feel.
Comperio
Reperio
comperi
repperi veni
compertmn
repertum ventum
find, discover.
Venio
come.
PEINCIPAL NEUTER VERBS.

Neuter Verbs indicate a state or an action 'not exercised upon an object : " Duram servit servithey take an accusative of kindred meaning, e.g. There are exceptional uses in the poets, e.g., " Ire vias." tutem."
" Currimus sequor." Virg. Mn. III. 191. Many of them Prop. I. i. 18. too are followed by the accusative of part affected, e.g. tremit artus,
dolet caput, etc.
Algeo
algere
alsi
be cold.
Ambulo
Ardeo
Oaleo
ambularo
ardere
calere
ambulavi
arsi
ambulatum walk. arsum take fire.

be
calui
warm.
Clango
clangere
resound.
126
CONJUGATION OP LATIN VERDS.
Conniveo
CONJUGATION OP LATIN VERBS.
127
Ruo
128
PRINCIPAL DEPONENT VEEBS.
Conjugation IV.
Assentior
assentiri
assensus
sum
agree
to.
Experior
Mefcior
130
COMPOUNDS or SUM.
Absum
131
VERBS SIMILAR IN SPELLING,*

THOUGH THEY HAVE TOTALLY DISTINCT MEANINGS.
Appello
132
CASES IN WHICH THE SAME VERB HAS DIFFERENT MEANINGS.

These
will often
be found to be reducible to one idea
thus,
LEGO means
(1)
To
"
gather, select.
Ilia legit calthas."
(2)
To
"
read.
Plurimus orbe legor."
(3)
To coast along, skim. "Inarimen Prochytamque

:
legit."
These come under the one idea of " gathering " (1) to gather literally; letters and words (3) to skim lightly over or pass ^2) to pick out the along. All these involve a notion of moving lightly along from one thing to another as one does in gathering flowers.
;
Ruo means
(1)
To fall.
"B/uit alto e
culmme
Troja." "
Yirg.
jEn.'ii.
(2)
To
"
rush.
scelesti ruitis ?
Quoquo
Hor.
(3)
To throw
up.
"
Et
ruit
atram
Ad
;
coelum picea crassus caligine nubem."

"
These all fall under the idea of " violent motion." motion " (intransitive) " to put in violent motion " motion may be in any direction up or down.
To be
in violent
(transitive).
The
VERBS WHICH HAVE NO PERFECT.

Antecello
133
VERBS THAT HAVE NO SUPINE.

Algco
134
VERBS WHICH HAVE NEITHER PERFECT NOR SUPINE.

Ambigo
Anfcecello
waver.
surpass.
distinguish.
Furo
Plecto
Praecello
:-
rage.
punish.
excel.
Dignosco
Also following Inceptives

hebesco
labasco
niitesco
pueraseo
And many
others.
VERBS WHICH HAVE TWO SUPINES.

Alo
Applico
alitum, altum
feed.
join.
kill.
applicitum, applicatnm
Eneco
Frendo
Frico
enectum, enecatum
fressum, fresum
frictnm, fricatum
frictum, frixum
gnash
rub.
Frigo
parch.
wash.
mix.
Lavo
Misceo
lavatum, lautum, lotum
mistum, mixtum
passum, pansum
Pando
Pango
Plico
expand.
fix.
panctum, pacturn
*plicitum, plicatum
fold.
Poto
Sancio
potatum, potura
drink.
consecrate.
stretch.
sanctum, sancitura
tentum, tensum
Tendo
Tundo
tumsum, tusum
thump.
135
Two
OB MORE SUPINES FROM THE SAME VERB.
Alitum
Altum
136
CONJUGATION OF LATIN YEEBS.
SUPINES SOMEWHAT SIMILAR THAT COME FROM DIFFERENT VERES.

captum carptum
137
sessum
sedere
sentire
sit.
sensum
tensum(tuinj
feel.
tendo
teneo
texo
stretch,
tentum textum tectum
hold.
weave,
cover.
tego
verro
verto
viso
versum versum
visum visum
vinctum
victura
sweep.
turn.
visit.
video
vincio
see.
bind,
vinco
conquer.
live,
victum
vectura
vivo
veho
carry.
PERFECTS SOMEWHAT SIMILAR THAT COME FROM
138
luxi
")
CONJUGATION OF LATIN VEKBS.
CONJUGATION OP LATIN VEKBS.
139
PRINCIPAL INCEPTIVE VERBS.

These, which are also called Inchoative Verbs, express the beginning of action, and are of the 3rd Conjugation.
(a)
THOSE WITH PERFECT AND SUPINE.
Abolesco
Adolesco Coalesce
Concupisco Consuesco Convalesco Exardesco

Inveterasco
140
Obmutesco
141
PRINCIPAL IMPERSONAL VERBS.

These are mostly of the 2nd Conjugation, and are conjugated as such only in 3rd Person Singular of Finite Verb
and
in the Infinitive.
CONJUGATION
Constat Delectat
1.
INFINITIVES
REGULAR
it is
IN are.
constitit
acknowledged.
it delights.
Juvat
CONJUGATION
Attinefc
juvit
2.
it pleases.
INFINITIVES
REGULAR
IN ere.
attinuit
dedecuifc
decuifc
it relates..
Dedecet Decet
Libet
Licet
it
it it
misbecomes.
becomes.
pleases.
lawful.
Liquet Miseret
Oportet
Pertinet
& libitum est licuit & licitum est liquit & licuit miseruit & miseritum
libuit
it is
it is clear.
est
it
pities.
oportuit
pertinuit
it
behoves.
it belongs.
Piget
Pcenitet
piguit
&
pigitum est
it irJcs.
it it
pcenituit
repents.
Pudet
Tsedet
puduit
teeduit
3.
& puditum est & perteesum est

INFINITIVES
accidit
shames.
disgusts.
it
CONJUGATION
Accidit
REGULAR
it
IN ere.
happens.
Contingit
contigit
4.
it befalls
CONJUGATION
INFINITIVES
REGULAR
IN
ire.
Convenit Evenit
Interest
convenit
evenit
it suits.
it
turns out.
interfuit
retulifc
interesse
referre
it
imports.
concerns.
Refer t
it
142
IMPERSONATE RELATING TO THE WEATHER, ETC.

Advesperascit
143
:
THE
IRREGULARITIES IN
EDO
(to
Eat) ARE
Indicative Present.
Act.
Edis or es
3 sing.
edit or
esfc
editis or estis.
Pass,
Editur or estur.
Imperative Present.
Act.
Ede
or es,
edite or este.
Act.
Imperative Future. Edito or esto, editote or estate.

Conjunctive Present.
Act.
Edam
Ederem
or edim.
Conjunctive Imperfect.
Act.
or essem.
Pass.
Ederetur or essetur.
Infinitive.
Edere
or esse.
DEFECTIVE VERBS.
INQOAM, I Say.
'
Ind. Pres.
Inquam
inquimus
inquis
inquit.
inquiunt.
inquies
inquiet.
Fut. Simple.
Imperf.
inquiebat.
inquiebant
Per/.
inquisti
inquit.
Imperative Pres. Imperative Fut.

Aio,
Ind. Pres-.
inque, inquite.
inquito.
I Say.
ais
ait,
Aio
Aicbam,
etc.,
aiunt.
Ind. Imp. CUHJ. Pres.
regular, sing, aias
and
plural.
aiat, aiant.
144
DEFECTIVE YERBS (continued).

The following have no present tenses derived from that stem.
Coepi,
stem, and therefore no

or began.
Odi,
I have begun I hate. Memini, I remember.
Indicative Mood.
Perf.
145
FARI, to Speak.
The forms
in brackets only
found in compounds,
e.g. affari, effari, profari, prjefari.
Ind. Pres.
Fatur, (famur), (famini).
Fut.
Fabor, (faberi
(Fabar).
),
fabitur, (fabimur).
Imp erf.
Per/.
Pluperf.
Conj. Imperf. Perf.
Fatus sum, etc. Fatus eram, etc.

(Farer).
Fatus sim,
Fare.
Ger.
etc.
Pluperf.
Fatus, essem, etc.
Imperative Present.
Infinitive.
Fari.
Fandi, fando.
Supine. Fatu.
a,
Part. Pres.
Gerundive.
Fantem, Fandus.
fantis, etc.
Part. Perf. Fatus,
um.
AGE, AYE, ETC.

Age, agite, come.
Apage,
"begone.
Ave (sometimes
Cedo, cedite or
spelt have), avete, aveto, avere (Infin.) hail

I
Salve, salvete, salveto, salvebis (fut.), salvere (Infin), hail

cette, give here.
Quaeso, pi. quassumus, entreat.
Vale, valete, valeto, valebis (fut.), valere (Infin.), farewell. Infit, lie begins. (Only in this form.)
146
NEW EASY LATIN
PRIMER.
IRREGULAR VERBS,
ALPHABETTCALLY ARRANGED.
NOTE.
Abolesco,
-levi,
Those marked with an asterisk are only used in compounds.

3. to pass
abolitum,
Accendo,
Adolesco,
-di,
-sum,
3. to set
3. to
away. on fire.
Capio, cepi, captum,
3. to take.
Carpo, carpsi, carptum r 3.

Caveo, cavi, cautum,
2. to
to plucJc.
Acuo, acui, acutum,

-levi,
sharpen.
3. to
beware.
adultum,
3. to
grow up.
Cedo, cessi, cessmn, 3.
to yield.
Agnosco, -novi, -nltum,
3. to
recognise.
Ago,
egi,
Mo,
ais, ait,
actum, I say, defect.

allectum r
3. to
do.
Censeo, censui, censum,
2. to vote.
Cerno, crevi, cretum,

Cieo, civi, cltum,
allure.
3. to
3. to sift.
Algeo,
alsi, 2. to be cold.
2. to stir
up.
Allicio, allexi,
Alo, alui, alltum or altum,
nourish.
Cingo, cinxi, cinctum, Clango, 3. to resound.
3. to
surround.
Ambigo,
3. to
waver.
Claudo, clausi, clausum,

to clothe.
3. to
shut.
to
Aniicio, amicui,
amictum, 4,
squeeze.
Coalesce, coalui, coalitom,

together.
3.
grow
Ango, anxi,
Antecello,
3. to
3. to
surpass.
4. to
Cognosce, -novi, -nltnm,

open. land.
3.
know.
Aperio, aperui, apertum,
Cogo, coegi, coactum,
3. to
compel.
Appello, appuli, appulsum,
3. to
Colligo, collegi, collectum, 3. to collect.
Applico, applicui applicavi, applicltum
applicatum,
Arcesso,
-Ivi,
1. to
apply.
3. to 2. to
Colo, colui, cultum, 3. to
till.
-itum,
send for.
takeffre.
Como, compsi, comptum,

Compello, -puli, -pulsum,
3. to
adorn.
compel.
3. to 4.
Ardeo,
arsi,
arsum,
Arguo, argui, argutum, 3. to prove. Audeo, ausus sum, 2. to dare.
Comperio, -p^ri, -pertum,
ascertain.
Compesco, compescui,
Concupisco,
-ivi,
3. to
restrain.
Augeo, auxi, auctum,.

Bibo, bibi, bibitum,
2. to
increase.
-itum,
3. to desire.
Conm'veo, -nivi and

drink.
-nixi, 2. to winJc.
3. to
3. to
Conseneaco, consenui,
get accustomed.
Hill.
grow
old.
3.
Consuesco, consuevi, consuetum,
to
Cado, cecldi, casum,

2. to
3. to fall.
3.
Csedo,cecMi, Cesum r
Caleo, calui,
be
i&cut r beat,
Consulo, -sului, -sultum,
3. to consult.
warm.
3. 'o set
*Cando, *cendi, *censum,

Cano, ceclni, cantum, 3
Capesso,
-sivi,
on fire.
Conticesco, conticui,
3. to
become
cook.
sileni.
to sing.
Convalesco, -valui, -valitum, 3. toget welU
-sltum,
3. to seize.
Coquo, coxi, coctum,
3. to
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Crcpo, crSpui, crepltum,
Cresco, crevi, cretum,
1. to
147
creak.
3. to
grow.
Emo, emi, emptum, 3. to buy, take. Eneco, -cui & -avi, -ctum & -atum, 1.
Eo,
-Ivi,
kill.
*Cubo, *cubui, *cuWtum,
1. to lie
down.
-Itum,
-ivi
-ivi
to go.
-ii,
-ii,
Cudo, cudi, cusum,
3. to fashion. 3. to lie
Gumbo,
cubui, cubltum,
down.
Abeo,
Cupio, cupivi, cupltum,

Curro, cttcurri, cursurn,
3. to desire.
3. to
Adeo,
and and
-Itum, to go atoay.
-itum, to go
to
to.
run.
Ante-eo, ante-ivi,
go
to to
before.
Circu(m)eo,
-ivi,
-itum, to go round.
Defendo, defendi, defensum,
3. to
Coeo, ooivi, coitum,

defend.
go together.
Dego,
3. to live.
2. to blot
lie
Exeo, exivi, exitum,
go out.
Ineo, inivi, initum, to go into.

out.
Deleo, delevi, deletum,

Delitesco, delitui, 3. to
hid.
Intereo, -i(v)i, -Itum, to perish.
Demo, dempsi, demptum, 3. to taJce away.

Depso,
-sui,
Obeo, obivi, obitum,
to
encounter.
-stum,
3. to Jcnead.
3. to
Pereo, peri(v)i, peritum, to perish.

Praeeo, -ivi, -itum, to go before
Praetereo, -ivi, -itum, to go by.
Dico, dixi, dictum,
say.
Dignosco,
3. to
distinguish.
3. to love.
Diligo, dilexi, dilectum,
Dlmico, -avi and

Disco, dldlci,
3. to
Prodeo,
1. to fight.
-i(v)i,
-itum, to go forth.
to
-ui,
-atum,
Redeo, redi(v)i, reditum,

Subeo, subi(v)i,subitum
Transeo,
-i(v)i,
return.
learn.
3. to
Divldo, divlsi, divisum,
divide.
Do, dedi, datum,
1.
to give.
3. to
-itum,
to
go over.
Abdo, abdidi, abditum,
hide.
Addo
Credo
/to
add.
Exardesco, -arsi, -arsum,

Excello, excellui,
3. to
3. to blaze fortli.
Condo
tofound, hide,
to believe, to give
3. to (xccl.
Expavesco, expavi,
Facesso,
Facio,
-si,
grow alarmed.
Dedo Edo
Perdo Prodo
-didi,-ditum,3.
up.
-sltum, 3. to accomplish.
3. to
to give forth, to lose,
feci,
factum,
do,
make.
to betray.
to restore,
to substitute,
Pallo, fgfelli, falsum, 3. to deceive.
Reddo Subdo
Trado
Parcio, farsi, fartum, 4. to stuff.
Faveo, favi, fautum,
2. to favour.
3. to strike.
to deliver.
*Fendo,
fendi,
fensurn,
Veado'
Doceo, docui, doctum,
Doleo, dolui, dolitum,
\tosdl.
Fero, inf. ferre,
tiili,
latum,
to bear.
Ferveo and
2. to teach.
2. to feel
-vo, -bui
and
-vi, 2, 3. to boil.
Fido, fisus sum, 3. to trust.
pain.
Figo,
fixi,
fixum,
3. to fix.
Domo, domut, dSmltum,

Duco, duxi, ductum,
1. to
tame.
Findo,
fldi,
fissum,
3. to cleave.
3. to
lead.
Fingo, finxi, fictum,

Fio, inf. fieri, factus
3. to
fashion.
to
Duresco, durui,
3. to
grow hard.
sum,
3. to
become.
Flecto, flexi, flexum,
bend.
Edo,
edi,
esum,
3. to eat.
Fleo, flevi, fletum, 2. to weep.
Effloresce, efflorui, 3. to bloom.

Elicio, elicui, elicitum, 3. to entice forth.
Ploreo, florui,
2. to flourish.
3. to
Fluo, flux', fluxum,
flow.
148
Fodio, fodi, fossnm,
3. to
NEW EASY
dig.
LATIN PRIMER.
Labasco,
Lacesso,
Lsedo,
3. to totter.
-ivi,
Foveo,
fovi,
fotum,
2. to
cherish.
3. to
-itum,
3. to
provoke.
Frango,
fregi,
fractum,
3. to
break.
Isesi,
Isesum, to hurt.
3. to lick. 3. to
Lambo, Iambi,
Fremo,
-ui,
-itum,
murmur.
3. to gnasli.
1. to
Languesco, langui,
Lateo, latui,
rub,
grow languid.
1. to
Frendo, fressum & fresum,

Frigeo,
2. to
2. to lie
hid.
Frico, frlcui, frictuin& -aturn,

be cold.
Lavo, lavi, lavatum, lautum,lotum, wash.
Frigo,
-xi,
-ctum or -sum,
4. to
3. to
parch.
Fugio, fugi, fugitum,

Fulcio, f ulsi, fultum,
3. to flee.
Lego,
legi,
lectum,
livi,
3. to
choose, read.
3. to
prop.
Lino, levi and.
lltum,
smear.
Fulgeo,
fulsi, 2, to glitter.
Lingo,
pour, rout.
linxi,
linctnm,
*
3. to
3.
Vck.
Fundo,
fudi,
fusum,
3. to
3. to
Linquo,
liqui,
lictum,
shine.
3. to
to leave.
Furo, furui,
rage.
Luceo, luxi,
2. to
Ludo,
Gaudeo, gavlsus sum,
Gero, gessi, gestum,
2. to rejoice.
lusi,
lusum,
play.
Lugeo,
Luo,
luxi, 2. to
mourn.
3. to
Gemo, gemui, gemltum,

Gigno, genui, genitum, Glubo,
3. to baric, peel.
3. to
3. to
groan. carry on.

produce.
lui,
luitum,
wash, atone.
to prefer.
3. to
Malo,
inf.
malle, malui,
Mando, mandi, mansum, 3. to chew. Maneo, mansi, mansum, 2. to rema'n.

2. to stick.
Hsereo, haesi, hsesum,
Mansuesco,-suevi,-suetum,3.0roM>u?H'>.
Haurio, hausi, haustum,

Horresco, horrai,
Ico,
ici,
4. to
drain.
Maturesco, maturui,
3. to
grow
ripe.
3. to
shudder.
Merge, mersi, mersuni,

Meto, messui, messum,
3. to
3. to
drown.
mow, ep.
ictum,
3. to strike. 3. to
Metuo, metui,
pardon.
Mico, micui,
light.
2. to
fear.
Ignosco, ignovi, ignotum,

Illucesco, illuxi,
3. to
1. to glitter.
grow
Imbuo, imbui, imbutum,

Incalesco, incalui,
3. to tinge.
3. to get
warm.
glow.
Minuo, minui, minutum, 3. to lessen. Misceo, -cui, mistum or mixtum, 2. m

Mitesco,
3. to
x.
Incandesce, incandui,
Incanesco, incanui,
3. to
grow
ripe.
3. to
3. to
become white.
3.
Mitto, misi,
missum,
send.
Incendo, -cendi, -censum,

Incesso, -cesslvi, or -cessi,
tosetonfirc
Molo, molui, molitum,
3. to
grind.
2. to bite.
3. to assail.
Mordeo, momordi, morsum,
Incipio, incepi, inceptum, 3. to begin.
Moveo, movi, motum,
2. to
move.
Increbresco, -crebui,3. become frequent
Mulceo, mulsi, inulsum,
2. to soothe. 2. to
Indulgeo,
-ulsi,
-ultum,
2. to
beindulgeut
Mulgeo, mulsi, mulsum,

Necto, -xui
milk.
Induo, indui, indutum, Ingemisco, ingemui,
3. to
put on.
orcr.
3. to
groan
and
-xi,
-sum,
3. to tie, binl.
Negligo,
Jacio, jeci, jactum, 3. to throw.
-lexi,
-lectum,
2. to
3. to neglect.
Neo, nevi, netum,
spin.
Jubeo, jussi, jusaum,
2. to
command.
join,
Ningo, ninxi,
3. to
snow.
Jungo, junxi, junctum,

Juvo, juvi, jutum,
1. to
3. to
No, navi,
1. to s icim.
help.
Nolo, inf. nolle, nolui, to be unwilling.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Noeco, novi, notutn,
with.
3. to be
149
2. to
acquainted
Prandeo, prandi, pransum,

Prehendo,
-di,
dine.
-sum,
3. to
grasp.
press.
Nubo, nupsi, nuptum,

Obmutesco, obmutui,
Obdormisco,
-ivi,
3. to be
married.
Premo, pressi, pressum,
3. to
3. to
become mute.
Promo, -mpsi, -mptum, 3. to take forth. Psallo, psalli, 3. to play on harp.
-itum,
3.
3. to fall asleep.
Pungo, pupugi, punctum,
3. to
prick.
Obstupesco, -stupui,
become amazed.
3. to fall.
Occido, occldi, occasum,
Qusero, qusesivi, quaesitum,
3. to seek.
Occido, occldi, occisum,
3. to slay.
3. to
Quatio, quassi, quassum,
3. to
shake.
Occulo, occului, occultum,

Offendo,
-di,
hide.
Queo, quivi, quitum,
to be able.
3. to rest,
-sum,
3. to
knock against.
4. to cover.
Quiesco, quievi, quietum,
Operio, operui, opertum,
Rapio, rapui, raptum,

Pallesco, pallui,
3.
3. to seize.
grow pale.
3. to
Rado,
spread.
rasi,
rasum,
3. to
scrape.
Pando,
-di,
-sum & passum,
Rego, rexi, rectum,
3. to rule. 4. to discover.
Pango, pepigi, pactum,

Pario, peperi, partum,
3. to
fasten.
spare.
Reperio, -pperi, -pertum,
Parco, peperci, parsum,

Pasco, pavi, pastum,
Patesco, patui,
3. to
3. to
Repo, repsi, reptum,

Revivisco, revixi,
Rideo,
3. to creep.
3. to
bring forth.
3. to
come
to life
again.
3. to feed.
become open.
risi,
risum,
2. to
3. to
laugh.
Paveo, pavi,
Pecto,
-xi,
2. to
fear.
Rodo,
rosi,
rosum,
gnaw.
3. to
-xum and -ctltum, 3. to comb.

pulsum,
3. to drive.
2. to
Rubesco, rubui,
3. to
become red.
bray.
Pello, pepuli,
Rudo,
Ruo,
-di
and
-ivi,
-itum,
Pendeo, pependi, pensum,
hang.
Rumpo,
rupi,
rui,
ruptum, 3. to break. rutum, 3. to rush, fall.
Pendo, pgpendi, pensum,

Percello, -culi, -culsum,
3. to
weigh.
Saepio (sepio),
-si,
3. to
dishearten.
-turn, 4. to
hedg
in.
Pergo, perrexi, perrectum,

Peto, petivi, petitum,
3. to 3. to
3. to
go on.
Salio, salui, saltum, 4. to leap.
ask, seek.
paint.
Sancio, sanxi, sanctum,
4. to consecrate.
Pingo, pinxi, pictum,

Pinso,
-si
Sapio, sapi(v)i,
3. to taste of, be wise.

4. to
and
-sui,
-sum,
3. to
pound.
Sarcio, sarsi, sartum,
mend.
3. to
Plango, planxi, planctum,

Plaudo,
Plecto,
-si,
3. to beat.
Scabo, scabi,
3. to
scratch.
scratch.
-sum,
3. to
clap hands.
Scalpo, scalpsi, scalptum,
3. to
punish.
Scando, scandi, scansum,

Scindo, scldi, scissum,
3. to
climb.
*Pleo, *plevi, *pletum, 2. to fill.

Plico, plicavi
3. to tear.
and
*plicui,
*plicatum and
Scisco, scivi, scitum, 3. to decree.
plicitum,
1. to fold.
Scribo, scripsi, scriptum, 3. to write.
Pono, posui, positum,

Posco, poposci,
3. to
3. to
place.
Sculpo, sculpsi, sculptum,

Seco, secui, sectum,
3. to
engrave.
demand.
to
1. to cut.
Possum,
inf. posse, potui, to be able.
Sedeo, sedi, sessum,
2. to sit.
4, to feel.
Poto, -avi, -atum
and potum, 1.
drink.
Sentio, sensi, sensum,
Praecello, prsecellui, 3. to cxc .1.
Sepelio, sepelivi, sepultum, 3. to bury.
150
Sero, serui, sertum, Sero, sevi, eatum,
3. to
NEW
join.
3. to
EASY LATIN PEIMEfi.

Sumo, sumpsi, sumptum,
Suo, sui, sutum,
3. to
3, to
take.
sow.
sew.
3. to arise.
Surgo, surrexi, surrectum,

Serpo, serpsi, serptum,
Sido, sidi,
3. to sit 3. to
crawl.
down.
Sileo, silui, 2. to be silent.
Tango,
tetigi,
tactum,
3. to
touch.
Singultlo,
4. to sob. 3. to
Tego, texi, tectum,

allow.
3.
3. to
cover.
Sino, sivi, sltum,
*Sisto, *stiti,*statura,
tomato
tostancl.
Temno, tempsi, temptum, 3. to despise. Tendo, tetendi, -sum & -turn, 3. to stretch.
Tepesco, tepui,
Sitio, siti(v)i, 4. to be thirsty.
Teneo, tenui, tentum, 2. to hold. 3. to become warm.

3. to
Soleo, solitus sum,
2. to
be icont.
Tero, trivi, tritum,
rub.
wipe.
Solvo, solvi, solutum,
3. to loosen.
Tergo,
tersi,
tersum,
3. to
3. to
Sono, eonni, sonitum, 1. to sound. Sorbeo, -bui, 2. to suck up.

Spargo, sparsi, sparsum,
*
Texo, texui, textum,
weave.
Timeo, timui,
2. to fear.
3. to
3. to sprinkle.
3, to
Tinguo, tinxi, tinctum,
dye.
Specie, *spexi, *spectum,
espy.
Tollo, sustuli, sublatum, 3. to
tt<lce
Sperno, sprevi, spretum,

Statuo, Btatui, statutum, Sterno, stravi, stratum,
3. to
despise.
up.
Spondeo,spopondi, sponsum, 2.topledge.

3. to set
Tondeo, totondi, tonsum,

Tono, tonui, tonitum,
Torqueo,
torsi,
2. to
shear.
up.
1. to
thunder.
3. to
strew.
tortum,
2. to twist. 2. to
Sterto, stertui, 3. to snore.
Torreo, torrui, tostmn,

2. to
roast.
*Stinguo,*stinxi,*stinctum,
Sto, stSti, statum,
1. to
quench.
Traho, traxi, tractum,
3. to
draw.
stand.
3. to
Tremo, tremui,
roar.
3. to
tremble.
3. to
Tribuo, tribui, tributtun,
assign.
Strepo, strepui, strepitum,

Strideo, stridi,
2. to shriek.
Trudo,
tie.
trusi,
trusum,
3. to thrust.
3. to
Tundo, tutudi, tunsum,

Turgeo, tursi,
3. to pile.
Stringo, strinxi, strictum, 3. to

Struo, struxi, structum,
thump.
2. to swell.
Suadeo, suasi, suasum,

Suesco, suevi, suetum,
2. to 3. to
advise. be wont.
Unguo, unxi, unctum,

Urgeo, ursi,
2. to
3. to
anoint.
Sugo, suxi, snctum,
3. to swcfc.
press.
3. to
Uro, ussi, ustum,
burn.
Sum, inf. esse, perf. fui, to be. Absum, -esse, -fui & afui, be absent. Adsum, -esse, -affui, to be present. Desum, -esse, -fui, to be wanting.
Insum,
-esse, -fui, to
Vado, *vasi, *vasum,

Veho, vexi, vectum,
3. to go.
3. to
carry.
3. to
Velio, vulsi (velli), vulsum,
pluck.
4.
be in.
Intersum, -esse,
-fui, to be
among.
Veneo, venivi and venii, v-enitum, be on sale.

Venio, veni, ventum,
4. to
to
Obsum,
-esse, -fui, to be in the
way of.
useful.
come.
Praesum, -esse,
-fui, to be before.
Vergo, versi,
3. to
bend.
3. to 3. to
Prosum, prodesse, profui, to be Subsum, subesse, to be under.
Verro, verri, versum,

Verto, verti, versum,
sweep.
turn.
Supersum,-esse, -fui,to be over,remain.
Veto, vetui, vetitum,
1. to forbid.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Video, vidi, visum,
2. to see.
151
Volo, inf. velle, volui, to wish.

bind.
Vincio, vinxi, vinctum,
4. to
Volvo, volvi, volutum,
3. to roll.
Vinco,
vici,
victum,
3. to
conquer.
Vomo, vomui, vomitum,

Voveo, vovi, votum,
3. to
vomit.
Viso, visi,
3. to visit.
3. to live.
2. to
vow.
Vivo, vixi, victum,
IRREGULAR DEPONENTS.
Ajnplector, ampleciti, amplexus sum, to
Metior, metiri,
mensus sum,
nactus sum,
to
measure.
embrace.
Apiscor, apisci, aptus sum, to obtain. Assentior, -tiri, assensus sum, to agree to.
Morior, mori, mortuus sum, to die.
Nanciscor,
-ci,
to obtain.
Comminiscor,
Expergiscor,
-ci, -ci,
-mentus sum.to devise.

experrectus sum,
to
Nascor, nasci, natus sum, to be born. Nitor, niti, nisua & nixus sum, strive.
wake up.
Experior, experiri, expertus sum, to try. Fatear, fateri, fassus sum, to confess.
Fatiscor,
-ci,
Obliviscor,
-ci,
oblitus
sum,
to forget.
oppertus sum, to wait for. Ordior, ordiri, orsus sum, to begin.

Opperior,
-iri,
feseus
sum, to grow weary.

to enjoy.
Orior, oriri, ortus
sum,
to rise.
Fruor, frui, fruitus sum,
Paciscor,
-ci,
pactus sum, to bargain.
Fungor,
-gi,
functus sum, to discharge.
Patior, pati, passus
sum,
to suffer.
Proficiscor, -ci, profectus
sum,
to
to set out.
Gradior, gradi, gressus sum, to step.

Irascor, irasci, iratus
Queror,
-i,
questus sum,
complain.
sum,
to
be angry.
Labor,
labi,
lapsus sum,
to glide.
Reor, reri, ratus sum, to think. Sequor, sequi, secutus sum, to follow.
Ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus
Loquor, loqui, locutus stun,
to speak.
sum,
to
avenge.
Medeor, mederi,
to heal.
Utor, uti, usus sum, to use.
END OF PART
III-
PART
IV.
DIFFICILIORA.
153
PART
IV.
DIFFICILIORA.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
1.
PAGE
6. Peculiarities
Gender
tive.
of
the
Substan.
.
of the Sub-
General Eules
of
:
157
stantive
(1)
2.
Gender
clension
the Third De-
First Declension
171 171
(2)
.
Second Declension
Third Declension
(a)
(I)
(c)
Eule (1) First General

'
159
(3)
172
(2) (3) (4)
Second General Eule 159

Third General Eule
Masc. Substantives
.
Accusative Sing. 173

Abl. Sing, in
i
159 160
161
(4) (5)
.173
e
.
Abl. Sing,
and
174
175
(5) (6)
3. 4.
Feminine
Neuter
(d) Genitive Plural
.163
164
7.
Fourth Declension
Fifth Declension
.
176 176
Epitome
Alphabetical List of Substantives, irregular as
Declension of Proper Names 177

of
to
8. Peculiarities
the Sub-
their
(1)
Gender
stantive
Masculine
(2) (3)
(4)
Feminine
Neuter
.... ....
....
the Sub.
(alphabetically
165
arranged)
9.
178
.
. .
166
166
167
10. 11.
12.
Eoman Calendar Eoman Money

Parsing
184 186
188
....
. .
Common
5.
Peculiarities of
Order of Latin Words

Eules of Syntax
.
.
190
stantive
General
168
13.
192-206
155
PART
IV.
DIFFICILIORA.

In giving in
repeated, to
full
the Gender of the Substantive, page 18, Part

in itself.
I., is
make each Part complete
THERE
are three
Genders;
a Substantive must be
(c)
either
(a) Masculine,
(&) Feminine,
Neuter.
Some
also are
Common,
i.e.
Masculine or Feminine.
give two
We
I.
common General
Rules
Certain classes of things are of certain Genders.

Masculine.
Males.
People.
Mountains (most).
Rivers (most).
Months.
Feminine.
Females.
Islands.
Winds.
Countries (most). Cities and Trees (most)
Neuter.
Indeclinable
Nouns ;
as, fas, nefas, nihil.
Common.
Words
applicable to either sex
as,
Conjux, husband or wife.

Hostis,
an enemy.
II.
Genders of
known by
First.
Substantives are in a general way also the terminations in each Declension.

e
;
Feminine, in a and
Masculine in as and
;
es.
Second.
Third.
Masculine, in us and er
(a)
Neuter in um.
:
Masculine terminations
gen., ex (not
03).
:
o, or, os,
er, es,
increasing in
(b)
Feminine terminations is, as, aus, x (not ea?), s preceded by a consonant, es not increasing in genitive.
Neuter terminations
its ;
:
(c)
ar, ur, us, c, a,
t, I, e,
n.
Fourth.
Fifth.
Masculine in
Feminine.
Neuter
in u.
But
167).
to these rules there are
many
exceptions (see pp. 158-
137
158
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
GENDER OF THE SUBSTANTIVE,

EXCEPTIONS.
DECLENSION
Nouns
So
in
I.
a denoting Males, are Masculine
as, poeta,
a poet.
also are
Hadria, Adriatic Sea.
Scurra, a buffoon.
DECLENSION
II.
few in us are Feminine
Alvus, the belly. Arctus, the Bear (constellation).

C&Tlo&sTis, fine flax.
Humus, the ground.

Pampinus, vine-leaf.
Pirus, a pear-tree, (a)
Sapphirus.,
Colus, a distaff.
a sapphire.
(&)
Vannus, a winnowing fan.
A few in us are Neuter

Pelagus, the sea.
Virus, poison.
Yulgus, the
common
people
(generally).
DECLENSION
III.
Exceptions are numerous (see pp. 158-167).
DECLENSION
IV.
A few in us are Feminine

Acus, a needle. Anus, an old woman.
Donius, a house. Idus (pi.), the Ides.
Manus, the hand. Nurus, a daughter-in-law. Porticus, a portico. Socrus, a mother-in-law.

Tribus, a tribe.
DECLENSION
V.
All are Feminine except dies, which is common in the Singular, but Masculine in the Plural, and meridies, midday, which is Masculine.
(a)
(b)
And names And names
of plants. of jewels.
GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
159
GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.

Words
and of
all
of the Third Declension are of various terminations
genders.
Some
of course
may be known by
)
their
meanings;
as,
Pater, a father,
Tiberis, the Tiber,
are masculine.
j
-\
Mulier, a woman,
Soror, a sister,
are feminine.
Venus, the goddess Venus,
But, as a rule, the gender in each declension must be decided by the termination.
FIRST GENERAL RULE.

Substantives are masculine which end in
increasing in Genitive, ex (not x). o, leo, a lion.
or, dolor,
os, flos, o,
or,
os,
er, es
er,
es,
pain.
pes,
a flower.
ex,
a goose. a foot, grex, a flock.

anser,
SECOND GENERAL RULE.

Substantives are feminine which end in
(not ex), s preceded navis, a is,
as,
by a consonant,
ship.
es
is, as, aus, x not increasing in Gen.
x,
bs,
es,
libertas, liberty.
pax, peace, urbs, a city,
am,
laus, praise.
nubes, a cloud.
THIRD GENERAL RULE.

Substantives in ar, ur, us,
ar,
c,
a,
t, I, e,
n (catlen) are neuter.

poema, a poem,
caput, the head,
calcar,
a spur.
a,
t,
I,
ur,
us,
c,
fulgur, lightning.
corpus, a body. lac, milk.

n,
animal, an animal,
e,
mare, the
sea.
nomen, a name.
But there are many exceptions.
160
NEW
I.
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
MASCULINE.
increasing, ex (not x) are
Substantives in
masculine.
o,
or, os, er, es
1. But though Substantives ending in o are masculine,
SUBSTANTIVES.
5.
161
Those ending in
es in-
162
Sanguis
-guinis
NEW EAST
Hood
LATIN PRIMER.
SUBSTANTIVES.
163
III.
NEUTER.
us, c, a,
t,
I,
Substantives in ar, ur,
e,
n, are neuter.
1.
Substantives ending in
164
NEW EAST
LATIN PRIMER.
EPITOME.
As a
rale the genders
must be decided by the terminations,
as follows, but there are

Masculine : Feminine ; Neuter :
o, or, os, er,
is, as,
many
exceptions.
es increasing, ex (not x).
aus, x, s preceded
1,
by a consonant, es not increasing.

(catlen).
ar, ur, us, c, a, t,
e,
MASCULINE.
1.
Words ending
in o
do,
two in
go, eight in io
but those in do, go, io are feminine, three in are however masculine and one in go is common.
;
MASCULINE.
2.
FEMININE.
1.
Words ending in or. But one is feminine,
Words ending in is. But many are masculine
And four
3.
are neuter.
in os.
2.
Words ending
But
in as.
Words ending
six are masculine,
But two are feminine,
And
3.
one
is
neuter.
And
4.
two are neuter.
Words ending in er. But one is feminine,
4.
And
5.
thirteen are neuter.
Words ending in aus. Words ending in x. But three in ix are masculine, And two in ux are common.
Note words in ex (opposite column).
Words ending
in
es,
increasing.
5.
But seven are feminine,
And And
6.
one
is
neuter.
Words But
in
s after
a consonant.
thirteen are masculine,
three are
common.
6.
And
seven are
common.
Words
But
in ex (not x). six are feminine,

ten are
And
common.
Words in es not increasing. But two are masculine. And one is common.
NEUTEE.
1.
Words ending
But one
is
in ar.
4.
Words
in
c, a, t, e.
masculine.
There are no exceptions.

5.
2.
Words ending in ur. But four are masculine.
Words ending in I. But five are masculine.
3.
Words ending in MS. But two are masculine, And nine are feminine, And two are common.
6.
Words ending
But
in n.
eight are masculine, And three (in on) are feminine.
SUBSTANTIVES IRREGULAR.
165
SUBSTANTIVES IRREGULAR IN GENDER.

(Alphabetically arranged.)
MASCULINE.
Acinaces
166
Sol
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER.
SUBSTANTIVES IRREGULAR.
167
COMMON.
Adepg
168
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
PECULIARITIES OF THE SUBSTANTIVE.

There are many
irregularities in the
Substantive which
require notice.
1.
Some
Substantives are not declined

nefas.
nihil.
as,
instar.
fas.
2.
Some
Substantives are used in the Singular number only. silver. JEvum, age. Aurum, gold. Letum, death. Ferrum, iron. Sanguis, blood. Pueritia, boyhood. Plebs, the common people.
Argentum,
3usiitia, justice.
Ver, the spring.

*
*Aer, air. Êther, the sky.
With many more.
A Plural occurs in Lucretius.
3.
Some
are used in the Plural
number
only.
trifles.
Manes, ghosts.
Liberi, children.
Nugse,
Penates, household gods.

Divitise, riches.
Grates, thanks. Arma, arms.
Cunae, a cradle.
Munia, funct ions Magalia, huts.
(office).
With many more.

4.
Some
Substantives want one or more cases.

;
The following have no Nom.
viz.
(daps) dapis (f.) a feast. (ditio) ditionis (f.) a dominion.

(frux) frugis
(f.)
fruit.
(ops) opis
(f.)
and
5.
strength. others.
Some take two
forms, though of the same declension, as
Jocus, a jest; plur., joci and joca.
Locus, a place; plur., loci, loca. Frenum, a bit; plur., freni, frena. Eastrum, a harrow ; plur., rastri, rastra.

6.
169
Some Substantives have a twofold

are called Heteroclita
;
declension,
and so
e.g.
domus, a house.
7.
In the second declension some Substantives end in us
and
um ;
as
Callus, callum, hardened, skin.
Commentarius, commentarium,
a,
note book.
8.
Some
as
fluctuate between the first
and second declension
Menda, mendurn, a fault.

Vespera, vesper, the evening.
9.
Some
fluctuate
between the
first
and
fifth
as
Barbaria, barbarieg, barbarism. Luxuria, luxuries, luxury. Materia, materies, matter.

Mollitia, mollities, softness.
10.
Some
fluctuate
Delphitms,
between the second and third

-i,
as
and delphin, delphinis, a dolphin. Elephantus, -i, and elephas, elephantis, an elephant. Tergum, -i, and tergus, tergeris, a back.
11.
Some
fluctuate between the second
and fourth;
as
Cupressus,
170
13.
NEW Some vary
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
their declension in the
two numbers
;
Sing., second declension Juge'rum, an acre; Vas, vasis, a vessel; Sing., third declension j
Plural, third.
Plural, second.
14.
Some Substantives have a

Singular and the Plural.
JEdes, a temple.
P.
different
meaning in the
JEdes, a house.
Aquae, medicinal springs.
Auxilia, auxiliary forces.
Aqua, water.
Auxilium, help.
Career, a prison.
Carceres,
starting place.
Castrum, a fort.
Copia, plenty.
Gratia, favour.
Castra, a camp.
Copise, forces.
Gratiae, thanks.
Impedimentum, a hindrance. Littera, a letter (alphabet).

Ludus, play, school.
Opera, exertion.
Impedimenta, baggage.
Litterse,
an
epistle.
Ludi, public games.

Operse,
workmen.
Opis (Gen.), help.
Opes, power, wealth.

Rostra, a platform for speakers.
Tabulse, writing tablets.
Eostrum, a beak.
Tabula, a board.
With
15.
others.
Many have
only certain cases
but these will be given
elsewhere.
16.
The following have a

in the singular:
full plural,
but only the ablative
Ambage
Fauce
(f.),
circuit.
Casse (m.), a snare.

(.), the throat.
(n.),
Verbere
stripe.
With
others.
Verlere has also, according to Ovid, a Gen.
verberis.
171
FIRST DECLENSION".
1.
3.
The Dative and Ablative of some words end in abus.

Dea, a goddess, deabus. Filia, a daughter, filiabus. Nata, a daughter, natabus.
Two
words
have
old
Genitive in as remaining,
Paterfamilias, master of a family. Materfamilias, mother of a family.
4.
And
others.
2.
The two following words

have Gen. Plnr. in um.
Coelicola, a dwelling in
Voc., .Enea.
heaven,
Ace., ./Eneam or j-Enean.
ccelicolum.
Greek Substantives in
given on
p. 177.
and
es
are
Terrigena, earth-born, terrigenum.
SECOND DECLENSION.
1.
4.
Deus, a god,
p.
Pelagus, the sea.

is
irregular;
Virus, poison.
177.
2.
Vulgus,
t/i
common people. } B
5.
;,
p,
Nom.P.carbasa,
Tartara.
Films, a
Voc.,
fili
son,
makes
fili,
Tartarus, Tartarus,
6.
(mi Gen., filii or
my
son).
Adulter, an adulterer.
fili.
Armiger,
bearer.
an
armour-
And
proper names in ius are
\\kefilius; as, Lcelius, Lceli; so is also genius.
Gener, a son-in-law. Liber, Bacchus.

Liberi, children.
3.
Puer, a boy. Signifer, a sign-bearer. Socer, a father-in-law.

Vesper, evening.
7.
> a
cf
Faber, a smith, Gen. Plur., fabrorum and fabrum. Nummus, money, Gen. P., nummuni
and nummorum.
For Greek Substantives, Delos, Orphans,
see p.177.
172
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
THIRD DECLENSION.
(With Adjectives^)
1
.
The terminations of the Substantives of this declension are many and various. Some grammars give at full length
many as thirty samples but this adds considerably to -what a boy thinks he has to learn. Three, or at most four, as samples, are quite sufficient.
as
;
Nubes, because
Lapis, because Opus, because
it
it
does not increase.
does increase.
it is neuter.
it
Mare,
2.
because
makes
ia in the Plural.
But
it must be well noted that the Genitive Singular must be known, and then nearly every Substantive, whatever its termination, can be gone through regularly.
3.
Some
Substantives have more syllables in the Genitive than they have in the Nominative, hence they are called increasing, the proper word being imparisyllabic (not not increase are equal in syllables), as those which do
called parisyllabic (equal in syllables).
4.
There
is generally with learners a Genitive Plural, whether it ends in

is,
difficulty
as
to
the
um
or ium.
But the
general rule
The Genitive Plural of increasing nouns is um and not ium.

In other words,
Singular
presently.
it
if the word increases in the Genitive does not further increase in the Genitive
Plural; but there are exceptions, which will be given
There are peculiarities also in the Ace. and Abl. Singular.
173
THIRD DECLENSION.
ACCUSATIVE AND ABLATIVE SINGULAE.
ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR.
v4
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
THIRD DECLENSION.
ABLATIVE SINGULAR IN
The Ablative Singular has both
1.
i
AND
E.
and
e,
In most words where the Accusative is
Kestis,
a,
rope, has only reste.
im and em ;
Also in
as,
puppi and
Securis,
an
axe, has only securi.
puppe.
2.
In
Adjectives
which
one
have
in
;
Avis
j
.
a bird
-
Nominative
termination
;
and
in Comparatives
as
Imber
Supellex
rain
household utensils
Prudens
Altior
prudent
higher
ti
and
te
ri
and re
But the following

Ccflebs
Adjectives have e only.
Compos
Deses
Impos
Pauper
Princeps
Pubes
Superstes
PECULIARITIES OP THE SUBSTANTIVE.
175
THIRD DECLENSION.
GENITIVE PLUEAL.
The general rule, as before stated, is that words that do not increase in Gen. Sing, do increase in Gen. Plural, and have ium ; if they do increase in Gen. Sing., they do not further
increase in Gen. Plural,
Hostis
and have only urn;
as,
Nubes
But,
But
1.
there are exceptions.
The following
Sing.,
though they do not increase in the Gen. have urn in Gen. Plural.
six
and
others,
176
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
FOURTH DECLENSION.
1.
The Dative Singular gradm, gradw.
ui
is
often contracted into u
as,
2.
The following eleven words have the Dative and Ablative Plural in ubus ; some have both forms, ubus and ibus.
Acus
DECLENSION OF PROPER NAMES, ETC.
177
DECLENSION OF PEOPER NAMES AND IRREGULAR SUBSTANTIVES.

FIRST
S.
Dr
"g
N. Epitome V. Epitome A. Epitomen

G. Epitomes D. Epitomae
g
,>
A. Epitome
178
NEW EAST
LATIN PRIMER.
PECULIARITIES OF SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES.

Acer
(adj.), acris, e,
;
sharp.
Abl. Sing., acri
Nom., Voc., and Ace. Plur.
Neut., acria
Gen. Plur. acrium.
Acies, aciei (f.), a line of battle. Only Nom., Voc., Ace., in the Plur. Acus, -us (f.), a needle. Dat. and Abl. Plur., acubus.
Adolescens, -entis
Gen. Plur., adolescentium. (c.), a youth. Adulter, -eri (m.), an adulterer. Keeps the e in all cases. Êdes (f.), in the Sing, is a temple; in the Plur., aedes, -ium, a house.
.ZEneas,
-ae
(m.), JEneas.
Voc.
Sing., .ZEnea
Ace. Sing., .ZEneam or
-ZEnean.
Ambages,
Amussis,
Anchises,
-is (f.),
-is (f.),
-as
;
a winding. In Sing, only Abl. Gen. Plur., ambagum. a rule. Ace. Sing., amussim Abl. Sing, amussi.
;
(m.), Anchises.
Ace., Anchisen, or
-am;
Abl.,
Anchise or
Anchisa
Animal,
Plur.,
Voc. Anchise or
-a, declined, see p. 177.
-is (n.), an animal. Nom., Voc., Ace. Plur., animalia; Gen. animalium Abl. Sing., animali. Gen. Plur., apium and apum. Apis, apis (f.), a bee. Also, apes, apis. Aqua, aquae (f.), water. (Plur.) aquas, medicinal springs. Arcus, -us (m.), a low. Dat. and Abl. Plur., arcubus, like acus. Arma, -orum (n.), arms. Has no singular. Artus, -uum (PL), (m.), limbs. Dat. and Abl. Plur., artubus, like acus.
;
Arx, arcis
(f.),
citadel.
Gen. Plur., arcium.
As, assis (m.), a small coin. Gen. Plur., assium, like arx. Aurum, auri (n.), gold. Has no Plur.
Auxilium,
Avis,
-i
(n.), help.
-is (f.),
bird.
(Plur.) auxilia, auxiliary forces. Abl. Sing., avi and ave.
Barbaria,
Caalicola,
-aa (f.),
barbarism.
Also barbaries, barbariei.
-ae,
a dweller in heaven. a spur.

;
Gen. Plur., cselicolum.

Plur., calcaria;
Cselum,
caeli (n.),
(n.),
(no plural), heaven.
Calcar, -aris
Nom., Voc., and Ace.
Gen.
Plur., calcarium
Abl. Sing., calcari.

-i (n.), hardened skin. Gen. Plur., canum.
Callus,
-i
(m.), also callum,
Canis,
-is (c.),
-i
a dog.
Carbasus,
(f.),
fine flax.
(Plur.),
carbasa
(n.), sails.
Career, -eris (m.), a prison.
Carceres, -um, a starting point.
PECULIAEITIES OF SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES.

Casses, -ium (PI.), (m.), a snare.
179
Only Abl. in Sing. a fort. (Plur.) castra, -orum, a camp. Chlamys, chlamydis (f.), a cloaJc. Declined (see p. 177). Clavis, -is (f.), a key. Ace. Sing., -im or -em. Abl., -i or -e. Gen. Plur., clientium and clientum. Cliens, clientis (c.), a client. Abl. Sing., ccelibe. Ccelebs, coelibis, unmarried (adj.). Commentarius (m.), also commentarium, -i (n.), a note book.
Castrum
(Sing.),
-i
(n.),
Compos, compotis
Copia,
-83 (f.),
-i,
(adj.),
having the mastery
of.
Abl. Sing., compote.
plenty.
(Plur.) copiaa, -arum, forces.

(f.),
Cupressus,
and cupressus, -us
a cypress.
(Daps), dapis
Dea,
-SB (f.),
a feast. No Nom. or Voc. Sing. (f.), a goddess. Dat. and Abl. Plur., deabus.
Delos, Deli (f.), Delos. Irr., declined at full length (see p. 177). Deses, desidis (adj.), lazy. Abl. Sing., deside. Deus, dei (m.), a god. Irr., declined at full length (see p. 177).
Dies, diei or die
and
(Ditio), ditionis (f.),
Domus,
-us
(f.),
Common in Sing., masc. in Plur. dii, a day. a dominion. No Nom. Sing. no Plur. a house. Declined (see p. 177).
;
Echo, echus
(f.),
echo.
The other
cases in
o.
Effigies, effigiei
an image. Has only Nom., Voc., and Ace. in Epitome, epitomes (f.), an abridgment. Declined (see p. 177). Eventus, -us (m.), eventum, -i (n.), an occurrence.
(f.),
Plur.
Faber, fabri (m.).

Facies, faciei
(f.),
Gen. Plur., fabrorum and fabrum. a face. Has only Nom., Voc., and Ace. in Plur.
Indeclinable.
Abl., fauce
;
Fas
(n.),
Divine law.
Sing.,
(Faux)
febri
(f.)
some times
fever.
Plur., fauces, faucium, etc.
Febris, febris
(f.),
Ace. Sing., febrim and febrem; Abl. Sing.,
and
-i,
febre.
(f.),
FeriaB, feriarum
holidays.
Ficus,
and
ficus, -us (f.),
Fides, fidei (f.), faith. fide in poets, or fidei.

Filia, -SB
(f.),
Has no Sing. a fig tree. Gen. Sing., fidei, also
fide in poets
Dat. Sing.,
Filius,
-i
(m.),
a daughter. Dat. and Abl. Plur., filiabus. a son. Voc. Sing., fili ; Gen. Sing., filii and
fill.
Frenum,
-i (n.),
lit.
Plur. freni (m.), frena (n.).
(Frux), fragis
(f.),
fruit.
;
Has no Nom.
usually only in
Grates, thanks (Plur.)
Nom. and
Aco.
Abl. (Tacitus).
180
Gratia, -&
(f.),
NEW
favour;
EASY LATIN PRIMER.

-arum, thanks.
gravia
;
gratiae,
Gravis, -e (adj.), heavy. Nona., Voc., and Ace. Plur. neut., Gen. Plur., gravium; Abl. Sing., gravi.
Gener, generi (m.), a son-in-law. Keeps the e in all cases Genius, genii (m.), a genius. Declined like filius. Gen. Plur., glirium. Glis, gliris (m.), a dormouse.
(like puer).
Hispalis,
-is (f.), Seville.
Ace. Sing., Hispalim.
Ignis, ignis (m.),fire.
Abl. Sing., igni and igne.
Imber, imbris (m.), a shower. Abl. Sing., imbri and imbre. Impedimentum, -i (n.), a hindrance. Plur., impedimenta, baggage.
Impos, impotis
Instar
(adj.),
not master
of.
Abl. Sing., impote.
(n.), likeness.
Indeclinable.
Jocus,
-i (m.), a joke. Plur., joci (m.), joca (n.). Jugerum, -i (n.), an acre. 2nd declension in Sing., 3rd in Plur. Nom., Dat. and Abl., Voc., and Ace. Plur., jugera; Gen. Plur., jugerum
;
jugeribus.
Justitia,
-se
(injustice.
Has no
Plural.
Juvenis,
-is (m.),
a youth.
Gen. Plur., juvenum.
Lacus, -us (m.), a lake.
Laelius, Laelii (m.), Lcelius.
Dat. and Abl. Plur., lacubus, like acus. Declined like filius.
Lauras,
-i (f.),
a lay
tree,
Liber, Liberi (m.), Bacchus. Liberi, -orum (m.), children.

Lis, litis
(f.),
and laurus, -iis. Keeps the e in Has no Sing.

;
all cases.
Littera,
-se (f.),
a law suit. Gen. Plur., litium. a letter (alphabet) litterse, -arum, an
epistle.
Locus,
-i
-i
(m.),
Ludus,
a place ; loci (m. Plur.), loca (n. Plur.). (m.), play ; ludi, -orum, public games.
luxury
;
Luxuria,
-ee (f.),
also luxuries, luxuriei.
Mare, maris (u.), the sea. Abl. Sing., mari; neut. Plur., maria. Mas, maris (m.), a male. Gen. Plur., marium. Materfamilias (f.), matrisfamiliae and matrisfamilias, the mother of a
family.

Materia,
-SB
(f.),
181
timber
and materies,
-i
-ei.
Memor, Menda,
Mensis,
Messis,
-oris (adj.),
-SB (f.),
mindful.
Abl. Sing., memori.

(n.),
and mendum,
a month. a harvest.
a fault.
-is (m.),
-is (f.),
Gen. Plur.,
Ace. Sing.,
mensum
or mensium.
messem
or messim.
Mollitia,
-as, softness; and mollities, -ei (f.). Mons, montis (m.), a mountain. Gen. Plur., montium. Mus, muris (m.), a mouse. Gen. Plur., murium.
Nata,
Navis,
-ae (f.),
-is (f.),
a daughter. Dat. and Abl. Plur., natabus. a ship. Aec. Sing., navim ornavem.
Indeclinable. Indeclinable.
Nefas
Nihil
(n.), (n.),
crime.
nothing.
(f.),
Nix, nivis
snow.
Gen.
-i
Plur.,
nivium.
Numus and minimus,

Opera,
-83
(m.),
money. Gen. Plur.,
numorum and numum.
(f.),
an exertion;
strength
;
operas,
-arum
(m.),
workmen.
(Ops) opis
(f.),
opes,
opum
(Plur.), wealth.
Orpheus, Orphe'i, Orpheos (m.), Orpheus. Declined (see p. 177). Gen. Plur., ossium. Os, ossis (n.), a bone.
Pallas, Palladis or Pallados
(f.),
Minerva.
Declined (see p. 177).

p. 177).
Paris, Paridis or Paridos (m.), Pan's.
Declined (see
Partus,
-iis
(m.), a birth.
Dat. and Abl. Plur., partubus, like acus.
Paterfamilias, patrisfamiliae
Pauper, pauperis
(adj.), poor.
Pecu
(-us) (n.), cattle.
(m.), father of a family. Abl. Sing., paupere. Dat. and Abl. Plur., pecubus, like acus.
and patrisfamilias
Pelvis, -is
Has no Plural. a basin. Ace. Sing., pelvim and pelvem. Declined at full length Pericles, -is and -i (m.), Pericles. Pinus, -us, and pinus, -i (f.), a pine. Plebs, plebis, and plebes, -is, -ei (f.), common people.
Pelagus,
-i
(n.), the sea.
(f.),
(see p. 177).
Portus, -us (m.), harbour.

(Prex) (precis)
(f.),
Dat., Abl. Plur., portubus
a prayer.
Nom. and Gen.
and portibus. Sing, not used.
Princeps, principis (adj.), chief.
Prudens, prudentis
(adj.),
prudent.
(n.),
Abl. Sing., principe. Abl. Sing., prudenti and prudente; prudentia.
Nom., Voc., and Ace. Plur.
182
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER,
Pubes and puber, puberis (adj.), adult. Keeps the e in all cases. Puer, pueri (m.), a boy. Ace. Sing., puppim and puppem. Puppis, -is (f.), a ship. puppi and puppe.
Quercus, -us
Abl. Sing.,
(f.),
an oak.
Dat. and Abl. Plur., quercubus.
Rastrum,
(Ravis),
-i (f.),
-is (f.),
a rake. (Plur.) rastri, -orum (m.), rastra, Ace. Sing., ravim. hoarseness.
rest.
-orum
(n.).
Requies,
-etis
(f.),
Ace. Sing., requietem and requiem.
Abl. Sing.
requiete and requie.

Restis, -is
(f.),
-i
Rostrum,
(n.),
a rope. Ace., restim or restem. Abl. Sing., reste. a beak. (Plur.) rostra, -orum, a platform for speaking.
Declined at full length (see p. 177). Sappho. Ace. Sing., securim and securem Abl. Sing.,
;
Sappho, -us and -onis

Securis,
securi.
-is
(f.),
(f.),
an axe.
seat.
Sedes,
Series
-is (f.),
(f.),
series.
Gen. Plur., sedum and sedium." Has only Nom., Ace., and Abl. Sing.
(Plur.) sibili
Sibilus,
-i
(m.),
hissing.
and
sibila, sibilos
and
sibila.
Ace. Sing., sitim; has no Plur. Socer, -en (m.), a father-in-law. Keeps the e in all cases, like puer. Has only Nona., Voc., and Ace. Plur. Species, -ei (f.), an appearance.
Sitis, -is (f.), thirst.
Specus, -us (m.), a cave.

Spes, spei (f.), hope. (Spons), Abl. sponte
Strix, strigis
(f.),
(f.),
Has only Nom., Voc., and one's own accord. (f.), of

Gen.
Dat. and Abl., specubus, like acus. Ace. Plur.
an owl.
Plur., strigium.
a heap. Gen. Plur., struum. Suggestus, -us (m.), and suggestum, -i (n.), a platform for speakers.
Strues, struis
Supellex, supellectilis
(f.),
household utensils.
Abl., supellectili
and
-e.
Superstes, superstitis (adj.), only surviving. Abl. Sing., superstite. Sus, suis (c.), a swine. Dat. plur. subus (Lucretius), and suibus.
Tabula,
-SB (f.),
-i
a board;
tabulae,
-arum, writing
Sing.
tablets.
(n).
Tartarus,
(m.), Tartarus.
(f.),
(Plur.) Tartara,
-orum
Tenebrae, -arum
Terrigena,
darkness.
Has no
-re (c.),
earth born.
Tiberis, -is (m.), the Tiber.
Gen. Plur., terrigeniim. Ace. Sing., Tiberim, Tibrim (from Tibris)
Abl. Sing.,
-i.

Tribus, -us
(f.),
183
tribe.
Dat. and Abl. Plur., tribubus.
Tristis, -e (adj.), sad.
Turris,
-is (f.),
Abl. Sing., tristi. a tower. Ace. Sing., turrim
and turrem
Abl. Sing., turri
and turre.
Tussis,
-is (f.),
a cough. Ace., tussim
Abl. Sing., tussi.
Vas, vasis
(n.),
vessel.
3rd dec. in Sing., 2nd in Plur
(Plur.) vasa,
vasorum.
Vates, vatis (c.), a prophet. Gen. Plur., vatum. (Verber), verberis (n.), a stripe. Abl. Sing., verbere
in Sing., full Plur.
only Gen. and Abl.
Veru, verus
(n.),
spit.
Vesper, vesperis keeps the e in

Virus, viri
Vis, vis
(n.),
(3)
and
-eri (2) (m.), the
Dat. and Abl. Plur., verubus and veribus. Ace. Sing., vesperum evening.
all cases.
Also vespera,
Plural.
-88
(f.).
poison.
Has no
(f.),
strength.
vires, virium.
Ace. Sing., vim; (Plur.) Nom., Voc., and Ace., Gen. and Dat. Sing., very rare.
Volucris, volucris
(f.),
bird.
Gen.
Plur., volucrum.
Vulgus,
-i
(n.),
common people. Has no
Plural.
APPENDIX.
Ales, alitis
(c.),
a bird.
Abl. Sing., alite
and
-e
Gen. Plur., alitum and

Full Plural.
alituum.
(Cassis, cassis) (m.), a net, snare.
Only
Abl., casse, in Sing.
Grus, gruis
(c.),
a crane.
Nom.
Sing., gruis (Phcedrus).
Lien, lienis, and lienis, lienis (m.), milt, spleen.
Obex, obicis and objicis (c.), a bolt. Gen. Plur., paludum and paludium. (f.), a marsh. Parens, parentis (c.), a parent. Gen. Plur., parentum and parentium.
Palus, paludis
Poema, poematis
Eenes,
(n.),
a poem.
Dat. and Abl. Plur., poematis.
renum
(m.), kidneys.
Sanguis, sanguinis (m.),
Has no Singular. blood. Has no Plural.

Collis,
Amnis, a river, Clunis, a buttock,
Finis,
a hill, a boundary,
others,
Fustis, a cudgel,
Postis,
door,
i
besides those mentioned and
many
have Abl. Sing, in
and
e.
184
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER.
THE ROMAN CALENDAR.

The Roman month had three chief days, with reference which the other days were reckoned.
These days were the Kalends (Kalends), which
the Nones (NonjB), the Ides (Idus),
fell
io
on the
1st;
5th
13th.
But
in
March, July, October, May, The Nones were on the 7th day,
and the Ides on the 15th, or eight days
later.
All other days were counted backwards from these three

points in other words, the Romans did not say such a day after the Kalends, Nones, or Ides, but such a day before these three principal days.
;
To
express a date in Latin observe these rules
(a) For days before the Kalends, add two to the number of days in the month, and subtract the day of the month from
the result so obtained.
(6)
For days before the Nones and Ides, add one to the day on which they respectively fall, and subtract the day of the month from the result.
E.g.
To express
the 16th of January in Latin
January contains 31 days add 2 to this, and you have 33 16 = 17. So that you find January 16th = ante diem septimum decimum Kalendas Februarias or, as it is usually
;
33.
written, a. d.
XVII.
Kal. Feb.
THE ROMAN CALENDAR.
185
fell
To express February
3rd.
The Nones
Add
1, aud the result is 6; 3rd=a. d. III. Non. Feb.

'
63=3.
of
on the 5th; Therefore, February
To
express
this,
May
13th.
The Ides
;
May
fell
on the 15th
add 1 to 13th=a.
and you have 16

Mai.
16
13=3.
Therefore,
May
d. III. Id.
To express
in Latin the date of a year the ordinal

;
numerals
must be used
e.g.
A.D.
1885=Anno
post Christum
natum
millesimo octingentesiino octogesimo quinto.
The Kalends, Nones, and Ides of January,

: :
etc.,
will
;
be
or,
expressed by Kalendis, Nonis*, Idibus, Januariis, Non. Jan. Id. Jan., etc briefly, by Kal. Jan.
etc.
before the Kalends, Nones, and Ides of January, expressed by Pridie Kalendas, Nonas, Idus, Januarias, etc.; or, briefly, Prid. Kal., Non., Id., Jan.
The day
etc., is
twice
In leap year February 24 (a. d. VI. Kal. Mart.) was reckoned and the day was called dies bissextus, whence the
;
term, bissextile, as applied to leap year.*
of the months, which are adjectives with mensis), are Januarius, Februarius, Marfcius, (agreeing Junius, Julius (or Quintilis), Augustus (or Maius, Aprilis,
Sextilis),
The Latin names
September, October, November, December.

in -us
Those
tristis
;
are
declined like bonus;
those in
-is like
those in -er like acer.
The
intercalated day
was counted between

;
a. d.
VI. and
a. d. VII.,
and
called a. d. bissextum Kal. Mart.
so that a. d. VII. answers as in
ordinary years to Feb. 23rd.
186
NEW EASY
LATIN PEIMER.
ROMAN MONEY.
There were two principal
the Sestertius (a silver coin
coins,
= 2J
As (genitive asses'), the symbol

lie
assis)
and
for
which
was HS. The As, or pound Uncia

of 12 ounces (uncice),
was thus divided:
=2 Quadrans =3 =4 Triens Quincunx =5 Semis =6 Septunx = 7 Bes =8

Sextans
1 oz.,
or -^ of the As.
TT
,
-i
&=
5
_*_
J?
,,
i
i
.,
T 2.JL.
,,
'
TV
TV
Dodrans Dextans
Deunx
= 9 =10 = 11
A=I
if
= =
I
-,,
#
in bequeathing property
estate.
,,
:
The following terms were used

Heres ex asse. Heres ex sextante. Heres ex besse.
Heir to the whole

of the
,,
,,
,,
Etc., etc., etc.
Interest
was reckoned monthly
at the rate of so
much per
100
asses.
Hence
Uncise usurse
T\ per cent, per month
1 per cent.
per annum. Sextan tes usurse

per annum.
=
=
per cent, per month
=2
per cent-
Quadrantes usurss
cent, per
per cent, per month
=3
per
annum.
ROMAN MONEY.
Asses usurse
187
1 per cent, per
month
=
:
12 per cent, per
annum.
Instead of asses usuree
So, Binge centesimse Trinee
we
find centesimse
^
/
Quaternas
=2 or 24 = 3 per cent. 36 month r = 4 J per 48

J
per cent.
an-
f
\
} per I r J
num.
coin.
The
sestertii, or sesterce, as
we have
of a
said,
was a
The sestertiwm was the name

and
is
sum (= 1,000
sestertii),
only used in the plural.
Sestertm,
HS, joined with Cardinal or Distributive numbers,

sesterces.
means
so
many thousand
sestertium,
The Numeral adverbs joined with

(gen.
sing.),
or
HS, denote
(or understanding) sestertii so many 100,000
sesterces.
Thus, Tres sestertii Trecenti sestertii

Mille sestertium
=3
=300
duo
)
>
sesterces.
,,
Duo
...
millia sestertium, or
sestertia
Decem millia sestertium Centum millia sestertium,

Centena millia sestertium
J>
= 1,000 = 2,000 = 10,000 = 100,000 = 300,000

n = 1,UUU,UUU = 40,000,000
sesterces.
.,
Centum
sestertia
]
Ter centena millia sestertium,

Ter sestertium
Decies centena millia sestertium,
TA
Decies sestertium
i-A
,,
Quadringenties sestertium
NOTE.
HS. HS. HS.
X = Sestertii
X= Sestertia
X = Sestertiwn
decem =10 decem =10,000

decies
= 1,000,000
188
NEW EASY LATIN
PRIMER.
PARSING.
but little doubt that the generality of teachers, whether make use of Parsing too much as a means of teaching the Grammar of a sentence, whereas it should more properly be used simply as a test of what the pupil knows. As also dictation is often improperly used as a means of teaching spelling, though it is a most capital exercise and test when the pupil has learned to spell fairly.
is
There
at public or private schools,
Much time is wasted over Parsing. The pupil has to say everything he knows of a word, whether it is Masculine or Feminine, Singular or Plural and of a Verb, what Conjugation, Voice, Mood, Tense, Number, Person, etc. Careful and diligent teachers boast that they do this with their pupils every day. The pupil no doubt gets up the required form by rote, but half the time does not understand what he is about and if asked what Gender and why, cannot answer without thinking.
;
The simplest form
of Parsing is the best, as not
wearying
:
either to the teacher or the pupil.
Below
is
an example
hdbet.
Maturus fructus dulcem saporem
Maturus fructus ripe fruit habet has dulcem saporem a sweet taste.
Maturus.
Fructus.
Nominative Case, to agree with its substantive fructus. Nominative Case to the verb habet.
Accusative Case, to agree with its substantive saporem. Accusative Case governed by the verb halet. Third Person Singular, to agree with its Nominative
Ca,se fructus.
Dulcem.
Saporem.
Habet.
This is all that is required to enable a pupil to understand the construction of the sentence.
It is certainly most important that much more than this should be known; but, according to the teaching of this little book, the
pupil would know it. He would know as well as his teacher that maturus was an Adjective, Masculine Gender and Singular Num. ber, and declined like bonus, or certainly he would not and could
not be doing exercises.
And so with dulcem. If he did not know that dulcem was an Adjective of two terminations, declined like tristis, and that did-
PAUSING.
189
in itself -was Masculine or Feminine, but Masculine in this sentence because it has to agree with saporem, he certainly would have to shut his Exercise book and take to his Grammar again.
cem
those teach
There must be added a word or two about this Parsing for who wish to learn Latin by themselves, that they may
it
to others.
is
Maturus
than that
the Nominative Case, simply and for no other reason it has to agree with fructus, which is Nomina-
tive. Being an Adjective, it has nothing to do with the Verb, or with anything but a Substantive.
Fructus
is
the Nominative Case to the verb habet. Hdbet standing in the sentence must have some Nominative, either expressed or understood; as fructus is a Nominative, then fructus must be taken.
Dulcem
is
the Accusative Case not governed by the Verb, for being an Adjective it has nothing to do with anything but a Substantive; but it is the Accusative Case to agree with saporem, because saporem is the Accusative.
is the Accusative Case governed by the verb Habet must take some Accusative Case after it is it but saporem ?
Saporem
Jiabet.
what
Habet
is
the Third Person Singular, to agree with its Nominative C&se fructus (or maturus fructus). Habet is the Singular
Number because fructus is, and Third Person because " " " " " every thing and every person but you or I," you " or we" is the Third Person.
But were there any idea that the pupil did not know every particular about each word, then each word should be taken,
and he should be questioned upon
Saporem.
Halet.
it
in every way.
What Case? Why? What Declension? you know the Declension ? What Gender ?
How Why ?
do
What Part of Speech? What Voice Mood Tense ? What Person? Why? What Conjugation? How do you know that it is the Second Conjugation ?
But then a pupil taught as by this book would know this, and there would be no need to ask these questions once a month.
190
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER.
ORDER OF LATIN WORDS.

I.
In short Latin sentences the Nominative will come

Pisces extra
first.
Fish
II.
cito exspirant. quickly expire out of the water.
aquam
As a general
rule,
the Verb comes
last.
Milites trans hostium fertiles agros ibant. The soldiers were going across the fertile fields of the enemy.
III.
The word governed word that governs it
is
;
generally
placed
before
the
as,
Pomum
IV.
habet, not
Habet pomum.
Urbis portas clausit, not Portas urbis clausit.
The Possessive Pronoun will usually come word it agrees with as, Puer librum suum amisit, not Puer suum librum
;
after
the
amisit.
V.
The Adjective mostly comes which it agrees as,

;
after the Substantive with
Poetafiliam
VI. This Adjective
stantive
bonam
habet.
on
may however be separated from its Suba Genitive (with its Adjective) depending by that Substantive, in which case it precedes the
;
Genitive
as,
Puer bonam poeissfiliam

as also
videt
Puer bonam sapientis -poetssfiliam videt. The boy sees the good daughter of the wise poet.
VII.
The Adverb
to
will
come generally next before the word

;
which
it
belongs
as,
Pisces extra
aquam
cito exspirant.
ORDER OP LATIN WORDS.

VIII.
191
The
Preposition, as a general rule, must come IMMEDIATELY before the word to which it belongs ; as in the last sentence,
Pisces extra
aquam
cito exspirant.
IX.
It
(a)
may however (see p. 112) Go before the Adjective

stantive
;
that agrees with the Sub-
as, Milites trans fer tiles agros ibant.
Or
as,
(6) Before a Genitive depending on that word; Milites trans hostium fertiles agros ibant.
X.
Conjunctions which join words together must of necesas, Hare et terra. sity come between such words
;
If que
to
is
used instead of
it
et, it
will
be affixed to the word

videt.
which
belongs
as,
Mare terramquQ
If the conjunction join sentences together, it will come between the sentences ; as, Multa vidit et plura audivit.
XI.
Autem, enim,
first in
vero, quidem, quoque, igitur, may not stand the sentence ; but namque sed, equidem, ergo, itaque, tamen, may stand first.
XII.
The
Interjection will be the first
word
in the sentence.
There
is
is also
another
way
of telling the proper order for
Latin words;
viz.
according to emphasis.
The word which
of first importance is first in the arrangement of words. Hence the emphatic words precede others. The following will at least explain what is meant by the above rule :
1.
Will you go into the town to-morrow Visne eras in oppidum ire ?
Will you go into the town to-morrow
2.
Tune
3.
in
oppidum eras
ire vis ?
?
Will you go into the town to-morrow Crasne in oppidum ire vis ?
192
NEW
EAST LATIN PRIMER.
RULES OF SYNTAX.
Page
72.
FOUR GENERAL RULES.

LATIN.
ENGLISH.
A.
A.
Verbum
Finitum
cum
in
I.
A Verb
Finite agrees with

its Subject Person. 88.
nominativo Subject! congruit nnraero et persona. 88. I.

B.
the nominative of
Number and
B.
Adjectivum genere,numero,
et casu congruit
An
Adjective
agrees
in
cum
eo cui
attribnitnr.
89. II.
Gender, Number, and Case with that to which it is in

attribution.
89. II.
C.
C.
Substantivumcasu congruH
cum eo cui apponitur.
90. III.
Substantive agrees in case with that to which it is

in apposition.
90. III.
D.
D.
Relativum cum Antecedents

congruit, genere, numero, et persona; sed casu spectat
Relative agrees with

in
its
Gender, NumPerson but in Case and ber,
Antecedent
to
suam clausulam.
91.
IV.
belongs 91. IV.
its
own
clause.
The Letter or figure at the top of each Eule refers to Syntax, Pa r t II. The figures after each Rule refer to the Public School Latin Primer.
RULES OF SYNTAX.
193
THE VERB AND

LATIN.
I.
ITS NOMINATIVE
OR SUBJECT.
ENGLISH.
I.
Finiti Verbi Subjectum nativus est. 93. 1.
Nomi-
The Subject
a Nominative.
of a Finite
Verb
is
93. 1.
V.
V.
Cum Subjecto composite pluralia

congruunt.
92.
With a composite Subject Plural

words agree.
92.
VI.
VI.
In
sona.
diversitate
92. 1.
personarum
If
the
Persons
differ,
Verbs
92. 1.
Verba congruunt cum Priore PerVII.
agree with the Prior Person.
VII.
Infinitive stands substantively for nominative or Accusative. 140. I. 1.
Infinitivum
pro
140.
stat substantive, nominativo vel Accusative.
The
1. 1.
VIII.
Clausulae
VIII.
Substantivis
ponuntur.
pro 156 (3).
Clauses are put for Substantives. 156 (3).
THE VERB AND
ITS ACCUSATIVE
OR OBJECT.
is
Accusativus est Casu Proprioris Necnon limitandi vim Objecti.

habet.
I.
The Accusative
the nearer Object.
It
the Case of has also the
power
of limiting.
I.
Verba Transitiva regunt Accusativum Objecti.

III.
Transitive Verbs govern an Accusative of the Object.

III.
Intransitiva
capiunt Accusati97.
vum
vi cognata.
Intransitive Verbs take an Accusative of kindred meaning. 97.
THE NOMINATIVE AFTER THE VERB.

Verba Copulativa,
sive Infinitiva,
<
sive
Finita
rumque cum
habent.
94.
complementum pleSubjecto
congruens
Copulative Verbs, whether Finite Infinitive, generally have a complement agreeing with the
or
Subject.
94.
This applies also to the Accusative.
194
NEW
EAST LATIN PRIMEK.
THE GENITIVE AFTEE THE VEEB.

Page
I.
79.
I.
Genitivus ita stat ut

possit,
suppleri
Genitive so stands that nature, token, function, duty, can be supplied.
indoles
munus
officium 127.
II.
b.
127.
b.
indicium
II.
Interest,
mittunt.
refert, 129. III.
Genitivum ad-
Eadem pro Genitivis Pronominum usurpant bos casus, mea, tud, suci, nostril, vestra, cum recongruentes.
129. III. a.
III.
imports), refert (it concerns) admit a Genitive. 129. III. The same verbs, instead of the Genitives of Pronouns, use these
(it
Interest
cases,
mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra,

re.
agreeing with
129. III. a.
HI.
Genitivus adjungitur Verbis et Adjectivis quibus significatur

Potentia et impotentia. Criminatio, innocentia.
Genitive
is
joined to Verbs
signify
and Adjectives which
Power and impotence.

Inculpation, innocence.
Damnatio, absolutio.
Condemnation, acquittal.
Memoria
et oblivio.
Memory
133. II.
and.forgetfulness. 133. II.
IV.
IV.
Ex
Adjectivis
et Verbis
abun-
dandi vel egendi, ditandi vel privandi, pleraque Ablativum capiunt, multa etiam Genitivum. 119. IX. b.
V.
Ulisereor,
;
Most Adjectives and Verbs of abounding or wanting, enriching or depriving, take an Ablative
;
many
also a Genitive.
119. IX.
b.
V.
miseresco,
Genitivum
capiunt miseror, commiseror Accusativum. 135. IV.

VI.
recorder, reminiscor, obliviseor, Genitivum vel Accusativum adinittunt. 133. II. a.
Misereor, miseresco (I pity), take a Genitive miseror, commiseror (I compassionate), an Accusative. 135. IV. VI.
;
Memini,
Memini,
reminiscor,
recorder
obliviseor (I forget) admit Genitive or Accusative. 133.

(I remember),
II. a.
VII.
Piget,
VII.
teedet,
pudet,
pcenitet,
Piget
poenitet
gusts),
(it irks),
(it
pudet
(it
shames),
atque miseret, Impersonalia, Genitivum capiunt cum Accusative.

134. III.
and
repents), tasdet (it dismiseret (it moves pity),
impersonal Verbs, take a Genitive 134. III. with an Accusative.
RULES OF SYNTAX.
195
THE DATIVE AFTER THE VERB.

Pages
LATIN.
80, 81.
ENGLISH.
Datmts est casus Recipientis seu Remotioris Object!. 104.
The Dative is the case of the Recipient or Remoter object. 104.

I.
sensum trajiciunt ad Remotius objectum, sunt multa

Trajectiva, quse
et Verba, Adverbia, Adjectiva, rarius Substantiva, quibus indica-
tur:
Propinquitas et contraria.
"Words which carry their meaning over to a Remoter Object are called include Trajective, and many Adjectives, Adverbs, and Verbs, more rarely Substantives, by which is implied Nearness and its contraries.
Demonstratio
et contraria. Gratificatio et contraria. Dominatio et contraria. 105.

II.
Demonstration and its contraries. Gratification and its contraries. Dominion and its contraries.
1.
105.
I.
H.
sunt
Inter
Trajectiva
:
multa
Verba composita
quales sunt
cum
Particulis,
Among Trajective words are many Verbs compounded with

Particles,
such as
Bene, male,
satis, re,
Ad, ante, con,
in, inter, de, ob, sub, super, post, et prcs.
106. a.
bene, well. male, ill. satis, enough. re, ad, ante, con, in, inter, de, ob, sub, super, post, et prae.
106. a.
III.
III.
Sum,
cum
possum, capit Dativum.

IV.
Est, sunt,
compositis, prater 107. II. b.
Sum, with
II. 6.
its
compounds, ex107.
cept possum, takes a Dative.
IV.
Dativo, habere 107. II. c. Est, sunt, with a Dative, often imply having. 107. II. c.
cum
V.
saepe significant.
V.
Dativus Propositi pro complernento adjuncto saepe ponitur, Dativo Recipientis. 108. III.
A Dative
of the
Purpose
is
used
as a complement, a Dative of the Recipient being often added. 108.
196
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
THE ABLATIVE AFTEE THE VERB.

Page
LATIN.
I.
81.
ENGLISH.
I.
:
Ablativum regunt (1) Verba
These words govern an Ablative The Verbs (1)

:
fungor,
potior,
fruor,
vescor,
Fungor,
Fruor,
to perform.
to enjoy.
dignor.
Utor, to use. Vescor, to eat.

Potior, get possession of.
Dignor, deem worthy.

* (2)
Adjectiva
dignus, indignus,
contentus, fretus,
prceditus.
(2)
The
Adjectives
Dignus, worthy. Indignus, unworthy. Contentus, content.

Fretus, relying. Praeditus, endued.
(3)
Substantiva,
opus, usus. 119. IX. a.
(3)
The Substantives Opus, need. Usus, use.
119. IX. a.
II.
II.
Verbis abundandi vel egendi, ditandi vel priAcljectivis

et
Ex
Most Adjectives and Verbs

depriving, take an Ablative also a Genitive. 119. b.
;
of
abounding or ivanting, enriching or
vandi, pleraque Ablativum capiunt, multa etiam Genitivum. 119. &.
many
III.
III.
Praepositiones etiam compositaG regunt Ablativum, praesertim ab,

de, ex.
* It
Prepositions, even when compounded, govern an Ablative, especially ab, de t ex.
122. XII. a.
122. XII. a.
has been thought convenient to place the Adjectives and the Substantives
here to
make
the rule complete.
RULES OP SYNTAX.
197
VEEBS WHICH TAKE TWO CASES.

Page
82.
ACCUSATIVE AND GENITIVE.

LATIN.
I.
ENGLISH.
I.
Genitivus adjungitur Vefbis et

Adjectivis quibus significatur
:
Genitive is joined to Verbs and

:
Potentia et impotentia.
Criminatio, innocentia.
Power and impotence.

Inclination, innocence.
Damnatio,
absolutio.
Memoria
et oblivia.
Memory and forg etfulness.

133. II.
133. II.
II.
II.
Piget,
pudet,
poenitet,
t&det,
Piget
poenitet
gusts),
(it irks), (it
pudet
(it
shames),
atque miseret, Impersonalia, Geni-
repents), tasdet (it dis(it
tivum capiunt cum Accusative.
miseret
moves pity), Im-
134
III.
personal verbs, take a Genitive with an Accusative. 134. HI.
The above do not
necessarily always take two cases.
ACCUSATIVE AND DATIVE.

Trajectiva quas
sensum
trajiciunt
ad Eemotius Objectum, sunt nmlta

Adjectiva, Adverbia, et verba> rarius Substantiva, quibus indicatur :
Words which carry their meaning over to a Remote Object are

called Trajective,
Adjectives,
more
Propinquitas et contraria.
is
rarely
:
and include many and Verbs, Substantives, by which

Adverbs,
its contraries.
implied
Demonstratio et contraria.
Gratificatio et contraria.
Nearness and
Demonstration and its contraries.

I.
Dominatio
et contraria.
105.
Gratification and its contraries. Dominion and its contraries.

105.
I.
The above do not
necessarily always take two cases.
198
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMES.
VEEBS WHICH TAKE EITHER OF TWO CASES.

Page
83.
GENITIVE OR ACCUSATIVE.
LATIN.
Memini, reminiscor, recorder, Genitivum vel Accusativum admittunt.
ENGLISH. Memini, reminiscor, recorder
(I
133. II. a.
remember), obliviscor (I forget), admit Genitive or Accusative. 133.

II. a.
GENITIVE OR ABLATIVE.
Adjectivis et Verbis abundandi vel egendi, ditandi vel privandi, pleraque Ablative capiunt, multa etiam Genitivum. 119. IX. &.
Ex
Most Adjectives and Verbs of abounding or wanting, enriching or depriving, take an Ablative;
many also
a Genitive.
119. IX.
&.
VEEBS WHICH TAKE A DOUBLE CASE.

Page
83.
Two
I.
ACCUSATIVES
PERSON AND THING.

Some Verbs, especially those of asking and teaching, admit two Accusatives, one of the thing, the other of the Person. 98.
Verba qusedam, rogandi praesertim et docendi, binos adrnittunt Accusatives, alterum Eei, alterum
Persona?.
98.
Two
ACCUSATIVES
I.
OBJECT AND COMPLEMENT.

I.
Verba quasdam faciendi, vocandi, binos habent putandi, similia,

Accusatives, alterum Objecti, alterum Obliqui Complementi. 99.
Verbs, of making, calling, thinking, and the like, have two Accusatives, one of the Object, the other of the Oblique
Certain
Complement.
99.
Two
I.
DATIVES
SUM WITH OTHER WORDS.

I.
Dativus Propositi pro Complement ponitur, adjuncto Dativo Eecipientis. 108. III.
*
A Dative of the Purpose is used as

a Complement, a Dative of the Eecipient being often added.
108. III.
These are called Factitive Verbs.
RULES OF SYNTAX.
199
ADJECTIVES AND THEIE CASES.

Pages 84, 85.
GENITIVE AFTER THE ADJECTIVE.

LATIN.
I.
ENGLISH.
Quantitatis et Neutra comitatur. 131. B.

II.
Genitivus ReiDemensae Vocabula Adjectiva
A Genitive of the Thing Measured

is
joined to
Words
of
Quantity and
Neuter Adjectives.
II.
131.
B.
Genitivus objective jungitur Substantivis, Adjectivis, aut Participiis,
quibus transitiva queedam vis est, prasertim si significant :

Peritiam, curam, desiderium. Vel quidquid erit his contrarium.
132.
I.
joined objectively to Substantives, Adjectives, or Participles if they signify skill, care, desire, or whatever is contrary to these. 132. I.
Genitive
is
Genitivus adjungitur Verbis et Adjectivis quibus significantur : Potentia et impotentia. Criminatio, innocentia.
Genitive
is
joined to Verbs
:
and Adjectives which signify Power and impotence.

Inculpation, innocence.
Damnatio, dbsolutlo.
133. II.
Memoria
et oblivio.
Memory &ud.forgetfulness. 133.
II.
DATIVE AFTER THE ADJECTIVE. Dativum, Trajective Words take a Dative when the meanings implied are quum significatur (2) Demonstra(1) Propinquitas (1) Nearness (2) DemonTrajectiva
capiunt
:
stratio;
(3)
;
minatio
et contraria.
Gratificatio; (4) Do106.
tion
(3)
;
nion
and
Gratification (4) their contraries.

;
Domi106.
THE ABLATIVE AFTER THE

I.
ADJECTIVE.
I.
:
Ablativum regunt
Adjectiva dignu
t
These words govern an Ablative
indignus, con-
tentus, fretus, prceditus.
Adjectives dignus (ivorthy), contentus indignus (unworthy)

,
The
119. IX. a. 2.
(content), fretus (relying), praeditus
(endued).
II.
119. IX. a. 2.
II.
Adjectivis et Verbis abundandi vel egendi, ditandi vel privandi, pleraque Ablativum capiunt, multa etiam Genitivum. 119. b.
Ex
Most Adjectives and Verbs

;
of
abounding or wanting, enriching or depriving, take an Ablative many

also a Genitive. 119.
b.
Also the Substantives opus and usus take an Ablative.
119.
IX.
a. 3.
200
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER.
DIFFEKENT USES OF CASES.

Page
86.
*** These
"
different uses of Cases
"
are not intended to
include the Case after the Verb or Adjective, which has been
already given.
NOMINATIVE.
LATIN.
I.
ENGLISH.
I.
Finiti Verbi
Subjectum Nomi-
The Subject
a Nominative.
of a Finite
93. 1.
Verb
is
nativus
est.
93. 1.
II.
II.
Substantivum casu congruit cum

eo cui apponitur.
90.
Substantive
agrees
it is
in
case
with that to which
Apposition.
90.
III.
III.
Noininativus et Accusativus in
The Nominative and the Accusative
exclamando usurpantur
Interjectione vel
. vel
sine
are used in Exclamations
cum Interjectione.
138.
either without
an Interjection or
138.
with an Interjection.
IV.
IV.
Quam cum
Nominative.
124.
Quam with Nominative.

1.
XIV.
124. XIV.
I.
VOCATIVE.
Vocativus extra sententiam stat
vel sine Interjectione vel
terjectione.
The Vocative stands out

jection or with
of the
cum
In-
sentence either without an Inter-
137.
an
Interjection.
137.
EULES OF SYNTAX.
ACCUSATIVE.
Pages 86, 87.
LATIN.
I.
201
ENGLISH.
I.
Tnfinitivi
Subjeetum in Accu93. 2.
II.
The
Subject of
an
Infinitive is
93. 2.
sative ponitur.
put in the Accusative.

II.
Substantivnm casu congruit cum

eo cui apponitur.
90. III.
Substantive agrees in case with that to which it is in Apposition.
90. III.
III.
III.
Accusativus Kespectus adjungitur Verbis et Adjectivis, praesertim
The Accusative
of
Eespect
is
apud poetas.
100.
joined to Verbs and Adjectives, 100. especially in poetry. IV.
IV.
Nominativus et Accusativus in Exclamaiido usurpantur vel sine

Interjectione vel
The Nominative and the Accusative are used in Exclamations either without an Interjection or with au
cum
V.
Interjectione. 138.
Interjection.
138.
V.
Duratio Temporis in Accusative

ponitur.
102. 1.
The Duration
the Accusative.
of
Time
is
put in
102. 1.
VI.
VI.
in
Mensura
ponitur.
Spatii 102. 2.
Accusative
The Measure
the Accusative.
of Space is put in 102. 2.
VII.
VII.
Praa-
Accusativum regunt multaa

positiones.
103.
Prepositions govern Accusative Case. 103.

VIII.
Many
an
VIII.
Locus, quo
itur, in
Accusative
ponitur, iclque sine Praepositione, si vel oppidi nomen est, vel domm, 1U1. rus.
place, whither one goes, is put in the Accusative and without a Preposition, if it is either the name of a town, or domus (home),
;
The
rus (country}.
101.
IX.
IX.
Quam cum
Accusative.
124.
Quam
XIV.
2.
with the Accusative.

124. 2.
202
NEW EASY
LATIN PEIMEE.
GENITIVE. Page 87.

LATIN.
I,
ENGLISH.
I.
Genitivus Auctoris et Possessoris.

127.
II.
I.
Genitive Possessor.
of the 127. I.
II.
Author
and
Substantivum casu,
III.
etc.
A
etc.
Substantive 90 III.
III.
agrees in
case
Genitivus
theto.
qualitatis,
cum
epi-
Genitive of quality with epithet.

128. II.
128. II.
IV.
IV.
Genitivi
:
Notentur
parvi
elliptic!
The
elliptic
:
Genitives
may
be
remarked
minimi
plurimi
minoris
pluris
magni
tanti
quanti
maximi
Parvi, of small worth; minoris, of less value ; minimi, of very little worth. Magni, of great price;
quibus supple pretii.

128. II. a.
more value; plurimi, of high value. Tanti, of so great price; quanti, of what price; To maximi, of very great price. which supply pretii. 128. II. a.
pluris, of
DATIVE.
Page
Substantivum casu,
II.
87.
I.
etc.
A Substantive
agrees in case, etc.

II.
va
Ita Dativus ponitur I 139.
cum
So the Dative
(alas!) \s&(woe
!)
is
put with hei,
139.
ABLATIVE. Page 88.

I.
I.
Substantivum casu,
II.
etc.
A
:
Substantive agrees in case,

II.
etc.
Ablativus Eei Comparatse

(1)
(2)
Pro quam cum Nominative. Pro quam cum Accusative.

124.
III.
Ablative of the Thing

(1)
(2)
Compared
XIV.
For quam with Nom. For quam with Ace. 124. XIV.
III.
Multas Prsepositiones Ablativum 122. XII. regunt. (See list.)
Many
Ablative.
Prepositions govern an 122. XII. (See list.)
IV. Ablativus Agentis expetit Praepositionem a, ab. 122. XII. b.
IV. The Ablative of the Agent takes the Preposition a, ab. 122. XII. b.
RULES OF SYNTAX.
LATIN.
203
ENGLISH.
V.
V.
Ablativus est Casus rerum quas circumstant et adverbial! more limitant actionem. Definit etiam
is the Case of circumstances which attend action,
The Ablative
it
and
Tempus
V. VI. VII. VIII. IX.
et
Locum.
110.
limit also time
and
It defines adverbially. 110. space.
Ablativus Causse. Ablativus Instrument!. Ablativus Modi. Ablativus Conditionis. Ablativus Qualitatis, cum
Epitheto.
V. VI. VII. VIII. IX.
Ablative of Cause. Ablative of the Instrument. Ablative of Manner. Ablative of Condition. Ablative of Quality with Epithet.
X. Ablativus Eespectus. XT. Ablativus Pretii. XII. Ablativus Mensuras. XIII. Ablativus Materise. 111-119.
XL Ablative of Price. XII. Ablative of Measure. XIII. Ablative of Matter. 111-119.

XIV.
X. Ablative of Eespect.
XIV.
Temporis respondet, si rogatur, Quando ? Intra quantum tempus ? Quanta tempore ante
vel post
?
Ablativus
The
Ablative of
Time answers
Within When? the questions, ic hat time? How long before or

after
?
120. X.
120. X.
Oppidorum
locum
,
XV. nomina
XV.
singularia
ex Declinatione prima et secunda stationis denniunt per casus in i. 121. XII. a.
Singular names of towns of the first and second Declension define the place of station by cases in 121. XII. a. o>, i.
XVI.
oppidi Prsepositione caret, cum rogatur Unde ? Ita domo, rvre. 121. XI. C.
XVI.
Ablativus
The Ablative
tion is
of a
town
is
with-
out a Preposition,
when the
ques-
Whence ? So domo (from home).

rure (from the country). 121. XI. C.
XVII.
Ablativus
Prsepositione,
XVII.
ponitur
rogatur,
sine
Loci
The Ablative
without a
question
is
cum
A.
via
?121. XL
qua
of Place is put Preposition when the By ichat road ? 121. XL A.
<
XVIII. Substantivum cum
XVIII.
Participio
coalescit in Ablative, qui vocatur Absolutus. 125. XV.
Substantive combines with a Participle in the Ablative which is called Absolute. 125. XV.
204
NEW
EASY LATIN PRIMER.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Page
LATIN.
94.
ENGLISH.
I.
I.
Infinitivi
et
Casus sunt Gerundia

141.
II.
Supina.
Gerunds and Supines are the Cases of the Infinitive. 141. II.
II.
II.
Infinitivum,
ticipiis,
cum
Gerundio, Par-
The Infinitive, with Gerund, Parand Supine in um, governs the same Cases as the Verb Finite.
ticiples,
Supino in um, eosdein casus regit ac Verbum Finitum.

et
142.
III.
142.
III.
III.
III.
Infinitivum
stat
substantive,
The
tive.
Infinitive stands
substan-
pro
140.
Nominative vel
I.
Accusative.
tively, for
Nominative or AccusaI.
140.
(1).
(1).
IV.
IV.
oblique,
Infinitivum stat
cum
The Infinitive stands

with Accusative
140.
I.
obliquely,
Accusative Subjecti.
140.
I. (3).
of
the
Subject.
(3).
V.
V.
predicative, Finite.
Infinitivum
in
stat
The
Verb.
Infinitive
stands
Predica-
narrando, pro Verbo

I. (2).
tively, in
narration, for a Finite

I.
140.
140.
(2).
VI.
VI.
prolata convel Adjectivi.
Infinitivum stat
structione
140.
I.
The
on the
Infinitive stands
Verbi
carrying construction of Verb or

140.
I.
(4).
(4).
Adjective.
RULES OF SYNTAX.
205
GEEUNDS.
Page
LATIN.
III.
95.
ENGLISH.
III.
Accusativus Gerundii
/ionibus adjungitur.
141.
PraeposiII.
(1).
The Accusative
of the
Gerund
is
joined to Prepositions. 141. II.
(1).
IV.
IV.
Genitivus Gerundii Substantivis

et Adjectivis additur.
The Genitive
tives.
of the
Gerund
is
141. II.
(2).
joined to Substantives and Adjec141.

II. (2).
V.
Dativus Gerundii Nominibus et
Verbis additur.
141.
II. (3).
V.
The Dative of the Gerund is 141. joined to Nouns and Verbs.

II. (3).
VI.
Ablativus
VI.
causae
Gerundii
vel
The
Ablative of the Gerund

is
is of
modi
141.
est aut Praepositioni juugitur.

II.
(4).
cause or manner, or
Preposition.
141.
joined to a
(4).
H.
SUPINES.
II.
II.
Supinum
in
um Accusativus
est
The Supine in um is an Accusative

after
141. II. (5). post Verba motus. Iri cum Supino efficitlnfmitivum
futuri Passivi.
Iri with the
Verbs of motion. 141. II. (5). Supine forms the

Future Passive.
141.
II. (5). a.
141.
II. (5). a.
Infinitive of the
III.
III.
Pte-
Supinum
epectus est.
in
u pro Ablativo
II.
(6).
The Supine
tive of respect.
in u is for
141.
an Abla-
141.
II. (6).
206
NEW EASY
LATIN PRIMER.
RULES NOT ARRANGED IN THEIR PROPER ORDER.

GERUNDIVE ATTRACTION.
I.
In Geruudiis Transitivis usitatior

est Attractio
In Transitive Gerunds the Gerundive Attraction

rule for
is more usual the which construction is the
;
:
Gerundiva; cujus con:
structionis regula est hascce
following
Trabitur Objectum in Gerundivi
The Object
is
attracted to the
casum, Gerundivum in
et
numerum
genus Objecti.
143.
case of the Gerundive, the Gerundive to the Number and Gender of
the Object.
143.
PARTITIVE GENITIVE.
Genitivus Rei Distributee
titivis
licet,
Par-
Genitive of
is
the Thing Dis-
adjungitur, quse, quantum Genitivi sumunt genus. 130.
tributed
joined to Partitive words, which, as far as may be,
IV.
take the Gender of the Genitive.

130.
IV.
ABLATIVE OF SEPARATION.
AblativusSeparationis et Originis etiam sine Praepositione Verbis et
Participiis adjungjtur.
The Ablative
Origin
is
of Separation
and
a
Par-
joined
to
also
with
123. XIII.
Preposition
ticiples.
Verbs
XIII.
and
123.
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21th, 1875.
SOME STEPPING-STONES TO SCHOLARSHIP/

" In the interest of both parents and pupils, we think it right to draw attention to two or three succinct and well-considered aids to the attainment of classical knowledge, in the way of grammar, composition, and collateral matters, which now lie on our table. " Of these we place in the first rank two volumes differing in grade and scope, yet of the same practical character, excellently fitted, the one for grounding the merest tyro, the other for giving him, when grounded, an insight into the principles and philosophy of the grammar he has laid in by rote. The first is A Short and Easy Greek Book, by Mr. EDMUND FOWLB the other an annotated Greek Accidence, by Mr. Evelyn Abbott, now a tutor, we believe, at Balliol and it has seldom been our fortune to light upon Greek grammars in which economy and retrenchment of space went so thoroughly along with lucidity and solidity of information. Mr. FOWLB'S book, indeed, combining grammar, exercises, and vocabulary in the space of one hundred and forty pages, distinctly aims at not only being, but also (which is a harder task, though it may appear paradoxical to say so) at seeming to the learner's eye as easy as possible. To this end each subject has been confined to one, or at most two, pages, and a vast amount of thought and pains has been bestowed upon such arrangements of declensions, division of a declension, tenses, and tables of verbs as obviate wearisome repetition, and establish a sequence readily appreciable by the learner. A further recommendation is that Mr. FOWLE'S book runs in the lines of Wordsworth's Greek Grammar, and, in a less degree, in those of Mr. St. John Parry's, one or other of which is in use at most of our larger schools. And, though the nature of the Short and Easy Greek Book peremptorily excludes philological and philosophical explanations, which the pupils for whom it is designed would be certain to ignore, it is remarkable how seldom we have been able to trace the slightest omission of essential matter, and how often an impression is produced that the author has weighed with nicety the claims of this or that detail to be included as of vital elementary importance. Yet Mr. Abbott's aim and .
; ; . .
object is also simplification. . . . When we come to the declensions of substantives, both writers are found practically limiting these to three, with a division of a third into five classes, and Mr. FOWLB has laudably simplified the intricacies of the vocative singular and dative plural of this last by a few simple rules. . . . " In anote to his compendious account of the comparison of adjectives, Mr. FOWLB makes a reservation that ' this formation of comparatives and superlatives is only given for the sake of learning the language, and that it is not to be supposed that it represents the original growth of the words'; and so elsewhere he distinguishes between the easy way for beginners and the more philosophical way, as regards forming the tenses. . . . We may add that a great enhancement of the usefulness of Mr. FOWLE'S manual is that it contains a series of simple and progressive exercises upon the steps of grammar as the pupil masters them, thus superseding the necessity of a 'Delectus,' and insuring the pupil's safe footing as he goes forward. Similar praise may be bestowed on his Short and Easy Latin Book and his two graduated Latin Readers, leading the pupil up to selected passages of Caesar, Ovid, and Virgil. His constant attention to the abridgment of labour, and the acquirement of aptness in translation by progressive vocabularies and pertinent footnotes, shows a clear sense of his mission as an instructor," etc., etc., etc.
* A Short and Easy Greek Book. By Rev. Edmund Fowle. Longmans. 1874. The Elements of the Greek Accidence, with Philological Notes. By Evelyn Abbott,
M.A., of Balliol College, Oxford. Rivingtons. 1874. A Short and Easy Latin Book. Fourth Edition. 1873. A First Easy Latin Reading Book. Second Edition. 1874. A Second Easy Latin Reading Book. 1873. By Rev. Edmund Fowle. Longmans.
210
REVIEWS OF THE LATIN AND GREEK BOOKS.

"It is no exaggeration of Mr. FOWLE'S merits as an educational
author to say that, since the days of Dr. Kerchever Arnold, no such advance has been made in the quality
and usefulness
of classical school
books as that achieved by Mr. FOWLE in the easy series of Latin and Greek manuals which he has published. It was our lot to be the very first
(Longmans') carries a step farther the plan of elementary teaching so ably sketched out in his ' Short and Easy Latin Book,' and First Easy Latin Reading Book.' Everything, however simple, that the pupil ought to know, is put before him in the plainest and most direct lan'
to recognise the great and special merit of these works, and we are glad to see," etc., etc. SCHOOL
guage." GUAEDIAN. " It is a common
complaint
BOABD CHBONICLE.
' '
The grand and
distinctive merit
of these books is the admirable skill with which the author has carefully excluded all the more difficult and advanced matters, and yet has prepared the way for their later ac-
books. We do not think they have any further ground of dissatisfaction since the appearance of Mr. FOWLE'S most admirable manual." OXFORD
amongst tutors that there is a great want of good elementary Greek
UNDEEGBADUATES' JOUENAL.
" Mr. FOWLE'S earlier educational works have been noticed in our columns with well-merited praise. The volume before us lacks nothing of the striking excellences which
quirement. This faculty of exclusion and simplification amounts almost

It requires no little skill to confine every subject within the
to genius.
marked
It is
or, at the most, two the same time to prepare the pupil for the study of larger
limit of one
pages, and
at,
its valuable predecessors. simple in the extreme, very in its steps, clear in expresgradual
sion,
and shirks no
difficulty.
The
growth and yet this has been achieved by Mr. FOWLE with perfect and unerring skill." THE SCHOOLMASTBB.
;
and more comprehensive treatises, by a perfectly natural and easy
passages selected are from the purest models of the purest LatinSCHOOLBOABD CHBONICLE. ity."
It is impossible to speak in terms of too high satisfaction of Mr. EDMUND
"
FOWLE'S Book.'"
'
First
JOHN BULL.
those
Easy Latin Reading
"Among
of the
who have
" The same good work which the Rev. EDMUND FOWLE has done for beginners in Latin by his Short and Easy Latin Book' he has now performed for those beginning Greek, in his companion volume, 'A Short and Easy Greek Book.'
'
lately
published excellent working methods for elementary teaching, one

highest places ought to be reserved for Mr. FOWLE. His little book is one of the most striking instances we could find of a thoughtful adult mind making the way easy for the young learner. It is always dangerous to assert an absolute superlative ; but it seems to us that this little Latin Reading Book for beginners is one of the best that has ever come into our hands." QUAB-
there
The arrangement is excellent, and is the same simplicity and

adaptation to the special difficulties of beginners which made Mr. FOWLE'S previous work so great a success." JOHN BULL.
"The
early study of the Greek
language has
as
many thorny steps, and we think any boy fortunate who has such sedulous care given
TEHLT JOUENAL OF EDUCATION.

'
"The Rev. EDMUND FOWLB'S Second Easy Latin Reading Book

'
is here shown to help him o yer them. It must be a very idle or a hopelessly stupid boy whom such a system as this would not bring, as old Lily said, past the wearisome " LITEbitterness of his learning.'
'
BAET CHUECHMAN.
211
REVIEWS OF THE LATIN AND GREEK BOOKS-continued.

"This very easy and carefully selected reading book is framed on the model of the author's Latin Reading Book, which we have
so cordially in our columns. We speak our fullest conviction of the merits of the work when we declare it to be by far the easiest and most useful introduction, to Greek when a pupil has once mastered the rudiments of his Greek Gramis
quite as easy as his
Latin."
BRIGHTON GAZETTE.
It has seldom been our fortune to light upon a Greek Grammar in
"
commended
mar."
EVENING STANDARD.
" The author of these books, who is a classical scholar of high attainments, has performed a difficult and important task with complete sucand top much cannot cess, . . be said in praise of his work. While his books are free from the defects of works of a similar kind, they are
.
which economy and retrenchment of space went so thoroughly along with lucidity and solidity of information. A vast amount of thought and pains has been bestowed upon such arrangements of declensions, divisions of a declension, tenses, and tables of verbs, as obviate wearisome repetition and establish a sequence appreciable by the learner." SATURDAY REVIEW.
...
in
have examined these books a somewhat sceptical spirit, fancying that amid the shoals of books of a similar character issuing
"
We
marked by striking excellences." WORCESTER JOURNAL.

"They remain now,
as
when they
were published the simplest and, in our opinion, the most effective of any classical primer we know." LITE-
RARY CHURCHMAN.
of language is no but some . . . matter, teachers have the gift to lighten the student's labour ; and such a man is Mr. FOWLE, who has the ability to
"The study
daily from the press there could be no possible ground for granting them even a conditional welcome but Mr. FOWLS has converted our scepticism into something like a well-assured and hopeful faith. The first of the two contains a very concise grammar, chiefly valuable for what it does NOT contain, and at the same time ingeniously putting the information it does contain in the
;
easy
clear
away
T
difficulties,
and thereby
smooth the way to the attainment of a thorough knowledge of a language. Jv o one but a practical teacher could do what the author has done ; and in this respect his Greek Book
form most adapted for comprehension and retention by the youthful pupil and this grammar is followed up by some very easy exercises, admirably adapted to the slow and painful steps which can be taken by the child. The book reveals on every pa(je the experience of one who
;
felt for
has not only worked with children, but them," SCHOOLIUSTEH.
SWAN SONNENSCHEIN, LE BAS & LOWREY, PATERNOSTER SQUARE.
212
By
12mo,
the
Same
;
Author.
by post
2s. 2d.
cloth,
price 2s.
free
Is.,
Cheaper Edition, boards,
free by post, Is. 2d.
THE
SGHOOLBOY'S fIRST BOOK

OP
E^SY
EXTRACT FROM PREFACE.
MY
objection to nearly all those
Books
of Poetry
which have
to
fallen into
my hands
is,
that there are so few pieces suitable for

of age, to
difficult.
children,
some are too
from nine to fourteen years easy, and some too
commit
memory
I believe that all
the pieces in the present selection are of very nearly the same not childish, I hope, but at the same time simple in difficulty the matter and in the versification.
that they contain the
Another objection to nearly all the selections I have seen is same stock pieces very pretty many of
them, and very suitable, but too well known for me to care to give them in my Book. I append a list of many such pieces which will not be found in the present publication.
The present book would not do, certainly, to be the only Poetry Book in use in a school, or the younger generation would grow
up without knowing many
but to supplement them.
of
our old favourites
it is
therefore
not intended to take the place of books
now
in general use,
SWAN SONNENSCHEIN, LE BAS & LOWKEY, PATEENOSTEB SQUARE.
213
By
the
Same
Author.
SIXPENNY SCRIPTURE MANUALS.

I.
A SHORT BIBLE HISTORY,

FOP Schools and Families.
II.
THE WANDERINGS OF THE ISRAELITES:

Settlement in Canaan, Government by Judges, Life of Saul, David, and Solomon.
III.
etc.
THE KINGS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL.

In Parallel Columns.
IV.
SHORT PAPERS ON JEWISH HISTORY.

Giving in connected form the times after the Captivity down to the destruction of Jerusalem.
V.
THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES.

Dealing chiefly with the Travels of
and price.
by post Id.
S.
Paul.
All the above neatly and tastefully bound in cloth, and uniform in
size
6d.
free
&
LOWREY, PATEJINOSTER SQUARE.
214
By
the
Same
Author.
THE GOSPELS,
HARMONIZED AND AEEANGED
Has now
"been
IN
SHOET EEADINGS,
brought out in six separate parts, as
"THE LIFE OF CHRIST,"

In ihe Author's
"Sixpenny Scripture Manuals."
Price 6d. each; free by post Id.
The Literary Review says "The idea which suggested the arrangement of the Gospels observed in this book was a very happy inspiration on the part of the industrious editor. The whole work is
:
It will be worthy of the very highest commendation. found most useful by the masters and teachers of schools of all grades, either as a class reading book or for personal use; and for the clergy and students generally, it will
prove invaluable as a work of reference."
art of producing books that are useable, books that one can teach from. Himself a teacher, he has found by experience what boys can learn, how they can learri, and how far it is expedient that their teacher should help them, or ho'w far the books they use should be suggestive of help. He has utilised this insight in the preparation of the Gospels Harmonized, and has succeeded, perhaps as far as any one ever can, in harmonizing the facts and dates of the four evangelical narratives. think it will make a capital class-book for the better kind of schools, and will be, as it is designed to be, exceedingly useful to teachers, pupil teachers, and for family
The School Guardian says: " Mr. FOWLE has the happy
We
reading."
&
LOWBET, PATERNOSTER SQUARE.
215
By
the
Same
;
Author.
PRICE CD.
FREE BY POST, GD.
HELP TO DEVOTION.
This is a little Book of Meditation, most tastefully got up, with cloth case for the pocket.
There are two separate editions
(1)
(2)
FOR BOYS AT HOME OR AT SCHOOL. FOR THOSE LATELY CONFIRMED.
-well-known Literary Clergyman writes
"
:
Many thanks
for
your attractive-looking candidates; kindly send

is
and really useful manual
for confirmation
one in a thousand.
me thirty copies." I turned over all
Others write: "It

stock last year,
"It is really a well thought out little matter." "Very many thanks for the little manual so " Send six carefully compiled and so beautifully got up." copies. I like them much, and wish to give them to my confirmation
and saw nothing equal
to it."
candidates."
of Meditations
"
;
Many thanks
I
for your extremely
good
little
Book
am
by the dozen at any

Three
Can they be had greatly pleased with it. " abatement, for distribution in a Parish ?
:
" I thank you very book which you inclosed. Are they " "I like it exceedingly, and if you will send me published ? twenty copies I shall be glad to give them to some of our nuper " Thanks for the other attractive-looking little gift. confirmati." A London publisher I will draw my masters' attention to it."
Head
Masters of Public Schools write
much
for the
charming
little
writes
"
It is
a perfect
little
gem."
TO BE
HAD AT PRESENT ONLY OF
BEV.
EDMUND FOWLE,
AMESBURY HOUSE, BICKLEY, KENT.

free.
Twelve or more copies sent post
216
University of Toronto
CVi
<LO
Library
H
-P
DO NOT REMOVE THE CARD FROM

THIS
POCKET
Acme
00
Library Card Pocket
LOWE-MARTIN CO.
LIMITED

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1

EASY LATIN PBIMEK.

AMESBUllY HOUSE SCHOOL, BICKLEY, KENT,

BAS & LOWREY,

the learner's hands, the

taking in the Gender and Pecuof the Substantive, etc., etc.

an attempt to supply a want that

sufficiently easy for

our Preparatory and for

of our Public. Schools.

has been thought well to follow in

the lines of the P. S. L. P.

AMESBURY HOUSE, BICKLEY, KENT.

*** Certain matter will be found repeated in these pages,

Latin Alphabet Parts of Speech

Gender, Number, Case

Regular Verbs Conjugated 31. Tenses of Regular Verbs

Parts of Speech explained

Stem and Root

Tenses of Regular Verbs

Gerunds, Supines, Participles

10. Adjectives 11. Adjectives 12. Adjectives

Three Term. Two Term. One Term.

Notes on the Adjectives

14. 15. 16. 17.

Numeral Adjectives Numerals Numerals (in full)

Deponent Verbs Deponent Verb

Comparison of Adjectives Comparisons Notes on Comparison Comparison of Adverbs

Impersonal Verbs 41. Defective Verbs

45. Prepositions 46. Conjunctions

The Verb " Sum The Verb

47. Interjections 48. General

Verb 28. Regular Verbs

same as the English without w.

the Capital or Ancient

(a) Vowels, (6) Consonants.

Vowels sound by themselves, and are

The Consonants must be joined with Vowels

The Consonants again are subdivided

syllables, the quantity of

stops in Latin are the

as those used in English.

EASY LATIN PRIMER.

of Speech are eight.

GENDEK, NUMBEE, CASE.

Feminine, (c) Neuter.

(a) Singular, a table;

(b) Plural, tables.

their endings or flexions.

By, with, or from whom, or what?

PARTS OF SPEECH EXPLAINED.

The Noun Substantive

the son of that good gentleman, and he

good boy himself.

The Verb tells us What a thing or person

Verb or Adjective, or another meaning as, The boy runs quickly.

joins together words Winter or summer.

The Interjection (a word as

other words, from inter, among, and jacio, to throw)

were thrown in among is an

STEM AND ROOT.

Thus The Stem

Memo, is Hens A. Dominus is DominO.

Nubes is Nubl. Gradus is QradU.