Preface

USACM Fifth US National Congress on Computational Mechanics

University of Colorado at Boulder, August 4-6, 1999

USNCCM99 is the official Congress of the U.S. Association for Computational Mechanics, USACM, an affiliate of the International Association for Computational Mechanics, IACM. The Congress is being held on the Boulder Campus of the University of Colorado, Wednesday-Friday, August 4-6, 1999, followed by a Short Course on Saturday, August 7, 1999.
Scientific Program Committee :

The Scientific Program Committee rosters current members of the Executive Committee of the U.S. Association for Computational Mechanics. It also includes USACM friends and sponsors who have generously contributed their time and effort to the success of the Association. Satya N. Atluri Klaus-Jrgen Bathe Ted Belytschko David Benson Thomas A. Cruse, Treasurer Jacob Fish, Secretary Joe E. Flaherty Tom J. R. Hughes
Local Organizing Committee:

Wing-Kam Liu, Vice President Ahmed K. Noor J. Tinsley Oden Michael Ortiz J. N. Reddy Mark S. Shephard, President Len Schwer Robert Spilker

The Local Organizing Committee is comprised of five faculty members of the University of Colorado at Boulder, three from the Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences and two from the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering. Charbel Farhat, Short Course Coordinator Carlos Felippa, Web Master K. C. Park, Social Program Stein Sture, Co-Chair Kaspar Willam, Co-Chair

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PREFACE

After more than thirty years of intense activities, the field of Computational Mechanics is still a growing area. It spans from computational mathematics and numerical solution of large-scale mathematical-physical problems, to innovative computer simulations in applied mechanics and computational engineering. Four national congresses have been devoted exclusively to this topic: Chicago 1991; Washington 1993; Dallas 1995; San Francisco 1997. In contrast to the previous congresses of USACM, the venue of the biannual Congress moved from a metropolitan hotel-based location to a university campus-based venue. We are privileged to host USNCCM99 at the Boulder Campus of the University of Colorado, Wednesday-Friday, August 4 - 6, 1999. The major theme of the Congress is recent developments in computational methodologies and innovative applications. This topic encompasses a wide spectrum of disciplines, starting from non-traditional Finite Element Analysis, to Multi-Physics Problems in science and engineering, and High Performance Computing aspects. The main objective is to bring together the diverse computational communities, and to promote the interaction between computational researchers and software developers in universities and industries. The Local Organizing Committee comprised of Charbel Farhat, Carlos Felippa, K.C. Park, Stein Sture and Kaspar Willam made a determined effort to involve engineering scientists not only from academia and government research laboratories, but also from key software houses. One major change from previous Congresses is the reliance on MiniSymposia organized by scientists and practicing engineers. Part of this outreach was to include colleagues and friends to become actively involved in the congress program. We are proud to announce that eighty five individuals volunteered their time and effort to organize forty MiniSymposia which range from single six paper sessions to a nine session symposium with forty nine papers in one case.
Program Topics

The congress program features 700 Invited and Contributed Papers on computational methodologies and applications:
Computational Methods :

Finite Element Formulations, Boundary Element Formulations, Meshfree (Element Free) Methods, Particle Methods; Adaptive Techniques, Multi-Scale Methods (Macro-Micro and Nano-Mechanics), Coupled Multi-Field Problems; Nonlinear Solvers, Coupled Solvers, Parallel Computing, Domain Decomposition Methods, Computational Mathematics, Symbolic Computation, Numerical Optimization, Inverse Methods; Nonlinear Dynamics and Control.

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Application Areas :

Structural Mechanics, Solid Mechanics, Acoustics, Materials Engineering, Deterioration Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Mechanics, Electromagnetics, Stochastic Systems and Probabilistic Mechanics, System Identification and Damage Detection, Coupled Problems in Environmental Sciences, Geophysics, Geomechanics, Biomechanics, Visualization, CAD-CAE and Integrated System Engineering, Commercial Finite Element Software.
Program Format

In view of the strong response the three day congress program was arranged in fifteen parallel tracks and nine sessions of six papers each starting with a Plenary Lecture each morning. Altogether the final schedule features 132 sessions and 700 papers folded into 40 MiniSymposia which include 36 Keynote Lectures. PROGRAM SCHEDULE: August 4-6, 1999 Wednesday Thursday Plenary Lecture Coffee Break WTS1 Lunch Break WTS2 Tea Break WTS3 Opening Reception Plenary Lecture Coffee Break TTS1 Lunch Break TTS2 Tea Break TTS3 Congress Banquet

TIMING
08:00 - 09:00 am 09:00 - 09:30 am 09:30 - 11:30 am 11:30 - 01:00 pm 01:00 - 03:00 pm 03:00 - 03:30 pm 03:30 - 05:30 pm 07:00 - 09:00 pm

Friday Plenary Lecture Coffee Break FTS1 Lunch Break FTS2 Tea Break FTS3 Closing Barbecue

Post-Congress Short Course:

On Saturday, Aug. 7, 1999, a Short Course was organized by Charbel Farhat and Jacob Fish. This educational outreach program features Michael Ortiz, Thomas Hughes and Charbel Farhat who will present extended lectures on Micro-Mechanics, Stabilized Finite Element Methods and on Domain Decomposition techniques, respectively.
MiniSymposia

A good number of colleagues and friends in the USA and Europe were involved in organizing the 40 MiniSymposia at USNCCM99. Together with the three Plenary Lectures they form the body of this Book of Abstracts the content of which is listed below:

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TABLE OF CONTENT Plenary Lectures

Ted Belytschko: Nonlinear Finite Elements: Status and Recent Progress ...............................................8 Noboru Kikuchi : Advances in Computational Design and Optimization with Applications to MEMS...8 Rene de Borst : Recent Issues and Future Prospectives in Computational Mechanics of Materials ......9
MiniSymposia

Kenneth F. Alvin and K. C. Park : Inverse Problems .........................................................................................................11 Francisco Armero, Paul Steinmann, Howard Schreyer and Kaspar Willam : Computational Failure Mechanics...............................................................................25 Gernot Beer and Gnther Hofstetter : Computational Mechanics of Tunneling .....................................................................49 Pl Bergan, Sanjay Govindjee, Robert L. Taylor and Nils-Erik Wiberg : Computational Dynamics ............................................................................................55 Jacob Bielak, T.L. Cruse, Giulio Maier and Ronald Pak : Advances in Boundary Element Methods ...................................................................73 Scott A. Cannan, Steve J. Owen and Sunil Saigal : Trends in Unstructured Mesh Generation ...................................................................97 Ignacio Carol, Woody Ju and George Voyiadjis : Progress in Damage Mechanics ................................................................................127 Paul Dawson, Lallit Anand and Robert Haber : Micromechanical and Multi-Scale Models for Material Processing Applications ...139 Charbel Farhat, Carlos Felippa, Thomas L. Geers and Roger Ohayon : Computational Acoustics and Fluid-Structure Interaction........................................151 Carlos Felippa, Ekkehard Ramm and Wolfgang Wall : Advanced Finite Element Methods ...........................................................................173 Jacob Fish : Computational Advances in Modeling Heterogeneous Materials.............................185 Joseph E. Flaherty and Mark Shephard : Adaptive and Parallel Finite Element Methods.........................................................219 Leopoldo Franca and Thomas J.R. Hughes : Stabilized Finite Element Methods ...........................................................................233 Krishna Garikipati, N. Aluru and R.W Dutton : Computational Mechanics Applied to Semiconductor and Microelectronic Technology ................................................................................................................251

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Walter Gerstle : Software Issues in Computational Mechanics...........................................................261 Roger Ghanem : Computational Methods for Propagation of Uncertainty in Physical Systems .........269 Gerhard A. Holzapfel : Computational Biomechanics....................................................................................281 Gregory M. Hulbert and Noboru Kikuchi : Applications in the Automotive Industry ..................................................................293 Andrew Knyazev : Very Large Eigenvalue Problems..............................................................................299 Tod Laursen : Contact-Impact Problems and Nonlinear Mechanics ................................................313 Wing Kam Liu, J.-S Chen, Ted Belytschko and Leonard Schwer : Meshfree Methods.....................................................................................................325 Herbert Mang and Gnther Meschke : Computational Mechanics of Concrete .....................................................................355 Roberta Massabo and Brian Cox : Computational Modeling of Composites ..................................................................371 Joop Nagtegaal and David Fox : Advances in Commercial Finite Element Software ..................................................385 Raju Namburu and P. Raboin : High-Performance Computing and Computational Structural Mechanics................397 Tinsley Oden : Advances in a Posteriori Error Estimators and Adaptive Error Analysis .................407 Roger Owen, Djorje Peric and Eugenio Oate : Computational Plasticity ...........................................................................................419 K.C. Park and Ed Wilson : History of the Finite Element Method.......................................................................433 Glaucio Paulino : Functionally Graded Materials..................................................................................437 Alan Pifko : Applications in Engineering Practice ........................................................................455 Peter Pinsky and K.J. Cho : Computational Methods for Multiscale Simulation of Materials..............................473 Sharif Rahman and Martin Dunn : Computational and Probabilistic Methods for Fatigue and Fracture ........................483 Daniel Rixen and P. Le Tallec : Domain Decomposition Techniques .........................................................................497 Robert Sani : Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics............................................................513
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Mike Saran, Michal Kleiber and D. A. Tortorelli : Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis ......................................................................523 Bernard Schrefler and Hari Rajaram : Coupled Problems in Enviromental Engineering......................................................537 Enrico Spacone : Recent Issues in Nonlinear Frame Analysis..............................................................547 Stein Sture and Boris Jeremic : Geotechnical Applications ........................................................................................553 Tayfun Tezduyar : Methods for Flow Simulation and Modeling ............................................................577 Franz-Josef Ulm and Yunping Xi : Computational Durability Mechanics .......................................................................591
Acknowledgements

We are pleased to acknowledge the financial support of USNCCM99 by the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research, USAFOSR. In addition we thank the Graduate School, the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, as well as the Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences and the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering of the University of Colorado at Boulder for their financial assistance. We are grateful for their confidence and active support without which the organization of USNCCM99 would have not been possible.

Kaspar Willam

Boulder, July 1999

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Plenary Lectures
Plenary Lecture 1 : Ted Belytschko Nonlinear Finite Elements: Status and Recent Progress ............. 8 Plenary Lecture 2 : Noboru Kikuchi Advances in Computational Design and Optimization with Applications to MEMS ................................................................ 8 Plenary Lecture 3 : Rene de Borst Recent Issues and Future Prospectives in Computational Mechanics of Materials................................................................ 9

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Nonlinear Finite Elements: Status and Recent Progress

Ted Belytschko
Chairman and Walter P. Murphy Professor of Comp. Mech. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Northwestern University. E-mail : t-belytschko@nwu.edu

ABSTRACT
The state of the art of nonlinear finite element analysis is reviewed. To provide a framework for the review, nonlinear problems are categorized according to levels of difficulty. The categorization is based on the major factors which contribute to the difficulty of a nonlinear problem: the degree of smoothness (or roughness) of the problem, the resolution required and the stability of the response. Roughness can occur both in time and space. The smoothness in time is shown to depend on factors such as contact-impact, the character of the loading, and the smoothness of the constitutive response. Smoothness in space depends also on the character of the loading, but is impaired dramatically by failure phenomena such as cracking. Stability is also shown to have dramatic effects on the difficulty of a problem. Instabilities can be classified as geometric instabilities and material instabilities. Material instabilities may result in localization of deformation, which dramatically increases the need for resolution or a discontinuous treatment of the motion. Some methods for improving the smoothness through regularization are then described. The second half of the talk will deal with the treatment of discontinuities in space, such as shear banding and cracking. The development of meshless methods for this class of problems will be described. Recent developments in meshless methods will be reviewed and the salient difficulties in the method examined. These include the quadrature of the Galerkin weak form, the treatment of essential boundary conditions and the speed of computation. The development of new methods for the inclusion of cracks and other discontinuities will then be described. These methods are based on the property that finite element shape functions are partitions of unity. It is shown how cracks can be modeled by simply introducing discontinuous enrichment function with branch functions at the crack tip. The methods are also explained as an extension of the global-local techniques that have been used in finite elements for some time. The key advantage of these new methods is that the enrichment function is multiplied by the finite element shape function, which serves as a window on the global function and lends sparsity of the discrete equations.

REFERENCES
[1] T. Belytschko and T. Black, Elastic Crack Growth with Minimal Remeshing, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol 45, 601-620, (1999). [2] T. Belytschko, Y. Krongauz, J. Dolbow and C. Gerlach, "On the Completeness of Meshfree Particle Methods", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Volume 43, 785-819 (1998). [3] T. Belytschko, Y. Krongauz, D. Organ, M. Fleming and P. Krysl, "Meshless methods: An overview and recent developments", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Volume 139, 1-47 (1996).

Advances in Computational Design and Optimization with Applications to MEMS

Noboru Kikuchi
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics. The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 481092125, USA Kikuchi@engin.umich.edu

ABSTRACT
In this talk we shall introduce the homogenization design method for determining the optimal configuration of various structures and microstructures for smart structures and materials. Especially, we shall apply the topology optimization methodology to design porous piezoceramic components, actuators,
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and other type of compliant mechanisms to increase their performance. To this end, we shall setup multiobjective optimization problem which is solved by applying the sequential linear programming method. After describing the optimization method we have developed so far for smart materials and structures, especially MEMS applications, we shall also review other computational design methods introduced by other research organizations. Because of complexity of the designed microstructures and structural configurations, standard manufacturing methods may not be applicable. To overcome this difficulty, we shall also apply the layered manufacturing method to develop prototype of the designed structures and microstructures, and we shall test their performance by using the prototypes whether or not they actually perform designed functionality. This research has been carried out by several graduate students in the University of Michigan, among of them are Drs. Emilio Silva, Shinji Nishiwaki, and Marry Frecker, and Mr. Bing-Chung Chen.

Recent Issues and Future Prospectives in Computational Mechanics of Materials

Rene de Borst
Koiter Inst Delft / Faculty of Aerospace Eng. Delft Univ. of Technology. E-mail: R.deBorst@lr.TUDelft.nl

ABSTRACT
Failure in most engineering materials is preceded by the emergence of narrow zones of intense straining. During this phase of so-called strain localisation, the deformation pattern in a body rather suddenly evolves from relatively smooth into one in which thin zones of highly strained material dominate. In fact, these so-called zones of strain localisation act as a precursor to ultimate fracture and failure. Thus, in order to accurately and properly describe the failure behaviour of materials it is of pivotal importance that the strain localisation phase is modelled in a physically and mathematically correct manner, and that proper numerical tools are utilised to actually solve strain localisation phenomena in boundary value problems. In recent years the study of strain localisation in solids has received an increasing amount of attention, even though typical localisation phenomena like Lueders bands and rock faults have been known and studied for many decades. For instance, an important theoretical contribution was published by Hadamard [1] already in the beginning of this century, and in his monograph `Plasticity', Nadai [2] recognised the wide range of materials in which localisation phenomena occur, and showed many examples of shear bands in metals, sandstone, marble and paraffin. Later, landmark contributions have been published by Hill [3], Thomas [4], Mandel [5] and Rice [6], leading to a greater understanding of strain localisation, and in particular of shear banding. While the study of strain localisation was first primarily devoted to metals, much attention has recently also been given to localisation phenomena in geological materials (rocks, soils), see for instance the comprehensive treatise by Vardoulakis and Sulem [7], to (micro)-cracking in concrete [8] and to the propagation of necks in polymers. Until the mid-1980s analyses of localisation phenomena in materials were commonly carried out for standard, rate-independent continuum models. This is sufficient when the principal aim is to determine the behaviour in the pre-localisation regime and some properties at incipient localisation, such as the direction of shear bands in tension tests, and in biaxial and triaxial devices. However, there is a major difficulty in the post-localisation regime, since localisation in standard, rate-independent solids is intimately related to a possible change of the character of the governing set of partial differential equations. In the static case the elliptic character of the set of partial differential equations can be lost, while, on the other hand, in the dynamic case we typically observe a change of a hyperbolic set into an elliptic set. In both cases the rate boundary value problem becomes ill-posed and numerical solutions suffer from spurious mesh sensitivity. The inadequacy of the standard, rate-independent continuum to model zone of localised straining correctly can be viewed as a consequence of the fact that force-displacement relations measured in testing devices are simply mapped onto stress-strain curves by dividing the force and the elongation by the original load-carrying area and the original length of the specimen, respectively, without taking into account the changes in the micro-structure. Therefore, the mathematical description ceases to be a meaningful representation of the physical reality. To remedy this problem one must either introduce additional terms in the continuum description which reflect the changes in the micro-structure [9-11], or one must take into account the inherent
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viscosity of most engineering materials. The effect is that the governing equations do not change type during the loading process and that physically meaningful solutions are obtained for the entire loading range. A more mathematical way to look at the introduction of additional terms in the continuum description is that the Dirac distributions for the strain at failure are replaced by continuous strain distributions, which lend themselves for description by standard numerical schemes. Although the strain gradients are now finite, they are very steep and the concentration of strain in a small area can still be referred to as strain localisation or localisation of deformation. In fact, strain localisation is but one, albeit the most important, of possible material instability phenomena in solids. In this contribution we shall first categorise the different material instability phenomena using a one-dimensional linear stability analysis. Next, we shall point out a broad framework to mathematically regularize the ill-posed set of equations that arises after the onset of localisation. Broadly speaking, this framework involves the introduction of gradients, either in space or in time, of coupled plasticity-damage theories. In order to keep the formulation transparent, we shall ignore the inherent anisotropic character of plasticity and damage when real microstructural changes develop, such as is the case during strain localisation. Illustrative examples using finite elements will be given. The last part of the manuscript is devoted to high resolution numerical techniques to properly capture thin zones of highly strained material and to the influence of imperfections on failure patterns. In this light we will pay attention to meshless methods, which, through their inherent property of a higherorder continuity are ideally suited for inclusion of high-order spatial gradients in constitutive relations, to the inclusion of discontinuities or zones with steep strain gradients directly in finite elements, and to randomly distributed imperfections in quasi-brittle and (visco)-plastic materials.

REFERENCES
[ 1] J. Hadamard. Lecons sur la Propagation des Ondes. Herman et fils, Paris (1903). [ 2] A. Nadai. Plasticity. McGraw-Hill, New York and London (1931). [ 3] R. Hill. A general theory of uniqueness and stability in elastic-plastic solids, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 6, 236-249 (1958). [ 4] Y. Thomas. Plastic Flow and Fracture of Solids. Academic Press, New York (1961). [ 5] J. Mandel. Conditions de stabilite et postulat de Drucker. In: Proc. IUTAM Symposium on Rheology and Soil Mechanics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 58-68 (1966). [ 6] J.R. Rice. The localization of plastic deformation. In: Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. North-Holland, Amsterdam, 207-220 (1976). [ 7] I. Vardoulakis, J. Sulem. Bifurcation Analysis in Geomechanics. Blackie, London (1995). [ 8] Z.P. Bazant, J. Planas. Fracture and Size Effect in Concrete and Other Quasibrittle Materials. CRC Press, Boca Raton (1998). [ 9] E.C. Aifantis. On the microstructural origin of certain inelastic model. Trans. ASME J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 106, 326-330 (1984). [10] R. de Borst, H.-B. Muehlhaus. Gradient-dependent plasticity: formulation and algorithmic aspects. Int. J. Num. Meth. Eng., 35, 521-539 (1992). [11] N.A. Fleck, J.W. Hutchinson. Strain gradient plasticity. Adv. Appl. Mech., 33, 295-361 (1997).

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Inverse Problems
Kenneth F. Alvin and K. C. Park
SESSION 1
Keynote : THE EVOLVING ROLE OF VALIDATION AND INVERSE METHODS IN STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS D.R. Martinez and K.F. Alvin ...........................................................................................................................................12 MODAL IDENTIFICATION OF MIR USING INVERSE SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND MIR/SHUTTLE DOCKING DATA D.C. Kammer and A.D. Steltzner......................................................................................................................................13 BAYSIAN MODEL UPDATING AND ROBUST RELIABILITY J.L. Beck, C. Papadimitriou, L.S. Katafygiotis and S.K. Au..............................................................................................13 ON REGULARIZATION IN GEOTECHNICAL INVERSE ANALYSIS BASED ON ENTROPY MINIMIZATION Y. Honjo............................................................................................................................................................................14 AN ITERATIVE SUPERSONIC WING DESIGN USING AN INVERSE PROBLEM K. Matsushima, T. Iwamiya, S. Jeong and S. Obayashi ....................................................................................................15

SESSION 2
DATA FUSION FOR THE STEADY INVERSE HEAT CONDUCTION PROBLEM L.G. Olson and R.D. Throne.............................................................................................................................................15 INVERSE DETERMINATION OF UNSTEADY THERMAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS DURING COOLING OF THREE - DIMENSIONAL OBJECTS WITH SPECIFIED LOCAL COOLING RATES AND MAXIMUM THERMAL STRESS LEVELS G.S. Dulikravich and B.H. Dennis ....................................................................................................................................16 A COMPARISON OF SEVERAL INVERSION ALGORITHMS FOR THERMAL AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS B. Travis ...........................................................................................................................................................................17 ADJOINT METHODS FOR THE INVERSE DESIGN OF COMPLEX NATURAL CONVECTION SYSTEMS R. Sampath and N. Zabaras ..............................................................................................................................................17 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS TO ESTIMATE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT THERMAL PROPERTIES K.J. Dowding....................................................................................................................................................................18

SESSION 3
EFFECT OF CORRELATION AMONG MEASURED DEFLECTIONS ON ESTIMATED LAYER MODULI K. Matsui, Q. Dong and I. Kurobayashi ...........................................................................................................................19 STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING VIA DYNAMICS LOCALIZATION AND TRANSMISSION ZERO BEHAVIOR G. Reich and K.C. Park ....................................................................................................................................................20 EXTRACTION OF RITZ VECTORS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO STRUCTURAL DAMAGE DIAGNOSIS H. Soon and K.H. Law......................................................................................................................................................20 THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A DAMAGE DETECTION TOOLBOX FOR MATLAB J.P. Lynch, H. Soon and K.H. Law ...................................................................................................................................21 INCORPORATION OF ACCURATE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS INTO A SCALABLE MP STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS FEM CODE K.F. Alvin, G.M. Reese, D.M. Day and M. Bhardwaj .......................................................................................................22 EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF TRANSIENT FINITE ELEMENT MODEL PREDICTIONS S.W. Doebling , F.M. Hemez , W. Rhee and P. Beardsley.................................................................................................23

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Keynote : THE EVOLVING ROLE OF VALIDATION AND INVERSE METHODS IN STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS
D.R. Martinez and K.F. Alvin
(1) - Structural Dynamics and Vibration Control Dept. E-mail : drmarti@sandia.gov (2) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : kfalvin@sandia.gov

ABSTRACT
Inverse problems have played an important role in structural dynamics analysis of aerospace and weapon systems during the last few decades. This period has seen increasing use of finite element analysis procedures, which have been augmented by inverse methods to achieve significant accuracy and efficiency in computational analysis. This synthesis of analysis methods has been so successful that it is now increasingly common to perform virtual testing of aerospace components using computational modeling and simulation for qualification and certification. The most common example of this approach is in the qualification of satellite payloads, which typically do not see a fully-integrated test-based simulation of the dynamic launch loading environment. Instead, a combination of subsystem random vibration tests, system-level acoustics and static proof loads tests are integrated through computational analysis, which is grounded and validated through modal testing and inverse methods. Inverse methods for structural dynamics have evolved over time from the ad hoc adjustment of parameters to sophisticated, staistically-based parameter estimation methods using large quantities of experimentally -estimated modal parameters, sensitivity analysis, and optimization techniques. The increased use of statistics-based methods have improved the robustness of such procedures, as well as setting the stage for computational analysis-based reliability assessment. As a deeper understanding of continuous parameter estimation procedures has developed, together with powerful algorithm implementations, research in inverse methods has begun to consider such conceptual modeling issues as error localization and connectivity determination. These applications have traditionally been considered issues of model validation. In fact, validation of models was often concluded from successful identification of parameters. In the current environment of rapidly increasing computational capability, inverse methods and validation are again evolving. Programs such as DOE's Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI) are leading a revolution in physics-based modeling and simulation capabilities. Emerging from this revolution are new finite element codes, such as Sandia's SALINAS structural dynamics application, which can perform implicit solutions of models with over 10 million unknowns. This level of modeling fidelity can reduce the kinds of gross modeling simplifications that motivated many applications of inverse methods, for example the estimation of overall compliance in joints and interfaces. As modeling and simulation strives towards a higher, physics-based predictive capability based on first principles, validation methodology and inverse methods must increasingly focus on the phenomnenological identification and validation of subgrid physics such as material constitutive and interfacial microslip models. While experiment design can help to isolate subgrid models for identification and validation purposes, new inverse methods must be developed to help isolate, identify, and validate the contributing physics in a complex application. Furthermore, probabilistic-based uncertainty quantification methods are needed to develop and refine reliability analysis, as well as to quantify model biases and uncertainties observable from validation exercises.

MODAL IDENTIFICATION OF MIR USING INVERSE SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND MIR/SHUTTLE DOCKING DATA
D.C. Kammer and A.D. Steltzner
(1) - Engineering Mech. And Astronautics. Univ. of Winsconsin. E-mail : dckammer@facstaff.wisc.edu (2) - Engineering Mech. And Astronautics. Univ. of Winsconsin. E-mail : steltzne@cae.wisc.edu

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ABSTRACT
A time-domain technique is presented which uses inverse structural dynamics to identify physical characteristics of a structure which can subsequently be used for damage detection. The term "inverse" refers to the fact that the roles of input and output are reversed from the usual structural dynamics problem. If sensors such as accelerometers are placed at the external input locations, modal parameters corresponding to structural motion with the sensor locations fixed can be identified. If sensors are not collocated with the inputs, other important structural characteristics can be determined, such as transmission zeros. One of the main advantages of this method is that it only requires measured response data. This characteristic makes the approach, referred to as a Remote Sensing System (RSS), applicable in cases where the input forces cannot be measured such as Mir/Shuttle docking events. The objective of this work was to apply the RSS approach to acceleration data collected at 25 locations on the Mir space station during the STS-81, STS-89, and STS-91 docking events in an attempt to identify structural damage in the Kristall-to-base module interface caused by the Progress collision. In order to explore the damage detection capability of RSS combined with ERA modal identification for a case with sufficient data, numerical simulations were performed using the FEM representation of the Mir. Five percent rms noise was added to the response of the FEM to three simulated sets of docking forces. The combined RSS/ERA method accurately identified 5 FEM fixed sensor location modes, but none of the modes possessed a significant amount of strain energy in the Kristall-to-base module interface. Based upon this simulation, it is believed that the Mir/Shuttle docking events do not sufficiently excite the Kristall-to-base module interface to provide accurate damage detection in this area. A sufficient amount of actual docking data was obtained for the RSS/ERA method by combining the measured response from all three docking events. This assumes that the effects of docking moments on measured responses are second order compared to the linear docking forces. The RSS/ERA approach was used to identify three normal modes corresponding to having the reference sensors on Kristall fixed. Two of the modes correlated very well with the FEM and the identification results were very analogous to results produced by the numerical simulations. Based upon this work, it is believed that RSS provides a valuable new approach to identifying characteristics of large space structures from measured data without the need for measuring the input excitation.

BAYSIAN MODEL UPDATING AND ROBUST RELIABILITY

J.L. Beck, C. Papadimitriou, L.S. Katafygiotis and S.K. Au
(1) - Div. of Engineering and Applied Science, California Inst. of Technology. E-mail : jimbeck@cco.caltech.edu (2) - Div. of Engineering and Applied Science, California Inst. of Technology (3) - Dept. of Civil and Structural Engineering. Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. and Tech.

ABSTRACT
A Bayesian probabilistic framework [1] for model updating is integrated with probabilistic structural dynamics tools [2] for the purpose of updating structural response and reliability predictions using measured vibrational data. The probabilistic system identification methodology is used to provide more accurate representations of the uncertainties associated with the structural modeling, based on both measured vibrational data and prior engineering information. The methodology allows for the explicit treatment of the uncertainties arising from both measurement and modeling errors. It provides an updated probability density function for the system parameters, including those related to the prediction-error uncertainties, which accounts for all models that fit the data well, along with the relative plausibility of each of these models. Using this updated distribution for the system parameters, a methodology is presented for computing the robust reliability of structures subjected to uncertain future environmental loads, such as earthquake and wind loads. This reliability is "robust" in the sense that it takes modeling uncertainties into account in addition to the uncertainties in the structural loads. The computational difficulties associated with calculating the resulting reliability integrals are also addressed and efficient asymptotic and importance sampling techniques are proposed for treating both identifiable and non-identifiable cases. The proposed framework can be used to continually monitor and update the predictions of structural response and reliability. This provides important information about the integrity of the structure after severe loading events such as earthquakes and strong winds, or deterioration from long-term
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corrosion and fatigue. The methodology is illustrated with an example structure subjected to earthquake loads. It is shown that the structural response and reliabilities computed before and after a severe event using the measured dynamic data can differ significantly. It is demonstrated that modeling uncertainties are important for making reliable predictions at the unmonitored degrees of freedom of a structure. Issues related to optimal sensor locations for improving the reliability of the model response predictions are also addressed. It is suggested that measured dynamic data, whenever available, can improve considerably the accuracy in predicting structural response and safety of existing structures.

REFERENCES
[1] Beck, J.L. and Katafygiotis, L.S. (1998), "Updating models and their uncertainties - Bayesian statistical framework", J. Eng. Mech. 124(4), 455-461. [2] Papadimitriou, C., Beck, J.L. and Katafygiotis, L.S. (1997), "Asymptotic expansions for reliability and moments of uncertain systems", J. Eng. Mech., 123(12), 1219-1229.

ON REGULARIZATION IN GEOTECHNICAL INVERSE ANALYSIS BASED ON ENTROPY MINIMIZATION

Y. Honjo
(1) - Department of Civil Engineering, Gifu University. E-mail : honjo@cc.gifu-u.ac.jp

ABSTRACT
Most of the inverse problems encountered in geotechnical inverse analysis are illposed, thus some type of regularization procedure need to be applied. In this paper, several regularization procedures are compared to a simple problem, a laterally loaded pile (2.4m long) in homogeneous sand in a laboratory pit. The regularization procedures employed are the minimum norm solution based on the singular value decomposition, Kitagawa's solution, L curve method and the extended Bayesian method (EBM) with ABIC (Akaike Bayesian Information Criterion). The obtained solutions are compared with the maximum likelihood solution (ML), and characteristic of each type of solution is discussed. Furthermore, the observation noise of different levels are applied to the original data to see the change of solutions for each method. The EMB showed superiority to other types of regularization procedures in a sense it automatically accomplished the best matching between the observation data and the prior information.

AN ITERATIVE SUPERSONIC WING DESIGN USING AN INVERSE PROBLEM

K. Matsushima, T. Iwamiya, S. Jeong and S. Obayashi
(1) - Space systems Dept Fujitsu Ltd. E-mail : kisam@nal.go.jp (2) - National Aerospace Laboratory, Japan. (3) - Tohoku University Miyagi Japan

ABSTRACT
Supersonic wing design has been performed considering only the load distribution on the wing, so far. Most existing methods treat a planform and a warp. They don't care the airfoil shape of wing sections. However, to develop a supersonic wing with a new concept such as a natural laminar flow (NLF) wing, the airfoil shape is of primary importance. In addition, the airfoil shape at every span station has to be determined three - dimensionally. We have been developing and verifying a numerical inverse design method which determines the airfoil shape at every span station. We are also trying to apply it to the design of the Japanese SST[1]. The goal of the method is to find the airfoil geometry which realizes target pressure distribution at all span stations with a planform fixed. The design procedure of the method is iterative. Starting with the baseline shape, it iterates a Navier-Stokes (N-S) simulation and an inverse problem solver, in turn. A N-S
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simulation provides the pressure distribution by a current shape, then we check if the current shape realizes the target pressure distribution. An inverse problem solver provides the geometrical correction for airfoil shapes corresponding to the difference between target and current pressure distributions. The inverse problem solver has been newly developed for the project. The inverse problem is formulated using the equation of flow physics and results in integral equations. It is one of the extentions of the formulation presented by Takanashi[2] for transonic wing design. The wing of the Japanese SST has been aerodynamically designed at M $B!g (J=2.0, taking the wing - fuselage interaction into account. We prescribe a target pressure which has elliptic load distribution and whose upper surface distribution keeps the laminar boundary layer significantly longer than traditional wings. The baseline shape of the wing is the result of planform and warp optimizations by the traditional linear theory. The performance of the baseline model is not as efficient as expected. Therefore, improvement of the wing shape by the new method is necessary. For the inverse problem solver , the halfspan of the wing is divided into 82 (spanwise) X 50 (chordwise) panels. The computational time is about 7 minutes on a 1.7GFLOP-machine. After twelve iterations of the N-S simulation and the inverse problem solver, the converged design result has been obtained. The pressure distribution of the designed wing shows good agreement with the target.

REFERENCES
[1] K. Matsushima et al., "A Supersonic Inverse Wing Design Method and its Application to Japanese SST", 16th ICNMFD, July, 1998. [2] S. Takanashi, "Iterative Three-dimensional Transonic Wing Design Using Integral Equations", J. of Aircraft, 22(8), August, 1985.

DATA FUSION FOR THE STEADY INVERSE HEAT CONDUCTION PROBLEM

L.G. Olson and R.D. Throne
(1) - University of Nebraska. E-mail : lolson2@unl.edu (2) - University of Nebraska

ABSTRACT
In many applications, it is not possible to place sensors directly at the locations where information about temperatures or heat fluxes are desired. For instance, in machining (turning) of high performance ceramics, we are interested in the temperatures/fluxes at the tool tip in order to monitor tool wear. However, the extreme operating conditions which arise force us to place the sensors away from the tip. Many of these cases may reasonable be modelled as steady or quasi-steady heat condution. In this study, we examined techniques for solving such inverse boundary value problems in steady multidimensional heat conduction. In our model problems the conditions were overspecified (heat flux and temperature) on some boundaries of the domain in order to infer heat flux and/or temperature at other domain boundaries. We also assumed that the material properties and geometry were known. We compared our new Generalized Eigensystem techniques (GES and GESL) to standard techniques such as Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and Tikhonov Regularization of various orders. All methods included some form of data fusion - the systematic combination of data from multiple types and locations of sensors. We studied two test geometries, a circular annulus and a square with rectangular holes, which have been examined by other researchers as well. Several temperature distributions were employed, and cases with and without simulated noise were included. Our results indicate that GESL provides inverse results for these test cases which are far superior to the other methods studied. The advantage of GESL is larger when moderate noise is present, and often GESL gives errors which are five to ten times smaller than SVD or Tikhonov. However, on test cases where the temperature distribution contains small regions of high temperature (hot spots) on the source boundary all methods give inadequate results. We are currently investigating the use of wavelets to improve the resolution of these small regions.

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INVERSE DETERMINATION OF UNSTEADY THERMAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS DURING COOLING OF THREE - DIMENSIONAL OBJECTS WITH SPECIFIED LOCAL COOLING RATES AND MAXIMUM THERMAL STRESS LEVELS
G.S. Dulikravich and B.H. Dennis
(1) - Dept. of Aerospace Engineering. The Pennsylvania State University. E-mail : ft7@psu.edu (2) - Dept. of Aerospace Engineering. The Pennsylvania State University.

ABSTRACT
One of the technical difficulties encountered by surgeons during organ transplantation is caused by the shortage of available organs. A possible solution would be to establish an organ bank that could store organs with different immunological properties in a frozen state for lengthy periods of time. When preserving living human tissues (kidney, heart, liver, embryo, bone, spleen, semen, etc.) for the purpose of performing transplant surgery, the organ is cooled in a special liquid cryo-protective agent (CPA) to a prescribed low temperature and kept at this temperature until used. During the cooling process there is an optimal cooling rate for each particular type of tissue of an organ in order to maximize the survivability of the living cells and reduce the problem of future rejection by the organ recipient's body. One method that offers a practical solution is to determine the proper surface thermal conditions of the container in which the CPA and the organ are located so that the optimal local cooling rates and the tolerable thermal stresses are achieved at each instant of time at every point in the organ. The objective of this work is to create a fully automatic procedure for determining and maintaining locally optimal cooling/heating rates throughout the living tissue while simultaneously keeping the local thermal stresses below a specified level, thus maximizing living tissue survivability. Maintaining optimal distributed values of the cooling rates throughout the organ is achieved by appropriately varying temperature distribution on the walls of the container. A complete three-dimensional mathematical model for predicting convection/conduction cooling of heterogeneous transplant tissues and whole organs submerged in and perfused with a CPA includes concentration dependent latent heat release during phase change. It also accounts for the temperature dependent thermal properties of the local tissue and of the CPA. A finite element computer program is used for the prediction of flow-field of the CPA during perfusion of the organ. It has the ability to predict convective heat transfer on the inner surfaces of the organ. A time-accurate finite element computer program is used for the prediction of unsteady heat conduction and thermal stresses within realistically shaped three -dimensional heterogeneous organs. In addition, a reliable computer program is used to achieve efficient nonlinear constrained optimization of time-varying container wall temperature distribution. (NOTE: ALL OF THESE CODES HAVE ALREADY BEEN DEVELOPED BY OUR TEAM. WE ARE PRESENTLY TESTING THE ENTIRE SOFTWARE SYSTEM).

A COMPARISON OF SEVERAL INVERSION ALGORITHMS FOR THERMAL AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

B. Travis
(1) - Earth & Environmental Sciences Division. Los Alamos National Laboratory. E-mail : bjt@vega.lanl.gov

ABSTRACT
Determining an unknown, spatially variable parameter in the governing equation, or an unknown initial condition or forcing function in thermal or mechanical systems is frequently required, but usually constitutes an ill-posed inverse problem. Further, coupled thermal and mechanical systems are a greater challenge for inversion algorithms. While more difficult to solve, they offer the possibility of greater resolution of unknown parameters. There are a variety of methods for estimating solutions; here, several are illustrated and compared for canonical thermal and mechanical systems considered separately and in coupled mode:
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1) Courant's method (which creates and uses an approximation of the delta functional); 2) Tikhonov regularization (equivalent to RKHS), both with classical derivative regularizers, and with fractional derivative regularizers, and coupled with an interval method; 3) BNN's (biological neural nets, as constrasted with artificial neural networks, ANN's), which can be thought of as roughly equivalent to regularization with non-simple regularizers; 4) Representers, which involve finding coefficients in a basis function expansion for the unknown parameter function. Each has its strengths and weaknesses, and seems to be more successful for certain kinds of inverse problems.

ADJOINT METHODS FOR THE INVERSE DESIGN OF COMPLEX NATURAL CONVECTION SYSTEMS
R. Sampath and N. Zabaras
(1) - Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (2) - Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. E-mail : zabaras@cornell.edu

ABSTRACT
Inverse and design problems have been under extensive investigation over the past decade. Many engineering applications of heat transfer and fluid flow can often be posed as inverse design problems where one calculates the heat flux conditions in part of the boundary from over-specified boundary conditions (i.e. temperature and flux) on another part of the boundary [1, 2]. Though there has been extensive application of inverse problem theory to conduction based problems, there is very little work in the application of these methods to the design of convection driven systems [3]. In this paper, we present an inverse design formulation for the design of complex natural convection systems through the use of thermal boundary flux control. The design problem is stated as a functional optimization problem in the L2 space. The exact gradient of the cost functional is obtained via the solution of an adjoint continuum problem. A sensitivity problem is also defined and is used in the implementation of the conjugate gradient method (CGM). An object-oriented [4] environment has been developed for the implementation of such systems that accounts for the common mathematical structure and implementation techniques for the various sub problems within the direct, adjoint and sensitivity problems. The simulations are based on a stream-line upwind/Petrov-Galerkin finite element method solution of the heat and flow equations in each of the direct, adjoint and sensitivity sub-problems. The direct, adjoint and sensitivity problems are solved in sequence in the framework of the CGM to obtain the desired design solution. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the potential applications of this method. Applications of this work to systems with various coupled convection/diffusion mechanisms (as for example is the case in solidification systems) will be discussed. Prospects in using additional means of control such as electromagnetic stirring [5] will also be considered.

REFERENCES
[1] G. Z. Yang and N. Zabaras , "An adjoint method for the inverse design of solidification processes with natural convection", Int. J. Numer. Methods Engr., 42, 1121 (1998). [2] G. Z. Yang and N. Zabaras , "The adjoint method for an inverse design problem in the directional solidification of binary alloys", J. Comput. Phys., 140, 432 (1998). [3] N. Zabaras and G. Yang, "A functional optimization formulation and implementation of an inverse natural convection problem", Comp. Methods Appl. Mech. Engr., 144 (3-4), 245 (1997). [4] R. Sampath and N. Zabaras , "An object-oriented implementation of adjoint techniques for the design of complex continuum systems", Int. J. Numer. Methods Engr., submitted for publication. [5] R. Sampath and N. Zabaras , "Inverse thermal design and control of solidification processes in the presence of a strong external magnetic field", J. Comput. Phys., submitted for publication.

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DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS TO ESTIMATE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT THERMAL PROPERTIES

K.J. Dowding
(1) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : kjdowdi@sandia.gov

ABSTRACT
Temperature dependence of thermal properties, such as thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity, may not be accurately known for many materials. In such cases parameter estimation techniques can be combined with experimental investigations to estimate parameters describing the temperature dependent thermal properties. While optimal experimental conditions to estimate constant thermal properties have been investigated, conditions when properties vary with temperature have not. Conditions refer to the test specimen geometry, duration of the experiment, duration of dynamic boundary conditions such as heat flux, and magnitude of boundary conditions. Experimental conditions are studied to estimate temperature dependent thermal properties for polyurethane foam. An experimental design that imposes a measurable heat flux on one surface of a test specimen with an electric heater is proposed. This design usually permits thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity to be simultaneously estimated. Since the foam has relatively low thermal conductivity, the boundary of the specimen opposite the heater can be accommodated in one of two ways. In the first configuration the specimen thickness is made large enough such that the specimen is (thermally) semi infinite. In this case the boundary requires no attention. The second configuration puts a high conductivity heat sink in contact with the boundary. This results in nearly an isothermal response at this surface. To distinguish from the previous configuration, this configuration is referred to as finite. These two configurations are necessitated by experimental as well as analysis concerns. Experimental conditions for the two configurations are studied to quantify the optimal experiment to estimate temperature dependent thermal properties. The criteria D-optimality is used to identify the optimal experiment. Properties are assumed to vary linearly with temperature; a total of four parameters describe linearly varying thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity. Results indicate that finite configuration is better than the semi infinite, assuming a single experiment is conducted to estimate the linearly varying properties. An alternative to estimate temperature dependent properties is to combine several experiments, each with a different temperature range. This approach appears to be far better than a single experiments. Details of this approach are discussed.

EFFECT OF CORRELATION AMONG MEASURED DEFLECTIONS ON ESTIMATED LAYER MODULI

K. Matsui, Q. Dong and I. Kurobayashi
(1) - Tokyo Denki University College of Science and Engineering. E-mail : matsui@g.dendai.ac.jp (2) - Tokyo Denki University College of Science and Engineering (3) - Tokyo Denki University College of Science and Engineering

ABSTRACT
A falling weight deflectometer has been widely used to measure surface deflection at several locations near a loading plate, from which layer moduli are estimated assuming pavement as an elastic multi-layered system. However, estimated results are affected by various types of errors such as 1) measurement error, 2) model parameter error, 3) modeling error and 4) computational error. Computational error refers to a round off error during iterative process. This error has to be minimized by careful coding of inverse analysis algorithm because of its unstable nature. Modeling error arises from assumption of a linear elastic behavior of pavement when it is not. After modeling is selected, model parameters such as layer thickness and Poison ratio which are used to describe a model may involve some error and affect the results. Measured surface deflection always contains some random error. Measurement accuracy can be improved by carefully repeating measurement.

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Some papers in the past examined the effect of measurement error on estimated results. However no paper has focused on the correlation between measured deflections and its effect on estimated results. Authors found that the correlation of measured deflections improves accuracy of estimated moduli when a variation of deflection is same between two sets of data. General inverse matrix approach is used for the inverse analysis with scaling of unknown parameters coupled with truncated singular value decomposition. This method results in a smaller condition number which contributes to improvement of numerical stability. After estimating parameter values, their confidence region is also presented.

STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING VIA DYNAMICS LOCALIZATION AND TRANSMISSION ZERO BEHAVIOR
G. Reich and K.C. Park
(1) - E-mail :reich@titan.Colorado.EDU (2) - University of Colorado. E-mail : kcpark@titan.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
This work examines the application of a structural flexibility partitioning scheme to localized damage detection techniques. A novel method of determining the location of damage is developed based on the invariance of a set of localized transmission zeros. The purpose of this work is to apply the theoretical conclusions which are developed into a viable and practical damage detection technique for application on existing and future damage detection problems. The structural partitioning scheme is based on the Lagrange multiplier method of applying interelement dynamic constraints to a partitioned structural system. The natural conclusion of this work is that the dynamics of the total structure can be written in terms of the dynamics of each substructure, plus the coupling dynamics of the interactions between substructures. The transmission zeros of a transfer function are the frequencies at which no response is seen at the sensor locations given a harmonic input at the actuator locations. The mathematical description and properties of transmission zeros are well known from linear system theory. The transmission zeros of a global system experiencing damage are shown to vary except for elements at a natural boundary condition. We propose to combine the flexibility partitioning scheme with the monitoring of transmission zeros to create a unique damage location identification scheme. The system requires only a few sensors at selected locations to determine the specific localized transfer functions corresponding to a single substructure. The transmission zeros of that transfer function are shown to be invariant to damage in the corresponding substructure. The technique is demonstrated on several example structures.

EXTRACTION OF RITZ VECTORS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO STRUCTURAL DAMAGE DIAGNOSIS

H. Soon and K.H. Law
(1) - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Stanford University. E-mail : sohnhoon@leland.stanford.edu (2) - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Stanford University.

ABSTRACT
There have been increased economic and societal demands to continuously monitor the conditions and long -term degradation of structures to ensure their safety and adequate performance throughout their life spans. The need for a systematic approach for global monitoring that can be applied to large-scale structures has led to recent advances in vibration-based damage identification techniques. It has been shown that changes in the modal parameters might not be apparent at an early stage of damage.
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In addition, the uncertainties caused by measurement noise, modeling error involved in an analytical model, and environmental factors such as variations in temperature, humidity and load conditions can impede reliable identification of damage. Therefore, for reliable damage detection, damage would need to cause significant changes in the modal parameters that are beyond the natural variability caused by the effects other than damage. To overcome the insufficient sensitivity of modal vectors to damage, we propose Ritz vectors as a potential alternative to modal vectors. First, we present a new extraction procedure of Ritz vectors based on a measured flexibility matrix obtained from vibration test data. The main advantage of the flexibility-based method is that this method allows generating Ritz vectors from arbitrary load patterns as well as from the actual load patterns employed in the vibration test. The Ritz vector extraction procedure is demonstrated using a grid-type bridge model constructed and tested at the Hyundai Institute of Construction Technology (HICT), Korea. Next, we incorporate Ritz vectors into the previously proposed Bayesian probabilistic framework [1] and investigate its applicability to damage diagnosis problems. The Ritz vectors generated from the measured flexibility are applied to conduct the damage diagnosis of the test structure. The diagnosis performances using Ritz and modal vectors are also compared. Ritz vectors are successfully extracted from the vibration tests of the grid-type bridge model and the experimental Ritz vectors provide a good agreement with analytical ones. Damage diagnoses results indicate that the employment of Ritz vectors provides better indication of the actual damage locations than modal vectors. The superior performance of Ritz vectors attributes to (1) the better sensitivity of Ritz vectors over modal vectors and (2) the increased amount of information obtained by employing multiple load patterns.

REFERENCES
[1] Sohn, H. and Law, K. H., "Bayesian Probabilistic Approach for Structure Damage Detection", Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol. 26, pages 1259-1281

THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A DAMAGE DETECTION TOOLBOX FOR MATLAB

J.P. Lynch, H. Soon and K.H. Law
(1) - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Stanford University. E-mail : jplynch@leland.Stanford.EDU (2) - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Stanford University. E-mail : sohnhoon@leland.stanford.edu (3) - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Stanford University.

ABSTRACT
An important challenge to the engineering research community is to develop methods of monitoring the health as well as detecting damage in large-scale structures. To date, numerous methods have been developed employing the vibration characteristics of a structure to predict the locations and degrees of damage. While numerous MATLAB based toolboxes are available to calculate the modal parameters of a vibrating structure, none to date include the capability to look at these parameters and predict damage locations and severity. In response to this, the authors have developed a damage detection toolbox for MATLAB that can be used in conjunction with available modal analysis software like Los Alamos National Labs DIAMOND. The toolbox employs a user friendly graphical user interface that provides the user with displays to view input parameters and to view calculated damage detection results. The objective of the toolbox is to provide a user friendly platform to help researchers to experiment and incorporate additional algorithms for damage detection applications. Modal analysis software is required to examine the frequency response of a structure and extract the dominant modes of the structures vibration behavior. This information is then passed on to the damage detection toolbox, which will detect damage in the structure. The toolbox has been designed to offer a large degree of flexibility by allowing the user to select from a number of damage detection algorithms. These algorithms can be classified in two categories; probabilistic based and deterministic based.

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The damage detection toolbox uses one probabilistic damage detection algorithm that employs the use of a Bayesian approach to search for the most probable damage event by comparing relative probabilities for different damage hypotheses. The first variation of the Bayesian search algorithm is based upon the comparison of modal parameters of an analytical model and the modal parameters from the modal analysis software to predict damage locations.[1] The second variation uses the Ritz vectors extracted from the modal parameters and the Ritz vectors from an analytical model in its comparison to postulate damage locations. These methods are suitable if an inaccurate model of the structure is assumed or if a high degree of noise is inherent in the vibration test data. The toolbox also provides the user with two deterministic based damage detection algorithms that use traditional model updating methods to accurately diagnose damage within a structure.[2] These methods are best suited for instances where the structure can be accurately modeled and little noise is contained in the vibration test data. The damage detection toolbox has been successfully used at Stanford University to predict damage in structures recently tested. The toolbox has been used in the diagnoses of damage for an eight bay truss structure, a simple beam, and in a grid-type bridge model.

REFERENCES
[1] H. Sohn and K. H. Law. "Bayesian Probabilistic Approach for Structure Damage Detection", Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 26:1259-1281, 1997. [2] F.M. Hemez , "Theoretical and Experimental Correlation between Finite Element Models and Modal Tests in the Context of Large Flexible Space Structures". PhD Thesis, Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 1993. [3] D.C. Zimmerman and T. Simmermacher, "Model Correlation using Multiple Static Load and Vibration Tests". American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 33:2182-2188, 1995.

INCORPORATION OF ACCURATE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS INTO A SCALABLE MP STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS FEM CODE
K.F. Alvin, G.M. Reese, D.M. Day and M. Bhardwaj
(1) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : kfalvin@sandia.gov (2) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : gmreese@sandia.gov (3) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : dday@cs.sandia.gov

ABSTRACT
The computation of sensitivity coefficients for output quantities of a FEM-based computer simulation is a necessary component of design optimization, inverse problems, uncertainty analysis and validation of structural dynamics models. These sensitivity coefficients are typically analytical or semianalytical derivatives of output quantities such as displacement, acceleration, frequencies and mode shapes with respect to particular design parameters of interest. While standard industry analysis codes such as MSC/NASTRAN have sensitivity analysis capabilities, there has been relatively little work in the FEM research code environment, where emphasis has been on developing scalable parallel solver technology, as well as nonlinear analysis. Recently, Sandia National Laboratories has been developing Salinas, a general purpose finite element code for structural dynamics, which is targeted for scalable performance on ASCI-class massively parallel (MP) computers. To achieve these aims, Salinas incorporates the FETI solver technology developed at CU-Boulder. FETI is a domain decomposition-based multi-level linear solver for unstructured grids, and is particularly suited to the solution of structural mechanics problems. Salinas with FETI has demonstrated scalability for thousands of processors on the distributed memory DOE ASCI Red platform. In order for Salinas to meet its mission of supporting DOE stockpile stewardship by providing validated high fidelity simulation capabilities together with quantified uncertainties, sensitivity analysis has become an integral piece of the code development effort. Sensitivity analysis has been integrated into the static analysis, eigenvalue analysis, and transient analysis modules. In all cases, output sensitivities are computed by analytical differentiation of the matrix equations of motion, using stiffness and mass matrix sensitivities computed via finite differences. Solution of the resultant sensitivity equations are accomplished using the FETI solver, or, in the case of eigenvector derivatives, using an iterative conjugate
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gradient algorithm which uses the FETI solver in its preconditioning phase. In all case, the modules exploit the memory feature of the FETI solver, where search directions are stored between calls to the solver for cases of multiple force vectors. The integration of Salinas, FETI, and the sensitivity analysis methods have enabled the computation of highly accurate eigenvector sensitivities for systems of over 1 million equations on thousands of processors. In this talk, implementation and performance issues will be addressed, and application to structural dynamics problems from the defense industry will be discussed.

EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF TRANSIENT FINITE ELEMENT MODEL PREDICTIONS

S.W. Doebling , F.M. Hemez , W. Rhee and P. Beardsley
(1) - Los Alamos National Laboratory. E-mail : doebling@lanl.gov (2) - Los Alamos National Laboratory. E-mail : hemez@lanl.gov (3) - Los Alamos National Laboratory

ABSTRACT
In many engineering applications, it is advantageous or necessary to have reliable means of predicting the dynamic behavior of a structural system. However, even as increasingly advanced mathematical tools are developed, the only way to assess the predictive quality of a particular modeling is by correlating the numerical simulation to measurements obtained on the system or its components. Health monitoring techniques, for example, identify potential damage in a structure by understanding the source of discrepancy between measured and computed modal responses. Since the overwhelming majority of test-analysis correlation techniques have been developed to handle finite element analysis in the frequency domain, their application is generally restricted to linear systems. The objective of this work is to extend the concept of test-analysis correlation to nonlinear systems, therefore, requiring the analysis to take place in the time domain [1]. Nonlinearities of any type and nature are considered. The computational procedure consists of assessing the degree of correlation between test measurements and simulation results obtained from a time-domain, explicit finite element model. The PCD (Principal Component Decomposition) technique [2] is the metric adopted for comparing the data sets and the inverse problem is formulated as a 2-point boundary value problem resulting from an optimal control approach [3]. This presentation discusses experimental results obtained by impacting a population of similar cylinders against a rigid floor. Similar tests are repeated for all unit members of the population, which provides us with a statistical characterization of the test response. In addition, finite element simulations are carried out using an explicit formulation and measured responses are compared to computations in an attempt to determine the important design parameters and assumptions. The modeling difficulties encountered are discussed. These include how the material behavior is represented; how contact surfaces are handled; and what the most effective modeling (3D?, axi-symmetric?, coarse or refined mesh?) turns out to be when the objective focuses on improving our modeling rules via test-analysis correlation and inverse problem solving.

REFERENCES
[1] Hemez, F.M., and Doebling, S.W., "Test-Analysis Correlation and Finite Element Model Updating for Nonlinear, Transient Dynamics", 17th International Modal Analysis Conference, Kissimmee, Florida, Feb. 8 -11, 1999, pp. 1501-1510. [2] Hasselman, T.K., Anderson, M.C., and Wenshui, G., "Principal Components Analysis For Nonlinear Model Correlation, Updating and Uncertainty Evaluation", 16th International Modal Analysis Conference, Santa Barbara, California, Feb. 2-5, 1998, pp. 664-651. [3] Dippery, K.D., and Smith, S.W., "An Optimal Control Approach to Nonlinear System Identification", 16th International Modal Analysis Conference, Santa Barbara, California, Feb. 2-5, 1998, pp. 637-643.

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Minisymposium

Computational Failure Mechanics

Francisco Armero, Paul Steinmann, Howard Schreyer and Kaspar Willam
SESSION 1: THEORETICAL AND NUMERICAL ASPECTS OF STRAIN LOCALIZATION
LOCALIZATION IN SOFTENING PLASTICITY BY GLOBAL ENERGY MINIMIZATION G. Chen and G. Baker ......................................................................................................................................................27 SOME REMARKS ON ILL-POSEDNESS IN CONTINUUM PROBLEMS A. Benallal........................................................................................................................................................................28 A NEW REGULARIZATION METHOD FOR LOCALIZED FAILURE IN STRAIN-SOFTENING SOLIDS BASED ON ASSUMED LOCAL FLUCTUATION MODES ON A MICRO-STRUCTURE C. Miehe and M. Lambrecht .............................................................................................................................................28 ON LOCALIZATION IN HYDRO-MECHANICALLY COUPLED PROBLEMS R. Larsson and J. Larsson ................................................................................................................................................29 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF LOCALIZATION CONSIDERING STOCHASTIC MATERIAL DEFECTS M.A. Gutierrez and R. de Borst.........................................................................................................................................30 NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF STRAIN LOCALIZATION IN INELASTIC SOLIDS BY USING MESHLESS METHODS S. Li and W.K. Liu ............................................................................................................................................................31

SESSION 2: NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FRACTURE

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF FRACTURE AND FRAGMENTATION M. Ortiz ............................................................................................................................................................................31 COMPUTATION OF GEOMETRICALLY NON-LINEAR FRACTURE MECHANICS PROBLEMS D. Ackermann and P. Steinmann ......................................................................................................................................32 EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON AND MODEL ASSESSMENT FOR A NOVEL APPROACH TO INELASTIC FRACTURE M.M. Rashid and R. Roy...................................................................................................................................................33 DYNAMIC CRACK GROWTH IN A COMPRESSIVE SHEAR STRENGTH TEST ALONG A POLYMER-GLASS INTERFACE P. Rahulkumar, A. Jagota, S. Bennison and S. Saigal.......................................................................................................34 SIMULATION OF MODE I CRACK GROWTH IN POLYMERS BY CRAZING M.G. Tijssens, E. van der Giessen and L.J. Sluys .............................................................................................................34 CRACK GROWTH WITH ENRICHED FINITE ELEMENTS FOR MINDLIN-REISSNER PLATES T. Belytschko, J. Dolbow and N. Mos .............................................................................................................................35

SESSION 3: DAMAGE AND FAILURE

MODEL FOR LARGE STRAIN FAILURE ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO IMPACT AND BLAST Z.P. Bazant, F. Caner, M. Adley and S. Akers ..................................................................................................................35 SOME COMPUTATIONAL ASPECTS IN NON-LOCAL DAMAGE MODELS A. Rodriguez-Ferran and A. Huerta .................................................................................................................................36 A GENERAL FRAMEWORK FOR DAMAGE THEORIES AND ITS APPLICATION F. Armero and S. Oller .....................................................................................................................................................37 A RATE-DEPENDENT DUCTILE FAILURE MODEL AND ITS NUMERICAL IMPLEMENTATION Q.H. Zuo, F.L. Addessio, P.J. Maudlin and J.N. Johnson.................................................................................................37 COMPUTATIONAL MEASURES OF STRUCTURAL DAMAGE FOR GLOBAL FAILURE ANALYSIS Y. Petryna, W.B. Kraetzig and F. Stangenberg.................................................................................................................38 COMPUTATIONAL FAILURE ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SHELLS W.B. Kraetzig and S.Y. Noh ..............................................................................................................................................39

SESSION 4: GRADIENT AND MICROPOLAR PLASTICITY

ADAPTIVE STRATEGY FOR GRADIENT-REGULARIZED PLASTICITY T. Svedberg and K. Runesson ...........................................................................................................................................39 MECHANISM-BASED STRAIN GRADIENT PLASTICITY H. Gao, Y. Huang, W.D. Nix and J.W. Hutchinson...........................................................................................................40
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GRADIENT-VISCOPLASTIC MODELING OF 3D SHEAR BANDING L.J. Sluys and W.M. Wang ................................................................................................................................................41 STRAIN LOCALIZATION IN 3D PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ELASTOPLASTIC COSSERAT CONTINUA M.M. Iordache and K.J. Willam .......................................................................................................................................41 ON THE CONSISTENCY OF VISCOPLASTIC FORMULATIONS A. Carosio and G. Etse .....................................................................................................................................................42 THE VARIATIONAL FORMULATION OF STRESS-UPDATE ALGORITHMS IN THE CASE OF NON-STANDARD BEHAVIOURS M. Hjiaj, G. de Saxce and G. Guerlement.........................................................................................................................42

SESSION 5: DISCONTINUOUS / DECOHESIVE APPROACHES

ON CONTINUUM AND DISCRETE MODELS INDUCED BY STRONG DISCONTINUITY KINEMATICS J. Oliver, M. Cervera and O. Manzoli ..............................................................................................................................43 MODELING FAILURE AS A STRONG DISCONTINUITY WITH THE MATERIAL POINT METHOD H.L. Schreyer and D.L. Sulsky..........................................................................................................................................44 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF SLIP SURFACES IN ROCK R.A. Regueiro, C.M. Stone, J.G. Arguello, A.F. Fossum and R.I. Borja ...........................................................................45 A NUMERICAL PROCEDURE TO SIMULATE THE EVOLUTION OF LOCALIZATION WITHOUT USING HIGHER ORDER MODELS Z. Chen .............................................................................................................................................................................45 FAILURE ANALYSIS OF ELASTO-PLASTIC MATERIAL MODELS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF OBSERVATION E. Kuhl, E. Ramm and K. Willam .....................................................................................................................................46 DISCRETE AND SMEARED MODELING OF SNAP-THROUGH FRACTURE IN BUILDINGS J.G. Rots and P.H. Feenstra .............................................................................................................................................47

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LOCALIZATION IN SOFTENING PLASTICITY BY GLOBAL ENERGY MINIMIZATION

G. Chen and G. Baker
(1) - Department of Civil Engineering. The University of Queensland (2) - School of Engineering The University of Warwick, UK. E-mail : g.baker@mailbox.uq.edu.au

ABSTRACT
Smeared crack representations are notorious for predicting a very diffuse crack pattern and failing to generate effective strain localization. Coupled with this issue is that significant stress is locked along side a propagating crack (Rots & Blaauwendraad, 1989). The difficulty is that the 'true' load path is not captured, and so doubt must be raised over the validity of the corresponding solution; there are many instances of course where even peak loads are not predicted accurately with a smeared crack model of, say, concrete. Localization can of course be viewed as a bifurcation of the displacement field, a general symptom of which is that material within the localizing band exhibits strain softening whereas that immediately adjacent unloads elastically. The general difficulty with standard smeared algorithms is that the uncracked material cannot unload fast enough, and the tangent equilibrium equations necessarily force a distributed solution (Hunt & Baker, 1995). Our contention is that the tangent elasticity is insufficient to capture localization and that unloading needs to be induced by some additional principle. The authors have argued previously (Chen & Baker, 1998) that the correct bifurcation load, and consequent post - bifucration path, can be predicted by minimizing the increment of "global" second order work of the whole structure. That is, a discontinuous bifurcation analysis, while valuable in detecting breakdown of a constitutive model, corresponds to a local bifurcation. However, softening and quasibrittle fracture arise with reference to the state of the whole structure, as noted in many experiments, where cracks begin and then close "elastically" while others grow unbounded. In this article, we formulate the problem based on direct energy minimization. We note that for plastic flow problems, as distinct from holonomic loading, we must minimize increments of work, but show that only second order work needs to be tested. We implement these ideas with a softening plasticity model, having tried Drucker-Prager and Rankine models of mode I fracture in concrete (Feenstra & de Borst, 1995). The solution strategy we use is a local optimization algorithm based on the direct search scheme of Powell. Gradient techniques, while faster, often break down when the constitutive law has a sharp peak, as is often chosen for tension softening of concrete. We demonstrate the algorithm on mode I problems of a simple panel in tension and pure bending of a beam. The results capture localization and unloading exactly as required. That is, we provide no computational trigger to form strain localization bands in a particular location, such as perturbations of geometry or material properties. Yet, cracks form without interference at appropriate spacings. In the simple mode I problems, in fact we obtain one localized crack across the panel, and one central crack in the beam. Naturally, standard plasticity does not accurately capture localization in shear problems, because of the high strain gradients across a shear band. Hence, we suggest an extension to gradient plasticity for the constitutive model in mode II problems. However, this does not change our overall energy minimization process for solution control.

REFERENCES
[1]Chen, G. and Baker, G. (1998), "Strain localization in softening solids: extremum principles and path dependence", Under review. [2]Hunt, G.W. and Baker, G. (1995), "Principles of localization in the fracture of quasi-brittle structures", Jnl. Mechs Phys. Solids, 43(7), 1127-1150. [3]Feenstra, P. and de Borst, R. (1995), "A plasticity model and algorithm for mode I cracking in concrete", Int. Jnl. Numer. Meths. Engrg., 38, 2509-2529. [4]Rots, J. and Blaauwendraad, J. (1989), "Crack models for concrete: Discrete or smeared ? fixed, multi-directional or rotating?", Heron, 34(1), 59pp

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SOME REMARKS ON ILL-POSEDNESS IN CONTINUUM PROBLEMS

A. Benallal
(1) - Laboratoire de Mecanique et Technologie. E-mail : benallal@lmt.ens-cachan.fr

ABSTRACT
The concept of ill-posedness is very common in mechanics and particularly in failure mechanics. Many contributions have been devoted to the analysis of this concept mainly because of the numerical difficulties encountered in the description of rupture and its accompagning phenomena such as instabilities and localisation. When defined rigorously and extending the classical definition of Hadamard, necessary and sufficient conditions for ill-posedness to occur have been obtained. In the context of solid mechanics and in the framework of rate-independent continua, these conditions can be explicitely determined. For a general rate-independent solid, these conditions can be resumed to three local conditions. The first one is the loss of ellipticity of the continuing equilibrium equations, the second is the boundary complementing condition and the third one is the interfacial complementing condition present only when the solid is heteregeneous. Te first one is related only to the constitutive behaviour whereas the second and the third are linked to the constitutive behaviour but also to the type of boundary conditions and interfacial conditions. Although the mechanical interpretation of all these conditions are understood in the case of an infinite or a semi-infinite solid, this interpretation is not clear in the case of a finite solid. The main objective of this talk is to bring some light to this question. Moreover, for a finite solid and in many practical situations, these conditions are first met in one point of the solid. The ill-posedness and its consequences ( numerical for instance) need to be clarified. The talk will also discuss this topic.

A NEW REGULARIZATION METHOD FOR LOCALIZED FAILURE IN STRAINSOFTENING SOLIDS BASED ON ASSUMED LOCAL FLUCTUATION MODES ON A MICRO-STRUCTURE
C. Miehe and M. Lambrecht
(1) - Institute fur Mechanik (Bauwesen), Lehrstuhl I. E-mail : cm@mechbau.uni-stuttgart.de (2) - Institute fur Mechanik (Bauwesen) Lehrstuhl I

ABSTRACT
The simulation of localized failure in strain - softening solids, for example in the form of shear bands, yields the typical mesh - dependent postcritical results within standard finite element formulations. We here propose a new regularization technique based on a micromechanically motivated approach which overcomes this problem. The key idea is the introduction of a micro - structure at a typical Gauss - point of the finite element mesh which bifurcates in the form of an assumed fluctuation field when macroscopic localization occurs. The intensity of the fluctuation is determined based on an assumed equilibrium state of the micro - structure. The proposed numerical procedure is inspired by recently developed computational homogenization concepts of heterogeneous materials with micro - structures as outlined in [2]. A two step algorithm proceeds at a typical local integration point of the finite element mesh as follows. In the first step we consider a macroscopic homogeneous elastoplastic solid with a characteristic strain softening response. Here, a pre - critical localization analysis determines the onset of localization based on a standard accompanying check of the accoustic tensor. After localization has occured, we assume locally at a typical Gauss point of the macro - structure a fictive micro - stucture whose volume coincides with the volume associated with the integration point. This local micro - structure is characterized alternatively by a slip - type discontinuity or a regularized band-type discontinuity, see e.g. [1], aligned to the localized direction. Inspired by homogenization procedures [2], we compute the amount of the discontinuity on the basis of a local equilibrium condition restricted to the micro-structure. This is in contrast to other treatments of strong discontinuities in the literature, where the discontinuities are typically determined based on the global equilibrium condition associated with the macro-structure. As a consequence, our
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approach is restricted to a local integration point of the macro-structure. Hence, the approach works in the context with any finite element formulation and unstructured meshes.

REFERENCES
[1] Miehe, C., Schrder, J., [1994], "Post-Critical Discontinuous Localization Analysis of Small-Strain Softening Elastoplastic Solids", Archive of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 64, 267 - 285. [2] Miehe, C., Schrder, J., Schotte, J., [1997], "Computational Homogenization Analysis in Finite Plasticity. Simulation of Texture Development in Polycystalline Materials", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, in press. [3] Miehe, C., Lambrecht, M., [1998], "Finite Element Analysis of Localized Failure in Strain - Softening Solids Based on an Assumed Fluctuation Mode on a Micro-Structure", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, submitted.

ON LOCALIZATION IN HYDRO-MECHANICALLY COUPLED PROBLEMS

R. Larsson and J. Larsson
(1) - Division of Solid Mechanics. Chalmers University of Technology. E-mail : Ragnar.Larsson@sm.chalmers.se (2) - Division of Solid Mechanics. Chalmers University of Technology

ABSTRACT
In the present paper we propose an approach to the analysis of a developing localization zone in the hydro-mechanically coupled problem. The governing equations are based on the porous media theory applied to an elastic-plastic solid phase at small deformations. The concept of regularized strong discontinuity is extensively utilized in the paper at the application to the conservation laws of momentum and mass. As a result, we obtain a coupled localization condition that is used to signal the onset of (coupled) discontinuity development in terms of displacement and excess pore pressure. In the numerical treatment, it is convenient to establish the finite element approximation in such a way that nodal values represents the continuous (=compatible) portions of the displacement and pore pressure fields. For thus purpose, the strain and the drainage flux are represented in the spirit of the "enhanced strain approach", Simo and Rifai (1990). A mixed variational formulation is thereby introduced for the momentum balance and the fluid mass conservation, where the enhanced quantities are interpreted as regularized displacement and pore pressure discontinuities of an element embedded localization zone, cf. Larsson et al. (1996). By using a "projection" argument on the element level, it appears that the discontinuity parameters can be solved locally in a consistent fashion with respect to the localization condition. The formulation has been implemented in a FE-code using triangular LST approximation for the displacement and CST approximation for the pressure. In this respect, the present developments represent extensions of those in Larsson et. al (1996) for the undrained response. Numerical results are presented, where particular interest is focused on the influence of drainage conditions (modeled via the permeability and the boundary conditions) on the development of localization zones.

REFERENCES
[1] Simo, J.C. and Rifai, M.S. (1990), "A class of mixed assumed strain methods and the method of incompatible modes", Int. J. Num. Meth. Engng. 29, 1595-1638. [2] Larsson, R., Runesson, K. and Sture, S. (1996), "Embedded localization band in undrained soil based on regularized strong discontinuity - Theory and FE-analysis", Int. J. Solids Structures, 33, (20-22) 3081-3101.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF LOCALIZATION CONSIDERING STOCHASTIC MATERIAL DEFECTS

M.A. Gutierrez and R. de Borst
(1) - Koiter Institute Delft
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(2) - Delft University or Technology. E-mail : rdb@dutcg11.tudelft.nl

ABSTRACT
Localization in softening solids can be described properly by inelastic models that have been enriched using rate-dependent or gradient-dependent terms. In this fashion, the inelastic models do not suffer from mathematical ill-posedness, which is observed at the onset of a descending branch in the equivalent uniaxial stress-strain diagram when local, rate-independent inelastic models are used. As is well-known now, this ill-posedness manifests itself by the emergence of infinite (inelastic) strains within a zone of measure zero, while no energy is dissipated upon failure. Finite element solutions approximate this process, in the sense that they attempt to accommodate this zero-width failure zone in a single row of elements. Rate-dependent or gradient-dependent regularizations remedy this unphysical behaviour and result in failure zones of a finite thickness and a finite energy dissipation. However, a well-posed mathematical description of the boundary value problem is not sufficient to comprehend all aspects of the behaviour of a solid in which localization takes place, since the position and magnitude of material defects and imperfections may play a crucial role in setting the final failure mode. Indeed, imperfections are often placed in a rather random manner in numerical analyses of localization problems, thus leading to the possibility that the most critical mode is not triggered. In this study, the role of material defects in setting the final failure mode, including the probability that a certain mode occurs, will be elucidated. In particular, material parameters like the initial yield stress in viscoplastic solids, or the damage threshold in gradient-enhanced damage models, or imperfections in the applied boundary conditions, are considered as random fields and are coupled to "failure", which can be either the peak load, the energy dissipation or some critical deformation measure, through a nonlinear finite element algorithm. The finite element reliability method is then used to obtain realizations of the material random fields that furnish a local maximum of the probability density of failure. This is achieved using a gradient-based optimization algorithm. Having obtained the local maxima, the marginal probability of different modes and the global probability of failure is computed.

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF STRAIN LOCALIZATION IN INELASTIC SOLIDS BY USING MESHLESS METHODS

S. Li and W.K. Liu
(1) - Dept. of Mech.l Engineering. Tech. Institute, Northwestern University. E-mail : sf-li@nwu.edu (2) - Northwestern University Department of Mechanical Engineering. E-mail : w-liu@nwu.edu

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the latest development in using the meshless technology to numerically simulate strain localization problem in inelastic solids. There are two themes in this presentation: (1) using meshless method to directly simulate shear-band formations in inelastic solids; (2) develop a new PetrovGalerkin procedure to capture the strain localization problems in rate independent plastic masterials. As an latest invention of computational technology, meshless methods (e.g. Belytschko et al. [1994] Int. J. Num. Methods Eng. Vol. 37, pp 229 - 256; and Liu et al. [1995], Int. J. Num. Methods Fluids Vol. 20, pp 1081 1106 ) possess some special capacities, which the mesh-based numerical methods, such as finite element method, are intrinically lacking; one of such qualities is the "mesh" or article distribution objectivity; precisely speaking, in a local region, the given meshless particle distribution tends to attain the maximum symmetry in its spatial orientation. This quality and others provide a new and efficient remedy for the mesh dependance pathology that has plagued the computation of localized deformation / bifurcation of inelastic solids for a long time. With the meshless discretization and interpolation, a simple explicit, displacement based formulation is implemented, and the high resolution shear band formations are obtained in both two - dimensional case and three - dimensional case without recourse any mixed formulations, reduced integration / hour - glass control schemes, and special mesh design. The numerical solutions obtained are insensitive to the orientation of the particle distributions, which, in a large extent, relieves the mesh alignment sensitivity that conventional finite element method suffers. Moreover, a simple h - adaptivity procedure can be easily implemented in meshless discretization to be used in the shear-band calculation, and at the same time it preserves so - called particle distribution objectivity. By utilizing the newly proposed meshless hierarchical partition of unity ( Li & Liu [1998] ), a simple wavelet
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adaptivity procedure is also implemented to obtain the spectral refinement solutions. In addition, the phenomenon of multiple shear band and mode switching can be observed in a relatively coarse particle distribution in contrast to the costly fine scale finite element simulations. In the second approach, we are currently developing a wavelet - Petrov-Galkerin procedure to capture the shear-band formation in the conventional rate-independent plastic materials. As well known, lacking the intrinsic length scale, the shear-band width in the conventional rate-independent materials is infinitely thin, which is the major source of mesh-dependent pathology. In this paper, a novel Petrov-Galerkin procedure is proposed to capture the weak discontinous bifurcation of strain localization problem in rate-independent materials.

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF FRACTURE AND FRAGMENTATION

M. Ortiz
(1) - Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories. E-mail : ortiz@aero.caltech.edu

ABSTRACT
Advances in adaptive mesh refinement and other computational methods presently enable the simultaneous resolution of full-system fields as well as near-tip fields, with the result that the latter need not be accounted for - buried - in the fracture criterion. The explicit resolution of the near-tip fields has the far-reaching consequence that only the actual surface-separation processes need to be comtemplated in the fracture criterion. In this work, those separation processes are modelled by recourse to cohesive theories of fracture and their computational embodiment, cohesive elements. We have conducted a number of verification and validation studies aimed at establishing the fidelity of cohesive theories in situations involving brittle and ductile fracture, possibly leading to fragmentation. As a first validation case, we have taken the dynamic drop-weight test as a convenient basis for assessing the predictive ability of cohesive models in applications involving dynamic crack growth. The numerical simulations have proven highly predictive of a number of observed features, including: the crack growth initiation time; the trajectory of the propagating crack tip; and the formation of shear lips near the lateral surfaces. The simulations therefore establish the feasibility of using cohesive models of fracture and cohesive elements to predict dynamic crack-growth initiation and propagation. A second validation case concerns the expanding ring tests of Grady and Benson (1983). This case tests the predictive ability of cohesive models in situations involving ductile dynamical fracture. Attention has been rescricted to 1100-0 aluminum samples. The numerical simulations are highly predictive of a number of observed features, including: the number of dominant and arrested necks; the fragmentation patterns; the dependence of the number of fragments and the fracture strain on the expansion speed; and the distribution of fragment sizes at fixed expansion speed. We also present results from a third validation case concerned with the dynamic response of concrete in tension. The particular configuration contemplated in the study is the brazilian cylinder test performed in a Hopkinson bar. The simulations give accurate transmitted loads over a range of strain rates, which attests to the fidelity of the model where rate effects are concerned. The model also predicts key features of the fracture pattern such as the primary lens-shaped cracks parallel to the load plane, as well as the secondary profuse cracking near the supports. The primary cracks are predicted to be nucleated at the center of the circular bases of the cylinder and to subsequently propagate towards the interior, in accordance with experimental observations. The primary and secondary cracks are responsible for multiple peaks in the load history, also in keeping with experiment. These results validate the theory as it bears on mixed-mode fracture and fragmentation processes in concrete.

COMPUTATION OF GEOMETRICALLY NON-LINEAR FRACTURE MECHANICS PROBLEMS

D. Ackermann and P. Steinmann

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(1) - Institute for Technical Mechanics, University of Kaiserlautern (2) - Institute for Technical Mechanics, University of Kaiserlautern. E-mail : ps@rhk.uni-kl.de

ABSTRACT
This contribution aims in the computation of fracture mechanics problems within a geometrically nonlinear finite element setting. To this end we consider the formulation of the geometrically nonlinear balance equations of continuum mechanics on the material manifold. Then, the new approach consists in a straightforward Galerkin discretization of the corresponding balance of momentum equation. The resulting node point quantities, which we shall denote material node point forces, are demonstrated to be of the same qualitative importance for the assessment of a fracture mechanics problem as the classical J-integral. The computational examples of typical fracture mechanics problems will focus on: - the quantitative comparison of the new approach with classical J - integral evaluations, - the influence of true geometrically nonlinearities on the predictive capacities of the new approach and the classical J - integral, - the influence of the discretization density on the accuracy of the new approach, - the incorporation of material inhomogeneities as for example present in the problem of an interface crack within a bi-material, - the extension to elasto-plastic materials at large strains based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient. In conclusion the new methodology allows to evaluate relevant quantities for the assessment of fracture mechanics problems in an algorithmically straightforward and consistent fashion both for the geometrically linear and nonlinear case.

EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON AND MODEL ASSESSMENT FOR A NOVEL APPROACH TO INELASTIC FRACTURE
M.M. Rashid and R. Roy
(1) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering University of California at Davis. E-mail : mrashid@ucdavis.edu (2) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering University of California at Davis

ABSTRACT
Effective theoretical and computational modeling of fracture processes remains a challenge for situations in which significant inelastic deformation precedes fracture. The traditional J-type contourintegral approach to crack-tip characterization has been successfully applied to many such situations, but nonetheless suffers from a number of well-known limitations. Recently, some success has been achieved with a "cell-model" approach. This approach can be described as a hybrid theoretical-computational model. Cell models employ fracture criteria which make reference to local states of strain and/or stress near the crack front - a very physically appealing feature. However, the finite element mesh itself is an intrinsic part of any cell model, so that questions of generality in relation to unsymmetric loading and apriori unknown crack paths remain open. An alternative modeling framework, the Exclusion Region theory, has recently emerged, in which a small, tube-like material region surrounding the moving crack front is subject to a generalized constitutive description. This generalized description derives entirely from the local constitutive model used in the bulk continuum, along with an assumed form for the displacement field within the tube-like "exclusion region." The result is a theoretical framework that is completely independent of any numerical implementation, and that allows for the design of quite general fracture criteria that depend on local conditions in the neighborhood of the crack front. The Exclusion Region theory has been implemented in a two-dimensional total-Lagrangian finite element code that includes a standard J2-plasticity material model. Instead of employing an adaptive remeshing capability, the code accommodates arbitrary crack paths by using the "Arbitrary Local Mesh Replacement" (ALMR) method. This recently-developed method involves a circular "mesh patch" that remains centered on the moving crack tip, and that overlies the user-defined background mesh. The finite element displacement interpolant from the mesh patch replaces that from the background mesh inside the patch. Compatibility of the two interpolants is enforced weakly at the patch/background interface. Also, a
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new method of material state remapping, called Area-Intersection Remapping, has been developed to transfer the material state to the new mesh after each increment of crack extension (and mesh patch movement). This computational methodology will be described, along with a series of comparative analyses involving three-point-bend and compact-tension tests with ductile steels.

DYNAMIC CRACK GROWTH IN A COMPRESSIVE SHEAR STRENGTH TEST ALONG A POLYMER-GLASS INTERFACE
P. Rahulkumar, A. Jagota, S. Bennison and S. Saigal
(1) - ANSYS, Inc. (2) - E. I. Dupont de Nemours & Co. E-mail : Anand.Jagota@usa.dupont.com (3) - E. I. Dupont de Nemours & Co.

ABSTRACT
Cohesive finite elements are an attractive computational tool for the modeling of arbitrary interfacial failure in materials. Since the underlying cohesive zone models are phenomenological, their application to well established experiments leads to both refinement of these models as well as their validation. Dynamic 2D and 3D cohesive elements have been developed and are used to simulate a compressive shear strength (CSS) test. The CSS test is employed in the polymer industry to extract polymer adhesion levels. The computational framework is first verified against existing analytical solutions for dynamic crack growth in double cantilever beam specimens. The phenomenon of stable crack growth followed by unstable crack growth observed in the CSS experiment is simulated. Various crack growth behaviors, obtained for different sizes of the initial pre-flaw in the interface, are studied. The phenomenon of dynamic crack pop-in, consisting of dynamic crack growth followed by crack arrest and stable crack growth, is investigated. The influence of the cohesive zone model parameters on crack pop-in as well as stability of crack growth are studied. A 3D simulation of a square plan form CSS test is performed to explain the influence of edge effects not encountered in the plane strain simulations.

SIMULATION OF MODE I CRACK GROWTH IN POLYMERS BY CRAZING

M.G. Tijssens, E. van der Giessen and L.J. Sluys
(1) - Delft University of Technology. E-mail : M.G.A.Tijssens@wbmt.tudelft.nl (2) - Delft University of Technology (3) - Dept. of Civil Engineering and Geosciences. Delft Univ. of Technology. E-mail : L.J.Sluys@ct.TUDelft.nl

ABSTRACT
The deformation and final fracture of polymers often occurs through the mechanism of crazing. A craze can be described as a crack-like defect in which the crack flanges are still bridged by a highly stretched network of polymer material with a low volume fraction. Crazing is a local mechanism of deformation of the polymer and as such, breakdown of the craze structure may cause brittle crack growth without significant energy dissipation. Recently, a new cohesive surface model for craze formation based on micromechanical considerations has been proposed [1] with which it is possible to explore crazing of polymers without a priori specifying where crazing may occur. The methodology in which cohesive surfaces are immersed in the continuum was first proposed by Xu and Needleman [2] to describe brittle crack growth. The method separately specifies the constitutive behaviour of the continuum and the cohesive surfaces thus enabling the separate description of continuum deformation and final loss of displacement continuity, along with their mutual interaction. The numerical experiments are done within the context of the finite element method in which cohesive surfaces are used along all boundaries of each continuum element. Although strictly speaking the craze path is still limited to a finite number of possibilities, a sufficient density of
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cohesive surfaces should lead to a globally converged craze path. This opens up the possibility to explore craze branching as a function of the model parameters and its influence on the toughness of the polymer. In this paper we present a numerical study of crazing under plane strain mode I conditions. The initiation condition for crazes are taken according to a stress-state dependent criterion in which the normal traction on the cohesive surface and the hydrostatic stress in the continuum are the main parameters. The cohesive surface model for crazing uses a rate dependent evolution law for the traction transmitted by the cohesive surface. The combined action of initiation, widening and breakdown of the crazes and applied loading rate thus influences the spreading of the craze zone around the crack. The influence of the parameters in the model governing the evolution of the craze and the influence on steady-state fracture toughness will be explored.

REFERENCES
[1] M.G.A. Tijssens, E. van der Giessen, L.J. Sluys, "Micromechanically Motivated Cohesive Surface Modelling of Crazing in Polymers", Proceedings of ICES'98 (Int. Conf. on Eng. Science), Atlanta (GA), Modelling and Simulation based Engineering, Eds. S.N. Atluri and P.E. O'Donoghue, II, 1468-1473, 1998. [2] X.-P. Xu and A. Needleman, "Numerical Simulations of Fast Crack Growth in Brittle Solids." J. Mech. Phys. Solids., 42(9), 1397-1434, 1994.

CRACK GROWTH WITH ENRICHED FINITE ELEMENTS FOR MINDLINREISSNER PLATES

T. Belytschko, J. Dolbow and N. Mos
(1) - Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Northwestern University. E-mail : t-belytschko@nwu.edu (3) - Northwestern University. E-mail : Nicolas.Moes@lmt.ens-cachan.fr

ABSTRACT
A technique for the modeling of quasi static crack growth in plates using an enhanced finite element formulation is presented. We enrich a standard approximation near a crack tip by incorporating the asymptotic fields through the partition of unity method. This enrichment provides for both coarse mesh accuracy and the simulation of quasi static crack growth with minimal remeshing. To obtain the mixedmode stress intensity factors, we also derive appropriate domain forms of the J-integral in the framework of Reissner-Mindlin plate theory. Several numerical studies are provided to illustrate the accuracy and utility of the new formulation in comparison to existing element technology.

MODEL FOR LARGE STRAIN FAILURE ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO IMPACT AND BLAST
Z.P. Bazant, F. Caner, M. Adley and S. Akers
(1) - Northwestern University, Department of Civil Engineering. E-mail : z-bazant@nwu.edu (2) - Dept. of Civil Engr. and Material Science. Northwestern University (3) - Waterways experiment Station

ABSTRACT
The paper deals with finite-strain generalization of microplane model for damaging pressure sensitive frictional behavior of quasibrittle materials such as concrete, soils, rock and composites. Examples of certain difficulties with the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor in modeling friction, yield and strength limits on the microplane are given. Consequently, the back-rotated Cauchy (true) tensor is adopted as the stress measure (although the back-rotated Kirchhoff stress tensor would be only slightly less convenient). However, the strain tensor conjugate to the back-rotated Cauchy (or Kirchhoff) stress
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tensor is found to be nonholonomic (i.e., path-dependent) and thus unsuitable. The nonconjugate Green's Lagrangian tensor is adopted as the strain measure because only for this tensor its components on one microplane suffice to characterize the stretch in the direction normal to the microplane and the shear angle on that microplane. The adopted nonconjugate strain and stress tensors are shown to be admissible because the following four conditions are satisfied: - There is a unique correspondence between the nonconjugate constitutive law and the conjugate constitutive law in terms of Green's Lagrangian strain tensor; - if a micro-macro kinematic constraint of microplane model imposed in terms of one type of strain tensor, a kinematic constraint is satisfied for any other finite strain tensor; - the elastic parts of strains are always small, which ensures the energy dissipation caused by elastic deformations formulated in terms of nonconjugate stress and strain tensors to be always negligible; and - the inelastic stress drops to the yield or boundary surface, used in the time steps of numerical solution, occur at constant strain and always dissipate energy. Examples of computational modeling of impact of missiles into concrete walls and blast effects on hardened concrete structures confirm good performance for very large strains.

SOME COMPUTATIONAL ASPECTS IN NON-LOCAL DAMAGE MODELS

A. Rodriguez-Ferran and A. Huerta
(1) - Departament de Matematica Aplicada. ETSECCPB. E-mail : rodriguez@lacan.upc.es (2) - Departament de Matematica Aplicada. ETSECCPB. E-mail : huerta@etseccpb.upc.es

ABSTRACT
Nonlocal damage models are nowadays a standard approach to simulate failure of engineering materials such as geomaterials. The use of a nonlocal quantity to describe the evolution of damage is essential to regularize the problem and avoid the pathological mesh dependence of local damage models. Nonlocal damage models typically lead to highly nonlinear systems of equations. Complex snapthrough or snap-back responses are common. The efficient solution of these problems demands the use of appropriate numerical techniques. Some crucial issues, for instance, are an adaptive technique based on error estimation, the choice of the control variable, the convergence acceleration and the automatic update of the arc-length. The proposed approach is illustrated by means of some numerical examples, including the Brazilian cylinder-splitting test for the determination of the tensile strength of concrete, and a single-edge notched beam subject to four-point antisymmetrical bending.

A GENERAL FRAMEWORK FOR DAMAGE THEORIES AND ITS APPLICATION

F. Armero and S. Oller
(1) - Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. University of California at Berkeley. E-mail : armero@ce.berkeley.edu (2) - ETSECCPB-UPC. E-mail : oller@etseccpb.upc.es

ABSTRACT
We present in this contribution a general framework for the modeling of damage in inelastic solids. The proposed framework is based on a kinematic decomposition of the strains in elastic, damage and, if needed, plastic parts. The evolution equations for the different internal variables characterizing the irreversible response of the material are then derived in a consistent thermodynamic framework. In this context, we obtain an unifying framework for the constitutive modeling of the different mechanisms active in the material deformation process. This structure is directly reflected in the algorithms that we have
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developed for the numerical integration of the resulting models. The proposed framework also leads naturally to its extension to the finite deformation range in the context of multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient. The application of the resulting models in the study of the final failure of the material, localized failures in particular, is of the main interest. The proposed framework allows for the decoupling of the localized and the bulk responses of the material, thus leading to a full and general characterization of either component. In particular, the localized response can be modeled in the large-scale limit through the consideration of discontinuous deformation fields and the corresponding singular strain fields. In this way, the resulting models dissipate the energy objectively, leading naturally to mesh-size independent numerical solutions. We will discuss in detail the implementation of these ideas in the context of the finite element method. Representative numerical simulations will be presented to show the performance of the proposed methodology.

A RATE-DEPENDENT DUCTILE FAILURE MODEL AND ITS NUMERICAL IMPLEMENTATION

Q.H. Zuo, F.L. Addessio, P.J. Maudlin and J.N. Johnson
(1) - Theoretical Division. Los Alamos National Laboratory. (2) - Theoretical Division. Los Alamos National Laboratory. (3) - Theoretical Division. Los Alamos National Laboratory. E-mail : pjm@lanl.gov

ABSTRACT
A rate-dependent constitutive model has been developed for the dynamic deformation of ductile materials. The model considers the damage and ductile failure by using the Gurson yield surface which couples damage and plasticity through the porosity and the plastic strain in the materials. Under intensive tensile loading, the size of the yield surface decreases as the porosity develops with deformation, resulting in an ill-posed initial-boundary value problem associated with the rate-independent material model. Strain rate dependency is introduced in the model to keep the problem well-posed and hence to eliminate the mesh dependency of the numerical solutions. A Mie-Gruneisen equation of state is used to provide a nonlinear relationship between the increment in the pressure and the elastic part of the volumetric strain increment. More importantly, it enables the model to include the effects of plastic shearing on the volumetric behavior of the material. An implicit numerical integration algorithm has been developed for the material model. The current algorithm allows for all the state variables (such as pressure, von-Mises stress and porosity) to change during each time increment, according to their evolution equations. The associated flow rule for the plastic strain is enforced at the end of a time step, namely, the return direction itself is not known a priori. The resulting four nonlinear coupled equations are solved by a local Newton iteration method which converges quadratically. Results on some typical strain-controlled numerical tests show that the new algorithm is much more robust than the explicit algorithm that was previously used and that it allows for significantly larger time steps. The new algorithm has been implemented into EPIC95, a finite-element code for elastoplastic impact analysis. Numerical results of high speed Taylor cylinder impact and notched tensile bar problems will be presented.

COMPUTATIONAL MEASURES OF STRUCTURAL DAMAGE FOR GLOBAL FAILURE ANALYSIS

Y. Petryna, W.B. Kraetzig and F. Stangenberg
(1) - Institute for Statistics and Dynamics. E-mail : petryna@sd.bi.ruhr-uni-bochum.de
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(2) - Institute for Statics and Dynamics. Ruhr-University Bochum. E-mail : kraetzig@mail.sd.bi.ruhr-uni-bochum.de (3) - Institute for Statistics and Dynamics. Ruhr-University

ABSTRACT
This contribution is concerned with computational approaches to the analysis of structural failure under damages of different nature. A new numerical measure of structural damage is proposed in the form of a global damage indicator and applied to the estimation of structural failure. It is not surprising that due to the specific design of each structure with regard to load, material and structural parameters, there is no simple, commonly accepted numerical simulation procedure to estimate structural damage. Engineering necessity to quantify the reduction of structural capacity (global failure) has caused the development of numerous damage indicators. However, they remain mostly local and are usually referred to the levels of material point or some critical cross-section. Obviously, they can only exceptionally provide correct information about the failure of the whole structure. On the contrary, the new damage measure is proposed on the basis of computational methods of global nonlinear structural analysis. It is evident for each member of the "finite element society" that informations about structural capacity are implicitly embedded in the global stiffness matrix. Any change of the material or structural properties able to be directly modeled by the FEM will be immediately reflected in the properties of the stiffness matrix. Therefore, the new global damage indicator is based on the change of such properties due to structural damage. This estimated amount of the accumulated damage characterises simultaneously a distance between the current structural state and the global failure. In the present paper, the necessary theoretical basis for the new damage indicator will be presented, and the related computational aspects will be discussed. Sensitivity of the proposed numerical measure with respect to different damage types will be demonstrated by hand of numerous numerical examples. In application to reinforced concrete structures, such mechanical damages as tensile cracking and compression failure of concrete, yielding and rupture of reinforcement as well as such typical deterioration effects as surface degradation of concrete and corrosion of reinforcement will be considered. Numerical examples vary from simple structural elements to complex objects of bridge and power plant engineering.

COMPUTATIONAL FAILURE ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SHELLS

W.B. Kraetzig and S.Y. Noh
(1) - Institute for Statics and Dynamics. Ruhr-University Bochum. E-mail : kraetzig@mail.sd.bi.ruhr-uni-bochum.de (2) - Institute for Statics and Dynamics. Ruhr-University Bochum

ABSTRACT
Failure of engineering structures is always initiated by local effects on material point or sectional level, if global kinematic deformations as coarse construction errors are excluded. A central question in the current research of computational structural analysis thus is the transfer during the response simulation of local damages or deteriorations into global failure effects. The paper will demonstrate a very efficient computational scheme for this purpose, a so-called multi-level-analysis-concept as part of the FE-simulation. The transfer of the local failure reasons onto the structural level therein is imbedded into the usual incremental -iterative solution procedure of the tangent stiffness relation. In the presentation it will be therefore emphasized how local damage and deterioration effects influence in particular the global stiffness of a structure on its way to failure. Thus the way to failure can be prosecuted by a family of novel damage indicators, based on eigenvalues, eigenfrequencies or Ritz-parameters of the tangent stiffness matrix. At this point the proposed paper will draw close parallels to the second offered treatment on "Computational Measures of structural damage for global failure analysis" by Petryna et. al., more general in all structural damage and deterioration aspects. The present paper will specialize on reinforced concrete shells in order to concentrate on some real engineering material, especially there on damage effects due to tension-cracking. For this reason, the nonlinear material properties of reinforced concrete are decribed and additionally the finite elements
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applied. As an example, the response of a large cooling tower shell under wind and temperature actions is simulated, and the crack-initiation as well as the crack-evaluation is demonstrated within a rotating smeared crack model. The successive weakening of the whole shell structure then will be quantified by the new damage indicators mentioned above. Further, a series of interesting nonlinear response phenomena will be mirrowed in these damage indicators.

ADAPTIVE STRATEGY FOR GRADIENT-REGULARIZED PLASTICITY

T. Svedberg and K. Runesson
(1) - Division of Solid Mechanics. Chalmers University (2) - Department of Solid Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology. E-mail : keru@solid.chalmers.se

ABSTRACT
At the FE-analysis of localization phenomena in continua, it is possible to utilize nonlocal theories in order to avoid mesh dependence. However, for problems where the localization zone width decreases progressively with deformation, due to the development of damage, it is found that every (stationary) mesh eventually becomes not fine enough to resolve the proper localization scale and mesh dependence thus seems unavoidable. The obvious way to remedy this situation is to adopt an adaptive strategy. In this paper the gradient regularization proposed by Svedberg and Runesson(1997, 1998, 1999) is used as a basis for the adaptive refinement. The most comprehensive approach is to consider the equilibrium as well as the constitutive subproblem (which is a full-fledged FE-problem) when establishing the error estimators of residual type in the proper energy norm. A simplified method is obtained by focussing on the error in the plastic multiplier, which is obtained from the mixed FE-format of the constitutive subproblem, whereas the displacements are left "as is". The effectiveness of these approaches is shown in the numerical examples.

REFERENCES
[1] T. Svedberg and K. Runesson , "A thermodynamically consistent theory of gradient-regularized plasticity coupled to damage", Int. J. Plasticity, 13(6-7):669-696, 1997. [2] T. Svedberg and K. Runesson , "An algorithm for gradient-regularized plasticity coupled to damage based on a dual mixed fe-formulation." Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Engng., 161:49-65, 1998. [3] T. Svedberg and K. Runesson , "Gradient-regularized hyperelasto-plasticity coupled to damage - Thermodynamics and Numerical algorithm." European J. Mechanics Solids, 1999. Submitted.

MECHANISM-BASED STRAIN GRADIENT PLASTICITY

H. Gao, Y. Huang, W.D. Nix and J.W. Hutchinson
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University. E-mail : gao@am-sun2.stanford.edu (2) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. Stanford University. (3) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. Stanford University.

ABSTRACT
A mechanism-based theory of strain gradient plasticity (MSG) is proposed based on a multiscale framework linking the microscale notion of statistically stored and geometrically necessary dislocations to the mesoscale notion of plastic strain and strain gradient. This theory is motivated by our recent analysis of indentation experiments which strongly suggest a linear dependence of the square of plastic flow stress on strain gradient. While such linear dependence is predicted by the Taylor hardening model relating the flow stress to dislocation density, existing theories of strain gradient plasticity have failed to explain such behavior. We believe that a mesoscale theory of plasticity should not only be based on stress-strain behavior obtained from macroscopic mechanical tests, but should also draw information from
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micromechanical, gradient-dominant tests such as micro-indentation or nano-indentation. According to this viewpoint, we explore an alternative formulation of strain gradient plasticity in which the Taylor model is adopted as a founding principle. We distinguish the microscale at which dislocation interaction is considered from the mesoscale at which the plasticity theory is formulated. On the microscale, we assume that higher order stresses do not exist, that the square of flow stress increases linearly with the density of geometrically necessary dislocations, strictly following the Taylor model, and that the plastic flow retains the associative structure of conventional plasticity. On the mesoscale, the constitutive equations are constructed by averaging microscale plasticity laws over a representative cell. An expression for the effective strain gradient is obtained by considering models of geometrically necessary dislocations associated with bending, torsion and 2D axisymmetric void growth. The new theory differs from all existing phenomenological theories in its mechanism-based guiding principles, although the mathematical structure is quite similar to the theory proposed by Fleck and Hutchinson. A detailed analysis of the new theory is presented in Part II of this paper.

GRADIENT-VISCOPLASTIC MODELING OF 3D SHEAR BANDING

L.J. Sluys and W.M. Wang
(1) - Dept. of Civil Engineering and Geosciences. Delft Univ. of Technology. E-mail : L.J.Sluys@ct.TUDelft.nl (2) - Delft University of Technology

ABSTRACT
In this paper a so-called consistency viscoplastic model is used for the computational modeling of shear bands. A length scale contribution is introduced via a rate-dependent yield surface. The standard Kuhn-Tucker conditions for rate-independent plasticity then still apply. A formulation with and without the inclusion of higher-order strain gradients (multiple length scales) is discussed.The model will be explained for 2D and 3D stress situations in a small-strain and finite-deformation framework. Simple finite elements will be used, namely for 3D 8-noded brick elements and 4-noded tetrahedral elements, both with the necessary mode enhancement to avoid locking behaviour. 2D and 3D examples of mode-II failure problems will be analyzed and the main goal is to determine whether a 2D schematization of a shear band is allowed especially when the evolution of the shear band in the third direction is non-uniform and non-planar. An important issue that will be discussed in the paper is the propagation of shear bands in structured and unstructured, 2D and 3D meshes. When a viscoplastic continuum model is used to describe shear banding very small finite elements are needed inside the shear band. This results in very inefficient meshes when the location of the shear band is not known in advance. 3D calculations of shear banding are therefore extremely time consuming. For these analyses mesh adaptation will be applied. A method that is proposed here is the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) technique by which mesh adaption can be carried out during computation. The principle idea of the method is to decouple nodes from material particles, so that nodes can move arbitrary (i.e. independent of the material). Hence, nodes can move from the elastic part of the body inside the shear band.

STRAIN LOCALIZATION IN 3D PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ELASTOPLASTIC COSSERAT CONTINUA

M.M. Iordache and K.J. Willam
(1) - Hibbitt, Karlsson & Sorensen Inc. E-mail : iordache@hks.com (2) - CEAE Department. University of Colorado at Boulder. E-mail : willam@bechtel.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT

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Localization properties of Cosserat continua have been an ongoing research topic in the recent years in the hope to avoid/delay strain localization and shear band formation and thus mesh dependency in numerical failure simulations In ref.[1] we studied analytically the localization properties of Cosserat continua and compared them to localization properties of classical continua. Following up this study, in ref.[2] we analyzed localization differences when the von Mises yield function depends on the symmetric versus the nonsymmetric stress tensor. For illustration we studied in detail the problem of `simple' shear for which the numerical simulations of failure of these two Cosserat models exhibit intriguing features such as mode conversion in two-dimensional plane stress. In the present paper we will concentrate on localization properties of three-dimensional Cosserat continua with a generalized hyperbolic Drucker - Prager yield function which accounts for pressure sensitivity. This permits a systematic study of confinement effects when failure in shear is considered analytically and numerically in terms of one, two, and three -dimensional strain localization studies in Cosserat continua.

REFERENCES
[1] Iordache, M. M. and Willam, K., (1998), "Localized Failure Analysis in Elastoplastic Cosserat Continua", Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Engrg., Vol. 151, pp 559 - 586. [2] Iordache, M. M., and Willam, K., (1998), "Localization Properties of Non - Symmetric Elastoplastic Cosserat Formulations", CD-ROM of IV World Congress for Computational Mechanics, June 29 - July 2, 1998, Buenos Aires, Argentina, S. Idlesohn, E. Onate and E.N. Dvorkin (eds.), Section 7, Paper 8.

ON THE CONSISTENCY OF VISCOPLASTIC FORMULATIONS

A. Carosio and G. Etse
(1) - Laboratorio de Estructuras. Univ. Nac. De Tucuman. Argentina. E-mail : acarosio@herrera.unt.edu.ar (2) - Structural Engineering Laboratory. National University of Tucuman. E-mail : getse@herrera.unt.edu.ar

ABSTRACT
In the last five years, a new viscoplastic theory and formulations has been proposed, which resembles the mathematical framework of the well known classical elastoplastic flow theory has been proposed. (Ponthot, 1995; Wang, 1997). By means of this advance, the well established rate independent plasticity and damage models may be extendend to account for time dependent material behavior. In addition the constitutive integration and the development of consistent material operator algorithms can be used by few modifications. There are no shortcomings on this viscoplastic theory and to the consistent transition to plasticity and elasticity in the extreme cases, but an extra ad hoc assumption has to be used concerning the second time derivative of the viscoplastic multiplier in order to avoid a differential second order viscoplastic consistency condition. Usually, the first order Euler Backward time integration is used to this end. In this work the viscoplastic consistency condition is solved at the differential level and then relation with the incremental framework is developed. Also, a constitutive integration and consistent material operators are proposed.

THE VARIATIONAL FORMULATION OF STRESS-UPDATE ALGORITHMS IN THE CASE OF NON-STANDARD BEHAVIOURS

M. Hjiaj, G. de Saxce and G. Guerlement
(1) - Faculte Polytechnique de Mon. Service de Mecanique des Materiaux et des Structures. (2) - Faculte Polytechnique de Mon. Service de Mecanique des Materiaux et des Structures. (3) - Faculte Polytechnique de Mons. Service de Mecanique des Materiaux et des Structures.

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ABSTRACT
Regardless of the solution procedure used in finite element analysis of problems involving nonlinearity, it becomes necessary to integrate, at some points, the constitutive relations. In a displacement formulation, this process is strain-driven, i.e. the givens are the strain increment and the initial conditions and the sought outcome is the updated state. For standard materials, plastic flow rules can be expressed equivalently either by a rate equation or by a variational inequality. Stress-update algorithms taking the rate formulation as the basis of the straightforward application of the backward Euler scheme have received abundant attention. They are based, in the non standard case, on non-symmetric tangent stiffness matrix and lead to some numerical troubles even if the displacements are the controlled variables. In many respects, the variational formulation is very interesting. Based onthis formulation, elastic predictor - plastic correctors have been developed. The corresponding algorithms, lend themselves in a natural way tothe satisfaction of incremental consistency. Moreover the stress increment is uniquely determined even if the yield surface is non-smooth. It is well knownthat such uniqueness may not hold for the rate formulation, as for a surface with corners the plastic strain rate varies within limits determined by the corner angles. Using convex analysis tools, Moreau shows the equivalence between the variational inequality which is the expression of Hill's maximum principle and of another inequality, called Fenchel inequality, that links two convex functions called superpotentials. Moreover, the superpotentials can beused to derive stress-update algorithms thanks the inf-convolution procedure. The flow rule and its inverse are then expressed in terms of the subdifferential of these superpotentials. Such functionals allow to derive, ina much more natural way, variational principles which are the rational basis for the space discretization procedure. The existence of solutions can be asserted and proved in a simpler fashion. Unfortunately for non-standard materials superpotentials are not availables and the question arise : How can you extend these concepts to these non-standard materials ? Two main features seems to be crucial : the convexity and the normality rule. In this paper we present a variational inequality based on a Fenchel's generalization. The key-idea is to conserve the normality rule but in a weak form of a implicit relation while the global convexity is relaxed. The two superpotentials give the place to a unique function of both the plastic strain and the stress. From this function and by a straightforward integration we derive two dualsvariational principles. Due to the good properties of the bipotentiel, the inf-convolution operation remain possible and a consistant time integration is performed. The displacement problem and the stress problem became coupled. The procedure is applied succesfully to non standard models. The examples show that the algorithm is convergent.

ON CONTINUUM AND DISCRETE MODELS INDUCED BY STRONG DISCONTINUITY KINEMATICS

J. Oliver, M. Cervera and O. Manzoli
(1) - ETSECCPB. E-mail : oliver@etseccpb.upc.es (2) - ETSECCPB. E-mail : cervera@etseccpb.upc.es (3) - ETSECCPB. E-mail : manzoli@etseccpb.upc.es

ABSTRACT
Local failure in rate independent solids is often associated to the bifurcation of the stress -strain fields. Such bifurcation states the in ception of a strain-localization path (weak discontinuity), which is accompanied by a loss of uniqueness of the quasi-static B.V. problem. This lack of uniqueness can be explained by the fact that the bandwidth of the weak discontinuity remains undetermined when usual rateindependent (local) constitutive equations are considered. This is frequently termed as "lack of internal length" and supplying such internal length to the constitutive equation is an usually adopted remedy for that problem. Another procedure to provide uniqueness to the B.V. problem is to induce after the bifurcation "strong discontinuities" i.e.: actual discontinuities in the displacement field which, in turn, can be regarded as the limit case of a weak discontinuity whose bandwidth collapses to zero. An additional advantage of such procedure is that it provides a clear link to the classical non-linear fracture mechanics methods based on the use of de-cohesive traction-jump constitutive equations at the discontinuous interface. The so-called "strong discontinuity analysis" supplies some necessary conditions for the appearance of a strong discontinuity which, in general, lie on the singularity of the localization (acoustic)
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tensor for a null value of the hardening/softening parameter. However, this condition is not, in general, fulfilled at the bifurcation stage thus precluding the possibility of bifurcation in a strong discontinuity fashion. This suggests the necessity of a model that provides the transition from the bifurcation (in general in weak discontinuity regime) to the strong discontinuity regime. Different versions of such a model are presented and considered in the paper, and several families of elasto-plastic constitutive equations are examined regarding their weak and strong discontinuity properties. The consequences of alternative strategies that do not consider the aforementioned transition models are also examined. Trough numerical simulations it is shown that, in the context of failure or collapse structural analyzes, the collapse load can be overestimated if strong discontinuity models are imposed in comparison with the results obtained using transition mechanisms.

MODELING FAILURE AS A STRONG DISCONTINUITY WITH THE MATERIAL POINT METHOD

H.L. Schreyer and D.L. Sulsky
(1) - Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. E-mail : schreyer@slider.unm.edu (2) - Dept. of Mech. Eng., Math. and Statistics. University of New Mexico. E-mail : sulsky@math.unm.edu

ABSTRACT
Examples of material failure which might be modeled as a strong discontinuity in displacement include the fracture of quasibrittle materials, delamination of composites, shear banding, void development along grain boundaries, rupture of ductile materials, and the debonding of inclusions and fibers. We suggest that a single model of decohesion might be appropriate for all cases provided suitable values of parameters related to failure initiation and energy dissipation are used together with reasonable choices of constitutive equations based on plasticity and damage for representing ductile and brittle behavior, respectively, prior to the initiation of decohesion. In addition, we think that the material point method is a particularly useful numerical approach because material points are followed through the complete load path so that the usual problems of remeshing and interpolation of history variables never arise. In the development of the computational algorithm, the following assumptions are made: (i) once failure initiates the material unloads elastically, (ii) traction equilibrium is invoked at each material point, and (iii) the kinematic constraint of compatibility is invoked weakly. The result is that the failure process is reflected merely as the implementation of a constitutive equation which is no more complicated than a conventional elastic-plastic algorithm. Example calculations show convergence and insensitivity to mesh orientation with regard to load-deflection curves and energy dissipation.

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF SLIP SURFACES IN ROCK

R.A. Regueiro, C.M. Stone, J.G. Arguello, A.F. Fossum and R.I. Borja
(1) - Solid and Material Mechanics Department. E-mail : raregue@sandia.gov (2) - Solid and Material Mechanics Dept. Sandia National Laboratories (3) - Solid and Material Mechanics Department Sandia National Laboratories

ABSTRACT
The evolution of slip surfaces in underground rock formations is studied via a novel finite element (FE) method (Simo et al. 1993, Armero & Garikipati 1995, and Borja & Regueiro 1998). What sets this method apart from others is the underlying plasticity theory formulated with strong discontinuity (jump in displacement) and the implementation within an assumed enhanced strain FE method. For simple model problems like plane strain compression the method has demonstrated mesh-independence, a

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necessary feature of any meaningful FE analysis, which is not attained for many numerical approaches to modeling localized deformation without special regularization techniques. A rate-independent, non-associated, strain-softening Drucker-Prager plasticity model formulated within the context of strong discontinuities is reviewed. A noteworthy result is that the slip surface orientation and localization condition are determined explicitly in closed form - as opposed to numerically - and are functions solely of the material dilation constant. The stress-displacement relation governing the jump displacement evolution along the slip surface is pressure-dependent. The implementation of this plasticity model along with an enhanced hexahedral element within the framework of an assumed enhanced strain FE method is described. The enhanced strains and enhanced strain variations are likewise dependent upon the material dilation constant. Slip surfaces appear naturally in underground rock formations and thus are of great interest to those who construct in this environment (e.g., oil companies, mining companies, and those responsible for nuclear waste repositories). Numerical simulations using the aforementioned novel FE method will attempt to predict the evolution of and movement along slip surfaces (i.e., fault systems) in underground rock formations. At present, the effect of fluid flow is neglected.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The submitted manuscript has been authored by a contractor of the United States Government under contract. Accordingly the United States Government retains a non - exclusive, royalty - free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes.

A NUMERICAL PROCEDURE TO SIMULATE THE EVOLUTION OF LOCALIZATION WITHOUT USING HIGHER ORDER MODELS
Z. Chen
(1) - University of Missouri-Columbia Department of Civil Engineering. E-mail : chen@risc1.ecn.missouri.edu

ABSTRACT
Higher order models, such as nonlocal and gradient models, have been used to simulate the evolution of localization with mesh-independent solutions. However, the use of higher order terms in space makes it difficult to perform large scale computer simulation, due to the limitation of current computational capabilities. As shown in the previous research, the evolution of localization might be equally well characterized by the formation and propagation of a moving material surface associated with a phase change. With the use of a moving material surface, a partitioned-modeling approach has been proposed for localization problems. The basic idea of the approach is that simple constitutive models are used inside and outside the localized deformation zone with a moving boundary being defined between different material domains. As a result, the extrapolation of material properties beyond the limitations of current experimental techniques can be avoided in identifying the evolution of localization. An attempt has also been made to investigate the use of the jump forms of conservation laws in defining the moving material surface. By taking the initial point of localization as that point where the type of the governing differential equations changes, i.e., a hyperbolic to an elliptic type for dynamic problems and an elliptic to another elliptic type for static problems, a moving material surface can be defined through the jump forms of conservation laws across the surface. Because the transition from a hyperbolic equation to an elliptic one is represented by a parabolic one which governs a diffusion process, an analytical solution has been obtained for a one-dimensional softening bar with the use of a simple diffusion equation, where the evolution of localization can be simulated without invoking higher order models. To applied the previous research results to a general case, the governing differential equations are formulated in a three dimensional framework, and a diffusion equation is proposed in this paper, based on the physics involved in the evolution of localization. A numerical procedure is being developed via a moving interpolation procedure. Sample problems will be shown to demonstrate how the evolution of localization can be simulated without using higher order models. It is believed that the proposed numerical procedure can be developed into a robust one for computer simulation of those problems involving different governing differential equations in a single computational domain.

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FAILURE ANALYSIS OF ELASTO-PLASTIC MATERIAL MODELS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF OBSERVATION

E. Kuhl, E. Ramm and K. Willam
(1) - Institute for Structural Mechanics University of Stuttgart. E-mail : kuhl@statik.uni-stuttgart.de (2) - Institute of Structural Mechanics, University of Stuttgart. E-mail : eramm@statik.uni-stuttgart.de (3) - CEAE Department. University of Colorado at Boulder. E-mail : willam@bechtel.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
This contribution aims at characteristic failure mechanisms of cohesive-frictional materials at different levels of observation. Thereby, the criteria for the loss of uniqueness and the loss of ellipticity will be discussed for a macroscopic as well as a microplane-based anisotropic plasticity formulation. On the macroscopic scale, the behavior of cohesive-frictional materials is characterized through a generalized Drucker-Prager plasticity formulation [1] with a yield function, which depends not only on the second invariant of the stress deviator but also on the trace of the stress tensor itself. Since the elastoplastic tangent operator takes a classical rank-one update structure, closed form solutions can be derived for the loss of uniqueness and the loss of ellipticity. Isotropic material models such as the Drucker-Prager plasticity formulation perform well under proportional loading conditions. For non-proportional load scenarios, however, more enhanced anisotropic models are needed. The microplane concept [2], [3], which serves as the basis for a wide class of anisotropic constitutive formulations, generalizes the classical notion of frictional sliding on characteristic planes of weaknesses. Thereby, the pointwise constitutive response is the aggregate of integrating nonlinear material processes on each microplane over all possible orientations. A well-known example of this class of models is the theory of crystal plasticity, which, however, is restricted to pressure - insensitive behavior. In order to account for the characteristic behavior of cohesive - frictional materials, we will introduce a pressure-sensitive version on each microplane along the lines of Drucker - Prager plasticity. Thereby, individual yield functions are introduced on each microplane by replacing the two invariants of the Drucker-Prager continuum model by the volumetric and the tangential stress components on each microplane. Since the structure of the microplane-based tangent operator is very complex, its analy- sis has to be restricted to numerical simulations of different failure scenarios. It will be demonstrated geometrically, how the critical failure mode is related to different microplanes exhibiting active plastic sliding. Finally, the failure characteristics of the microplane model will be compared with the analytical results of the generalized Drucker - Prager formulation with examples of simple model problems, see also [4].

REFERENCES
[1] Liebe, T. (1998), Analytical and geometrical representation of localization analysis of curvilinear Drucker Prager plasticity, Diploma thesis, CEAE Department, University of Colorado Boulder. [2] Bazant, Z. P. and Prat, P. (1988), Microplane Model for Brittle Plastic Material J. Eng. Mech., Vol. 114, pp. 1672-1702. [3] Kuhl, E. and Ramm, E. (1998), On the linearization of the Microplane Model, Mech. Coh. Frict. Mat., Vol. 3, pp. 343 - 364. [4] Kuhl, E. and Ramm, E. and Willam, K. (1999), Failure analysis of elasto-plastic material models, to be submitted for publication in special issue of IJSS.

DISCRETE AND SMEARED MODELING OF SNAP-THROUGH FRACTURE IN BUILDINGS

J.G. Rots and P.H. Feenstra
(1) - TNO Building and Construction Research. E-mail : J.Rots@bouw.tno.nl (2) - TNO Building and Construction Research. E-mail : P.Feenstra@bouw.tno.nl

ABSTRACT
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Over the past few years, softening continuum and discontinuum models for quasi-brittle materials have been extensively tested, tuned and compared with each other for the case of single-element problems and laboratory-sized specimen. Although many features like the performance of the models under rotating stress conditions, mesh (in-) objectivity and stress locking can be illustrated in this way (e.g. [1,2]), other features remain unobserved. This especially holds for the ability of the various models to reproduce snap-through or snapback behaviour associated with fracture in real world large-size structures. Here, the amount of elastic energy stored in the structure versus the fracture energy consumed in crack propagation is quite different from that in small-scale tests, which may have implications on the performance and numerical stability of the models. In this paper we present recent experiences with softening models for large-size structural problems. In particular, we focus on the example of settlement damage in a masonry facade at Amsterdam. The new North-South line subway in Amsterdam will be build as a bored tunnel underneath the historical city center. With bored tunnels in soft soil, a settlement trough will emerge and spread out in three dimensions above the tunnel. The settlement trough will affect the historical buildings on pile foundations. In particular, cracks may emerge in the (unreinforced) masonry facades. There is a need for damage classification systems that include new knowledge of fracture mechanics, whereby numerical simulation plays a key role. A typical facade of 15 by 18 meters is subjected to a settlement trough that is incremented until and beyond failure using four smeared models: multiple-fixed crack model with decomposed strain concept, rotating crack model with total strain concept, Rankine plasticity based crack model and an isotropic damage model. In all cases, a fracture energy based regularization for the softening is used. It appears that the fixed smeared crack model gives a stiff response dependent on the shear retention factor, while the rotating crack model performs better in that respect. The convergence with the Rankine model is superior in the pre-peak regime, but once a spurious mode occurred near the peak the solution could not be continued. Furthermore, the elastic unloading inherent to plasticity models appears to be too stiff to handle inactive cracks. The isotropic damage model is a kind of compromise. It does not suffer from stiff results with stress-locking, while the inherent secant unloading performs well. Independent of these mutual differences, all smeared models have difficulties in identifying the post-peak snap-back regime, even though indirect displacement control techniques over the active crack were used. Here, a method using interface elements as predefined potential discrete cracks, the locations of which were based on the smeared predictors, was successful in tracing the sharp snap-back associated with through-depth cracking of the entire wall. Similar experiences were gained with ULS-predictions of stability and SLS-studies on restrained shrinkage [3].

REFERENCES
[1] J.G. Rots , "The smeared crack model for localized mode-I tensile fracture", Proc. First Bolomey Workshop on Numerical Models and Material Parameters for Concrete Cracking (Eds. F.H. Wittmann et al.), ETH-Zurich, 6675, 1992. [2] P.H. Feenstra and R. de Borst , "A plasticity model for mode-I cracking", Int. J. Num. Meth. Eng. 38, 2509 - 2529, 1995. [3] J.G. Rots (Ed.), "Structural Masonry - An Experimental/Numerical Basis for Practical Design Rules", A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 152 pp., 1997.

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Minisymposium

Computational Mechanics of Tunneling

Gernot Beer and Gnther Hofstetter
SESSION 1
Keynote : SOME ASPECTS OF THE ELASTO-PLASTIC AND TIME-DEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF TUNNELS G. Gioda, A. Cividini and D. Sterpi ..................................................................................................................................50 APPLICATION OF INELASTIC CONSTITUTIVE MODEL WITH STRAIN SOFTENING TO TUNNEL MECHANICS T. Adachi ..........................................................................................................................................................................50 NUMERICAL-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF COMPRESSED AIR TUNNELING A.A. Javadi and C.P. Snee ................................................................................................................................................51 PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF DISCRETE ELEMENT ANALYSIS IN COMBINATION WITH COUPLED FINITE ELEMENT / BOUNDARY ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF ROCK CAVERNS FOR CERN FACILITIES H.C. Kurzweil and G. Jedlitschka.....................................................................................................................................52 DESIGN OF SHOTCRETE TUNNEL LININGS - AN ENGINEERS PERSPECTIVE H. Walter ..........................................................................................................................................................................52

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Keynote : SOME ASPECTS OF THE ELASTO-PLASTIC AND TIME-DEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF TUNNELS

G. Gioda, A. Cividini and D. Sterpi
(1) - Department of Structural Engineering Technical University of Milan. E-mail : ggiod@grisc.stru.polimi.it (3) - Department of Structural Engineering. Technical University of Milan

ABSTRACT
Tunneling engineering is a peculiar branch of soil/rock mechanics which in general involves complex problems from the stress analysis view point. In fact, the vast majority of these problems have a three-dimensional nature and are characterized by nonlinear and, in some cases, time dependent material behavior. In addition, their solution is markedly influenced by the geometrical changes due to the sequence of excavation / construction steps which lead to the completion of the tunnel. The obvious complexity of these problems led to the spreading use of numerical, computer oriented, procedures for their solution. Among them, the finite element method is still perhaps the most commonly adopted in practice, while a growing use is observed of the companion boundary element method. In some cases the results of these calculations are used at the design stage to assess the safety of the excavation or to define the characteristics of its supporting structures. In other instances, they are used for interpreting the behavior observed in situ during construction. This contribution intends to summarize some examples of the stress analysis of tunnels based on the finite element method. They concern various situations of potential practical interest, like the interaction between adjacent tunnels, the effects of pore pressure on the overall behavior of the opening, the back analysis of the displacements measured during excavation, the comparison between the results of calculations and the behavior observed during small scale laboratory tests on a tunnel model. Two problems are treated in static conditions and refer to situations in which the soil/rock mass can be considered as a continuous body obeying elasto-plastic or time dependent constitutive laws. Consequently, the effect of possible discontinuities in the rock mass is not explicitly taken into account. These examples permit to show some of the developments that in the past years concerned the application of numerical methods to the stress analysis of tunnels. On their bases some conclusions are drawn about the possible future directions of research in this particular branch of soil/rock engineering.

APPLICATION OF INELASTIC CONSTITUTIVE MODEL WITH STRAIN SOFTENING TO TUNNEL MECHANICS

T. Adachi
(1) - Faculty of Engineering. Kyoto University. E-mail : adachi@toshi.kuciv.kyoto-u.ac.jp

ABSTRACT
In this paper, the characteristic curve, known as Fenner-Pacher curve in NATM (New Austrian Tunneling Method), is investigated based on Adachi-Okas elasto-plastic constitutive model which can not only describe strain - hardening but also strain-softening and dilatancy as well. As an example, a tunnel project is analyzed with FEM based on the model. The model has the features of satisfying the uniqueness of the solution in initial and boundary value problems and less size dependency in FEM analysis. In the FEM analysis, the material parameters involved in the constitutive model are determined from laboratory tests and converged solutions can be obtained within a few steps. The results obtained from calculation illustrate that the Fenner-Pacher curve can be simulated based on a fitting constitutive model with strainsoftening. The comparison between calculated results and observed data indicate that the calculated results agree well with the observed data.

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NUMERICAL-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF COMPRESSED AIR TUNNELING

A.A. Javadi and C.P. Snee
(1) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering University of Bradford. E-mail : a.arabpourjavadi@Bradford.ac.uk (2) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering University of Bradford

ABSTRACT
In driving tunnels under compressed air, adoption of a tunnel pressure and the required volume of air to maintain that pressure, are currently based on judgement and empirical formulae. The risks associated with leakage of air from tunnels are not addressed by these methods. Such risks include surface settlement, uplift of structures, tunnel collapse and blow-out. A principal reason for these shortfalls is that the path and zone of influence of air leakage and the distribution of the air pressure in the ground cannot be predicted. Furthermore, the effects of the compressed air flow on the state of stress, strength and settlement of the ground have not been understood. In view of paucity of a scientific guidance for predicting these, a numerical model has been developed that simulates the consequences of using compressed air in soils. The model is based on finite element analysis of the flow of air through the ground in compressed air tunneling. The numerical model predicts the zone of influence of the air flow, the distribution of the pore-air pressure in the ground, the deformed shape and location of the groundwater profile and the air losses from tunnel face and walls. The model was verified using the field data from a tunnel driven under compressed air in Munich and the technique of parameter identification with the back analysis of the field data were used to specify a relationship for time-dependency of the permeability of shotcrete. Furthermore, a procedure has been established to predict the changes in the shear strength and also the settlement of the ground due to the flow of compressed air. The procedure is based on integration of the results of the numerical model and some concepts and theories of unsaturated soil mechanics. A program of multistage triaxial testing has been carried out in a modified triaxial apparatus to study the effects of the flow of air on the shear strength and volume change of the ground. The results show the way in which the compressed air flow helps to increase the strength and stability of the ground. The results of the tests have been used to define a shear strength envelope, which can be used to predict the change in the shear strength of the ground due to the flow of compressed air and changes in the air pressure. Also, a combination of the volume change theory for unsaturated soils and the results of the numerical model were used to predict the contribution of the air flow to the surface settlement in compressed air tunneling. The developed model provides a powerful tool to predict the consequences of compressed air tunneling. It also improves the current understanding of the complicated fluid-soil-tunnel interaction associated with this tunneling method.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF DISCRETE ELEMENT ANALYSIS IN COMBINATION WITH COUPLED FINITE ELEMENT / BOUNDARY ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF ROCK CAVERNS FOR CERN FACILITIES
H.C. Kurzweil and G. Jedlitschka
(1) - GEOCONSULT ZT. E-mail : gje@ges.co.at (2) - GEOCONSULT ZT

ABSTRACT
The European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN) is the world's largest research laboratory for sub-atomic particle physics. The laboratory occupies 602 ha across the Franco - Swiss border and includes a series of linear and circular particle accelerators. Its main circular accelerator (Large Electron
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Positron accelerator - circumference of 26.7 km) will be replaced in 2005 by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), that will use all existing LEP structures, but will also require new surface and underground works. The ground consists of about 50 m of granular moraine over an alternating sequence of weak marls, sandy marls and strong sandstones. Directly above and below the caverns there are two layers of weak marls with swelling capability. The overburden above crown is about 70 m. In the 3D calculations only a simplified geological model was used. Except of the weak (swelling) layers no distinct geological features were modelled. This paper presents experiences in the application of different numerical methods for the design of one new cavern system (namely Point 5) for the LHC accelerator. The following studies are presented: 2D analysis with the Discrete Element Method (UDEC) employing a realistic geological and geotechnical model including distinct modelling of the various horizontal geotechnical layers. This enables to simulate the rock mass behaviour under realistic geotechnical conditions. Short term and long term load cases such as excavation, water pressure, creeping and swelling including all possible load case combinations were calculated. 3D Coupled Finite Element/Boundary Element Analysis (BEFE) with simplified geotechnical models to investigate local 3D effects on the cavern system, especially at intersections of theinner lining structure. The less accurate modelling of the rock mass was compensated by calibrating the 3D model to the results of the 2D model. The full range of load cases and load case combinations as for the 2D analysis were evaluated. 3D Boundary Element Analysis (BEFE) to investigate the global behaviour of the rock mass during excavation including the new cavern system as well as the existing structures. Again the model involved a simplified geotechnical model. The paper contains a brief description of the calculation methods, the calculation models and the used input parameters and a comparison and discussion of calculation results.

DESIGN OF SHOTCRETE TUNNEL LININGS - AN ENGINEERS PERSPECTIVE

H. Walter
(1) - Ingenieurgemeinschaft fuer Geotechnik und Tunnelbau. E-mail : h.walter@igt.co.at

ABSTRACT
Shotcrete linings are an essential component of the primary lining of tunnels driven according to NATM principles. Analyses are typically part of the design stage of a tunnel project; lining thickness and the amount of reinforcement must be specified. A group of models with a varying degree of sophistication is available as an analysis tool. A constitutive model for shotcrete which covers the most important properties of young shotcrete - time dependent parameters, nonlinear stress-strain-relations, creep etc. - has been added to a commercial FE - program. Applications of this constitutive law in combination with 2-D- and 3-D-models of tunnels are described. In addition to discussing the model and other, more simple tools, this paper also provides a careful consideration of many practical limitations, including the lack of sufficient material data, deficiencies of the FE - models, and commercial constraints.

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Computational Dynamics
Pl Bergan, Sanjay Govindjee, Robert L. Taylor and Nils-Erik Wiberg
SESSION 1: CONSERVING PROPERTIES OF TIME INTEGRATION ALGORITHMS I
Keynote : ON NON-LINEAR DYNAMICS OF RODS AND SHELLS P. Wriggers, J. Sansour and C. Sansour...........................................................................................................................57 SHELL DYNAMICS OF ENHANCED ASSUMED STRAIN ELEMENTS FOR THE GENERALIZED ENERGY-MOMENTUM METHOD D. Kuhl and E. Ramm.......................................................................................................................................................57 NON-LINEAR RIGID BODY DYNAMICS: ENERGY AND MOMENTUM CONSERVING ALGORITHM F.A. Rochinha and R. Sampaio.........................................................................................................................................58 ON THE FORMULATION OF DISSIPATIVE TIME-STEPPING ALGORITHMS FOR NON-LINEAR ELASTODYNAMICS F. Armero and I. Romero..................................................................................................................................................59 STRUCTURE PRESERVING AND APPROXIMATELY STRUCTURE PRESERVING ALGORITHMS FOR INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS D. Lewis............................................................................................................................................................................59

SESSION 2: CONSERVING PROPERTIES OF TIME INTEGRATION ALGORITHMS II

Keynote : SPACE-TIME FINITE ELEMENT METHODS FOR SECOND-ORDER HYPERBOLIC SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS: CONSERVATION LAWS T.J.R. Hughes ...................................................................................................................................................................60 ENERGY CONSERVING TIME STEPPING SCHEMES OF ARBITRARY ORDER FOR CLASSICAL MECHANICS AND ELASTODYNAMICS P. Betsch and P. Steinmann ..............................................................................................................................................61 TIME DISCRETIZED OPERATORS: TOWARDS THE THEORETICAL DESIGN OF A NEW GENERALIZED FAMILY OF OPERATORS FOR STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS K.K. Tamma, D. Sha and X. Zhou.....................................................................................................................................61 NOVEL TIME INTEGRATION METHODS IN COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS A. Marthinsen and B. Owren ............................................................................................................................................62 THE NEED FOR MOMENTUM CONSERVATION IN MULTI-TIME STEP METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS W.J.T. Daniel....................................................................................................................................................................63

SESSION 3: TRANSIENT AND PARALLEL COMPUTATIONS

AN 8-NODE TETRAHEDRAL FINITE ELEMENT SUITABLE FOR EXPLICIT TRANSIENT DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS S.W. Key, M.W. Heinstein and C.R. Dohrmann ................................................................................................................63 ADAPTIVE COMPUTATIONAL WAVE PROPAGATION IN STRUCTURES D. Aubry, D. Clouteau, B. Tie and J.M. Leclere ...............................................................................................................64 ERROR ESTIMATION AND ADAPTIVE SPACE-TIME FINITE ELEMENT PROCEDURE IN DYNAMIC PLASTICITY X.D. Li and N.E. Wiberg...................................................................................................................................................64 A PARALLEL NUMERICAL PROCEDURE FOR THE SOLUTION OF CONTACT-IMPACT PROBLEMS L. Nilsson and P. Persson.................................................................................................................................................65 A FULLY DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN METHOD FOR SPACE-TIME ELASTODYNAMIC ANALYSIS L. Yin, N. Sobh, A. Acharya, R.B. Haber and D.A. Tortorelli ...........................................................................................66 NETWORK-DISTRIBUTED MULTIBODY DYNAMICS GLUING ALGORITHMS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS F.C. Tseng and G.M. Hulbert ...........................................................................................................................................66

SESSION 4: MULTIBODY SYSTEMS AND MODAL SYNTHESIS

FLEXIBLE GEAR DYNAMICS MODELING IN MULTIBODY ANALYSIS A. Cardona and D. Granville............................................................................................................................................67 COUPLING BETWEEN RIGID MULTIBODY AND DEFORMABLE CONTINUA USING AN AUGMENTED LAGRANGIAN APPROACH.

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J.H. Heegaard and C.B. Hovey.........................................................................................................................................68 QUASI-STATIC MODE COMPENSATION FOR TRANSIENT DYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND DYNAMIC DATA RECOVERY J. Gu, G.M. Hulbert and Z.-D. Ma....................................................................................................................................69 ASYMPTOTIC MODELS OF COMPLEX VIBRATORY SYSTEMS P.E. Barbone ....................................................................................................................................................................69 AN ALTERNATIVE CONTROL STRATEGY FOR NON-LINEAR DYNAMIC SYSTEMS D.A. Tortorelli and S. Okubo............................................................................................................................................70 A NEW FORCE-DISPLACEMENT MODEL FOR ELASTO-PLASTIC COLLISION AND EXTRACTION OF MODEL PARAMETERS FROM EXPERIMENT L. Vu-Quoc and X. Zhang .................................................................................................................................................71

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Keynote : ON NON-LINEAR DYNAMICS OF RODS AND SHELLS

P. Wriggers, J. Sansour and C. Sansour
(1) - Institut fur Baumechanik und Num. Mechanik. Universitat Hannover. E-mail : wriggers@ibnm.uni-hannover.de (2) - Institut fur Baumechanik und Num. Mechanik. Universitat Hannover. (3) - University of Karlsruhe. Institut fuer Baustatik

ABSTRACT
In this paper we discuss the nonlinear dynamical behaviour of shells and rods undergoing large deformations. Of interest are the nonlinear formulations, integration schemes for long term dynamics (also including large strains) and nonlinear dynamical phenomena. Especially we will address the following themes. - Shell formulations: Briely two shell formulations will be considered: shells of the Cosserat-type where rotations are explicitly included in the formulation, as well as non-Cosserat-type ones circumventing the use of a rotation tensor. - Integration schemes: Energy-momentum methods for both formulations are given. The algorithms can be used independently of the nonlinearity envolved in the formulation. Also algorithms for linear and nonlinear constitutive laws will be discussed. - Numerical examples of nonlinear vibrations, also those of chaotic motion including period doubling mechanism, and free large over, all motion will be presented. - In the context of determining the active degrees of freedom using the POD method, a possible dimension reduction will be discussed.

SHELL DYNAMICS OF ENHANCED ASSUMED STRAIN ELEMENTS FOR THE GENERALIZED ENERGY-MOMENTUM METHOD
D. Kuhl and E. Ramm
(1) - Institute of Structural Mechanics, Ruhr-University Bochum. E-mail : detlef.kuhl@ruhr-uni-bochum.de (2) - Institute of Structural Mechanics, University of Stuttgart. E-mail : eramm@statik.uni-stuttgart.de

ABSTRACT
In the last years time integration schemes and finite shell elements were developed which enable the stable integration of the non-linear initial boundary value problem of thin walled elastic structures undergoing large deformations and rotations. Recently, the authors have presented the combination of a spatial discretization by finite shell elements and a temporal discretization by an unconditionally stable time marching scheme for the numerical analysis of such kind of motions. A pure displacement approach of Reissner/Mindlin type has been extended by [1] including an extensible shell director field and permitting the application of three dimensional material laws without modification or reduction. Furthermore, the time stepping was verified by a generalization of the Energy-Momentum Method, originally introduced by [5], associating classical Newmark approximations, numerical dissipation and Simo's idea of the algorithmic stress tensor computation. This generalized method was first presented by [2] and successfully applied to non-linear adaptive shell dynamics by [3]. However, there is still an open question concerning the prevention of locking phenomena as the Poisson-locking, membrane locking and shear locking, when it comes to dynamics in shell analysis. If for example the Reduced Integration Technique is applied in order to avoid membrane and shear locking, the lack of the energy conservation property of the time stepping scheme can be observed. In order to avoid the locking phenomena without losing algorithmic stability, the Enhanced Assumed Strain Concept by [4] has to be adjusted to the time discrete algorithmic calculation of the internal virtual work of the generalized Energy - Momentum Method. In the present contribution, the suggested time discrete formulation of the Enhanced Assumed Strain Concept will be developed and applied to the extensible director shell element. The performance of
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the shell element in non-linear dynamics will be demonstrated by several representative numerical examples.

REFERENCES
[1] Buchter, N.; Ramm, E.; Roehl, D., "Three-Dimensional Extension of Nonlinear Shell Formulation Based on the Enhanced Assumed Strain Concept", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 37, 25512568, 1994. [2] Kuhl, D.; Crisfield, M.A., "Energy Conserving and Decaying Algorithms in Non-Linear Structural Dynamics", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, accepted, 1998. [3] Kuhl, D.; Ramm, E., "Generalized Energy-Momentum Method for Non-Linear Adaptive Shell Dynamics", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, accepted, 1998. [4] Simo, J.C.; Rifai, M.S., "A Class of Mixed Assumed Strain Methods and the Method of Incompatible Modes", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29, 1595-1638, 1990. [5] Simo, J.C.; Tarnow, N., "The Discrete Energy-Momentum Method. Conserving Algorithms for Nonlinear Elastodynamics", Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 43, 757-792, 1992.

NON-LINEAR RIGID BODY DYNAMICS: ENERGY AND MOMENTUM CONSERVING ALGORITHM

F.A. Rochinha and R. Sampaio
(1) - Mechanical Engineering Department. EE-COPPE-UFRJ. E-mail : faro@serv.com.ufrj.br (2) - Mechanical Engineering Department. EE-COPPE-UFRJ

ABSTRACT
The dynamics of flexible systems, such as robot manipulators, mechanical chains or cables, is becoming increasingly important in engineering. The main question arising from the numerical modelling of large overall motions of multibody systems is an appropriate treatment for the large rotations. In the present work an alternative approach is proposed leading to a a time-stepping numerical algorithm which acieves stable solutions combined with high precision. In particular, in order to check the performance of the proposed approach, two examples having preserved constants of the motion are presented.

ON THE FORMULATION OF DISSIPATIVE TIME-STEPPING ALGORITHMS FOR NON-LINEAR ELASTODYNAMICS

F. Armero and I. Romero
(1) - Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. University of California at Berkeley. E-mail : armero@ce.berkeley.edu (2) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. University of California at Berkeley.

ABSTRACT
The formulation of time-stepping algorithms for nonlinear elastodynamics have received a significant amount of attention recently, the main motivation being the observed relatively poor performance of traditional schemes in the fully nonlinear range. In this way, integration algorithms that have been shown to be unconditionally stable in time, and even dissipative, in linear problems have exhibited numerical instabilities when applied to nonlinear problems. These instabilities usually manifest themselves in the form of an uncontrollable growth of the energy of the system. Furthermore, the need for energy dissipation in the high-frequency range to avoid the error introduced mainly by spatial discretizations in this part of the spectrum is well documented for many practical applications in structural dynamics, as it has been developed in the linear range. Numerical schemes possessing similar dissipative properties, rigorously proven in the nonlinear range, are lacking to a large extend.

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We will describe in this contribution some recent results in the formulation of integration schemes that possess this controllable dissipation in the high-frequency range for general models of finite elastodynamics. In particular, we will present analyses of the newly developed methods showing rigorously their dissipative character in the high-frequency range. Additional analyses illustrating the treatment of other properties of the continuum problem (like symmetries of the dynamical system and the associated momenta and relative equilibria) will also be presented for both the newly proposed methods and some standard time-stepping schemes. Furthermore, different aspects of the numerical implementation of the new schemes in the context of the finite element method will be discussed as well. We will consider applications in the context of continuum models of finite elasticity and geometrically exact theories of beams and rods. Representative numerical simulations will be presented illustrating the performance of the newly proposed methods.

STRUCTURE PRESERVING AND APPROXIMATELY STRUCTURE PRESERVING ALGORITHMS FOR INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS
D. Lewis
(1) - University of California, Santa Cruz. E-mail : lewis@count.UCSC.EDU

ABSTRACT
Geometric integrators, or structure-preserving algorithms, are schemes designed to preserve "exactly" (i.e. to machine precision or to the order of accuracy to which some implicit equation is solved) certain features of the dynamical system being simulated, independent of the overall accuracy of the method. The particularly rich structure of Hamiltonian systems includes such features as time reversability and preservation of energy, momentum, and the symplectic or Poisson structure. More generally, many dynamical systems "live" on nonlinear manifolds embedded in vector spaces; algorithms generating trajectories remaining within the appropriate manifold can be viewed as preserving the true phase space of the system. While the fluctuation in a supposedly conserved quantity can often be used to bound the error in a computed trajectory from below, the role of structure preservation in bounding errors from above is more subtle. The level sets of constraint functions are typically large enough to allow for significant quantitative and qualitative errors in trajectories exactly satisfying the constraints. For example, the socalled backward error analysis results for symplectic algorithms state that for sufficiently small time-steps the algorithmic flow is exponentially near to the flow of some Hamiltonian system with Hamiltonian near the true one; however, many key features of Hamiltonian systems are not preserved under perturbation of the Hamiltonian. Even in two dimensions one can easily construct examples of symplectic and/or energy preserving schemes that fail to capture key features of the dynamical system being modeled. Loosely speaking, nongeneric systems have infinite "condition number"; a backward error analysis is of little practical value if the behavior of a nearby problem is qualitatively different from that of the exact problem. Using results from dynamical systems theory to identify promising test cases, we explore the behavior of several classes of geometric integrators. Our intent is to develop a collection of cautionary examples, analogous to those typically used in introductory numerical analysis texts to motivate the introduction of the condition number in linear equation solving or implicit IVP integrators. In particular, we focus on the relationships, or lack thereof, between the preservation of some structures and the accurate modeling of key features (fixed points, hetero- or homoclinic cycles, additional conservation laws, etc.) of the exact system. In addition, we survey some techniques for determining a class of systems in which a given dynamical system is generic and for constructing algorithms that preserve all the defining features of such classes.

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Keynote : SPACE-TIME FINITE ELEMENT METHODS FOR SECOND-ORDER HYPERBOLIC SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS: CONSERVATION LAWS
T.J.R. Hughes
(1) - Stanford University Div. of Mechanics and Computation. E-mail : hughes@am-sun2.stanford.edu

ABSTRACT
The types of methods we consider amount to full, space-time discretizations of the governing equations by way of finite elements on so-called "space-time slabs" which are slices of space-time with thickness equal to the time-step size. The time-step may vary from slab to slab and a completely independent, unstructured space-time mesh may be employed on each slab. Thus, continuity of the finite element basis functions is maintained within each slab but not in general from one slab to another. The appropriate displacement and velocity continuity conditions across slab interfaces occurs "naturally" within the variational formulation. The approach provides a useful setting for space-time adaptive strategies. Methods of this kind were introduced in [1]. The basic constructive elements are the Discontinuous Galerkin Method and Stabilized Methods, which enable a complete a priori error analysis to be performed for the formulation in [1]. Noteworthy features include the following: The issue of time integrators is obviated by the choice of space-time interpolation; unconditional stability in total energy is achieved in all cases; and any order of accuracy can be achieved by selecting sufficiently high-order space-time finite elements. Through the addition of Discontinuity Capturing methodology to the basic formulation, it was shown in [2] that higher-order accurate schemes could be developed which simultaneously possess good shock capturing properties. A literature review of various space-time approaches is also presented in [2]. In this presentation I examine the approach from the standpoint of conservation laws. Conservation properties of schemes for structural dynamics and elastodynamics has been a topic of considerable recent interest. I show what conditions are necessary in the space-time approach to satisfy conservation laws of energy, linear momentum and moment of momentum (a.k.a. angular momentum).

REFERENCES
[1] T.J.R. Hughes and G.M. Hulbert , "Space-time finite element methods for elastodynamics: Formulation and error estimates", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 66, 339-363 (1987). [2] G.M. Hulbert and T.J.R. Hughes, "Space-time finite element methods for second-order hyperbolic equations", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 84, 327-348 (1990).

ENERGY CONSERVING TIME STEPPING SCHEMES OF ARBITRARY ORDER FOR CLASSICAL MECHANICS AND ELASTODYNAMICS
P. Betsch and P. Steinmann
(1) - Dept. of Mech. and Proc. Engineering. University of Kaiserslautern. E-mail : pbetsch@rhrk.uni-kl.de (2) - Institute for Technical Mechanics, University of Kaiserlautern. E-mail : ps@rhk.uni-kl.de

ABSTRACT
We are concerned with the development of implicit one-step methods for the numerical integration of systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. In particular we focus on the equations of motion for classical mechanics and the semidiscrete equations resulting from the spatial discretization of nonlinear elastodynamics. The related systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations can be often classified as "stiff". In this case time stepping schemes inheriting the energy conserving property of the underlying conservative dynamical system are very attractive especially in view of the numerical stability of the method.

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We will present a newly developed family of energy conserving time stepping schemes of arbitrary order [1]. Within the general context of classical mechanics our numerical method conserves the Hamiltonian function of the underlying autonomous holonomic system. Moreover, the time-discrete formulation automatically conserves the generalized momenta corresponding to ignorable coordinates. Time-continuous semidiscrete elastodynamical systems are treated as natural dynamical systems where the Hamiltonian function is equivalent to the total energy. We will show that our method contains other well-known energy conserving algorithms as special cases provided certain approximations are applied. These approximations destroy the symmetry of the underlying time-continuous system, that is, they lead to unsymmetric tangent operators. In contrast with this the method advocated by us retains the symmetry. Our lecture will be concluded with representative numerical investigations including N-body problems as well as elastodynamics of shells.

REFERENCES
[1] P. Betsch and P. Steinmann , "Energy conserving time stepping schemes of arbitrary order for classical mechanics", Submitted to Journal of Computational Physics, 1998.

TIME DISCRETIZED OPERATORS: TOWARDS THE THEORETICAL DESIGN OF A NEW GENERALIZED FAMILY OF OPERATORS FOR STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS
K.K. Tamma, D. Sha and X. Zhou
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. 325E Mechanical. Engineering. University of Minnesota. E-mail : ktamma@sp.msi.umn.edu

ABSTRACT
Abstract:The objectives and motivation of the present exposition are to describe the generic design, development and formal theory toeards a new family of generalized time discretized operators possessing excellent algorithmic attributes as related to the notion of atability and accuracy, and which closely mimic the properties of the exact solution of dynamic systems and which also lead to other time discretized operators. The generalized form theoretically inherits Nth order accuarcy and encompasses both implicit and explicit representations. The family of Nth order implicit representations and its special cases lead to L-stability for damped systems and energy conserving for undamped systems. The family of explicit representations (in a nonlinear sense) inherit unconditionally stable features. Applications to computational structural dynamics are illustrated.

NOVEL TIME INTEGRATION METHODS IN COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS

A. Marthinsen and B. Owren
(1) - Department Of Mathematical Sciences, Ntnu, Trondheim. E-mail : Arne.Marthinsen@math.ntnu.no (2) - Department Of Mathematical Sciences, Ntnu, Trondheim. E-mail : Brynjulf.Owren@math.ntnu.no

ABSTRACT
We focus on the integration of initial value problems of ODE's on manifolds, problems which frequently occur in computational mechanics. Standard integration methods typically work in linear spaces, on manifolds they are realized only in terms of a choice of coordinates. In mathematics, it is common to specify such differential equations without any reference to a particular coordinate system, frequently this is done by means of actions by Lie groups and their Lie algebras. Although it seems that computations eventually have to be done in coordinates, much can be gained by designing and analyzing numerical integration methods in terms of actions, in particular how to conserve first integrals and other structures can be seen more clearly in such a framework. Also this approach affects the ideas of software
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design for numerical integration, being more consistent with recent developments in computer science regarding software development. In ongoing research programmes at NTNU, Norway, Cambridge, UK, and various other places, this line of thought has resulted in a new generation ODE solvers. In this talk, we will present a selection of these techniques and we will in particular focus on their applicability to problems in mechanics. We will also discuss software issues exemplified through the object-oriented MATLAB toolbox DIFFMAN.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was in part sponsored by The Norwegian Research Council under contract no.\ 111038/410, through the SYNODE project. WWW: http://www.math.ntnu.no/num/synode/

THE NEED FOR MOMENTUM CONSERVATION IN MULTI-TIME STEP METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS
W.J.T. Daniel
(1) - Mechanical Engineering Department. University of Queensland. E-mail : bill@mech.uq.edu.au

ABSTRACT
Algorithms permitting use of different timesteps in different regions of a finite element mesh when solving transient dynamics problems by explicit integration have been proposed and are actively used, for instance in LS-DYNA. Stability of such algorithms depends on their ability to conserve energy at the timestep interface. Daniel has shown that in the absence of energy dissipation in a model, some published algorithms are only stable in a statistical sense, as narrow ranges of unstable timesteps can theoretically occur (reference 1). Daniel proposed a family of multi-timestep algorithms that do achieve energy conservation (reference 2), but momentum balance across a timestep interface is still not achieved. This can still lead to accuracy problems at timesteps approaching the stability limits of these algorithms, as the update of a large timestep interface node can make a poor estimate of the impulse transferred to it from a small timestep neighbour, due to sampling the small timestep state only once per major cycle. This can be remedied by applying impulses summed over minor cycles to the large timestep interface node, so that the history of deformation across the timestep interface is taken into account. However, the energy conservation property is disrupted by this change, leading to stability problems. If high frequency dissipation is introduced however, it is possible to obtain an algorithm that conserves momentum at the timestep interface, while dissipating energy. An example is given extending the explicit generalized alpha algorithm.

REFERENCES
[1] W.J.T. Daniel, "A study of the stability of subcycling algorithms in structural dynamics", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 156 (1998), 1-13. [2] W.J.T. Daniel, "Subcycling first and second order generalizations of the trapezoidal rule", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 42 (1998), 1091-1119.

AN 8-NODE TETRAHEDRAL FINITE ELEMENT SUITABLE FOR EXPLICIT TRANSIENT DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
S.W. Key, M.W. Heinstein and C.R. Dohrmann
(1) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : swkey@sandia.gov (2) - Sandia National Laboratories. (3) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : crdohrm@sandia.gov

ABSTRACT
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Considerable effort has been expended in perfecting the algorithmic properties of 8-node hexahedral finite elements. Today the element is well understood and performs exceptionally well when used in modeling three-dimensional explicit transient dynamic events. However, the automatic generation of all-hexahedral meshes remains an elusive achievement. The alternative of automatic generation for alltetrahedral meshes is a reality. Unfortunately, in solid mechanics the 4-node linear tetrahedral finite element is a notoriously poor performer (its wide spread use notwithstanding), and the 10-node quadratic tetrahedral finite element while a better performer numerically is computationally expensive. To use the all-tetrahedral mesh generation extant today, we have explored the creation of a quality 8-node tetrahedral finite element (a four-node tetrahedral finite element enriched with four mid-face nodal points). The derivation of the element's gradient operator, studies in obtaining a suitable mass lumping and the element's performance in applications are presented. In particular, we examine the 8-node tetrahedral finite element's behavior in longitudinal plane wave propagation, in transverse cylindrical wave propagation, and in simulating Taylor bar impacts. The element only samples constant strain states and,therefore, has 12 hourglass modes. In this regard, it bears similarities to the 8-node, mean-quadrature hexahedral finite element. Given automatic all-tetrahedral meshing, the 8-node, constant-strain tetrahedral finite element is a suitable replacement for the 8-node hexahedral finite element and "hand- built" meshes.

ADAPTIVE COMPUTATIONAL WAVE PROPAGATION IN STRUCTURES

D. Aubry, D. Clouteau, B. Tie and J.M. Leclere
(1) - MSSMat Ecole Centrale Paris. E-mail : aubry@mss.ecp.fr (2) - MSSMat Ecole Centrale Paris (3) - MSSMat Ecole Centrale Paris

ABSTRACT
From an application point of view noise reduction inside transportation vehicles is nowadays a crucial issue even for high frequencies. The analysis of wave propagations along thin structures and across their junctions has been studied for many years but essentially from an analytical point of view and thus mainly for simple structures.Thus the propagation and scattering of waves through complex structures for which only a numerical approach can be envisaged becomes itself an important research topic. The classical approach using a rather uniform fine mesh is not adequate both with respect to CPU and accuracy, especially because not only velocity amplitudes should be estimated but also phases and time arrivals. Furthermore waves propagating along the junctions are especially difficult to capture and require accurate computations. It is proposed in this communication to deal with three aspects: - numerical wave propagation through connected plates - appropriate a posteriori error estimator - evolutionnary mesh refinement/unrefinement strategy The theory will be illustrated with numerical results for various configurations.

ERROR ESTIMATION AND ADAPTIVE SPACE-TIME FINITE ELEMENT PROCEDURE IN DYNAMIC PLASTICITY
X.D. Li and N.E. Wiberg
(1) - Chalmers University of Technology Department of Structural Mech. (2) - Chalmers University of Technology Department of Structural Mech. E-mail : sm@sm.chalmers.se

ABSTRACT

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In this paper we study error estimation and adaptivity for dynamic elastoplastic problems based on the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) space-time finite element method. The main objective is to develop an efficient adaptive algorithm that is able to update the spatial mesh and the time step size automatically so that both spatial and time discretization errors are controlled within specified tolerances. We consider the DG method that approximates both displacements and velocities as piecewise linear functions in space and time and permits them being discontinuous at the discrete time levels. Implementation and adaptivity of this method have been presented previously for the analysis of twodimensional linear elastodynamic problems. It is shown that the DG method leads to A-stable, higherorder accurate time-stepping schemes and can introduce numerical dissipation for spurious high modes without change of the form of original equations. In this paper, the DG method is extended to nonlinear dynamic plasticity analysis. Over the recent years, considerable effort has been devoted to the development of a posteriori error estimates and adaptive finite element procedures for nonelliptic and nonlinear problems. In this paper, we pay our attention on the work that extend the postprocessed type of error estimate, namely, the Zienkiewicz - Zhu error estimate based on the SPR technique, from linear elasticity to nonlinear dynamics. In particular, we seek the proper error measure and postprocessing technique for elastoplastic materials. We also consider the issues of how to select suitable finite element meshes changing with time and place, how to transfer data from one mesh to another adaptively generated one and to implement an optimal adaptive procedure.

A PARALLEL NUMERICAL PROCEDURE FOR THE SOLUTION OF CONTACTIMPACT PROBLEMS

L. Nilsson and P. Persson
(1) - E-mail :larni@ikp.liu.se

ABSTRACT
A main strategy to solve finite element problems on parallel computers is to use domain decomposition and a message passing paradigm. With a domain decomposition algorithm, large portions of the problem to be solved are distributed to different processors. The problem is said to be "coarse grained". With domain decomposition in explicit finite element analyses, large portions of the problem can be handled in parallel, often 95-98%, depending on the size of the problem. Some synchronisation of the processors will be necessary to form the solution of the problem. In many engineering applications, a substantial part of the solution time is spent on treating contacts. Thus, much effort has been spent on developing efficient contact algorithms. Often, there is no information available a priori on where contacts will take place. Thus, the contact part of a problem cannot be treated independently. Parts of a finite element model that interact may reside in different domains and must be handled by different processors. Information of what parts of a decomposed problem that can come into contact with another part must be distributed to all processors involved. Since the model is divided into sub-domains, an ordinary contact searching cannot be performed. Instead a somewhat new approach for contact searching is needed. An existing contact-impact algorithm has been revised and ported to a parallel (MIMD) platform. The algorithm uses a hierarchical concept for contact searching, and Lagrange multipliers for evaluation of contact forces. A so-called defence node strategy is used to reduce the contact system into a fictitious node to node contact system. In this algorithm the Lagrange multipliers can be explicitly evaluated, without the solution of an equation system. Several problems have been solved to demonstrate the merits of the proposed algorithms. In a tube to tube lateral impact an accurate solution is obtained, even with a very large difference in material stiffness between the two tubes. This is a situation where penalty methods usually fail. The efficiency and accuracy are also demonstrated on industrial size problems including a frontal car crash and a sheet metal forming process.

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A FULLY DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN METHOD FOR SPACE-TIME ELASTODYNAMIC ANALYSIS

L. Yin, N. Sobh, A. Acharya, R.B. Haber and D.A. Tortorelli
(2) - Center for Process Simulation and Design. University of Illinois. (3) - Center for the Sim. of Adv. Rockets. Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. University of Illinois. (4) - Dept. of Mech. and Ind. Engineering. Univ. of Illinois. E-mail : dtort@acm6.me.uiuc.edu

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a space-time discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for elastodynamic analysis with independent displacement and velocity fields. We use a solution space that admits jumps in the field variables across all boundaries of the space-time partition, irrespective of their orientation relative to the time axis. Attractive features of the new method include the ability to model jumps across moving interfaces, local conservation properties, high-order convergence rates, as well as a natural mechanism for handling irregular nodes and jumps in polynomial order that may arise in hpadaptive grid enrichments. On properly constructed grids, the discrete equations can be solved by direct element-by-element procedures. Thus, the new method requires minimal storage and has inherent linear complexity. The formulation is constructed entirely in the space-time setting, using the stress-momentum tensor to express balance of linear momentum on an arbitrary subdomain (corresponding to an individual finite element) in E4. Appropriate jump conditions for surfaces of discontinuity are enforced on the interelement boundaries. Two applications of the Stokes Theorem in space-time are essential steps in the weak formulation. Numerical results indicate that the method is exceptionally accurate, and works well without additional stabilization or shock-capturing operators. The new formulation represents a generalization of existing time-discontinuous Galerkin methods which restrict discontinuities to boundaries with special orientations. For example, our formulation coincides with the method presented by Hughes and Hulbert when inter-element discontinuities are limited to boundaries with normals parallel to the time axis. It is analogous to the method recently proposed by Oden, Babuska and Baumann (for diffusion problems) when discontinuities are restricted to boundaries with normals orthogonal to the time axis.

NETWORK-DISTRIBUTED MULTIBODY DYNAMICS GLUING ALGORITHMS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS

F.C. Tseng and G.M. Hulbert
(1) - Dept. of Mech. Engineering and Applied Mechanics. University of Michigan. E-mail : fanchung@engin.umich.edu (2) - Computational Mechanics Laboratory. University of Michigan. E-mail : hulbert@engin.umich.edu

ABSTRACT
The widespread availability of LANs and the in ternet has made the combined processing power of clusters of workstations a prosperous approach for computationally-intensive applications. Moreover, it provides an ideal platform to incorporate heterogeneous hardware and software. In this investigation, net work-distributed computation of multibody dynamics is explored. Rather than reinvent tools, our effort is devoted to the gluing algorithms that can bring separately developed multibody codes to work together for integrated system simulation. Multibody dynamics systems are characterized by rigid/deformable bodies joined together at a finite number of joints. In our scenario, individual parts have already gone through an initial design and analysis stage by separate groups on possibly various platforms with possibly different CAE tools. We want to glue all the pieces together in order to assess the overall system performance via simulation and conduct iterations of the design and analysis steps of individual parts to meet desired performance criteria.

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We first propose a joint-based decomposition scheme which is natural for our purpose. The resulting model is best described in the form of differential-algebraic equations. Various numerical approaches in the literature - namely, local parameterization approach, stabilized constraint approach, perturbation approach and waveform relaxation method, are examined. Several unobtrusive algorithms which may well serve the gluing role are proposed / rediscovered. Numerical experiments are conducted and the merits of individual algorithms are commented. Network-distributed computing may be perceived as a virtual parallel machine for engineering applications. numerous distributed models have been developed and deployed. The client-server paradigm [1] is adopted based on its obvious role in internet technology. An interface described in the CORBA IDL [2] will be used to illustrate the overall framework.

REFERENCES
[1] Alok Sinha, "Client - Server Computing", Communications of the ACM, 35(7) 77-98,1992. [2] Sean Baker, "CORBA Distributed Objects," Addison-Wesley, 1997.

FLEXIBLE GEAR DYNAMICS MODELING IN MULTIBODY ANALYSIS

A. Cardona and D. Granville
(1) - CIMEC-INTEC (Univ. Nac. Litoral/Conicet). E-mail : acardona@intec.unl.edu.ar (2) - Samtec SA

ABSTRACT
A formulation for describing flexible gear pairs in three dimensional analysis of multibody systems is presented [1,2]. The set of holonomic and non-holomonic constraint eqautions that defines the behavior of gears is developed. The formulation is able to represent any kind of gears used in industry: spur gears, hypoid gears, racks, etc. All reaction forces due to gear engagement are accounted for. Teeth flexibility, clearance and mesh stiffness fluctuation are introduced in the model by relating deformation along the normal pressure line to the normal forces acting on teeth. Mesh stiffness is made dependent on the pitch displacement to account for stiffness fluctuation effects. It can be described either by a force/pitch displacement law or in terms of geometrical and material parameters following the recommendations of the ISO 6336 norm. Exact second order derivatives of all terms are calculated to allow computing vibration frequencies. Several examples of application are shown.

REFERENCES
[1] A. Cardona , "Flexible three dimensional gear modelling", Revue Europeene des Elements Finis, 4:663-691, 1995. [2] A. Cardona , "Three dimensional gears modelling in multibody systems analysis", Int. J. Num. Meth. Engng., 40:357-381, 1995.

COUPLING BETWEEN RIGID MULTIBODY AND DEFORMABLE CONTINUA USING AN AUGMENTED LAGRANGIAN APPROACH.
J.H. Heegaard and C.B. Hovey
(1) - Division of Biomechanical Engineering. Stanford University. E-mail : heegaard@bonechip.stanford.edu (2) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. Stanford University

ABSTRACT
Many mechanical systems cannot be conveniently modeled as either rigid bodies or deformable ones but rather as a rigid-deformable mix. Standard analytical dynamics techniques fail to describe the continuum nature of the configuration space while the continuum mechanics formulation may introduce
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unnecessary complexity to describe the motion of the rigid part. When dynamical effects are dominant, for instance with fast spinning devices, the continuum configuration space of the deformable body may be effectively discretized using modal analysis. In other instances where dynamical effects are less important, deformation may occur primarily as a result of applied and body forces. In such cases the finite element method has proven to be an effective way to discretize the configuration space of the deformable bodies. Although dynamical effects may not be important, quasi-static analyses of the deformable structure alone often fail due to the presence of possible rigid body modes in the system. The objective of this research is to develop a formalism to couple multibody systems in which inertial effects are not dominant with deformable continuum bodies that can undergo large displacements. The rigid multibody dynamics are governed by the variational form of Lagrange's equation. Parameterization of the configuration space by generalized coordinates allows the equations of motion for multiple linkages or bodies pinned to a reference frame to be efficiently described. The deformable body dynamics are governed by the variational form of the nonlinear elastodyanamics equations, which may also be derived from Lagrange's equation if the potential energy term is written to include energy contributions from stretching. The configuration space for the deformable domain is approximated with the finite element method. This approach allows for accurate representation of detailed geometry while providing stress and deformation information. The deformable and rigid bodies are coupled through interfaces that are represented by constraint equations on the configuration space. For convenience, these equations take on the same spatial discretization as the deformable body at the interface. The discretized constraint equations, along with the governing equations for the rigid body dynamics and elastodynamics, are coupled into a single system of nonlinear, semi-discrete equations using an augmented Lagrangian operator to ensure stability of the resulting numerical solution scheme. Newton's method is used to linearize the motion and constraint equations. These linearized equations, when combined with a time stepping algorithm such as Newmark's method, allows motion, velocity, and acceleration of the rigid and deformable bodies to be computed. The augmented Lagrange multipliers, part of the vector of unknowns, are simultaneously obtained and describe the generalized force necessary to enforce the constraints at the interface. Examples from human locomotion biomechanics are discussed to illustrate the efficiency of the scheme to compute stresses in the joints during walking. Structures like the bones undergo large quasirigid motion with little deformation taking place. However, knowing the stresses developing in the joints during a physiological activity become important when studying the progression of degenerative diseases affecting a joint.

QUASI-STATIC MODE COMPENSATION FOR TRANSIENT DYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND DYNAMIC DATA RECOVERY
J. Gu, G.M. Hulbert and Z.-D. Ma
(1) - Computational Mechanics Lab Dept of Mechanical Engineering. E-mail : gujianmi@engin.umich.edu (2) - Computational Mechanics Laboratory. University of Michigan. E-mail : hulbert@engin.umich.edu (3) - Dept. of Mech. Engineering and Appl. Mech., University of Michigan. E-mail : mazd@umich.edu

ABSTRACT
Component mode synthesis (CMS) is a well established method for efficiently constructing models to analyze the dynamics of large complex structures, which are often described by separate component models. Most standard CMS methods currently employ static component modes, such as constraint modes, which originate from static compensation or the mode-acceleration methods. However, as the frequency bandwidth of interest increases, the constraint modes method's accuracy decreases. Based on the quasi-static compensation technique of Ma and Hagiwara [1], a new CMS method has been developed by the authors [2, 3]. It combines the computational efficiency of the standard constraint modes approach with high accuracy typically seen in high-order and more expensive expansion methods via the use of a new class of component modes, namely the quasi-static modes (QSM). It has been shown that the new CMS method is suitable for eigenvalue problems associated with any bounded frequency range including mid-frequency band with both higher and lower normal modes omitted. In the present work, the new method is implemented into transient response analyses including stress
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calculations. Numerical examples using both simple FE models and industrial FE models are shown which demonstrate the improved accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method. Compared with standard CMS methods, the new CMS method with QSM or multiple QSM is substantially more accurate, particularly in computing stress resultants and capturing local mode effects, with the same number of generalized DOF. Static compensation techniques have also been applied in the post-processing stage to recover and correct the modal solutions and improve accuracy after a standard modal analysis or a flexible multibody dynamics simulation is done. At present, the mode-acceleration method is the most frequently used approach in dynamic data recovery. A new dynamic data recovery method using quasi-static compensation is presented. It is shown that for structural dynamics, both higher and lower modes in modal solutions may be omitted when the new recovery method is applied in data recovery and improved accuracy can be achieved.

REFERENCES
[1] Z.D. Ma and I. Hagiwara, "Improved mode-superposition technique for modal frequency response analysis of coupled acoustic-structural systems", AIAA Journal, 29, 1720-1726, 1991. [2] W.H. Shyu, Z.D. Ma and G.M. Hulbert , "A new component mode synthesis method: quasi-static mode compensation", Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 24, 271-281, 1997. [3] W.H. Shyu, J. Gu , G.M. Hulbert and Z.D. Ma , "On the use of multiple quasi-static mode compensation sets for component mode synthesis of complex structures", Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, submitted, 1998.

ASYMPTOTIC MODELS OF COMPLEX VIBRATORY SYSTEMS

P.E. Barbone
(1) - Dept. of Aerospace & Mech. Engineering Boston University. E-mail : Barbone@bu.edu

ABSTRACT
Complex mechanical systems can exhibit behaviors "en masse" that significantly differ from the behaviors of their component parts. In simulations involving complex systems, it is useful to directly model the global behavior of the complex system, rather than each of their many interacting components. Not only is the simulation much more computationally efficient, but the effort of defining and modeling the complex system and each of its components is eliminated with a global behavior model. This is analogous to modeling a complicated composite medium in terms of its effective material properties [1]. We focus on complicated vibratory systems in the time domain. We identify the mean modal frequency spacing as an asymptotic parameter which is inversely related to the ``complexity'' of a system. We expand the response of a generic elastic system in an asymptotic sequence of the frequency spacing, and obtain full error bounds. In doing so, we identify several key parameters which govern the response of "infinitely" complex systems [2]. This analysis allows us to derive a simple to use, low parameter model to represent complex vibratory systems. We show examples where systems with hundreds or thousands of degrees of freedom are accurately represented by three system parameters and a single second order system.

REFERENCES
[1] Paul E. Barbone, "Effective dynamical properties", Proc. ASME Noise Control and Acoustics Division, Proceedings of the 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress, Anaheim, CA, November 15 - 20, 1998. [2] Paul E. Barbone, Aravind Cherukuri and Daniel Goldman, "Canonical representations of complex vibratory subsystems: Time domain Dirichlet to Neumann Maps", International Journal of Solids and Structures, to appear 1999.

AN ALTERNATIVE CONTROL STRATEGY FOR NON-LINEAR DYNAMIC SYSTEMS

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D.A. Tortorelli and S. Okubo

(1) - Dept. of Mech. and Ind. Engineering. Univ. of Illinois. E-mail : dtort@acm6.me.uiuc.edu (2) - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. E-mail : s-okubo@uiuc.edu

ABSTRACT
Control of nonlinear dynamic systems is often hard to achieve through the closed loop strategies currently available. Plant model accuracy and the computational expense of solving nonlinear systems in real time is often the cause of such difficulty. A viable alternative to closed loop control is open loop control based on rigorous off-line dynamic analyses. A computational method for the design of an open loop controller for nonlinear dynamic continuum systems is presented. The goal of the open loop control design problem is to produce a desired response output by manipulating the input. The design is accomplished through the use of optimization techniques. The magnitude of the difference between the desired response and the response due to a current control input is defined as the objective function to be minimized. The input to the system that yields the minimum objective function is adopted as the open loop controller. The gradients of the objective function, which are required by the optimization algorithm, are computed via the expedient direct differentiation method in favor of the less efficient finite difference method. Multiple solutions to the optimization problem may exist for some formulations. In such occurrences, uniqueness is achieved through regularization. The response of the system used in the optimization analysis is computed through a dynamic continuum model of the physical system that has been discretized in space via the finite element method and in time via the Newmark time integration scheme. The resulting nonlinear equations are solved using a Newton-Raphson method. Requirements for lightweight terrestrial and space robot manipulators has resulted in the need to control highly flexible structures. The proposed open loop control design methodology is applied to produce a large displacement slewing motion of a highly flexible link with negligible residual vibration. In this example, the Simo-Vu Quoc finite strain inertial beam formulation is used to model the beam. This model is compared with the more traditional, small strain Euler-Bernoulli floating frame formulation to exemplify the need for accurate continuum models.

A NEW FORCE-DISPLACEMENT MODEL FOR ELASTO-PLASTIC COLLISION AND EXTRACTION OF MODEL PARAMETERS FROM EXPERIMENT
L. Vu-Quoc and X. Zhang
(1) - Aerospace Engineering. University of Florida. E-mail : vu-quoc@ufl.edu (2) - Aerospace Engineering. University of Florida.

ABSTRACT
We present a simple and accurate model for the normal force-displacement (NFD) relation for contacting spherical particles, accounting for the effects of plastic deformation. This NFD model, based on the formalism of the continuum theory of plasticity, is to be used in granular flow simulations involving thousands of particles; the efficiency of the model is thus a crucial property. The accuracy of the model allows for an accurate prediction of the contact force level in the plastic regime. Being more accurate than a previously proposed NFD model, the proposed NFD model will lead to a coefficient of restitution that is a function of the approaching velocity of two particles in collision. The novelty of the present NFD model is the additive decomposition of the contact area, and the correction of the radius of the particles at the contact point due to plastic flow. The accuracy of the proposed model is validated against nonlinear finite element results involving plastic flow in both loading and unloading conditions. We also present a general method to extract the model parameters of the above elasto-plastic NFD model-such as the coefficient of restitution, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and the yield stress of granular materials - from simple experimental measurements. These mechanical properties are important in the simulation of granular flows, but are not readily available and/or cannot be measured through direct experiments. Using the elasto-plastic NFD model to simulate both the drop test and the compression test of a particle, the mechanical properties of a particle can be extracted by minimizing, in the least square

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sense, the difference between the experimental and simulated force-displacement relation. An application of the proposed method to ellipsoidal particles is presented.

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Minisymposium

Advances in Boundary Element Methods

Jacob Bielak, T.L. Cruse, Giulio Maier and Ronald Pak
SESSION 1: SYMMETRIC AND HYBRID BEM FORMULATIONS
SYMMETRIC GALERKIN BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD APPLIED TO INHOMOGENEOUS SOLIDS A. Frangi, G. Maier and M. Resta ....................................................................................................................................75 SYMMETRIC MIXED BEM FOR ELASTOSTATIC PROBLEMS WITH CRACKS USING NON-SINGULAR ELEMENTS H. Yi, X. Zeng and J. Bielak..............................................................................................................................................75 STIFFNESS MATRICES FOR PLATE BENDING MACRO-ELEMENTS BY THE SYMMETRIC GALERKIN BEM S. Miccoli and S. Sirtori....................................................................................................................................................76 THE SIMPLIFIED HYBRID BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD N.A. Dumont and R. Chaves .............................................................................................................................................77

SESSION 2: FRACTURE MECHANICS

SIMULATION OF 3D CRACK GROWTH USING A SYMMETRIC GALERKIN BEM FORMULATION P. Wawrzynek, M. Mear and A. Ingraffea.........................................................................................................................77 FORMULATION OF WEAKLY SINGULAR, WEAK FORM INTEGRAL EQUATIONS FOR FRACTURE ANALYSIS S. Li and M.E. Mear .........................................................................................................................................................78 GALERKIN BOUNDARY ELEMENT ANALYSES ON INTERFACE CRACK PROPAGATION IN FRPSSTRENGTHENED CONCRETE STRUCTURE C.E. Zhangzhi, C. Tianzhi, W. Bo and W. Zhishen............................................................................................................79 GREEN'S FUNCTION LIBRARY FOR FRACTURE ANALYSIS IN COMPLEX STRUCTURES S. Lu, F.J. Rizzo, C.V. Berger and L. Ayari ......................................................................................................................80 BEM SIMULATION OF A KINETICALLY DRIVEN INTERFACIAL INSTABILITY L.J. Gray, T. Kaplan, W. Barvosa-Carter and M.J. Aziz...................................................................................................80

SESSION 3: NONLINEAR AND INVERSE PROBLEMS

A CONSISTENT FORMULATION FOR PLASTICITY AND VISCOPLASTICITY MODELS IN BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHODS G.H. Paulino and Y. Liu ...................................................................................................................................................81 EXTERNAL FORMULATIONS FOR ELASTIC-PLASTIC ANALYSIS BY BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATIONS A. Carini and A. Salvadori ...............................................................................................................................................81 A BEM-BASED INVERSE APPROACH TO IDENTIFYING UNKNOWN MULTIDIMENSIONAL THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF NON-HOMOGENEOUS MATERIALS E. Divo, A.J. Kassab and F. Rodriguez.............................................................................................................................82 AN INTEGRAL FORMULATION FOR STEADY-STATE ELASTOPLASTIC ROLLING/SLIDING CONTACT OVER A COATED HALF-PLANE C. Dong and M. Bonnet ....................................................................................................................................................83

SESSION 4: ANALYTICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL ASPECTS

RECENT ADVANCES IN THE METHOD OF FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTIONS G. Fairweather and A. Karageorghis ...............................................................................................................................84 ERROR ANALYSIS AND ADAPTIVITY IN LINEAR ELASTICITY BY THE USUAL AND HYPERSINGULAR BOUNDARY CONTOUR METHOD Y. Mukherjee and S. Mukherjee ........................................................................................................................................85 SINGULAR BOUNDARY ELEMENTS FOR MIXED BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS B. Guzina and R. Pak........................................................................................................................................................85 ON INTEGRATIONS OF THE WEAKLY-SINGULAR BIE A. Jorge, G. Ribeiro and T.A. Cruse .................................................................................................................................86 GALERKIN FAST MULTIPOLE BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD FOR CRACK PROBLEMS K. Yoshida, N. Nishimura and S. Kobayashi.....................................................................................................................87 FAST BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHODS Y. Fu, J. Overfelt and G. Rodin.........................................................................................................................................88

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SESSION 5: STRUCTURAL AND CONTINUUM MECHANICS APPLICATIONS

ADVANCES IN THE ANALYSIS OF THIN AND LAYERED STRUCTURES BY THE BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD Y. Liu, N. Xu and J. Luo....................................................................................................................................................89 BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATION METHODS APPLIED TO ACCURATE ANALYSIS OF RIB-STIFFENED ELASTIC PLATES M. Tanaka, T. Matsumoto and S. Oida .............................................................................................................................89 3D BEM MODELING OF FRACTURE PROBLEM IN COMPOSITE LAMINATES E. Pan, G. Cai and F.G. Yuan ..........................................................................................................................................90 SIMULATION OF SUSPENSION FLOWS USING A MULTIPOLE ACCELERATED BEM M. Ingber and A. Mammoli...............................................................................................................................................91

SESSION 6: BEM-FEM COUPLING AND COUPLED PROBLEMS

SIMULATION OF THE PROPAGATION OF TENSILE CRACKS IN POROELASTIC MEDIA E. Detournay and S. Mogilevskaya...................................................................................................................................92 A DIRECT FORMULATION OF THE BEM FOR PIEZOELECTRICITY BY THE FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTIONS FOR POINT FORCE/CHARGE AND DISPLACEMENT/ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DISCONTINUITY M. Denda..........................................................................................................................................................................92 BOUNDARY ELEMENT MODELING IN DEFECTS IN PIEZOELECTRICS X.L. Xu and N. Rajakapse.................................................................................................................................................93 DEVELOPMENT OF A BEM-FEM COUPLED ALGORITHM FOR DYNAMIC SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ANALYSIS D. Rizos ............................................................................................................................................................................93 HP-ADAPTIVE BE MODELING OF THE HUMAN EAR CANAL ACOUSTICS L. Demkowicz, T. Walsh and R. Charles...........................................................................................................................94

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SYMMETRIC GALERKIN BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD APPLIED TO INHOMOGENEOUS SOLIDS

A. Frangi, G. Maier and M. Resta
(1) - Department for Structural Engineering, Politechnico di Milano (2) - Department for Structural Engineering, Politechnico di Milano. E-mail : maier@elia.stru.polimi.it (3) - Department for Structural Engineering, Politechnico di Milano

ABSTRACT
In this contribution a "symmetric boundary element method" (SGBEM), see e.g. Bonnet et al. 1998, is developed for analysing dam-foundation systems and heterogeneous (piecewise homogeneous) materials accounting for possible decohesion along the interfaces between different solid phases. All nonlinearities, here described by means of the "cohesive crack model" (CCM), are relegated to these interfaces. The consequent presence of a dominant linear-elastic background tends to privilege BEMs over finite element methods (FEMs) and, in particular, the SGBEM among BEMs, mainly because of the reasons outlined below. - The SGBEM involves only variables on the external boundary and on the interfaces and the former variables can be condensed economically by inverting a symmetric matrix. - The resulting discrete influence operator preserve the essential properties of the continuum one, i.e. symmetry and negative definiteness, or semidefiniteness, of the associated quadratic form. - The SGBEM exhibits superior accuracy and convergence properties with respect to traditional BEMs, as it is now widely recognized, whereas the significant mathematical and numerical difficulties related to the hypersingular integrations nowadays can be regarded as largely overcome. Possible overall instabilities and bifurcations (in particular loss of periodicity) due to decohesion along interfaces with softening are investigated. The issue of providing the complete set of solutions is a challenging task which is here tackled by means of mathematical programming tools for the solution of linear and non-linear complementarity problems.

REFERENCES
[1] Bonnet M., Maier G., Polizzotto C., "Symmetric Galerkin boundary element method", Appl. Mech. Rev., 51, 669704, 1998 [2] Maier G., Frangi A., "Symmetric boundary element method for 'discrete' crack modelling of fracture processes", Comp. Assisted Mech. and Engng. Science, 5, 201-226, 1998 [3] Maier G., Diligenti M., Carini A., "A variational approach to boundary element elastodynamic analysis and extension to multidomain problems", Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Engng., 92, 192-213, 1991

SYMMETRIC MIXED BEM FOR ELASTOSTATIC PROBLEMS WITH CRACKS USING NON-SINGULAR ELEMENTS
H. Yi, X. Zeng and J. Bielak
(1) - Algor, Inc (2) - Algor, Inc (3) - Carnegie Mellon University. E-mail : jacobo_bielak@love.cml.cs.cmu.edu

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a novel variational boundary element formulation in which both displacements and tractions are treated as unknown variables, and domain decomposition ideas are used to divide the original computational domain into subdomains. An attractive feature of this formulation is that the tractions are not explicitly required to be continuous across interfaces, as these continuity conditions are natural and are satisfied automatically through the variational formulation. At the finite element discretization level, this allows one to condense the tractions locally within each element, and to express
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the problem exclusively in terms of displacements at boundaries and interfaces. In addition, the resulting stiffness matrix is naturally symmetric because of its variational nature. The validity of the method is illustrated with several examples in 2D and 3D elastostatics, some of which involve cracks. Only regular elements with piecewise polynomials are used for approximating the solutions even for the case of cracks.

STIFFNESS MATRICES FOR PLATE BENDING MACRO-ELEMENTS BY THE SYMMETRIC GALERKIN BEM
S. Miccoli and S. Sirtori
(1) - Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Meccanica. E-mail : stefano.miccoli@polimi.it (2) - Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Meccanica. E-mail : sergio.sirtori@polimi.it

ABSTRACT
The aim of this work is to exploit symmetric Galerkin BE solutions to 2D plane stress and to Kirchhoff plate bending problems to obtain the stiffness matrix of a flat, thin shell macro-element. Such a macro-element is a generic n-sided flat element, with six degrees of freedom per node, which can be assembled in 3D problems along with other such macro-elements or standard shell FE's. The formulation for this approach was described in [1] for BEM-FEM coupling of Continuum Mechanics problems. In the present paper that technique is extended to the coupling of membrane and bending stiffness for flat shell elements in 3D. The formulation is illustrated by computational examples in which the behavior of the newly formulated macro-elements is compared, in terms of accuracy and computational cost, with patches of more traditional "quad" finite elements. This element could be of interest in 3D structures formed by large flat "thin" faces, connected along common edges. In fact at present the formulation is not able to properly model curved shell behavior.

REFERENCES
[1] S. Sirtori , S. Miccoli , and E. Korach, "Symmetric coupling of finite elements and boundary elements". In J. H. Kane, G. Maier , N. Tosaka, and S. N. Atluri, editors, Advances in Boundary Element Techniques, pages 407 427. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1993.

THE SIMPLIFIED HYBRID BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD

N.A. Dumont and R. Chaves
(1) - Civil Engineering Department - PUC-Rio. E-mail : dumont@civ.puc-rio.br (2) - Civil Engineering Department - PUC-Rio

ABSTRACT
The hybrid boundary element method was introduced in 1987. Since then, the method has been applied successfully to different problems of elasticity and potential, time-dependent effect included. However, some important aspects of the method have remained open to investigation. The simplified hybrid boundary element method was born as a byproduct of some theoretical assessments along with the introduction of a simplifying, non-variational assumption. Notwithstanding, this novel method may be formulated on bases that are completely independent from any previous boundary element formulation. When applicable, the method performs computationally faster than and possibly as accurately as any other numerical implementation. As proposed in the hybrid boundary element method, the displacements in the interior of an elastic body may be expressed directly as a series of fundamental solutions for singular forces applied along the boundary - a procedure that requires no integral equation considerations. Then, by evaluating nodal displacements at nodal points one constructs a matrix equation of the type [U*]{p*} =
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{d} (1), in which [U*] is a symmetric, flexibility-like matrix relating singular nodal forces {p*} to nodal displacements {d}. Note that two questions are open in this formulation: unknown rigid body displacements implicit in [U*] and how to evaluate elements about its main diagonal, when force and displacement refer to the same node, since one is dealing with a singular fundamental solution. On the other hand, one obtains from virtual work considerations (or, but not necessarily, from the hybrid boundary element method) the equilibrium equation transpose([H]){p*} = {p} (2), in which [H] is a cinematic transformation matrix and {p} is a vector of equivalent nodal forces applied to the boundary. This matrix [H] is the same one introduced decades ago in the frame of the conventional boundary element method, although the context of the present considerations is completely different. One may evaluate {p*} in equation (1) and substitute it into equation (2), thus arriving at transpose([H])inverse[U*]{d} = {p} (3), provided that [U*] is completely obtainable and invertible. In fact, it is shown that, for physical consistency, all matrices and vectors in equations (1) and (2) must share some spectral properties (as orthogonality to rigid body displacements), which eventually leads to the evaluation of the remaining elements of the matrix [U*]. The resulting matrix [U*] turns out singular, for bounded regions. However, inverting it, if needed, is a straightforward task in terms of generalized inverses (as a Bott-Duffin inverse). In equation (3), the stiffness-like matrix [K] = transpose([H])inverse[U*] (4) is non-symmetric, since its derivation is based on equation (1), which involves a non-variational assumption. This formulation is extremely accurate and rather inexpensive, since (boundary) integration is only required for the evaluation of the matrix [H]. Including body forces is a straightforward procedure. Some numerical examples of two-dimensional elasticity and potential problems for both finite and infinite domains validate the theoretical achievements.

SIMULATION OF 3D CRACK GROWTH USING A SYMMETRIC GALERKIN BEM FORMULATION

P. Wawrzynek, M. Mear and A. Ingraffea
(1) - Civil & Environmental Engineering. Cornell University. E-mail : paw4@cornell.edu (2) - The University of Texas at Austin. E-mail : mmear@max.ae.utexas.edu (3) - School of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Cornell University. E-mail : ari1@cornell.edu

ABSTRACT
This paper describes two programs that are used in conjunction to simulate arbitrary threedimensional crack growth. FADD3D is a new boundary element analysis program developed for the analysis of linearly elastic, three- dimensional solids containing cracks [1]. FRANC3D has been under development for over ten years. It performs the solid modeling, meshing, visualization, and geometry updating tasks needed to simulation crack propagation in three dimensions [2]. FADD3D uses a symmetric Galerkin boundary element method. The formulation is based upon weak-form displacement and traction equations. As both are only weakly singular, only the boundary displacement data (not their derivatives) need be continuous, and standard C0 elements can be employed. A special crack-tip element is used, which incorporates degrees of freedom associated with the gradients of the displacements at the crack tip. As a result, a higher degree of approximation is achieved for the relative displacement data on the crack and, further, the stress intensity factors are obtained directly in terms of the crack-front nodal data. Stress intensity factors computed with FADD3D have been shown to be highly accurate, even for relatively course meshes. FRANC3D is an analysis pre- and postprocessor, which has been developed especially for problems with cracks and crack propagation. The program maintains a geometric model of an object being analyzed. It allows an analyst to insert cracks, assign material properties and boundary conditions and generate surface meshes. The program then generates files for a deformation analysis. Once the analysis has been performed, the program allows the analyst to view the computed displacements, stresses, and stress intensity factors. It will also predict how the crack will grow, automatically update the geometry and the mesh to grow the crack. In all this, the analyst is aided with a graphical user interface.

REFERENCES
[1] Li, S., Mear, M.E., Xiao, L., "Symmetric weak-form integral equation method for three-dimensional fracture analysis", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics, 151, pp. 435-459, 1998.
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[2] Carter, B. J., Chen, C-S., Ingraffea, A. R., Wawrzynek, P. A. "A topology based system for modeling 3D crack growth in solid and shell structures", Advances in Fracture Research, Vol 4, Ninth International Congress on Fracture, Sydney, Australia, Elsevier Science Publishers, pp. 1923- 1934, 1997.

FORMULATION OF WEAKLY SINGULAR, WEAK FORM INTEGRAL EQUATIONS FOR FRACTURE ANALYSIS
S. Li and M.E. Mear
(1) - The University of Texas at Austin (2) - The University of Texas at Austin. E-mail : mmear@max.ae.utexas.edu

ABSTRACT
A systematic procedure is followed to develop singularity-reduced integral equations for displacement discontinuities in three-dimensional linear elastic media. The procedure readily reproduces and generalizes, in a unified manner, various integral equations previously developed by other means, and it leads to a novel stress relation from which a general weakly-singular, weak-form traction integral equation is established. An isolated discontinuity is treated first, after which an extension is made to treat cracks in a finite domain. In this extension, emphasis is given to a pair of weakly-singular, weak-form displacement and traction integral equations since these form the basis of an effective numerical procedure for fracture analysis (Li et al., 1998). A noteworthy aspect of the development is that there is no need to introduce Cauchy principal value integrals much less Hadamard finite part integrals. Finally, the utility of the systematic procedure presented here for use in obtaining singularity-reduced integral equations for discontinuities in a half-space and an unbounded bi-material is described.

REFERENCES
[1] S. Li and M.E. Mear , "Singularity-Reduced Integral Equations for Discontinuities in Linear Elastic Media", (1999), Int. J. Fracture, to appear. [2] S. Li , M.E. Mear and L. Xiao, "Symmetric Weak-Form Integral Equation Method for Three Dimensional Fracture Analysis", Comput Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 151 (1998) 425-459.

GALERKIN BOUNDARY ELEMENT ANALYSES ON INTERFACE CRACK PROPAGATION IN FRPS-STRENGTHENED CONCRETE STRUCTURE
C.E. Zhangzhi, C. Tianzhi, W. Bo and W. Zhishen
(1) - Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University (2) - Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University (3) - Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University

ABSTRACT
In the collocation boundary element method (BEM), the system matrix usually turns out to be non - symmetric. Therefore, an alternative method, the Galerkin boundary element method (GBEM), has been proposed by Sirtori et al. to formulate a symmetric system matrix in elasticity. Maier and his coworkers developed this method into elastoplasticity, indirect methods and elastodynamic analyses. Up to now, much research work in this field has been carried out and a lot of achievements have been reached. For many problems, the multi-zone technique is effective. There are interfaces between subdomains in this technique. Moreover, since boundary conditions can be given on the interface, more problems, such as the cohesive crack, can be analyzed. However, for interface problems, the symmetry of system matrix for each subdomain cannot be completely achieved because both the displacements and the traction on the interface are unknown. Therefore, it is necessary to find a way to remain the symmetry for interface problems and to develop a symmetric GMZBEM.

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Gray and Paulino studied a fully symmetric GMZBEM in heat transferring. This method is based on the usual Galerkin equations on non-interface boundaries in each subdomain, together with an appropriate combination of equations on the interface. In the present paper, a fully symmetric GMZBEM will be proposed for the crack growth. The non-symmetry will be solved by considering the coefficient matrix as the sum of a symmetric part and a non-symmetric one and adopting a proper assembly. This proposed method (GMZBEM) is used to simulate the interfacial shear fracture (debonding)along the fiberreinforced plastic sheets (FRPS) -concrete interfaces bounded by epoxy. The cracks are assumed as the cohesive crack and a cohesive shear crack model (CCM and CSCM). Because the structures subjected to the combined load of bending and shearing can damage in several ways and their failure phenomena are very complex, it is difficult to simulate this process. In each increment step, we determine the location, where crack initiated, predict the direction of the crack growth (Cracks in mode I and mode II grow along the direction of the maximum principal stress and the interfaces, respectively.), and adjust boundary element meshes to process iteration. This iteration includes another iteration, which can determine the crack state (elastic, craze or crack) according to CCM and CSCM. Numerical results show the growth of cracks, not only in concrete, but also between FRPS and concrete (i.e. debonding). By comparison with experimental results, these results are reasonable.

GREEN'S FUNCTION LIBRARY FOR FRACTURE ANALYSIS IN COMPLEX STRUCTURES

S. Lu, F.J. Rizzo, C.V. Berger and L. Ayari
(1) - Aeroengine and Thermal-Power-Eng. Dept. Northwestern Polytechnical Univ. (2) - Dept. of Aerospace Engineering and Eng. Mech. Iowa State University (3) - Division of Engineering. Colorado School of Mines.

ABSTRACT
Frequently in fracture safety assessment in complex structures, the stress intensity factor must be found for a variety of crack plane orientations and crack locations. For large structures of complicated geometry, the usual analysis method employed is finite element analysis with many degrees of freedom, on the order of 1000 or more. In order to perform the fracture safety assessment therefore requires repeated solutions of very large systems of equations. Recently [1], the idea of a Green's function library has received attention with an aim toward addressing problems such as that described above. The idea is to use boundary elements to produce discretized approximations to the exact Green's function to the problem. For complicated geometries, the matrix or matrices which comprise this approximate Green's function can then be stored. A variety of loading scenarios can then be performed by simple matrix multiplication, or small changes to the more complicated outer geometry can be made. Such an approach yields a very efficient method of analysis for problems in stress analysis, ultrasonics, acoustics, etc., where the majority of the geometry involved in solving the problem remains unchanged. In this paper we will discuss the application of the Green's function library idea to fracture analysis. We explore two approaches to the problem. In the first, we store the discretized Green's function for a simple two-dimensional rectangle, and allow the crack to be moved anywhere within the rectangular domain. Following the idea of partitioning of the Green's function developed in [1], we then only require the portion of the problem associated with the crack to be solved for each new crack location. The boundary conditions on the boundary of the outer domain are prescribed by the large-scale finite element analysis of the full structure. Of interest with this analysis is the variation of stress intensity with crack location and orientation. The second method of analysis we explore involves storing the Green's function for the entire structure, and applying the previously mentioned partitioning technique in order to introduce a crack. The advantage here is that the assumption of the crack not disturbing the local displacement field to any great extent is avoided. We will conclude with a discussion of similar strategies to related problems.

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BEM SIMULATION OF A KINETICALLY DRIVEN INTERFACIAL INSTABILITY

L.J. Gray, T. Kaplan, W. Barvosa-Carter and M.J. Aziz
(1) - Oak Ridge National Laboratory. E-mail : ljg@ornl.gov (2) - Oak Ridge National Laboratory. E-mail : tsk@ornl.gov (3) - HRL Laboratories. E-mail : wbc@hrl.com

ABSTRACT
It is well known that the surfaces of stressed solids are generally subject to an elastic strain energy-driven morphological instability. However, the growth and morphology of a solid is determined not only by the energetics of the relevant phases but also by the mobilities of the interface atoms involved in growth. Boundary integral calculations modeling solid-phase epitaxial growth in non-hydrostatically stressed silicon have established that the experimentally observed instability in this system is driven by the stress-dependence of the mobilities. Modeling the evolution of the crystalline/amorphous interface required determining the stress tensor along this surface, and these calculations were carried out using a Galerkin boundary integral algorithm. The initial calculations only considered a two-dimensional elastic analysis of the crystalline phase, subsequent work has incorporated a viscous flow model for the amorphous phase.

A CONSISTENT FORMULATION FOR PLASTICITY AND VISCOPLASTICITY MODELS IN BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHODS
G.H. Paulino and Y. Liu
(1) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. University of Illinois. E-mail : paulino@uiuc.edu (2) - Dept. of Mech., Ind. and Nucl. Engineering. University of Cincinnati. E-mail : Yijun.Liu@uc.edu

ABSTRACT
A novel non-linear boundary element method (BEM) for elasto-viscoplasticity using the consistent tangent operator (CTO) concept is presented. Both kinematic and isotropic hardening are considered. When viscoplastic deformation occurs, the effective stress in the non-linear region is allowed to exceed the loading surface, and the purely plastic theory is not suitable for this situation. Thus, the viscoplatic problem is investigated, and an implicit algorithm, using the CTO concept within a BEM framework, is presented in detail. Numerical examples are given, which validate the proposed model. With respect to the viscoplastic fluidity parameter, the numerical results support the fact that the solutions approach two limit cases, i.e. the purely elastic solution as this parameter tends to infinity (numerically), and the rate independent plasticity solution as this parameter approaches zero.

EXTERNAL FORMULATIONS FOR ELASTIC-PLASTIC ANALYSIS BY BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATIONS

A. Carini and A. Salvadori
(1) - Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Brescia (2) - Department of Structural Engineering, Politecnico of Milan

ABSTRACT
In the context of the symmetric Galerkin boundary integral equations, the aim of the present communication is to provide a further contribution to the theoretical foundations of the variational
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methods for time-independent problems with reference to linear elasticity and elastoplasticity. For the linear elastic case, distributed discontinuities of tractions on the constrained boundary and of displacements on the free boundary are assumed as unknown sources. Following a method proposed by J.H. Bramble and J.E. Pasciak [1], the matrix of elasticity integral operators is transformed into an equivalent one, still based on the unknowns p and u, which turns out to be symmetric and positive definite with respect to a suitable bilinear form. As a consequence of the symmetry and positive definiteness achieved, the unknown tractions and displacements u turn out to be characterized by a "global extremum property". It is worth noting that, in contrast to the present extremum property, the characterization of the unknowns in the traditional symmetric BIE formulation is of the saddle-point type [2,3]. Following a similar technique, the incremental elastic-plastic problem is transformed into a new one which is equivalent to a minimum problem in the incremental tractions and incremental displacements on the boundary and incremental plastic multipliers in the volume. It is worth noting that the traditional symmetric BIE formulation for elastic - plastic problem is equivalent to a saddle-point formulation [5] or a minimum formulation but, in this case, the inversion of at least one matrix is needed [6]. The proposed extremal formulations exhibit the following features. (1) The extremal formulations are particularly suitable for finding numerical solutions of the problem through direct solution procedures associated with optimization techniques (like the conjugate gradient method). The value of the functional during the descend process may be used as a measure of the convergence and the value of the functional at the solution may be used to evaluate the approximation error. (2) The use of the conjugate gradient method for the solution of the discretized system of linear equations allows to consider a single-level iteration procedure. Moreover, the application of the conjugate gradient method to the transformed problems gives, in a natural way, an optimal converging scheme. The transformed elastic-plastic problem allows to use optimization techniques based on modified gradient methods and quadratic programming procedures (see, e.g. [7]). (3) In the range of boundary integral equations for elastic problems, the present positive definite formulation appears to be of particular interest in BEM-FEM coupled and in eigenvalue problems.

REFERENCES
[1] J.H. Bramble and J.E. Pasciak , "A preconditioning technique for indefinite systems resulting from mixed approximations of elliptic problems", Mathematics of Computation, 50, n. 181, 1-17, 1988. [2] C. Polizzotto, "An energy approach to the boundary element method, part I: elastic solids", Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 69, 167-184, 1988. [3] S. Sirtori , G. Maier , G. Novati and S. Miccoli , "A Galerkin symmetric boundary element method in elasticity: formulation and implementation", Int. J. Num. Meth. Eng., 35, 255-282, 1992. [4] G. Maier and C. Polizzotto, "A Galerkin approach to boundary elements elastoplastic analysis", Comp. Meth. Appl. Mec. Eng., 60, 175-194, 1987. [5] C. Polizzotto, "An energy approach to the boundary element method, part II: elastic-plastic solids", Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 69, 263-276, 1988. [6] G. Maier , G. Novati and S. Sirtori , "Symmetric formulation of an indirect boundary element method for elasticplastic analysis and relevant extremum properties", in Boundary Element Methods in Applied Mechanics (M. Tanaka and T.A. Cruse Eds.), pp. 215-224, Tokyo, 3-6 October 1988. [7] O. De Donato and A. Franchi, "A modified gradient method for finite element elastoplastic analysis by quadratic programming", Comp. Meth. Appl. Mec. Eng., 2, 107-131, 1973.

A BEM-BASED INVERSE APPROACH TO IDENTIFYING UNKNOWN MULTIDIMENSIONAL THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF NON-HOMOGENEOUS MATERIALS
E. Divo, A.J. Kassab and F. Rodriguez
(1) - Mech., Materials, and Aerospace Eng. Department. Univ. of Central Florida (2) - Mech., Materials, and Aerospace Eng. Department. Univ. of Central Florida. E-mail : kassab@mail.cc.ucf.edu (3) - Mech., Materials, and Aerospace Eng. Department. Univ. of Central Florida

ABSTRACT
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Many modern industrial materials material exhibit property heterogeneities designed in response to increasingly harsh environmental demands placed on materials. However, since the distribution of heterogeneity in a material is only controllable to some extent in the manufacturing process, there arises the need for a practical means to identify properties of such materials. This leads naturally to an inverse formulation. In the case of heat conduction, the goal is to estimate the unknown thermal conductivity, k(x), with the aid of additional information supplied by measured temperatures at the interior or at the surface. This is termed parameter estimation, and, in this paper, the conductivity identification problem is solved in steady state by drawing on concepts of inverse problems, objective function regularization, nongradient-based evolutionary minimization algorithms, and boundary integral equations. An inverse method is developed based on a boundary integral formulation that solves heat conduction in non-homogeneous media using only boundary data [1-3]. Surface temperature measurements which can be provided invasively by thermocouples or non-invasively by thermochromic liquid crystals or infrared thermography are used as additional input data to prescribe Cauchy conditions along the portions of the exposed boundary where measurements are taken. In the inverse algorithm, given a current estimate for k(x), a least-squares functional measuring deviation of BEM-predicted and measured temperatures is minimized. As errors are expected in input temperatures, this functional is regularized by sequentially least-squares fitting the polynomial expression for k(x) through a set of anchor points at which values of the conductivity are estimated by the optimization algorithm. Thus, the anchor point values of k(x) are the actual design variables, while the least-squares fit provides the coefficients in the polynomial expression for k(x). The optimization process is carried out using a genetic algorithm that features a global search for a minimum. Details of the GA adopted in this study are provided along with numerical implementation of the fundamental solution. Analytical integration of the fundamental solution for a given polynomial functional dependence of k(x) provides explicit evaluation of influence coefficients, however, these expressions contain nonlinear relations involving the coefficients of the polynomial for k(x). Linearization is accomplished using either a Taylor series or a Chebyshev polynomial expansions, and numerical integration of influence coefficients is evaluated only once. Subsequnet updated are performed algebraically. It is also shown that Chebyshev expansion provides superior and robust results. The linearization feature of the algorithm offers significant speed-up in the iteration process. Numerical examples are provided for 2-D anisotropic cases to validate the approach. The method developed in this study can be extended to orthotropic and anisotropic problems, and directly implemented to other applications of interest such as the hydraulic transmissivity estimation inverse problem in ground water flow. An example demonstrating application of the method to retrieval of hydraulic transmissivity is also presented.

AN INTEGRAL FORMULATION FOR STEADY-STATE ELASTOPLASTIC ROLLING/SLIDING CONTACT OVER A COATED HALF-PLANE
C. Dong and M. Bonnet
(1) - Laboratoire de Mecanique des Solides. (UMR CNRS 7649) (2) - Laboratoire de Mecanique des Solides. (UMR CNRS 7649)

ABSTRACT
A boundary-domain integral equation for a coated half-space in 2D plane strain (elastically isotropic homogeneous substratum, possibly anisotropic coating layer) is developed. This formulation is tailored for half-space geometries: the discretization is limited to the potential contact zone (boundary elements), the potentially plastic part of the substratum and the coating layer (domain integration cells). Steady-state elastoplastic contact analysis is implemented within this framework, in order to investigate rolling and/or sliding contact problems, for linear-kinematic-hardening constitutive plastic behavior. The integration with respect to load step is of implicit type. In order to improve accuracy and computational efficiency, infinite elements are used. Comparison of numerical results with other sources, when available, is satisfactory. The present formulation is also used to compute the (a priori unknown) contact pressure for an isotropic (or anisotropic) coating on an isotropic homogeneous half-space indented by an elastic roller. The influence of the coating on contact pressure is studied.

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RECENT ADVANCES IN THE METHOD OF FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTIONS

G. Fairweather and A. Karageorghis
(1) - Dept. of Math. and Computer Sciences. Colorado School of Mines. E-mail : gfairwea@mines.edu (2) - Dept. of Math. and Statistics. University of Cyprus. E-mail : andreask@ucy.ac.cy

ABSTRACT
The method of fundamental solutions (MFS) is a technique for the numerical solution of certain elliptic boundary value problems which falls in the class of methods generally called boundary methods. Like the Boundary Element Method, it is applicable when a fundamental solution of the differential equation in question is known. The basic ideas of the MFS were first proposed by Kupradze and Aleksidze in the early 60's but it was not until the late 70's that the method was formulated as a numerical technique by Mathon and Johnston. In the MFS, the approximate solution is expressed as a linear combination of fundamental solutions with sources placed outside the domain of the problem. The locations of these sources are determined along with the coefficients of the fundamental solution so that the approximate solution satisfies the boundary conditions in a least squares sense. The resulting nonlinear problem can be solved using standard library software. Early uses of the method were for the solution of various linear potential problems in two and three space variables. It has since been applied to a variety of more complicated problems such as plane potential problems involving nonlinear radiation-type boundary conditions, biharmonic problems, elastostatics problems and wave scattering problems. In this paper, we describe recent applications of the MFS. We first consider its use in the solution of various free boundary problems, in particular, harmonic and biharmonic problems arising in fluid dynamics, and two- and three-dimensional Signorini problems, a special class of free boundary problems. The nonlinear nature of the MFS can incorporate the nonlinear nature of free boundary problems in a natural way. We also discuss the MFS for solving axisymmetric potential, acoustic and elastostatic problems. In this case, the fundamental solutions of the governing equations are complicated and involve elliptic integrals but these can be handled effectively by using widely available software for their evaluation. The application of the MFS to heat conduction problems in layered materials is also described. In such problems, either special fundamental solutions which accommodate the interface conditions between materials are chosen or a domain decomposition method is employed. The latter is also used in the MFS solution of plane elasticity problems in anisotropic bimaterials. Finally, we discuss a possible MFS approach for time-dependent problems.

ERROR ANALYSIS AND ADAPTIVITY IN LINEAR ELASTICITY BY THE USUAL AND HYPERSINGULAR BOUNDARY CONTOUR METHOD
Y. Mukherjee and S. Mukherjee
(1) - DeHan Engineering Numerics. E-mail : dehaneng@aol.com (2) - Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. Cornell University. E-mail : sm85@cornell.edu

ABSTRACT
The boundary contour method (BCM) is a variant of the usual boundary element method (BEM). The main idea in the BCM is the exploitation of the divergence-free property of the usual BEM integrand and an application of Stokes' theorem, to convert surface integrals on boundary elements (for threedimensional (3-D) problems) to line integrals on closed contours that bound these elements. The BCM has been applied to 3-D linear elasticity problems ([1], [2]). Recently ([3]), the regularized hypersingular boundary integral equation (HBIE) has also been converted to boundary contour form - resulting in the hypersingular boundary contour method (HBCM). It has been demonstrated ([4]) that use of both the usual and hypersingular BIE for twodimensional (2-D) potential problems allows one to define a hypersingular residual that provides an error
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estimate for the boundary value problem. The goal of the present paper is to use the usual and hypersingular BCM to derive a hypersingular residual for 3-D linear elasticity problems. This residual is then used to obtain local error indicators on boundary elements. Finally, an h- adaptive meshing scheme is developed based on these error indicators. Numerical examples are presented for several elasticity problems.

REFERENCES
[1] A. Nagarajan, S. Mukherjee and E. Lutz, "The boundary contour method for three-dimensional linear elasticity". ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, 63, pp. 278-286, 1996. [2] Y.X. Mukherjee, S. Mukherjee X. Shi and A. Nagarajan, "The boundary contour method for three -dimensional linear elasticity with a new quadratic boundary element". Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 20, pp. 35-44, 1997. [3] S. Mukherjee and Y.X. Mukherjee, "The hypersingular boundary contour method for three-dimensional linear elasticity. ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, 65, pp. 300-309, 1998. [4] G. Menon, G.H. Paulino and S. Mukherjee , "Analysis of hypersingular residual error estimates in boundary element methods for potential problems". Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 173, pp. 449-473, 1999.

SINGULAR BOUNDARY ELEMENTS FOR MIXED BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS

B. Guzina and R. Pak
(1) - Department of Civil Engineering. University of Minnesota. E-mail : guzina@wave.ce.umn.edu (2) - Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering. E-mail : pak@holly.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
One of the common features of mixed boundary value problems in solid mechanics is the presence of non-smooth boundary and interfacial surfaces. As evidenced by a number of authors (e.g. Williams 1952, Dempsey and Sinclair 1981), sharp geometries often give rise to the theoretical occurrence of singular contact tractions which can cause inaccuracy and poor convergence in numerical analyses. To effectively deal with such computational issues and pursue a truly rigorous solution to this class of problems in the context of boundary integral formulations, the development of specialized boundary elements capable of representing singular tractions would clearly be beneficial. Origins of such concept date back to Cruse and Wilson (1977) on the treatment of problems in linear fracture mechanics. Complicating the analysis further, however, is the coincidental presence of non-unique tractions at boundary corners and edges. The latter problem can be mitigated by the use of double nodes, tangential derivatives, or discontinuous boundary elements (e.g., Rego Silva et al. 1993, Stamos and Beskos 1995). To further advance the performance and flexibility of boundary integral equation methods in dealing with the foregoing aspects simultaneously in three-dimensional solid mechanics, a set of four-node semidiscontinuous singular edge and corner elements is developed for modeling such boundary tractions. In contrast to the singular elements used in conventional fracture mechanics where the square-root singularity is of interest exclusively (e.g. Luchi and Rizzuti 1993), the constructed traction shape functions can be used to represent the power-type singularities of any order. Apart from being capable of handling arbitrary power-type traction singularities and discontinuities across the domain boundaries and interfaces, these elements also permit a smooth transition to standard isoparametric quadrilateral elements away from the edges. Complemented with a family of bilinear displacement and geometric shape functions, the singular surface elements are incorporated into a computational platform for the regularized boundary integral formulation. Ameliorated by the foregoing developments, the regularized direct boundary integral equation method is found to perform well, with fast and stable convergence to the benchmark result. In addition to its direct applications, the analysis proposed also provides a rational basis for extensions of the methodology to the rigorous treatment of more general power-logarithmic-type traction singularities arising in solutions to mixed boundary value problems.

REFERENCES
[1] T. A. Cruse and R. B. Wilson, "Boundary-Integral Method for Elastic Fracture Mechanics", Report AFOSR-TR78-0355, November 1977.
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[2] J.P. Dempsey and G.B. Sinclair, "On the Singular Behavior at the Vertex of a Bi-material Wedge", Journal of Elasticity, 11, 3, pp. 317-327, 1981. [3] J.J. Rego Silva, H. Power and L.C. Wrobel, "Boundary Element Method for 3D Time-Harmonic Elastodynamics: Numerical Aspects", Boundary elements XV, eds. C.A. Brebbia and J. J. Rencis, pp. 423-439, Elsevier, 1993. [4] M. Luchi and S. Rizzuti, "Special Crack Tip Elements for 3D Problems", Advances in Boundary Element Methods for Fracture Mechanics, eds. C.A. Brebbia and M.H. Ali abadi, pp. 173-200, Elsevier, 1993. [5] A.A. Stamos and D.E. Beskos, "Dynamic Analysis of Large 3D Underground Structures by the BEM", Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 24, pp. 917-934, 1995. [6] M.L. Williams, "Stress Singularities Resulting From Various Boundary Conditions in Angular Corners of Plates in Extension", Journal of Applied Mechanics, ASME, 74, pp. 526-528, 1952.

ON INTEGRATIONS OF THE WEAKLY-SINGULAR BIE

A. Jorge, G. Ribeiro and T.A. Cruse
(1) - EFEI - Federal Engineering School at Itajuba. E-mail : ariosto.b.jorge@vanderbilt.edu (2) - UFMG - Federal University of Minas Gerais. E-mail : gabriel@dees.ufmg.br (3) - Vanderbilt University School of Engineering. E-mail : thomas.a.cruse@vanderbilt.edu

ABSTRACT
A major concern when adopting Bounary Integral Equation (BIE) methods to the solution of both Potential Problems and Elasticity Problems is that for every source point in the boundary, an integral has to performed for all field points in that boundary. The algorithm leads to an improper, strongly singular or hypersingular integral when both source and field points coincide. Many approaches have been adopted to overcome this problem, or to solve these integrals. The self-regular approach is a formulation in which the original, singular BIE is rewritten in such a way that at those points where the integrals would be singular, a convenient expression is subtracted, and only regular integrals have to be performed. It should be noted that this subtraction gives total zero contribution and doesn't change the meaning of the original BIE at all. Self-regular formulations have been developed by Cruse and his co-workers during the last years. These formulations use Green's Identity and it's Gradient Form for Laplace's Equation, or use equivalent expressions in Elasticity, leading to Displacement-BEM and Stress-BEM formulations. The various steps that lead to these formulations are resumed. The discretization into Boundary Elements is implemented and in the final Boundary Element Method (BEM) algorithm, only weaklysingular integrals have to be evaluated, so that there is no need to treat singular integrals using Cauchy Principal Value (CPV) or Finite Part (FP) concepts. Stated otherwise, what starts with a regular problem, remains regular using self-regularized Potential and Gradient formulations. The previous results for Laplace's Potential and Gradient formulations, and for 2D Elastostatics problems with the displacement BEM formulation, confirm their validity and the fact that they are fully competitive with the standard, strongly singular BIE models. A somewhat poorer convergence was found in the 2D Elastostatics problem while using the Stress BEM formulation and standard quadratic interpolations. Excellent convergence, competitive with the results for standard, strongly-singular formulations require quartic interpolations. Convergence characteristics were very comparable based on the numbers of degrees of freedom. The source of numerical errors in the self-regular hypersingular formulations in potential theory and elasticity is associated with the relaxed continuity algorithm. The theoretical and practical aspects of the numerical errors and the reasons behind the need for higher order interpolants will be discussed. Some examples are performed to compare efficiency and accuracy of these approaches with respect to the standard BIE model, and some integration issues are addressed.

REFERENCES
[1] P. A. Martin, F. J. Rizzo, and T. A. Cruse, "Smoothness - relaxation strategies for singular and hypersingular integral equations", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 42, 2, pp. 885-906, 1998. [2] J. D. Richardson and T. A. Cruse, "Weakly singular stress-BEM for 2D Elastostatics", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 45, 1, pp.13-35, 1999. [3] T. A. Cruse and J. D. Richardson, "Self-regularized hyper-singular BEM for Laplace's equation", Proceedings to the Conference Analysis, Numerics and Applications of Differential and Integral Equations, Paris, France, 1998.

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GALERKIN FAST MULTIPOLE BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD FOR CRACK PROBLEMS
K. Yoshida, N. Nishimura and S. Kobayashi
(1) - Department of Global Environment Engineering Kyoto University (2) - Department of Global Environment Engineering Kyoto University. E-mail : nchml@gee.kyoto-u.ac.jp (3) - Department of Global Environment Engineering Kyoto University

ABSTRACT
The full matrix property of BIEM has been a serious problem in applying BIEM to large scale problems, since the construction of the matrix requires operations of the order of N square, where N is the number of unknowns. This number even increases to N cube when one solves such matrix equations with direct solvers. Because of this drawback the maximum size of the problem one can solve with BIEM remained smaller than those solved with other conventional methods. Recent investigations of the so called fast methods such as the Fast Multipole Method (FMM) seem to be changing the situation. Indeed, FMM, initially introduced by Rokhlin[1] as a fast method to solve integral equations numerically, is characterised by the operation count of the order of N, or slightly larger than N, and the storage requirement of order N. The combination of this technique with BIEM and iterative matrix equation solvers has been tested successfully in large problems by several authors. One may mention papers by Rodin et al.[2] and the present authors [3] as examples of such trials in 3 dimensional elastostatics. The proposed paper extends our previous efforts in the collocation FMBIEM (Fast Multipole BIEM) for three dimensional elastostatic crack problems[3] to the Galerkin approach. The proposed formulation is based on the multipole expansion of the elastostatic potentials in terms of 4 types of moments; this approach was introduced in our previous paper[3]. This formulation is different from the one proposed independently by Rodin et al.[2] where the double layer potential is expanded with 12 types of moments. Our 4-moment formulation is applied with Galerkin's method to the variational formulation for crack problems. This approach is found to be much superior to our previous collocation FMBIEM in crack problems in terms of the accuracy. Therefore one can now solve problems involving really a large number of cracks with confidence since one may use coarser mesh for each crack with the Galerkin FMBIEM than with collocation in order to obtain solutions with the same accuracy. In a typical example we could solve a problem of 512 interacting circular cracks subject to a uniaxial tension using an approximately 240,000 DOF mesh. The CPU time was about 20,000 sec. with a DEC alpha compatible machine. The proposed paper also includes discussion on extensions of the proposed method to elastodynamics.

REFERENCES
[1] V. Rokhlin, J. Comp. Phys., 60, 187-207, (1985). [2] Y. Fu , K.J. Klimkowski, G.J. Rodin et al., Int. J. Num. Meth. Eng., 42, 1215 - 1229 (1998). [3] K. Yoshida , N. Nishimura and S. Kobayashi , J. Appl. Mech. JSCE 1, 365-372, (1998) (in Japanese).

FAST BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHODS

Y. Fu, J. Overfelt and G. Rodin
(1) - Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics (2) - Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics. (3) - Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics. E-mail : gjr@ticam.utexas.edu

ABSTRACT
Fast boundary element methods allow one to solve large problems arising in micromechanics using only O(N) memory and operations, where N is the number of unknowns. That is, fast boundary
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element methods require less memory and operations to solve the problem than conventional methods require to formulate the matrix. At the heart of any fast boundary element methods is an iterative strategy in which matrix-vector multiplication is performed in O(N) operations, without forming the matrix. In this talk, we elucidate the link between the kernels appearing in integral equations and fast matrix-vector multiplication strategies. We consider integral equations corresponding to most important linear elliptic boundary-value problems, including anisotropic linear elasticity theory for which the fundamental solutions cannot be expressed in closed form. Representative example problems involve microstructures with more than thousand particles and more than one million unknowns.

REFERENCES
[1] Fu, Y., Klimkowski, K. J., Rodin, G. J., Berger, E. , Browne, J. C., Singer, J. K. , Van De Geijn, R. A. and Vemaganti, K. S. (1998) "A Fast Solution Method For Three-Dimensional Many-Particle Problems Of Linear Elasticity," Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engrg . 42, 1215-1229. [2] Fu, Y., Overfelt, J. R. and Rodin, G.J. (1999) "Integral Equations and Fast Summation Methods," in Pitman Research Series in Mathematics, editor A.-M. Saendig and W. Wendland, 128-139. (Invited chapter for the volume dedicated to Professor Vladimir G. Mazya.)

ADVANCES IN THE ANALYSIS OF THIN AND LAYERED STRUCTURES BY THE BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD
Y. Liu, N. Xu and J. Luo
(1) - Dept. of Mech., Ind. and Nucl. Engineering. University of Cincinnati. E-mail : Yijun.Liu@uc.edu (2) - Dept. of Mech., Ind. and Nuclear Engineering. University of Cincinnati.

ABSTRACT
Recent development of the boundary element method (BEM) in the analyses of thin shell-like and layered structures will be reported at the Fifth USNCCM Congress. The non-degenerate nature of the BEM formulation for thin structures, contrary to the crack-like case, will be reviewed. Effective methods in computing nearly-singular integrals, which are crucial to the successful applications of the BEM to thin bodies, will be discussed. Numerical examples, ranging from thin shell-like structures, multi-layer coatings/thin films, thin interphases in fiber- reinforced composites, and sound and thin-shell structure interactions, will be presented at the Congress, to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the BEM in the analyses of these emerging materials and structures.

REFERENCES
(downloadable from: http://urbana.mie.uc.edu/yliu/Papers/Papers.htm) [1] Liu, Y. J., and Rizzo, F. J. (1997). "Scattering of elastic waves from thin shapes in three dimensions using the composite boundary integral equation formulation.", J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 102 (2) (Pt.1, August), 926-932. [2] Liu, Y. J. (1998). "Analysis of shell-like structures by the boundary element method based on 3-D elasticity: formulation and verification.", Int. J. for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 41, 541-558. [3] Luo, J. F., Liu, Y. J., and Berger, E. J. (1998). "Analysis of two-dimensional thin structures (from micro- to nanoscales) using the boundary element method.", Computational Mechanics, 22 (5), 404-412. [4] Liu, Y. J., Xu, N., and Luo, J. F. (1998). "Modeling of interphases in fiber-reinforced composites under transverse loading using the boundary element method.", ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, in review. [5] Chen, S. and Liu, Y. J. (1999), "A unified boundary element method for the analysis of sound and shell-like structure interactions: I - formulation and verification.", J. Acoust. Soc. Am., in review. [6] Luo, J. F., Liu, Y. J., and Berger, E. J. (1999). "Interfacial stress analysis for multi-coating systems using an advanced boundary element method.", Computational Mechanics, in review

BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATION METHODS APPLIED TO ACCURATE ANALYSIS OF RIB-STIFFENED ELASTIC PLATES
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M. Tanaka, T. Matsumoto and S. Oida

(1) - Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Shinshu University. E-mail : dtanaka@gipwc.shinshu-u.ac.jp (2) - E-mail :toshiro@gipwc.shinshu-u.ac.jp (3) - E-mail :oida@homer.shinshu-u.ac.jp

ABSTRACT
The linear bending problem of elastic plates is one of the fields in which the boundary element methods or the integral equation methods can be successfully applied. A number of papers on the topics have been published so that accurate analysis can be carried out by one of the standard solution procedures for single plates with an arbitrary contour as well as plate structures subject to arbitrary boundary conditions [e.g. , 1-3]. However, for the bending problem of rib-stiffened elastic plates there are still a few investigations using the boundary element methods[4,5], although the boundary element methods would be successfully applicable to such problems. This paper is concerned with application of the boundary element method to the elastic bending problem of rib-stiffened plates. It is assumed that the rib-stiffener is a straight beam which is attached to the surface of the elastic plate, and that the plate and beam are in a line contact. The interaction between the plate and beam is assumed such that the forces and moments are distributed along the contact line. The beam is subjected to distributed bending moment, axial torque and lateral load all of which are unknown, while the plate is subjected to these reactions. It should be taken into account that deflection and slope are continuous on the contact line. The plate bending problem is formulated in the usual manner into a set of the integral equations including unknown line-distributed lateral force and two components of distributed moments. The problem of beam stiffener is also formulated into a set of integral equations including distributed unknown force and moments. In order to obtain a numerical solution of the integral equations, the plate contour and the contact lines are discretized into a series of isoparametric quadratic elements. A consistent set of equations for the nodal values are then derived from the set of integral equations, and then solved for the nodal unknowns under the given boundary conditions of the stiffened plate. The usefulness of the proposed solution procedure is demonstrated through numerical computation of some examples and comparison with other solutions available in the literature.

REFERENCES
[1] Beskos, D.E. (Ed.), "Boundary Element Analysis of Plates and Shells", Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg-Berlin, (1991). [2] Stern, M. and Lin, T.-L., "Thin elastic plates in bending", Chapter 4, Developments in Boundary Element Methods-4, Banerjee, P.K. and Watson, J.O. (Eds.), Elsevier Science Publishers/UK, (1986), pp.91-119. [3] Tanaka, M., Matsumoto, T. and Shiozaki, A., "Application of boundary-domain element method to the free vibration problem of plate structures", Computers and Structures, Vol. 66, No. 6, (1998), pp.725-735. [4] Tanaka, M. and Bercin, A.N., "A boundary element method applied to the elastic bending problem of stiffened plates", Boundary Elements XIX, Brebbia, C.A., et al. (Eds.), CM Publications, Southampton/UK, (1997), pp.203-212. [5] Private communications by J.T. Katsikadekis at the BEM XIX Conference in Rome/Italy, 1997.

3D BEM MODELING OF FRACTURE PROBLEM IN COMPOSITE LAMINATES

E. Pan, G. Cai and F.G. Yuan
(1) - Structures Technology, Inc. E-mail : Pan@ipass.net (2) - Dept. of Mech. and Aerospace Eng. North Carolina State University. (3) - Dept. of Mech. and Aerospace Eng. North Carolina State University.

ABSTRACT
A three-dimensional single-domain boundary element formulation is developed for the fracture analysis in composite laminates. Instead of using the Kelvin-type Green's functions, the three dimensional layered Green's functions derived recently by Yuan and Yang (1999) are implemented into the displacement and traction boundary integral equations with the formal being applied to the no-crack boundary only and the latter to one side of the crack surface only. Since the layered Green's functions satisfy exactly the interlaminar continuities along the interfaces a priori, the model becomes truly twoPage 80 USNCCM99

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dimensional and discretization is only needed along the crack surfaces and the possible outer boundaries. Numerical examples of stress intensity factors (SIFs) calculation are given for both isotropic and anisotropic infinite laminates when a uniformly pressurized square - shaped crack is located horizontally within one of the layers. It is found that because of the effect of top and bottom free surfaces, the SIFs calculated for an infinite plate have larger values than the corresponding infinite 3D- space case. It is also observed that the SIFs strongly depend on material anisotropy and material layering.

SIMULATION OF SUSPENSION FLOWS USING A MULTIPOLE ACCELERATED BEM

M. Ingber and A. Mammoli
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of New Mexico (2) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of New Mexico

ABSTRACT
The simulation of multiphase flows, namely, suspensions in viscous shear, is computationally difficult not only because of the large number of particles required of representative volume elements, but also because the particles tend to form chains and agglomerations. The geometries are extremely complex and evolve as the microstructure evolves. The boundary element method is a preferred method to perform these simulations because of the relative ease with which these complex geometries can be modeled and discretized. However, traditional boundary element methods limit the number of particles that can be contained in a simulation because of both CPU and memory requirement limitations. The multipole technique has recently received attention by boundary element analysts because of the reduction in both CPU and memory requirements. The order of data storage can be reduced from O(N**2) to O(N) and the operation count can be reduce from either O(N**3) (direct solvers) or O(N**2) (indirect solvers) to O(Nlog N) using multipole methods where N is the number of degrees of freedom used to approximate the source densities in discrete form. For many problems in fluid mechanics, the boundary conditions are specified by known inflow, outflow, or surface velocities. In these cases, the direct boundary element formulation results in a Fredholm equation of the first kind which, upon discretization, produces ill-conditioned systems of equaitons. The indirect boundary element formulation, on the other hand, results in Fredholm integral equations of the second kind, which generally produce better conditioned systems of equations. Nevertheless, particle clustering and rigid -body equations of motions can cause ill-conditioning even for indirect BEM formulations. In this research, a two-dimensional multipole-accelerated BEM is developed to study a variety of suspension flows. A physics-based preconditioner is coupled to an indirect BEM formulation which is sufficiently well conditioned to allow the simulation of on the order of 1,000 suspended particles. Several example problems are considered in piston-driven devices, pipes, and Couettes to show the capabilities of the method.

SIMULATION OF THE PROPAGATION OF TENSILE CRACKS IN POROELASTIC MEDIA

E. Detournay and S. Mogilevskaya
(1) - University of Minnesota, Department of Civil Engineering. E-mail : detou001@tc.umn.edu (2) - University of Waterloo, Department of Earth Sciences. E-mail : sofia@panda.uwaterloo.ca

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a numerical analysis of the propagation of tensile hydraulic fractures in a poroelastic hydrocarbon reservoir. It focuses on the deviation of hydraulic fractures associated with
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poroelastic perturbation of the in-situ stress field caused by fluid injection and pumping in the reservoir. Two different cases are considered. In the first case, change of the in-situ stress is caused by alteration of the pore pressure field due to fluid injection and pumping in a system of two wells. The initial fracture is assumed to be midway between the injection and the pumping well and the geometry of the fracture deviation from its straight-ahead path is investigated. In the second case, the poroelastic perturbation of the stress state in the reservoir is caused by production of hydrocarbons from a primary hydraulic fracture. The poroelastic mechanism creates conditions that are favorable to the propagation of a secondary fracture in a direction perpendicular to the primary one. Both of these models are studied numerically with the complex variables boundary element method (CVBEM). One of its main features is its capability to provide a smooth path of propagation. The numerical algorithm simulates the fractures path in a stepwise fashion. Several mixed-mode fracture criteria are discussed, as well as the use of circular arc (straight segment as a degenerated case) to model the crack path increment at each propagation stage. The perturbation of the in-situ stress caused by fluid injection or withdrawal is calculated using singular sources solutions of the theory of poroelasticity. A number of numerical results are given for the two particular problems considered in this paper. It is shown that the geometry of the fractures paths is controlled by three dimensionless parameters associated to the far-field stress deviator, the time, and the rock toughness.

A DIRECT FORMULATION OF THE BEM FOR PIEZOELECTRICITY BY THE FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTIONS FOR POINT FORCE/CHARGE AND DISPLACEMENT/ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DISCONTINUITY
M. Denda
(1) - Dept. of Mech.l & Aerospace Engineering. Rutgers University. E-mail : denda@jove.rutgers.edu

ABSTRACT
A Boundary Element Method is presented for two-dimensional static piezoelectric solids. We extend a physical interpretation of Somigliana's identity to piezoelectricity and give a direct formulation of the BEM in terms of continuous distributions of point force/point charge and displacement/electric potential discontinuity in an infinite piezoelectric domain. The method is applied to piezoelectric and piezoelectric composite materials that typically consist of piecewise homogeneous materials among which holes and cracks are special cases when the material has zero elastic moduli. With the help of LekhnitskiiEshelby-Stroh formalism for generalized plane piezoelectricity coupled with analytic function theory, we derive several key Green's functions for point force/point charge and displacement/electric potential discontinuity. Several applications of these Green's functions in the formulation of the direct Green's function BEM will be shown with numerical examples. For cracked bodies we extend Somigliana's identity and represent the crack by the continuous distribution of displacement/electric potential discontinuity. The mixed mode stress intensity factors are determined accurately with the help of the conservation integral of piezoelectricity.

BOUNDARY ELEMENT MODELING IN DEFECTS IN PIEZOELECTRICS

X.L. Xu and N. Rajakapse
(1) - Department of Civil and Geological Engineering. University of Manitoba. (2) - Department of Civil and Geological Engineering. University of Manitoba.

ABSTRACT
Due to their intrinsic electroelastic coupling behaviour, piezoelectric materials have wide applications in the field of smart (adaptive) structures. Piezoceramics are the most commonly used piezoelectric materials. The main drawback of piezoceramics is their brittleness. Fracture may occur under
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complex electromechanical service loading. Many researchers studied voids and cracks in piezoceramics using analytical methods. These analytical solutions are often restricted to some special loadings and boundary conditions. Others have employed finite element method to analyze fracture of piezoelectrics. The boundary element method has been recognized as an efficient alternative approach for complex boundary value problems. However, the development of boundary element methods for piezoelectrics and their numerical implementations are not well established when compared to numerous studies reported for elastic materials The main purposes of this study are to examine electroelastic field around cavities in piezoelectrics and further develop the technique of crack closure integral with 2-D boundary element analysis for fracture mechanics of piezoelectric materials. The development of a multi-domain boundary element code for piezoelectrics is briefly reviewed. Then the energy release rates for piezoceramics (mechanical, electrical and total) are derived explicitly in terms of boundary element nodal data (stress, displacement, electric potential and electric displacement). The size of the crack front elements is not an explicit parameter in the final expression of energy release rates. Both modes I and II cracks can be analyzed. The validity of the approach is established by comparison with analytical solutions for Mode I cracks given in literature. It is found that a small number of conventional quadratic boundary elements are sufficient for accurate calculations. Only five boundary elements are used to model the crack surface in the numerical examples.Finally the approach is applied to an edge crack problem. The influence of electric loading on strain energy release rate is investigated. The case of an arbitrarily oriented elliptical cavity in a piezoelectric plane is modeled using the boundary element code. The accuracy of the boundary element results is established by comparison with an analytical solution. It is shown that defect orientation with respect to polarization has a significant influence on critical electroelastic fields.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work is supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada grant A-6507.

DEVELOPMENT OF A BEM-FEM COUPLED ALGORITHM FOR DYNAMIC SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ANALYSIS

D. Rizos
(1) - Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska. E-mail : drizos1@unl.edu

ABSTRACT
Coupled Finite Element-Boundary Element (FE-BE) formulations for Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) analysis have gained popularity in recent years for their ability to incorporate the traveling wave effects and the infinite extends of the soil medium into traditional dynamic structural analysis models. The coupled FE-BE formulations, in general, follow three approaches. The first one is FE centered, and the Boundary Elements are treated as equivalent FE superelements. In this case the BE are assembled directly into the FE equations. The second one is BE centered, and the FE region is treated as an equivalent BE one. The corresponding FE equations are incorporated into the BE coefficient matrices. The third approach computes FE and BE solutions separately and enforces the compatibility equations along the interface between the two regions by considering the solutions of one region to serve as boundary conditions to the other. For dynamic direct time domain analysis this approach yields staggered time marching solutions. Such solutions have been reported for the scalar wave propagation analysis and fluidstructure interaction applications. In the present work a coupled FE-BE formulation is presented for 3-D elastic wave propagation and SSI analysis in the direct time domain. The Boundary Element method is used to model the soil region while the Finite Element Method models the structure. The Boundary Element formulation is based on the B-Spline fundamental solutions for the infinite 3-D elastodynamic space reported by Rizos and Karabalis. The BE solutions provide the B-Spline impulse responses of the soil region. These solutions can be assembled in a matrix form that is equivalent to time-dependent flexibility matrices of the soil. Subsequently, the displacement of the soil region to arbitrary external excitations and to the interaction forces with the structures is computed through a mere superposition of the impulse responses. A standard FE procedure along with Newmarks method provides the response of the structures to any external forces and the displacements at the soil-structure interface computed by the BE method. Consequently, the

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solution of the soil-structure system is obtained in a time marching scheme, with the BE and FE methods providing the boundary conditions to each other within each time step. The proposed BE-FE formulation presents a number of advantages. The computation of the BSpline impulse response of the soil medium, a computationally demanding task, is independent of the actual structure, and is carried out only once. The B-Spline impulse responses are of finite duration, which, in general, is much shorter than the duration of the external excitations, restraining, thus, the accumulation of numerical errors. In addition, the duration of the time step is not required to be the same for the two methods, allowing, thus, independent selection of time steps that will satisfy any stability requirements of each method. The efficiency and accuracy of the method is demonstrated through a number of examples pertaining to SSI analysis.

REFERENCES
[1] Rizos D.C. and Karabalis D.L., "A Time Domain BEM for 3-D Elastodynamic Analysis Using the B-Spline Fundamental Solutions", Computational Mechanics, 22, No1, 1998.

HP-ADAPTIVE BE MODELING OF THE HUMAN EAR CANAL ACOUSTICS

L. Demkowicz, T. Walsh and R. Charles
(1) - The Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics. E-mail : leszek@ticam.utexas.edu (2) - The Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics. E-mail : twalsh@ticam.utexas.edu (3) - University of California at San Diego Supercomputing Center. E-mail : charlesr@sdsc.ed

ABSTRACT
The paper presents an application of hp-adaptive boundary element method to modeling of acoustical wave propagation/scattering in the human ear canal. These are results of the early stages of an extensive computational study on the acoustical properties/response characteristics of the human auditory system, with the ultimate goal of furthering the understanding of the physics involved and thus advancing the hearing aid technology. The initial problem involves computing the pressure distributions around the external ear and the inlet to the ear canal. Later studies will consider the so-called middle/inner ear where the input will be the pressure impinging on the eardrum, as calculated in the present study. The geometrical complexities associated with the middle and inner ear, along with the possiblility of singular solutions in such domains, necessitates the use of adaptive finite elements. Also, reconstructing these finescale details with uniform meshes would require extraordinarily high dof counts, overwhelming even the most powerful supercomputers. Adaptive methods minimize the number of dof required to achieve a given level of accuracy, and for problems of this type, can lead to orders of magnitude savings in computational cost compared to standard regular meshes. In this study, the three-dimensional problem of the external ear is converted to an equivalent Burtn-Miller integral equation, later discretized using hp-boundary elements. The analysis is based on the steady-state pressure formulation, although future simulations of more complex auditory phenomena, including localization, and otoacoustic emmision, may necessitate transient analysis. Since most of the existing experimental data is tabulated in terms of pressure, a pressure formulation is chosen rather than the equivalent velocity or velocity/pressure ('mixed' method) formulations.

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Trends in Unstructured Mesh Generation

Scott A. Cannan, Steve J. Owen and Sunil Saigal
SESSION 1: GENERAL SESSION
Keynote : ON AUTOMATING THE GENERATION OF HEX MESHES FOR ASSEMBLY GEOMETRIES T.J. Tautges ......................................................................................................................................................................99 ON ELEMENT SHAPE MEASURES FOR MESH OPTIMIZATION P. Labbe, J. Dompierre, F. Guibault and R. Camarero....................................................................................................99 AN OPTIMIZATION-BASED APPROACH TO SIMPLICIAL MESH UNTANGLING AND IMPROVEMENT L.A. Freitag and P. Plassmann.......................................................................................................................................100 INTERVAL ASSIGNMENT FOR VOLUMES WITH HOLES J. Shepherd, S. Benzley and S. Mitchell ..........................................................................................................................101 AUTOMATIC SCHEME SELECTION FOR TOOLKIT HEX MESHING D.R. White and T.J. Tautges ...........................................................................................................................................102

SESSION 2: HEXAHEDRAL MESHING

H-MORPH: AN INDIRECT APPROACH TO ADVANCING FRONT HEX MESHING S.J. Owen and S. Saigal ..................................................................................................................................................103 INTELLIGENT LOCAL APPROACH FOR AUTOMATIC HEXAHEDRAL MESH GENERATION Y. Wada, S. Yoshimura and G. Yagawa ..........................................................................................................................104 GENERATING A MIXED MESH OF HEXAHEDRA, PENTAHEDRA AND TETRAHEDRA FROM AN UNDERLYING TETRAHEDRAL MESH S. Meshkat and D. Talmor ..............................................................................................................................................104 MULTI-BLOCK MESH EXTRUSION DRIVEN BY A GLOBALLY ELLIPTIC SYSTEM J.C. Vassberg..................................................................................................................................................................105 HEXAHEDRAL MESHING OF NON-LINEAR VOLUMES USING VORONOI FACES AND EDGES A. Sheffer, M. Etzion, A. Rappoport and M. Bercovier ...................................................................................................106 AUTOMATED HEXAHEDRAL MESH GENERATION BY GENERALIZED MULTIPLE SOURCE TO MULTIPLE TARGET SWEEPING M. Lai, S. Benzley and D.R. White..................................................................................................................................107

SESSION 3: ANISOTROPIC MESHING

HYBRID GRID GENERATION FOR TURBOMACHINERY AND AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS A. Khawaja and Y. Kallinderis .......................................................................................................................................108 ALGORITHMIC AND IMPLEMENTATION ASPECTS OF GENERATING ISOTROPIC AND ANISOTROPIC TETRAHEDRAL MESHES T.J. Baker and J.C. Vassberg..........................................................................................................................................108 GENERATION OF NON-ISOTROPIC UNSTRUCTURED GRIDS VIA DIRECTIONAL ENRICHMENT R. Lohner and J. Cebral .................................................................................................................................................109 BOUNDARY SENSITIVE MESH GENERATION USING AN OFFSETTING TECHNIQUE J. Krause and W. Fichtner ..............................................................................................................................................110 MESH QUALITY AND CONTROL IN BOUNDARY LAYER MESH GENERATION FOR VISCOUS FLOWS R.V. Garimella and M.S. Shephard.................................................................................................................................111

SESSION 4: TET MESHING

TRIANGULATION OF ARBITRARY POLYHEDRA B.K. Karamete, M.W. Beall and M.S. Shephard .............................................................................................................111 THREE DIMENSIONAL MESH GENERATION USING A DELTAHEDRAL BUILDING BLOCK FOR ANATOMICALLY ACCURATE BIOLOGICAL MODELS J.Q. Zhang and J.M. Sullivan Jr. ....................................................................................................................................112 ON THE PARALLELIZATION OF GUARANTEED-QUALITY 3D DELAUNAY MESH GENERATORS N. Chrisochoides and D. Nave........................................................................................................................................113 DYNAMIC BUBBLE SYSTEM: AN AUTOMATIC MESH GENERATION SYSTEM FOR 2D AND 3D FINITE ELEMENT MESH GENERATION IN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD COMPUTATIONS V. Cingoski, T. Yokoyama and H. Yamashita..................................................................................................................113
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BITING: ADVANCING FRONT MEETS SPHERE PACKING X.Y. Li, S.H. Teng and A. Ungor.....................................................................................................................................114 AN ALGORITHM FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL MESH GENERATION FOR ARBITRARY REGIONS WITH CRACKS J.B. Cavalcante Neto, P.A. Wawrzynek, M.T. Carvalho, L.F. Martha and A.R. Ingraffea..............................................116

SESSION 5: ADAPTIVITY / REMESHING

AN ADAPTIVE UNSTRUCTURED MESH METHOD FOR TRANSIENT FLOWS INVOLVING MOVING BOUNDARIES L.B. Bayne, O. Hassan, K. Morgan and N.P. Weatherill ................................................................................................116 MESH GENERATION AND MESH ADAPTATION BY MESH TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION T. Coupez........................................................................................................................................................................117 SURFACE REMESHING BY LOCAL HERMITE DIFFUSE INTERPOLATION A. Rassineux, J.M. Savignat, O. Stab and P. Villon ........................................................................................................118 LONGEST-EDGE ALGORITHMS: NON-DEGENERACY PROPERTIES IN 3 DIMENSIONS M.C. Rivara and A. Plaza...............................................................................................................................................119 SPECIFIC FEATURES OF FE-MESHES USED IN LAGRANGE FORMULATION FOR THE ANALYSIS OF METAL FORMING PROCESSES E. Doege and J. Meinen..................................................................................................................................................120 MESH GENERATION FOR HP-TYPE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF PLATES S.M. Holzer.....................................................................................................................................................................120

SESSION 6: SURFACE MESHING

AUTOMATED GENERATION OF F.E.A. MODELS THROUGH IDEALIZATION OPERATORS L. Fine, L. Remondini and J.C. Leon ..............................................................................................................................121 EDGE RECOVERY METHOD ON AN EXISTING SURFACE MESH FOR BOUNDARY LAYER MESHING B.K. Karamete, R.V. Garimella and M.S. Shephard .......................................................................................................122 EXTENDING METRIC-BASED SURFACE MESHING TO G1-CONNECTED PATCH COMPLEXES J. Peters..........................................................................................................................................................................123 ABOUT PARAMETRIC SURFACE MESHING H. Borouchaki, P. Laug and P.L. George .......................................................................................................................124 ADAPTATION OF CAD SURFACE MESHES TO A MAP OF SIZES THROUGH THE IGATOMM CONCEPT F. Noel............................................................................................................................................................................125 A RESULTANT-BASED ALGORITHM FOR RAY INTERSECTION S.A. Vavasis ....................................................................................................................................................................125

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Keynote : ON AUTOMATING THE GENERATION OF HEX MESHES FOR ASSEMBLY GEOMETRIES

T.J. Tautges
(1) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : tjtautg@sandia.gov

ABSTRACT
The finite element method is being used today to model component assemblies in a wide variety of application areas, including mechanical components, fluid simulations, and others. Generating hexahedral meshes for these assemblies usually requires the use of geometry decomposition, with different meshing algorithms applied to different regions. While the primary motivation for this approach remains the lack of an automatic, reliable all-hexahedral meshing algorithm, requirements in mesh quality and mesh configuration for typical analyses are also factors. For these reasons, this approach is also sometimes required when producing other types of unstructured meshes. This paper will review progress to date in automating many parts of the hex meshing process, which has halved the time to produce all-hex meshes for large assemblies. Particular issues which have been exposed due to this progress will also be discussed, along with their applicability to the general unstructured meshing problem. Finally, issues in the automation and parameterization of these meshes will be discussed.

ON ELEMENT SHAPE MEASURES FOR MESH OPTIMIZATION

P. Labbe, J. Dompierre, F. Guibault and R. Camarero
(2) - Centre de Recherche en Calcul Appliqu (CERCA). E-mail : julien@cerca.umontreal.ca (3) - Centre de recherche en calcul appliqu (CERCA). E-mail : francois@cerca.umontreal.ca (4) - Dpartement de gnie mcanique. cole Polytechnique de Montral. E-mail : ricardo@cerca.umontreal.ca

ABSTRACT
Shape measures are needed during mesh optimization to quantify the element regularity. The purpose of this paper is first to examine several shape measures for triangles and tetrahedra. It is then proved that they are all equivalent, which means that they are all as good, in the context of mesh optimization. In a third part, shape measures are derived for quadrangles, prisms and hexahedra. A simplex is a triangle in 2-D and a tetrahedron in 3-D. A simplex is regular if all its edges have the same length. A simplex is degenerate if its vertices are collinear in 2-D and collinear or coplanar in 3D. There are so many tetrahedron shape measures in the literature [1] that we "suggest" the following global definition, introduced in [2]: DEFINITION 1: A simplex shape measure is a continuous function that evaluates the quality of a simplex. It must be invariant under translation, rotation, reflection and uniform scaling of the simplex. It must be maximum for the regular simplex and it must be minimum for a degenerate simplex. For the ease of comparison, it should be scaled to the interval [0, 1], and be 1 for the regular simplex and 0 for a degenerate simplex. In this paper, we analyze and give a precise definition of a few shape criteria including radius ratio, mean ratio, minimum of the solid angles and inverse of the interpolation error. It is shown that the edge length ratio and the dihedral angle are not valid shape measures in the sense of Def. 1. Shape criteria are written using only the length of the edges of the simplex. In fact, a simplex is completely characterized by the length of its edges and all characteristics (area, volume, inradius, circumradius) can be rewritten in terms of edge lengths. Furthermore, shape measures of triangles are visualized by using 2-D graphs, as suggested in [3]. In the context of mesh optimization, there are only minor consequences of using one shape criterion or another. This is proved through the notion of measure equivalence, following Liu and Joe [2].

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DEFINITION 2: Let u and v be two different simplex shape measures with values in interval [0,1]. u and v are equivalent if there exist positive constants C0, C1, E0 and E1 such that C0*pow(u,E0) <= v <= C1*pow(u,E1). A sketch of the proof of the conjecture presented in [4] is provided: THEOREM: All simplex shape measures that satisfy Definition 1 are equivalent in the sense of Definition 2. This equivalence between simplex shape measures implies that if one of these simplex shape measures approaches zero, which indicates a poorly-shaped simplex, then so do the others. Conversely, if one of these simplex shape measures approaches unity, then so do the others. This theorem implies that any shape measure can be used for steering a mesh optimization process. This is verified on a 2-D testcase: the same mesh optimizer gives the same optimal mesh by using different triangle shape measures. Finally, these shape measures are extended to non simplicial elements: the quadrilateral element in 2-D, the prism and the hexahedron in 3-D. A non simplicial element is regular if its surface is minimum for a given volume. The shape measure of a non simplicial element is defined by the minimum of the shape measure of the simplexes originating from each of the vertices of the non simplicial element. This value is scaled in order to satisfy Def. 1 for a regular element.

REFERENCES
[1] V. N. Parthasarathy, C. M. Graichen and A. F. Hathaway, "A Comparison of Tetrahedron Quality Measures", Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Vol. 15, pp. 255-261, 1993. [2] A. Liu and B. Joe, "Relationship between Tetrahedron Shape Measures", Bit, Vol. 34, pp. 268-287, 1994. [3] M.-G. Vallet, "Generation de maillages elements finis anisotropes et adaptatifs", Ph.D. Thesis. Universit Pierre et Marie Curie, France, 1992. [4] J. Dompierre , P. Labbe , F. Guibault and R. Camarero , "Proposal of Benchmarks for 3D Unstructured Tetrahedral Mesh Optimization", 7th International Meshing Roundtable, Dearborn, MI, pp. 459-478, October 1998.

AN OPTIMIZATION-BASED APPROACH TO SIMPLICIAL MESH UNTANGLING AND IMPROVEMENT

L.A. Freitag and P. Plassmann
(1) - Math. and Comp. Science Division. Argonne National Laboratory. E-mail : freitag@mcs.anl.gov (2) - Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering. Pennsylvania State University. E-mail : plassman@cse.psu.edu

ABSTRACT
We describe a local optimization-based approach for both removing invalid or inverted elements from a simplicial mesh and for subsequently improving those elements. In this method, the position of an individual vertex is adjusted to obtain improvement in a neighborhood around that vertex. Some number of sweeps over the adjustable vertices are performed to achieve overall improvement in the mesh. This approach has been used to improve the elements of a local submesh, e.g. [1], and in this talk we focus on the modifications necessary for mesh untangling. The general operation for the optimization-based approach to mesh untangling is given by x_new = Untangle(x, V, V, conn(V)) where x_new is the proposed new position of v, |V| is the number of adjacent vertices, and conn(V) is the adjacent vertex connectivity information. Ideally, x_new will either untangle the local submesh, or improve the local submesh in such a way that it can be untangled in a succeeding sweep through the mesh. The action of the operator Untangle can take a variety of forms ranging from heuristic procedures such as Laplacian smoothing to optimization techniques that directly improve mesh quality as measured by a particular metric such as minimum angle in the mesh. We show that the quality metrics commonly used for mesh improvement are not suitable for mesh untangling because they cannot be guaranteed to converge for an invalid mesh. Instead we use a formulation based on minimum element area (volume in 3D) which is not ideal for mesh improvement but is suitable for mesh untangling. Because this function is linear in x_new, we formulate the untangling problem as a linear program which is solved using the simplex method. We give the conditions for which

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this technique can be guaranteed to converge, and show cases for which this technique succeeds when heuristic approaches, such as Laplacian smoothing, fail. We present typical results in both two and three dimensions that show the effectiveness of this approach for mesh untangling. We show that increasing the amount of overlap a tangled element has with neighboring elements significantly increases the number of untangling passes required to create a valid mesh. In contrast, increasing the number of inverted elements has no effect on the number of sweeps required to untangle the mesh.

REFERENCES
[1] Lori Freitag and Carl Ollivier-Gooch, "Tetrahedral mesh improvement using swapping and smoothing", International Journal of Numerical Methods in Engineering, 40, 1997.

INTERVAL ASSIGNMENT FOR VOLUMES WITH HOLES

J. Shepherd, S. Benzley and S. Mitchell
(1) - Civil and Environmental Engineering Department. E-mail : shepjas@et.byu.edu (2) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. Brigham Young University. E-mail : seb@byu.edu (3) - Parallel Computing Sciences Dept. Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : samitch@sandia.gov

ABSTRACT
Surface meshing algorithms require certain relationships between the number of mesh edges (intervals) on the curves bounding a surface. For example, mapping requires that the number of intervals on opposite sets of curves be equal. Assigning the number of intervals to all of the curves in the model such that all relationships are satisfied is called interval assignment. Volume meshing algorithms also require certain relationships between numbers of intervals that are not always captured by the surface meshing requirements. For example, sweeping a cylindrical shell requires that the numbers of intervals between the top and bottom annuluses are the same for the inner and outer cylinder walls. This paper presents a new technique for automatically identifying volume constraints. Volume constraints are grouped with surface constraints and are solved simultaneously. This technique reduces the amount of user time required to mesh models composed of sweepable volumes with holes; previously a user often had to manually identify constraints and set intervals before these volumes would successfully mesh. A sweepable volume has source, target, and linking surfaces. Each maximal edge-connected set of linking surfaces defines a blind-hole, a through-hole, or the outer shell of the volume. Note the outer shell is topologically equivalent to a through-hole. Within a linking set, nothing special needs to be done for the volume because the numbers of intervals between source and target surfaces are already favorably constrained by the surface mapping constraints. However, between two linking sets the numbers of intervals need to be explicitly constrained for the volume. The algorithm described in this paper uses graph algorithms to identify linking sets, and determine if they correspond to through-holes or blind-holes. For blind-holes, the algorithm generates constraints that prevent the hole from being too deep in interval parameter space and penetrating opposite target surfaces. Each source/target surface has a variable representing its level in the sweep. For each linking set, the adjoining source and target surfaces are partially ordered by the structure of the linking set. Representative chains of curves capture this partial ordering; the level of a surface at the end of a chain must be equal to the level of the surface at the beginning of the chain plus the number of intervals assigned to the chain. We find a small set of representative paths for each linking set; all source/targets pairs do not generate a path. The representative paths for all linking sets are gathered and distilled by Gaussian elimination into a small set of constraints. Interval assignment has other considerations besides meshing scheme constraints: a user sets the number of intervals on individual curves, and designates them as hard-set (cannot be modified) or soft-set (merely a goal). Note that in some cases there is no interval assignment solution. The interval assignment constraints and goals are solved by a series of (integer) linear programs. The resulting numbers of intervals are assigned to each curve in the model, and subsequently meshing the surfaces and volumes will not change these numbers.

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AUTOMATIC SCHEME SELECTION FOR TOOLKIT HEX MESHING

D.R. White and T.J. Tautges
(1) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : drwhite@sandia.gov (2) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : tjtautg@sandia.gov

ABSTRACT
In the absence of a single hex meshing algorithm, the toolkit-based approach of meshing solid models has become mainstream. New volume meshing tools such as multi-sweep and submapping are being combined with traditional sweeping, mapping and primitive meshing to produce automated meshing. This paper presents another tool for further automation. It presents a method for automatically selecting schemes for meshing. The algorithm relies on geometric characteristics but is also heavily dependent on the types and variety of tools existing in the CUBIT toolkit. Within automatic scheme selection, two algorithms in this paper will be detailed. First an algorithm for finding sweepable volumes, called 'automatic sweep detection', is described. This algorithm uses the surface schemes to form several loops of chained side surfaces. Through the existence of these loops, and proper traversal thereof, a volume can be determined sweepable. Additionally, the source and target surfaces for the sweep fall out automatically in this algorithm, further reducing user input. Second, a method for grouping and ordering sweepable volumes for meshing is also presented. Often, a complicated assembly of parts is decomposed into several groups of non-manifold volumes. While each of the volumes can be easily meshed alone, meshing the collection often requires serial ordering. Sweep grouping finds the order, if one exists, for each collection of volumes to be meshed. The automatic scheme selection algorithm in CUBIT has been used to reduce meshing time. In one example, a Neutron Generator Ion Target (Figure 1) at Sandia National Laboratories was decomposed initially from 67 initial parts to 243 volumes. Automatic scheme selection was used and returned 21 volumes that could not be meshed, reducing the users problem scope from 243 down to 21.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Sandia National Laboratories is operated for the U.S. DOE under contract No. DE-AL04-94AL8500. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the U.S. DOE.

H-MORPH: AN INDIRECT APPROACH TO ADVANCING FRONT HEX MESHING

S.J. Owen and S. Saigal
(1) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. Carnegie Mellon University. E-mail : steve.owen@ansys.com (2) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. Carnegie Mellon University. E-mail : saigal+@cmu.edu

ABSTRACT
H-Morph is a new automatic algorithm for the generation of a hexahedral-dominant finite element mesh for arbitrary volumes. As an extension of the ideas initially introduced in the Q-Morph algorithm [1] for quadrilateral surface meshing, the H-Morph method starts with an initial tetrahedral mesh and systematically transforms and combines tetrahedra into hexahedra. Input to the algorithm is a set of quadrilateral surface facets. The quad facets are first split into triangles and sent to a tetrahedral mesh generator. H-Morph is an advancing front method where the initial front consists of the quadrilateral surface facets, and where each quadrilateral is associated with two triangle faces of the internal tetrahedral mesh. Fronts are individually processed by recovering each of the six quadrilateral faces of a hexahedron from the tetrahedral mesh. Recovery techniques similar to those used in boundary constrained Delaunay mesh generation [2] are used. Tetrahedra internal to the six hexahedral faces are then removed and a hexahedron is formed. A state-machine approach similar to that used by plastering [3], a direct
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advancing front hex meshing algorithm, is used to determine the priority for processing fronts. The procedure continues until no tetrahedra remain within the volume, or tetrahedra remain which cannot be transformed or combined into valid hexahedral elements. Any remaining tetrahedra are typically towards the interior of the volume, generally a less critical region for analysis. Transition from tetrahedra to hexahedra in the final mesh is accomplished through pyramid shaped elements [4]. Several advantages of the proposed algorithm over existing methods will be illustrated. Some of these advantages include: (1) its ability to conform to an existing surface mesh; (2) costly surface intersection calculations needed when using a direct advancing front method are eliminated; and (3) at any time during the procedure, a valid mixed tetrahedra-hexahedra mesh is defined. The proposed method has been implemented and successfully tested on a limited number of cases. Example test cases and performance will be presented.

REFERENCES
[1] Owen, Steven J., Matthew L. Staten, Scott A. Canann and Sunil Saigal "Q-Morph: An Indirect Approach to Advancing Front Quad Meshing", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering. Vol 44. No. 9 (1999) 1317-1340 [2] George, P. L., F. Hecht and E. Saltel, "Automatic Mesh Generator With Specified Boundary", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 92 (1991) 269-288 [3] Hipp, Jim and Randy Lober "Plastering: Automated All-Hexahedral Mesh Generation Through Connectivity Resolution", Proceedings, 3rd International Meshing Roundtable (1994) [4] Owen, Steven J., Scott A. Canann and Sunil Saigal, "Pyramid Elements for Maintaining Tetrahedra to Hexahedra Conformability", Trends in Unstructured Mesh Generation, AMD-Vol. 220 (1997) 123-129

INTELLIGENT LOCAL APPROACH FOR AUTOMATIC HEXAHEDRAL MESH GENERATION

Y. Wada, S. Yoshimura and G. Yagawa
(1) - School of Engineering..University of Tokyo. E-mail : wada@garlic.q.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp (2) - Dept. of Quantum Engineering and Systems Science. The University of Tokyo. E-mail : yoshi@garlic.q.t.utokyo.ac.jp (3) - Dept. of Quantum Engineering and Systems Science. University of Tokyo. E-mail : yagawa@q.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

ABSTRACT
Unstructured mesh generation for the FEM is in general a very labor-intensive and timeconsuming process. Recently, the portion of the mesh generation process in the analysis increases, because the model of analysis tends to become very complex and the complexity of mesh also increases. Quadrilateral elements and hexahedral elements, the automatic generation of which is still an open problem, are strongly demanded for some problems. This is because these elements are more suitable to strongly nonlinear problems than triangular and tetrahedral elements, and large aspect ratio elements are usable. Some hexahedral mesh generation method such as Paving and Plastering method [1-2], Whisker Weaving[3] and HEXAR [4] have been developed. However, these methods sometimes fail to generate meshes and cannot control element size and aspect ratio as human does manually. An automated mesh generation method named Intelligent Local Approach (ILA)[5], which can control both size and aspect ratio of hexahedral element, will be presented. To efficiently deal with the complicated geometrical constraints for high quality hexahedral elements, a fuzzy knowledge processing technique is effectively utilized. ILA is applied to mechanical parts and CFD model. In the present paper performances of ILA are demonstrated and discussed in detail.

REFERENCES
[1] T.D. Blacker, M. B. Stephenson and S. Canann, "Analysis automation with paving: A new quadrilateral meshing technique", Advances in Engineering Software, Elsevier, Vol.56, Number 13, pp.332-337, (1991) [2] T.D. Blacker and Meyers R.J., "Seams and Wedges in Plastering : A 3D Hexahedral Mesh Generation Algorithm", Eng. with Comp., Vol.2, Number 9, pp.83-93, (1993) [3] T.J. Tautges, T. D. Blacker and S. A. Mitchell, "The Whisker Weaving Algorithm: A Connectivity-Based Method for Constructing All-Hexahedral Finite Element Meshes", Int. Journal for Num. Methods in Eng., Vol 39, pp.3327-3349, (1996)

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[4] N. Kimura, Y. Mochizuki and K. Mikami, "The HEXAR System as a Software Tool Designed for Automatic, All Hexahedral, Boundary-Fitted Unstructured Grid Generation", Proceedings of JSCES Annual Conference, Vol.1, pp.683-686, (1996) (in Japanese). [5] S. Yoshimura , Y. Wada and G. Yagawa , "Automatc Mesh Generation of Quadrilateral Elements using Intelligent Local Approach", Computer Methods in Applied Mechnics and Engineering, in print.

GENERATING A MIXED MESH OF HEXAHEDRA, PENTAHEDRA AND TETRAHEDRA FROM AN UNDERLYING TETRAHEDRAL MESH
S. Meshkat and D. Talmor
(1) - LMS CADSI. E-mail : tdafna@cs.cmu.edu (2) - LMS CADSI. E-mail : tdafna@cs.cmu.edu

ABSTRACT
The decomposition of an arbitrary polyhedral domain into tetrahedra is currently more tractable than its decomposition into hexahedra. However, for some engineering applications, a mesh composed of hexahedra, or even a mixture of hexahedra, pentahedra and tetrahedra, is preferable. One such application is the p-type finite element method, where the total number of elements should be as small as possible. We show in this paper, that given a tetrahedral decomposition, some of the tetrahedra can be efficiently combined into hexahedra and pentahedra. The basis of the method is a classification, using a generalized graph representation, of all possible tetrahedral decompositions of pentahedra and hexahedra. We then present a tetrahedral merge algorithm that utilizes this result to search for the sub-graphs of hexahedra and pentahedra in a tetrahedral mesh. The problem of finding an optimal solution is NPcomplete. We present heuristics to maximize the number of hexahedra and pentahedra, given a reasonable amount of computation time. The algorithm has been implemented in the PolyFEM mesher. We'll presents examples showing the typical merge success of the algorithm.

MULTI-BLOCK MESH EXTRUSION DRIVEN BY A GLOBALLY ELLIPTIC SYSTEM

J.C. Vassberg
(1) - Geometricon, LLC and Hydro-Aero Consulting Group. E-mail : jcv@hydroaero.com

ABSTRACT
The application of nonlinear computational methods typically require that a mesh be generated throughout the domain of interest. For consideration to the accuracy of the computed solution, the boundaries of these meshes are usually required to be body conforming, clustered in regions of high gradients and adhere to acceptable limits on skewness, aspect-ratio, etc. In two dimensions, these qualities can be maintained through use of conformal transformations. However in three dimensions, the utilization of conformal transformations is limited to planar cross sections of the domain. Over the past 15 years, several techniques have been developed which address the generation of structured grids for three-dimensional problems. These include elliptic equations[1], trans-finite interpolation and marching schemes based on either hyperbolic[2] or locally-elliptic equations. Yet to mesh even a semi-complex domain, some level of unstructured coarse-grain decomposition is usually required, whether it be point match, zonal or over-set regions. Fully unstructured-mesh techniques have dramatically streamlined the grid-generation process[3], especially for complex geometrical cases. Unfortunately, not all problems are conducive to employing an unstructured mesh.

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Generating a volume mesh using stencil-based elliptic equations or trans-finite interpolation requires that the user first define a surface mesh on all six boundaries of each block. While these "fill-in" techniques are fairly robust, the quality of the resulting mesh depends on the nature of the user-generated surface grids at the block boundaries. Additionally, this process is very time consuming by the shear number of surface meshes the user must manually generate. The prospect of extruding a mesh from one boundary outward was first achieved through use of hyperbolic equations, then later refined with locally-elliptic smoothing. Due to the nature of these techniques, the advancing front is driven only by the mesh behind it and oblivious to possibly pertinent information about the domain ahead of it. As a result, these methods are generally not as robust as the "fill-in" techniques. The present work develops a 3-D extrusion technique based on a globally elliptic system which encodes all of the information about the domain boundaries in such a manner that the advancing front is equally cognizant of the domain ahead of it as it is of that behind it. The quality of the resulting volume mesh rivals that of two-dimensional meshes based on conformal mappings.

REFERENCES
[1] J.F.Thompson, Z.U.A.Warsi and C.W.Mastin, "Numerical Grid Generation, Foundations and Applications", North-Holland, New York, 1985. [2] J.Q.Cordova and T.J.Barth, "Grid Generation for General 2-D Regions Using Hyperbolic Equations", AIAA Paper 88-0520, January 1988. [3] T.J.Baker and J.C.Vassberg, "Tetrahedral Mesh Generation and Optimization", Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Numerical Grid Generation, (ed. M.Cross), Greenwich, UK, July 1998, pp 337-349

HEXAHEDRAL MESHING OF NON-LINEAR VOLUMES USING VORONOI FACES AND EDGES

A. Sheffer, M. Etzion, A. Rappoport and M. Bercovier
(1) - Institute of Computer Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. E-mail : sheffa@cs.huji.ac.il (2) - The Institute of Computer Science. Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem. E-mail : michals@cs.huji.ac.il (3) - Institute of Computer Science. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. E-mail : arir@cs.huji.ac.il

ABSTRACT
In our recent work a new approach for automatic hexahedral meshing was presented [2]. The presented algorithm decomposes the object into simple parts based on the Embedded Voronoi Graph (EVG) [1]. The EVG contains the complete symbolic information of the Voronoi diagram (or the medial axis) of the object, and a tolerance based geometric approximation to the real geometry. The EVG is used for decomposing the object, with the guiding principle that resulting sub-volumes are sweepable. Subvolumes are meshed independently, and the resulting meshes are easily combined and smoothed to yield the final mesh. This approach possesses several advantages: - the algorithm for computing the EVG is provenly correct, stable and easy to implement; - the approach is well defined and valid on shapes of any geometry, including shapes whose medial axis is degenerate; - the decomposition is order independent and prevents intersections between decomposition surfaces; - the number of sub-volumes generated is not large since every sub-volume contains a different Voronoi face; - since the directions and entities involved in each decomposition are defined by the medial axis, there are no intersection computations; - since a decomposition is used, as opposed to template, there is only a minimal need for medial axis geometry; and - mesh quality seems high since the decomposition avoids generation of sharp angles, and sweep and other basic methods are used to mesh the sub-volumes. The algorithm as presented in [2] is not complete. First, while it is shown that most of the subvolumes resulting from the decomposition are sweepable or hexahedral, some sub-volumes that result
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from decomposing along one or more Voronoi edges might be not meshable by the available basic algorithms. Second, though a general explanation is given on handling non-polyhedral volumes, it was not fully defined or implemented . In this work the algorithm is developed further, to address the issues unresolved in the previous publication. The decomposition algorithm is expanded to further decompose the problematic sub-volumes mentioned above. The purpose of the decomposition is to create sub-volumes sweepable along previously unaddressed medial edges. The EVG computation and analysis are expanded to non-linear objects, enabling the meshing of non-polyhedral volumes. The algorithm is demonstrated on several real life examples.

REFERENCES
[1] M. Etzion , A. Rappoport , "Computing Voronoi Skeletons of a 3-D Polyhedron by Space Subdivision", Technical Report TR-8-97, Institute of Computer Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1997. [2] A. Sheffer , M. Ezion, A. Rappoport , M. Bercovier "Hexahedral Mesh Generation using the Embedded Voronoi Graph", Proc. 7th International Meshing Roundtable, Dearborn, USA, October 26-28, 1998. Accepted to 'Engineering with Computers'.

AUTOMATED HEXAHEDRAL MESH GENERATION BY GENERALIZED MULTIPLE SOURCE TO MULTIPLE TARGET SWEEPING
M. Lai, S. Benzley and D.R. White
(1) - Civil Engineering. Brigham Young University. E-mail : mingwul@et.byu.edu (2) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. Brigham Young University. E-mail : seb@byu.edu (3) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : drwhite@sandia.gov

ABSTRACT
Traditional sweeping techniques create all hexahedral finite element meshes by projecting an existing single surface mesh along a specified trajectory to a specified single target surface. This technique has proven to be one of the most efficient and robust methods for generating all hexahedral meshes on the subset of volumes that are defined by a source and target surfaces linked by a continuous sidewall. This paper presents an extension to this traditional sweeping technique by accommodating multiple unconnected source and target surfaces. The new algorithm is based on the extensive use of Boolean operations to define segments of target surfaces that must be imprinted on related source surfaces. Within the algorithm the source, target, and linking surfaces are first identified. Next the linking surfaces are all meshed with either a mapping or submapping procedure. This linking surface mesh is then used to classify all source and target surfaces with an identifying layer. The source surfaces are then imprinted with segments of their related target surfaces. This imprinting process is the crucial component of the algorithm. Our complete paper specifies the four basic conditions that lead to proper imprint operations. After the imprinting operations are completed, some or all of the source surfaces may have been redefined with additional internal (i.e. imprinted) edges. These source surfaces are now easily meshed with a paving technique. With the source surfaces meshed, the sweeping process can commence. This process begins at the uppermost source surface(s). When target surfaces are encountered, the nodes are divided into two groups, one group being the nodes that will lie on the target surface and the other group consisting of the remaining nodes that will continue in the sweep direction until another target in encountered. When all targets have been reached, the process is complete. The major features of this process include 1) the generation of all hexahedral finite elements on solids that consist of multiple source and target surfaces that allow single axis sweeping, 2) the use of Boolean operations to accommodate a virtual decomposition of the body, and 3) the maintenance of the original mathematical representation of the solid. Numerous examples of meshed objects are provided in the complete paper to show the versatility of technique.

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HYBRID GRID GENERATION FOR TURBOMACHINERY AND AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS

A. Khawaja and Y. Kallinderis
(1) - Dept. of Aerospace Engineering. The University of Texas at Austin. E-mail : aly@acelab.ae.utexas.edu (2) - Dept. of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mech. University of Texas. E-mail : kallind@mail.utexas.edu

ABSTRACT
A hybrid prismatic/tetrahedral grid generation method is described and applied to complex turbomachinery and aerospace geometries. The high aspect ratio prisms cover the region close to each body's surface for good resolution of viscous gradients, while tetrahedra tessellate the rest of the domain. An adaptive prismatic grid redistribution scheme is used to better resolve boundary layers. The work introduces the concepts of multi-zone mesh generation and local variation of the number of prismatic layers (unstructured prism generation). Both these ideas are aimed to allow different levels of grid resolution within the same geometry and to treat disparate geometric length scales. The grid generator is tested with various complex geometriesand the resulting hybrid meshes are presented. The applicability of the adaptive hybrid grid generator over the wide range of geometries with minimal user interaction demonstrates the robustness and universality of the method. The validity of the generated grids is tested via turbulent flow simulations.

ALGORITHMIC AND IMPLEMENTATION ASPECTS OF GENERATING ISOTROPIC AND ANISOTROPIC TETRAHEDRAL MESHES
T.J. Baker and J.C. Vassberg
(1) - Dept. of Mech. and Aerospace Engineering. Princeton University. E-mail : baker@tornado.princeton.edu (2) - Geometricon, LLC and Hydro-Aero Consulting Group. E-mail : jcv@hydroaero.com

ABSTRACT
The tetrahedral mesh generator GTO (Generation of Tetrahedra and Optimization) exploits a Delaunay triangulation technique, edge/face swapping procedures to reconstruct the boundary surface, and a combination of circum-center point insertion plus mesh optimization to create meshes whose tetrahedral elements display a consistently high quality [1]. OTO is now a key component in Pointwise's software Gridgen and has been ported to several different Unix platforms as well as NT windows. The mesh generator has proved to be robust and versatile. In this paper we will discuss a number of aspects whose resolution and implementation have significantly improved the flexibility and capability of the OTO mesh generator. These include: 1) A priori mesh size estimates. We will describe an algorithm to estimate the mesh size and hence memory allocation required when computing a volume mesh of tetrahedra for a given boundary surface triangulation. These estimates enable one to implement dynamic memory allocation in an efficient manner by significantly reducing the number of calls for further memory allocation. 2) Non-manifold boundary surfaces. The presence of membrane surfaces (triangular facets that represent internal barriers having mesh tetrahedra on both sides), and also the possibility of multiple components joining at common edges or vertices, complicates the data structure requirements for manipulating the boundary triangulation. A linked list data structure has been implemented to store and manipulate these more general boundary components in an efficient manner. 3) Anisotropic meshing. For many problems the presence of singular features such as shockwaves, boundary layers and cracks requires a mesh that is highly stretched in a particular direction. Although there is still some controversy about the stability and accuracy of finite element computations with highly stretched tetrahedra, we believe that tetrahedral meshes are very satisfactory for many applications exhibiting anisotropy provided there are no large angles. To achieve a good quality stretched mesh that avoids large dihedral angles, we combine a point placement strategy in physical space with an affine transformation of the metric used for the Delaunay in-sphere test. The placement of points in physical space at locations normal to the boundary of the singularity allows one to maintain precise
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control over the position of the mesh nodes. On the other hand, the use of a modified metric in the Delaunay test ensures good connectivity with a layered arrangement of tetrahedra in the region of anisotropy. The paper will discuss these various aspects in detail and present a number of examples to demonstrate their implementation in the GTO software.

REFERENCES
[1] T.J.Baker and J.C.Vassberg, "Tetrahedral Mesh Generation and Optimization" ,Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Numerical Grid Generation, (ed. M.Cross et al.), Greenwich, UK, July 1998, pp 337-349

GENERATION OF NON-ISOTROPIC UNSTRUCTURED GRIDS VIA DIRECTIONAL ENRICHMENT

R. Lohner and J. Cebral
(1) - Inst. for Comp. Sciences & Informatics. George Mason University. E-mail : rlohner@science.gmu.edu (2) - Lab for Computational Fluid Dynamics. George Mason University. E-mail : jcebral@science.gmu.edu

ABSTRACT
The generation of isotropic unstructured grids has reached a fairly mature state, as evidenced by the many publications that have appeared over the last decade on this subject and the widespread use of unstructured grids in industry. The two most widely used techniques are the advancing front technique and the Delaunay triangulation. Hybrid schemes, that combine an advancing front point placement with the Delaunay reconnection have also been used successfully. These isotropic mesh generation techniques tend to fail when attempting to generate highly stretched elements, a key requirement for Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) calculations with turbulence models that reach into the sublayer. A number of specialized schemes have been proposed to remedy this situation. The domain to be gridded was divided into isotropic and stretched element regions. In addition, a blending procedure to transition smoothly between these zones was provided. Typically, the stretched mesh region was generated first. Although we have used such an "advancing layers" scheme for a number of years, we have found several situations in which the requirement of a semi - structured element or point placement close to wetted surfaces is impossible. This is especially the case for points with multiple surface normals, implying that either special procedures have to be invoked or the construction of a grid with non-negative elements is impossible. In view of these difficulties, which tend to surface as the level of geometrical complexity increases, a new procedure was developed, which may be summarized as follows: - Generate an isotropic mesh; this can be done with any unstructured grid generator; - Remove all points in regions where stretched elements are to be generated; - Using a constrained Delaunay technique, introduce points in order to generate highly stretched elements; - Introduce the points in ascending level of stretching, i.e. from the domain interior to the boundary. This procedure has the following advantages: - No surface recovery is required for the Delaunay reconnection, eliminating the most problematic part of this technique; - Proper meshing of concave ridges/corners is obtained; - The meshing of concave ridges/corners requires no extra work; - Meshing problems due to surface curvature are minimized; - In principle, no CAD representation of the surface is required; and - It guarantees a final mesh, an essential requirement for automation. The disadvantages are the following: - As with any Delaunay technique, the mesh quality is extremely sensitive to point placement. This new RANS gridding technique has been operational for the last year, and has been used for a number of complex geometries. The present paper reports on improvements and extensions that have been incorporated over the last year. These recent developments have significantly improved the quality of grids generated, as well as the range of applicability of the technique.

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BOUNDARY SENSITIVE MESH GENERATION USING AN OFFSETTING TECHNIQUE

J. Krause and W. Fichtner
(1) - Integrated Systems Laboratory. ETH Zurich. E-mail : jens.krause@iis.ee.ethz.ch (2) - Integrated Systems Laboratory. ETH-Zentrum. E-mail : fw@iis.ee.ethz.ch

ABSTRACT
In the simulation of semiconductor processes and devices it can be necessary to generate surface parallel meshes. One important examples is electron current flow along the silicon surface underneath a gate. It is desired beneficial in terms of accuracy to have rather long mesh edges parallel and rather small edges orthogonal to those currents. For most of the devices quadtree techniques have been used with big success [1]. If the interface is not axis aligned an quadtree based approach does not generate meshes of this quality, resulting in a larger numerical error. We present here a modified advancing front generator, that inserts surface parallel mesh lines; the interior of the region is filled with layers of nearly rectangular quadrilaterals, and not triangles as in conventional advancing front generators. Here we follow references [2] and [3], but we use a different point location scheme, in that sense that the opposite face of the quadrilateral is kept parallel if possible. At each layer the marching distance is increased by a coarsening factor; refinement is therefore controlled by the initial marching distance and the coarsening factor. A maximum edge length is guaranteed. As it turns out the final mesh quality depends on the initial boundary discretization. Especially at areas of high curvature a fine grid is necessary. The generation of offsetting layers stops when the front intersects itself and the remaining polygon is triangulated. As a final step the mesh is converted to a Delaunay conforming mesh by swapping edges and inserting points. In this algorithm a set of edges is restricted from being swapped; beside the interface edges these are the parallel edges in the offsetting process. The implementation in two dimensions has been tested successfully in device simulations. In order to resolve internally boundary layers, e.g. steep doping gradients in a process simulation we can incorporate an appropriate set of isolines into the initial front.

REFERENCES
[1] G. Garreton, "A Hybrid Approach to 2D and 3D Mesh Generation for Semiconductor Device Simulation", PhD thesis, Integrated Systems Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 1999 [2] B.P. Johnston, J.M. Sullivan, "Fully Automatic two dimensional mesh generation using normal offsetting", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 1992, Vol. 33, 425 - 442 [3] T.D. Blacker, M.B. Stephenson , "Paving: A New Approach to Automated Quadrilateral Mesh Generation", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 1991, Vol. 32, 811 - 847

MESH QUALITY AND CONTROL IN BOUNDARY LAYER MESH GENERATION FOR VISCOUS FLOWS
R.V. Garimella and M.S. Shephard
(1) - SCOREC. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. E-mail : garimell@scorec.rpi.edu (2) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. Brigham Young University. E-mail : shepjas@gere.et.byu.edu

ABSTRACT
Simulation of viscous flows exhibits strong directionality of gradients. To capture the solution characteristics of these flows with a manageable number of elements, anisotropic meshes are needed in boundary layers and free shear layers. These simulations also require careful control over the sizes, gradation, anisotropy and quality of elements in the mesh.
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The Generalized Advancing Layers Method has been developed as a mesh generation technique providing such control for the generation of boundary layer meshes. In addition, the mesh generator is designed to reliably generate boundary layer mesh for large, arbitrarily complex, non-manifold domains. The procedure starts from a surface mesh and constructs highly stretched anisotropic meshes next to surfaces expected to carry boundary layers. The rest of the domain is filled with an isotropic mesh created by a general mesh generator. The Generalized Advancing Layers Method, in conjunction with the surface mesh generator, the volume mesh generator and mesh optimization techniques, is able to create multimillion element meshes with good control of meshes. The paper focuses on the constructs and techniques for mesh control for boundary layer mesh generation. The issues of validity assurance using concepts of multiple growth curves and topological compatibility checks are discussed. Concepts of blend elements to inherently improve mesh quality are described. Various techniques for a-priori and a-posteriori mesh quality improvement in the boundary layer mesh are also dealt with. The paper discusses issues that arise in combining a highly anisotropic boundary layer mesh with an isotropic mesh. In particular, techniques for shielding the stretched faces of the anisotropic mesh from the isotropic mesh. Finally, the discussion focuses on strategies for controlling the boundary layer mesh to account for changing flow characteristics over surfaces. Results of mesh generation are presented to demonstrate the viability of meshing complex domains while providing good control over the mesh. Two example simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in capturing viscous flow phenomena (a) Laminar flow over a flat plate (b) Turbulent flow in a sharply expanding pipe.

TRIANGULATION OF ARBITRARY POLYHEDRA

B.K. Karamete, M.W. Beall and M.S. Shephard
(1) - (SCOREC) Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI). E-mail : kaan@scorec.rpi.edu (2) - Scientific Computation Research Center (SCOREC). E-mail : kaan@scorec.rpi.edu (3) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. Brigham Young University. E-mail : shepjas@gere.et.byu.edu

ABSTRACT
In this study, an algorithm is developed for the triangulation of arbitrary non-convex complex polyhedral regions (cavities) with prescribed boundaries. The boundary of a cavity is specified by a set of triangular mesh faces which bound an empty region. The algorithm is needed for completing the volume meshing process of difficult complex sub-domains. Recovery of the boundary of an arbitrary polyhedra is not an easy task. In some cases recovery of the boundary facets will require inserting extra vertices, but mesh quality and algorithm robustness demand that the number of inserted vertices be kept to a minimum. To address this need, a robust Delaunay algorithm with an efficient face recovery method is the most appropriate approach. The algorithm begins with Delaunay vertex insertion which is followed by a face recovery method that conserves the boundary of the cavity by utilizing local mesh modification operations such as edge split, collapse and swap. The face recovery algorithm takes into account the geometric intersections between the Delaunay mesh of the cavity and the boundary facets. To integrate the cavity mesh into the previously meshed portion of the domain a merging algorithm, which ensures geometrical and topological compatibility, is applied. The algorithm is robust and had been tested against complex manifold and non-manifold cavities. Although the algorithm is designed to be applicable for difficult sub-domain meshing, the complete volume mesh prescribed by surface triangulation can be meshed by the present algorithm. Therefore, if the model is composed of non-manifold parts, the cavity meshing procedure can be applied consecutively to each non-manifold region represented by triangular surface mesh faces. The computational tips of 3D Delaunay triangulation are also described in the context to clarify the issues that makes the algorithm robust such as numerical instability, searching the location of to-be inserted vertex and Delaunay degeneracy.

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THREE DIMENSIONAL MESH GENERATION USING A DELTAHEDRAL BUILDING BLOCK FOR ANATOMICALLY ACCURATE BIOLOGICAL MODELS
J.Q. Zhang and J.M. Sullivan Jr.
(1) - Baystate Technologies (2) - Mechanical Engineering Department. Worcester Polytechnic Institute. E-mail : sullivan@wpi.edu

ABSTRACT
A fully automatic 3D mesh generation approach is presented. It is capable of describing arbitrary complex geometries exhibiting concave, convex, and planar surfaces. A major advancement in this work is the development of a deltahedral building block for mesh generation. This building block unit creates a higher percentage of regular shaped tetrahedron mesh elements compared to existing strategies. A second critical advancement described herein is our ability to refine locally N levels without reducing the overall mesh quality. The validity of this new mesh generation strategy and implementation is demonstrated via the numerous anatomically accurate models presented. These models include up to 15 distinct material regions; bone, muscle, adipose tissue, bladder, etc. Within each of these models the arbitrary nature of the physical boundaries is evident. Multiple material boundaries are preserved in each mesh with fidelity.

ON THE PARALLELIZATION OF GUARANTEED-QUALITY 3D DELAUNAY MESH GENERATORS

N. Chrisochoides and D. Nave
(1) - Computer Science & Engineering. University of Notre Dame (2) - Computer Science & Engineering. University of Notre Dame. E-mail : Demian.M.Nave.2@nd.edu

ABSTRACT
In this paper we address basic problems related to the correctness and efficiency of parallel mesh generators based on 3D sequential, quality-guarantee, Delaunay tetrahelization algorithms. We discuss their solution under different computational characteristics: synchronization, strictness, and concurrency. We analyze the complexity and performance of implementations that appear to solve these problems. Finally, based on our experience, we explore possible new approaches for developing efficient parallel 3D mesh generators that maintain the same high-quality as the existing sequential ones. The Bowyer-Watson (B-W) kernel has been used successfully by Chew and Ruppert to generate guaranteed-quality meshes for 2D domains, and by Shewchuk for 3D piecewise linear complexes (under certain constraints). Variations of this kernel have been used by many others; the main difference between the various algorithms is in the treatment of the domain boundaries (constraints). Traditionally, the B-W kernel is parallelized using domain decomposition; the challenge then is to maintain the Delaunay property across the boundaries of the subdomains. The main step in the B-W kernel, cavity expansion, is based on a breadth-first search over the mesh's data structures; sequentially, this is a very simple task to accomplish. In parallel, however, cavity construction becomes much more difficult, since cavities may extend across the boundaries (interfaces) separating adjacent regions of the mesh. The expansion of these multi-region (MR) cavities can be synchronous or asynchronous, either halting or allowing the creation of new cavities in regions participating in the cavity expansion. In an asynchronous implementation, it is possible for MR cavities to intersect (share tetrahedra or faces with) local cavities or other MR cavities, which can result in a non-Delaunay retetrahedralization of the intersecting cavities. We analyze the possible intersection cases with respect to four different computational models, and study their impact on (1) the correctness of the algorithm, (2) the resulting concurrency, and (3) the setbacks in the progress of the algorithm. In addition to the difficulties of cavities which extend over multiple regions, problems with correctly updating a region in the face of concurrency also arise. For example, in a straightforward asynchronous/strict parallelization of Shewchuk's conforming constrained Delaunay tetrahedralization algorithm, one must do away with the ordering on the splitting of edges, faces, and elements called for by
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the original algorithm. Not only is mesh quality affected by this change, but neither the correctness of the resulting mesh, nor the termination of the algorithm, can be proved. These problems exemplify the need for the creation of a wholly new parallel algorithm for Delaunay mesh generation. While the parallelization of an existing algorithm seems appropriate at first glance, our experience shows that there is a need for the creation of purely parallel algorithm. This new algorithm will be developed keeping in mind the errors, the inconsistencies, and the inefficiencies that arise due to concurrency. The complexity and the performance of our current parallel implementation clearly demonstrate the need for such an algorithm. Our results also show that parallel Delaunay meshing based on the B-W kernel is a foreseeable goal, although much work remains to be done to realize an efficient guaranteed - quality parallel mesh generator.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CISE Challenge on Crack Propagation for Teraflop Computers, NSF grant #9726388

DYNAMIC BUBBLE SYSTEM: AN AUTOMATIC MESH GENERATION SYSTEM FOR 2D AND 3D FINITE ELEMENT MESH GENERATION IN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD COMPUTATIONS
V. Cingoski, T. Yokoyama and H. Yamashita
(1) - Electric Machinery Laboratory, Hiroshima Univerisity. E-mail : vlatko@eml.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (2) - Electric Machinery Lab., Faculty of Engineering Hiroshima Univerisity. E-mail : vlatko@eml.hiroshima-u.ac.jp

ABSTRACT
A large number of methods and techniques for automatic mesh generation have already been proposed, among which the ideas based on the so called Voronoidiagram and the Delaunay algorithm seem best suited for finite element mesh generation [1]. However, for the Delaunay tessellation algorithm to be employed, one must have a set of nodes which are optimally distributed inside the analysis domain. The authors recently developed a new method for automatic mesh generation in 2D and 3D space based on dynamics of the bubbles according to the Second Newton's Law of Dynamics [2]. The proposed method features setting a small number of initial data for meshing at several typical points inside the domain, such as vertices that bounds the entire domain. Later, using simple functions, we compute centers and radii of each bubble. After filling the entire analysis domain with bubbles which are defined three parameters: coordinates of a center, mass and radius, a set of dynamic forces will act on each bubble causing bubbles to move inside the analysis domain. These movements are performed until the stable condition for the entire dynamic system of bubbles is achieved. Afterwards, each center of an existing bubble becomes one vertex of the finite element mesh which is generated utilizing the Delaunay tessellation algorithm over this set of vertices. The main features of the proposed dynamic bubble mesh generation system are: - Easy applicable for meshing complex geometrical domains; - Requires very small amount of input data for meshing; - Generates meshes with graded mesh density control, which is easily regulated with setting a small initial bubble radius around nodes where dense mesh is required, and opposite, setting a large initial bubble radius at a node results in coarse mesh density around that node; - Provides easy regulation of the nodes distribution according to the user defined functions. Since we use this method in connection with electromagnetic field computations where the field potential drops exponentially, using exponential functions enables almost optimal distributions of nodes and elements for a given problem. For different problems, different node distribution functions can be used; - provides finite elements with very good quality - almost equilateral triangles or tetrahedrons; - easy extendable for adaptive mesh generations.

REFERENCES
[1] D. N. Shenton and Z. J. Cendes, "Three-Dimensional Finite Element Mesh Generation Using Delaunay Tessellation", IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, November 1985, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp.2535-2538. [2] V. Cingoski , R. Murakawa, K. Kaneda and H. Yamashita , "Automatic mesh generation in finite element analysis using dynamic bubble system", Journal of Applied Physics, 15 April 1997, Vol. 81, No. 8, Part 2, pp. 4085 4087.
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BITING: ADVANCING FRONT MEETS SPHERE PACKING

X.Y. Li, S.H. Teng and A. Ungor
(1) - Department of Computer Science. University of Illinois at Urbana. E-mail : xli2@cs.uiuc.edu (2) - Computer Science. University of Illinois. E-mail : steng@cs.uiuc.edu (3) - Computer Science Department. University of Illinois. E-mail : ungor@cs.uiuc.edu

ABSTRACT
A key step in the finite element method is to generate a high quality mesh that is as small as possible for an input domain. Several meshing methods and heuristics have been developed and implemented. Methods based on advancing front, Delaunay triangulations,and quadtrees/octrees are among the most popular ones. Advancing front uses simple data structures and is efficient. Unfortunately, in general, it does not provide any guarantee on the size and quality of the mesh it produces. On the other hand, the sphere - packing based Delaunay methods generate a well - shaped mesh whose size is within a constant factor of the optimal. In this paper, we present a new meshing algorithm, the biting method, which combines the strengths of advancing front and sphere packing. In this paper, we show that the advancing front method can be used to efficiently construct a quality sphere-packing. At a high level, this new advancing front based packing algorithm first finds a sphere packing of the boundary of the domain and then grows the packing towards the interior of the domain. Each time when a new sphere is added to the interior, a larger protection sphere is removed (bitten away) from the domain so that no future sphere will overlap with this one. By doing this, it builds the sphere packing by adding spheres one at a time, or a layer at a time, in the same spirit as the standard advancing method; our new method uses advancing front to construct a sphere packing instead of the mesh elements themselves. We show that this advancing front based method does generate a well - spaced point set, whose Delaunay triangulation is well-shaped. We will refer this new method as the biting method and show that it can be made as practical as the standard advancing front meshing methods. Biting sphere at a point x is B(x, c*h(x)), where c is a constant less than 1. At this point, we should note that biting spheres are different from the packing spheres due to technical reasons that will be discussed in full paper. Usually advancing front is represented as a circular list of already placed points. In our method, it is represented as a set of arcs and boundary segments. We always choose the next Steiner point on the front itself. In other words, the front itself is a subset of the feasible region for the selection of new mesh vertices, making it easier to choose the next point. This makes the placement step easier. The intersection of two arcs or an arc and a boundary segment provides a good candidate for a new Steiner point, whose biting sphere will reduce the interior. Isn't this the way we take a bite on a biscuit or an apple? We center our bite more or less around a sharpest nose. Then bite after bite, we eat away the boundary of the food and move to its interior. The basic idea of the biting method is to first compute the control spacing function of the mesh. We then try to find a point set by constructing a sphere packing with respect to the spacing function. For making sure that the biting process results in a sphere packing, we use the following simple idea: at every step, we choose a center on the advancing front and remove its biting sphere The removal of its biting sphere ensures that the future packing spheres will not intersect with the packing sphere of this center. The Delaunay triangulation is then used to generate the mesh from the resulting sphere packing. Noting that, for protecting the boundary of the input domain, we use the vertex protection and edge protection to ensure that the boundary element is well-shaped. For more detail, please see the full paper. We show that biting method generates a well-shaped mesh. Moreover, the size of this mesh is within a constant factor of the optimal. For the first claim we prove that the points placed by the biting method is well-spaced. In other words, there exists a b-sphere-packing (based on this point set) with respect to a 1-Lipschitz spacing function f. Second claim follows from the maximality of the spacing function and a volume argument. Although biting method uses the advancing front technique to bite the spheres from the domain, it is not necessary to always bite from the boundary of the remaining domain. A biting strategy that picks a sphere centered at any point in the remaining domain still results a sphere - packing and hence a wellshaped mesh. However the biting method proposed in this paper is an easy way to place the biting spheres
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and, to our intuition, practically promises better -shaped meshes. The effectiveness of our method will be supplemented by the experimental results.

REFERENCES
[1] M.Bern, S.Mitchell and J.Ruppert, "Linear-size non-obtuse triangulation of polygons", Proc. of 10th Symp. on Computational Geometry, New York, 221-230, 1994. [2] T.D.Blacker, Paving, "A new approach to automated quadrilateral mesh generation", Int. Jour. for Numerical Methods in Eng., 32:811-847, 1991. [3] X.-Y.Li, S.-H.Teng and A.Ungor, "Simultaneous refinement and coarsening: adaptive meshing with moving boundaries", Proc. 7th Int. Meshing Roundtable, Dearborn, Mich., 201-210, 1998.

AN ALGORITHM FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL MESH GENERATION FOR ARBITRARY REGIONS WITH CRACKS
J.B. Cavalcante Neto, P.A. Wawrzynek, M.T. Carvalho, L.F. Martha and A.R. Ingraffea
(2) - Civil & Environmental Engineering. Cornell University. E-mail : paw4@cornell.edu (3) - Cornell Fracture Group. Cornell University (4) - Civil & Environmental Engineering. Cornell University. E-mail : paw4@cornell.edu

ABSTRACT
This paper describes an algorithm for generating unstructured tetrahedral meshes for arbitrarily shaped regions. The algorithm works for regions without cracks, as well as for regions with one or multiple cracks. The algorithm incorporates aspects of well known meshing procedures and includes some original steps. It includes an advancing front technique, but uses an octree procedure to develop local guidelines for the size of generated elements. The advancing front technique is based on a standard procedure found in the literature with two additional steps to ensure valid volume mesh generation for virtually any domain. To improve mesh quality (as far as element shape is concerned), an a posteriori local mesh improvement procedure is used. The algorithm was designed to meet four specific requirements. First, the algorithm should produce well shaped elements, avoiding elements with poor aspect ratios, if possible. While the algorithm does not guarantee bounds on element aspect ratios, care is taken at each step to generate the best shaped elements possible. The second requirement is that the algorithm generates a mesh that conforms to an existing triangular mesh on the boundary of the region. This is important in the context of crack growth simulation because it allows remeshing to occur locally in a region near a growing crack. Many of the other meshing algorithms described in the literature generate the mesh on a region's boundary along with the volume mesh. As implied above, for the present algorithm a surface mesh is a required input. We do not consider this a significant limitation, however, because there are a number of good surface triangular mesh generators which can be used to generate the required surface mesh. The third requirement of the algorithm is that it has the ability to transition well between regions with elements of very different sizes. In a crack analysis, it is not uncommon for the elements near the crack front to be two orders of magnitude smaller than other elements in the problem. The fourth requirement is the specific modeling capability for handling cracks. This requirement arises because cracks are usually idealized as having no volume. That is, the surfaces representing the two sided of a crack face are distinct, but geometrically coincident. This means that nodes on opposite sides of crack faces may have identical coordinates. The algorithm must be able to discriminate between the nodes and select the one on the proper crack face.

AN ADAPTIVE UNSTRUCTURED MESH METHOD FOR TRANSIENT FLOWS INVOLVING MOVING BOUNDARIES

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L.B. Bayne, O. Hassan, K. Morgan and N.P. Weatherill

(1) - Department of Civil Engineering University of Wales Swansea. E-mail : O.Hassan@swansea.ac.uk (2) - Department of Civil Engineering. University of Wales Swansea. E-mail : O.Hassan@swansea.ac.uk (3) - Department of Civil Engineering. University of Wales Swansea. E-mail : K.Morgan@swansea.ac.uk

ABSTRACT
Unstructured mesh methods are now widely employed for the simulation of steady 3D aerodynamic flows involving complex geometrical configurations. The attractive features of the approach are the ease with which domains of arbitrary geometrical shape can be meshed and the ability to incorporate mesh adaptivity in a natural and straightforward manner. As confidence in the approach increases, researchers are beginning to turn their attention to the possibility of extending its range of application. In this paper, we will consider one such extension to the simulation of transient inviscid compressible flows with moving boundary components. The spatial domain is discretised into a mesh of linear tetrahedral elements, with the initial discretisation being achieved by a Delaunay approach, with automatic point creation [1]. To enhance the efficiency of the resulting computational procedure, an edge based representation of the mesh is adopted [2]. The unsteady Euler equations are spatially discretised using a Galerkin method, with stabilisation and discontinuity capturing achieved by the adoption of a numerical flux function of JST form. The solution is advanced in time by an explicit multi-stage scheme. The implementation of the resulting procedure in a manner likely to produce results within acceptable timescales is a significant challenge. Parallelisation of the approach and the use of a parallel computing platform, such as the CRAY T3D, is one method of addressing this problem. Another promising way to achieve good speed up whilst maintaining the time accuracy is to employ a domain decomposition technique [3]. Instead of using a single timestep throughout the computational domain, it will be shown that the elements can be grouped according to the maximum allowable timestep size and be advanced independently within each group. It will be demonstrated that a high level of efficiency can be accomplished by the use of an appropriate domain decomposition procedure. To allow for boundary movement, the mesh has to be modified as the solution progresses. Different possible methods of achieving this are considered and the approach adopted involves mesh movement with local mesh regeneration. An important feature in the success of the algorithm is to ensure local boundary recovery during the mesh regeneration. Mesh adaptation is also employed to enhance the definition of moving flow features, such as shocks. A number of different examples will be presented which demonstrate the numerical performance of the proposed approach in the transonic range, including the transient 3D inviscid simulation of the separation of a shuttle vehicle from its booster. The procedures have also been applied to the simulation of the unsteady flow over an oscillating B60 aircraft configuration, consisting of wings, pylons and powered engines. The initial mesh consists of 745198 elements and 135760 nodes and the starting condition is the converged steady state solution obtained in the absence of oscillation. Figure 1 shows the computed pressure contour distributions on the aircraft surface at different times during the second cycle of the computation. Tables 1 and 2 show the performance statistics achieved for the oscillating B60 using two domain decomposition methods. (Figure and tables omitted)

MESH GENERATION AND MESH ADAPTATION BY MESH TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION

T. Coupez
(1) - cole Nationale Suprieure des Mines de Paris. E-mail : thierry.coupez@cemef.cma.fr

ABSTRACT
The work presented here is in continuation of the work of the author concerning the 3D remeshing (tetrahedral elements) in forming processes [1-4]. Some examples will be given of remeshing in 3D large deformation calculation using a Lagrangian descritption and a convected mesh and dealing with unilateral contact condition. These examples will show the robustness of a particular meshing method.
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The theoretical aspect of this meshing method will be addressed. It is based on a new definition of a mesh which is introduced using a geometrical result based on a minimal volume principle. The equivalence between this definition and the classical one is proven. The mesh topology can be defined independently of the geometry and can be changed locally with respect to topological rules only. Then, it is shown that non conform meshes can be optimized in order to recover a conform mesh, giving rise to a simple mesh generation method. The theoretical hypothesis behind the cut paste operation in a mesh topology are specified. The generic form of the global optimization algorithm will be presented; it is based on the combination of local improvement of the neighborhood of the nodes and the edges. The performance of the mesh generator will be discussed on complex examples providing the speed of performing a mesh without internal node and respecting exactly a given surface mesh. The mehing method is also designed to improve a mesh, by optimising a a mesh quality function and by inserting internal node. The surface and the volume remeshing can be strongly coupled. For that purpose, a layer of virtual boundary elements is introduced which closes the mesh. The boundary faces can be treated as internal, the geometrical constraint being to maintain a null volume to the virtual elements. A mesh size map can be introduced directly in the shape factor of elements. The mesh optimization of the modified shape factor provides implicitly the adapted mesh. Finally the adaptation cycle is presented, which consists in computing a mesh size map on the current mesh, to adapt the mesh, to compute again the mesh size map and to adapt again until a convergence state is reached. Examples in static and dynamic adaptation will be given.

REFERENCES
[1] T.Coupez. "A mesh improvement method for 3d automatic remeshing",, In N. P. Weatherill et al., editor, Numerical Grid Generation in Computational Fluid Dynamics and Related Fields, pages 615 - 626. Pineridge Press, 1994. [2] T.Coupez, "Automatic remeshing in three-dimensional moving mesh finite element analysis of industrial forming" in Shan-Fu Shen et al., editor, Numerical Methods in Industrial Forming Processes - NUMIFORM 95,pp 407412. A.A. Balkema, 1995. [3] T.Coupez, "Parallel adaptive remeshing in 3d moving mesh finite element", In B.K. Soni et al., editor, Numerical Grid Generation in Computational Field Simulations, volume 1, pp 783 - 792. Mississipi State University, 1996. [4] T.Coupez, "Adaptive meshing for forming processes", In M. Cross et al, editor, Numerical Grid Generation in Computational Field Simulation. U. of Greenwich, Mississipi State University, July 1998.

SURFACE REMESHING BY LOCAL HERMITE DIFFUSE INTERPOLATION

A. Rassineux, J.M. Savignat, O. Stab and P. Villon
(1) - Universite de Technologie de Compiegne. E-mail : alain.rassineux@utc.fr (2) - Universite de Technologie de Compiegne Laboratoire (3) - Centre de Gotechnique et d'Exploitation du Sous-sol Ecole des Mines de Paris. E-mail : stab@cges.ensmp.fr

ABSTRACT
We propose a method to build a three dimensional adapted surface mesh with respect to a mesh size map driven by surface curvature. The data needed to optimize the mesh have been reduced to an initial mesh. The building of a local geometrical model but continuous over the whole domain is based on a local Hermite diffuse interpolation calculated from the nodes of the initial mesh and from the normal vectors to the surface. The whole mesh optimization procedure can be described as follows: Singularities such as sharp edges, contour lines and singular points are identified. The geometrical support is build by a weighted least squares approximation method on a local window denoted as diffuse approximation. In our case, interpolating weights have been chosen. The objective is to determine a local surface equation (second degree) using the nodes of the initial mesh and the normals to the surface calculated from the mesh. The interpolating nodes belong to the set of elements sharing at least one node with the element that includes the point where we calculate the interpolation. Local coordinates are calculated by projection on an average plane. Our goal is to measure the maximun bending of the surface by calculating the principal curvatures given by the fundamental forms on a Monge patch z = f(x,y). This measure is linked to our geometrical error estimator. The diffuse interpolation leads to the minimization of a criterion which is provided by nodal interpolation and
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colinearity of normal vectors. The minimization leads to solve a linear system in order to determine the coefficients of the surface. The determination of a local equation enables us to locate nodes on the surface and on the contours with respect to the curvature during a refinement process. It also allows us to control the coarsening of the mesh. An error estimator measuring the accuracy with which the mesh describes the geometry has been used. The error is given by determining an approximate deformation gradient tensor between a reference configuration and the current configuration. Mesh optimization procedures based on optimum mesh size are carried out in an iterative process. The method involves extracting sub-shells from the surface mesh which are then remeshed to improve their quality.

REFERENCES
[1] Nayroles B., Touzot G., Villon P., " L'approximation diffuse", C.R. Acad. Sci, Paris 313, s,rie II, pp 293-296, 1991 [2] A. Rassineux , "Generation and optimization of tetrahedral meshes by advancing front technique", International journal for numerical methods in engineering, vol 41, pp 651-674, 1998.

LONGEST-EDGE ALGORITHMS: NON-DEGENERACY PROPERTIES IN 3 DIMENSIONS

M.C. Rivara and A. Plaza
(1) - Department of Computer Science. University of Chile. E-mail : mcrivara@dcc.uchile.cl (2) - Departamento de Matematicas Univ. de las Palmas de Gran Canaria. E-mail : angel@dma.ulpgc.es

ABSTRACT
Longest-edge algorithms have become useful and flexible mathematical tools not only for the quality refinement of quality unstructured triangulations but also for the improvement of bad-quality Delaunay meshes [Rivara, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 1997]. However until 1998, there had not been mathematical results available guaranteeing the non-degeneracy properties of the 3 -dimensional mesh. The first nondegeneracy properties on a 3-dimensional refinement algorithm (fill-ing a gap in the theory) are discussed in this paper. These have been obtained by studying an 8-tetrahedra longest-edge algorithm which generalizes the 4 triangles longest-edge refinement algorithm. Statistical and fractal nondegeneracy properties over this 3D refinement algorithm have been proved: (1) the asymptotic average number of tetrahedra surrounding each vertex is equal to 24; (2) the number of tetrahedra sourrounding each fixed vertex remains constant after a few local itera-tive refinement around such vertex; and (3) the algorithm improves each triangular face produced as the refinement proceeds. Empirical study not only supports these results but also shows that, consistently throughout the refinement levels both the distribution of quality tetrahedra and the volume percentage covered by better tetra-hedra tend to be improved, and that the distribution of the number of tetrahedra surrounding each vertex tends to have a constant standard deviation around a mean value that rapidly approaches the asymptotic value.

SPECIFIC FEATURES OF FE-MESHES USED IN LAGRANGE FORMULATION FOR THE ANALYSIS OF METAL FORMING PROCESSES
E. Doege and J. Meinen
(1) - Universitaet Hannover. E-mail : meinen@office.ifum.uni-hannover.de (2) - Universitaet Hannover. E-mail : meinen@office.ifum.uni-hannover.de

ABSTRACT

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Due to steadily increasing demands on die forging industry, the process simulation is of continuously importance. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is frequently used to simulate forming processes for the purpose of predicting the quality of the final product and the loading on the tool. Most forging processes reduce the original height of the workpiece by 60-70 percent. Therefore, considerable distortions of the finite element mesh occur and some elements can even degenerate. Consequently, the results obtained are unreliable and it may even be impossible to pursue the calculation any further. In order to continue the analysis for such large deformations, it becomes necessary to define a new mesh during the FE Simulation (remeshing) and the values of the field variables (stress, velocities, etc.) must be transferred to the new mesh elements (rezoning). The numerical results are depending on the element shape, so it is important to have a good quality mesh to become reliable results. If in a meshing-algorithm, the element length depends on geometrical and/or numerical criteria, it is called an adaptive meshing. So, one needs a small element length where the gradients of the field variables are big and vice versa. In the numerical simulation of bulk metal forming processes the gradients are normally big at the workpiece surface and at part details with small dimensions. A priori one should use a mesh with fine elements on the surface and bigger elements in the inner site of the workpiece. Also, the meshing-module has to be robust, conform, work automatically and should be able to mesh any kind of geometry, because of the different shapes of the workpiece during the simulation. It is very important that there is nearly no change of volume during the remeshing. A general automatic, adaptive meshing procedure for 2D problems, which takes into account the issues described above, has been developed at the Institute of Metal Forming and Metal Forming Machine Tools (IFUM). It can be used to remesh a deformed mesh as well as to generate the initial one. The meshing module is based on triangle-elements. Some metal forming examples should be shown and discussed. Next, we present a meshing-module for 3D geometry based on tetrahedron - elements. This kind of element is particularly well suited to describe a complex geometry. The 3D meshing-module employs an optimised algorithm to create automatically, adaptive mesh with good quality elements. The input requirement is a discrete description by a grid of triangular facets of the surface of the part to be meshed. Based on this surface grid, the meshing-algorithm creates automatically a new volume mesh, which has optimised features for the analysis of metal forming processes.

MESH GENERATION FOR HP-TYPE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF PLATES

S.M. Holzer
(1) - Informationsverarbeitung im Konstruktiven Ingenieurbau. E-mail : stefan.holzer@po.uni-stuttgart.de

ABSTRACT
It is possible to obtain exponential convergence in error norm in the numerical analysis of plate bending problems based on Reissner-Mindlin theory when p-extension is performed on a mesh which takes proper care of nonsmooth influences in the exact solution. Emphasis is on good a priori mesh design. Proper mesh design includes point refinements for point singularities. This part of the problem is standard. However, in addition to point singularities, the Reissner-Mindlin theory is characterized by boundary layer effects, most significantly a boundary layer in the shear force on soft simply supported and free edges. Anisotropic mesh refinement is essential for regaining exponential convergence under these circumstances. The corresponding boundary refinements have to be carried out before generating the rest of the mesh. Strategies for combining point and boundary refinements will also be discussed. Apart from these local refinements, the mesh ought to be as coarse as possible. This means in essence that the required mesh density is mainly governed by the edge size of the original structure. Curved edges will be mapped by blending function techniques and therefore pose no extra problem. We discuss how to generate a mesh that is, apart from the refinements mentioned before, "purely quadrilateral and as coarse as possible". The basic strategy is advancing front meshing, combining two triangular elements into one quadrilateral "on the fly". In order to control the meshing algorithm, an additional uniform fine triangular background mesh ("carelessly" created) is used which provides the required local mesh densities. A smooth density distribution is generated by solving an auxiliary problem on the background mesh. The auxiliary problem is a Dirichlet problem of the Laplacian where the boundary data correspond to the required edge size on the boundary. This problem is solved by a fast finite element analysis using constant strain triangle elements. In addition to the local mesh density, this
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auxiliary problems provides mesh density gradients as well, which are essential in determining mesh gradation towards areas of small element size, such as around small holes or other tiny features. In addition to serving as a finite element mesh for solving the auxiliary mesh density problem, the background mesh serves at the same time as a data evaluation mesh for the result presentation and superposition of the original plate bending problem (primary problem). Therefore, the (small) amount of computer time required for generating this mesh is not lost labour, but the background mesh serves a dual purpose. In our presentation, we will also show that the computer time required for solving the auxiliary problem is negligible in comparison to the time required for solving the primary problem. The key influence on the total computational cost is creating as little primary elements as possible. In order to retrieve the mesh density infomation quickly, the nodal points of the auxiliary mesh are stored in a point quadtree. This quadtree can also be exploited for extremely fast result computation after solving the primary problem. The lecture will include a live presentation of the techniques described, demonstrating the high efficiency of the approach.

AUTOMATED GENERATION OF F.E.A. MODELS THROUGH IDEALIZATION OPERATORS

L. Fine, L. Remondini and J.C. Leon
(1) - Laboratoire Sols Solides Structures. GRENOBLE. E-mail : Lionel.Fine@hmg.inpg.fr (2) - Laboratoire Sols Solides Structures. GRENOBLE. E-mail : Laurent.Remondini@hmg.inpg.fr (3) - Laboratoire Sols Solides Structures. GRENOBLE. E-mail : Jean-Claude.Leon@hmg.inpg.fr

ABSTRACT
The use of Finite Element Analysis (F.E.A) during a design process is often restricted to validation phases because of the time needed to generate the mechanical model used for an analysis. Indeed, the generation of F.E.A. models needs a significant expertise from engineers to avoid computer resources to be wasted. To save engineers time, such models ought to be generated as automatically as possible. To this end, automatic processes that generate meshes directly from CAD data are more and more incorporated into F.E. softwares. However, these meshes are produced essentially from the geometric description of a part and do not care of specific mechanical data (i.e. boundary conditions, ...). Therefore, it is desirable to modify the geometric model through selective removal of irrelevant features. To this end, various defeaturing and dimensional reduction approaches are developed[1] [2] [3]. In the approach presented here, an automated idealization process, managed by a mechanical criterion, is described. This process, based on transformations of polyhedral geometry, allows important geometry modification including topology modification (like hole removing or dimensional reduction). Polyhedra are used as geometric representations for geometry adaption purposes because of their significant freedom for shape modifications. Indeed, modification of C.S.G or B-rep geometry is restricted by their mathematical representation, whereas polyhedral geometry, which are only defined as a set of elementary faces, edges and vertices, allows real and effective shape transformations. These idealizations are carried out through a vertex removal process Which transforms geometry of a part according to a discrete envelope defined around its initial geometry [4]. This envelope is generated from a mechanical criterion which can be based either on an a posteriori error estimator [5] [6] or on a priori estimation. The use of this criterion ensures that all geometric transformations which keep the geometry of the part within this envelope do not significantly change the results of the F.E.A. More than strictly respecting this envelop, operators used for idealization are also able to transfer specific data (like boundary conditions) from initial to idealized geometry. Such operators allow a broader automation of geometry simplification and idealization and ensure that the new geometry is more suited to the element size requirements attached to the mesh generation process. The insertion of mechanical criteria into the process of geometry adaption, as presented in this paper, adds flexibility to F.E.A. tools, thus improving their integration into the design process. This approach is illustrated and validated through an example.

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REFERENCES
[1] Anton V.Mobley, Michael P.Carroll, Scott A.Canann, "An object oriented approach to geometry defeaturing for Finite Element Meshing", 7th International Meshing Roundtable, Sandia Nationnal Laboratories, Dearborn, Michigan, October 1998. [2] C.G. Armstrong, R.J. Donaghy and S.J. Bridgett, "Derivation of appropriate Idealisations in Finite Element Modelling", the Third International Conference on Computational Structures technology, Budapest 1996. [3] S. Dey , M. S. Shephard, M. K. Georges, "Elimination of the adverse effects of small model features by the local modification of automatically generated meshes", Engineering with Computers, p134-152, 1997 [4] P. Veron, J-C. Leon, "Static polyhedron simplification using error measurements", Computer-Aided Design, Vol.. 29, No 4, pp. 287-298, 1997. [5] O.C. Zienkiewicz , J.C. Zhu, "Adaptivity and mesh generation", International Journal For Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol 32, pp 783-810, 1991. [6] P. Coorevits, P. Ladeveze , J.P Pelle, "An automatic procedure with a control of accuracy for finite element analysis in 2D elasticity", Comp. meth. in appl. mech and engng., Vol. 121, pp. 91-120, 1995

EDGE RECOVERY METHOD ON AN EXISTING SURFACE MESH FOR BOUNDARY LAYER MESHING
B.K. Karamete, R.V. Garimella and M.S. Shephard
(1) - (SCOREC) Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI). E-mail : kaan@scorec.rpi.edu (2) - SCOREC. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. E-mail : garimell@scorec.rpi.edu (3) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. Brigham Young University. E-mail : shepjas@gere.et.byu.edu

ABSTRACT
This study describes an algorithm for recovering an edge which is arbitrarily inserted onto a pretriangulated surface mesh. The recovery process does not rely on the parametric space of the surface provided by the geometric modeler. The topological and geometrical validity of the surface mesh is preserved through the entire recovery process. The ability of inserting and recovering an arbitrary edge onto a surface mesh is used for boundary layer mesh generation[1]. The coupling of edge recovery and boundary layer construction process is explained. The edge recovery algorithm utilizes local surface mesh modification operations of edge swapping, collapsing and splitting. The mesh modification operations are decided by the results of pure geometrical checks such as point and line projections onto faces and faceline intersections. The accuracy of these checks on the recovery process are investigated and the substantiated precautions are devised and discussed in this study. The boundary layer mesh generation utilizing the edge recovery algorithm is demonstrated over a set of complex surface triangulations.

REFERENCES
[1]. Rao V. Garimella, Ph.D. Thesis, "Anisotropic Tetrahedral Mesh Generation", Dept. of ME and Ae. Eng. and Mechanics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 USA.

EXTENDING METRIC-BASED SURFACE MESHING TO G1-CONNECTED PATCH COMPLEXES

J. Peters
(1) - CISE, University of Florida. E-mail : jorg@cise.ufl.edu

ABSTRACT
Given a surface, or surface piece represented as a map from a two - dimensional domain to 3space, say a NURBS patch, [Chen,Bishop 97], [Cuillere 98] and [Tristano, Owen, Canann 98] have developed efficient mesh generation techniques and tools based on the metric or first fundamental form of the surface (see also [George, Borouchaki 98]).
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A recurring challenge in NURBS-based CAD systems is the smooth stitching together of such NURBS patches, each being supported on a "separate" domain, e.g. when more or less than four tensorproduct patches join at a point to form a tangent-continuous surface. (Already due to the Euler number such points must occur if the free-form surface has a topological genus other than one.) G1 - connected patch complexes address this problem by ensuring the appropriate geometric continuity by local reparametrization (see for example [Peters 95] and references therein). To allow the application of the efficient advancing front techniques for smooth surfaces across separate domains, it is shown how to locally invert the reparametrizations underlying the geometrically continuous patch complex and join separate domains into larger, overlapping domains analoguous to the classical extension of charts to form an atlas.

REFERENCES
[1] Hao Chen and Jonathan Bishop (1997), "'Delaunay Triangulation for Curved Surfaces", Proceedings, 6th International Meshing Roundtable, pp.115-127. [2] J. C. Cuilliere, (1998), "An adaptive method for the automatic Triangulation of 3D parametric surfaces", Computer-Aided Design, vol 30, no. 2, pp.139-149. [3] J. Peters , (1995) "C1 - surface splines", SIAM - J - NUM. ANAL. ,32 (2) 645 - 666. [4] Paul-Louis George and Houman Borouchaki (1998), "Delaunay Triangulation and Meshing: Application to Finite Elements", Hermes. [5] Joseph R. Tristano, Steven J. Owen and Scott A. Canann, (1998), "'Advancing Front Surface Mesh Generation in Parametric Space Using a Riemannian Surface Definition", 7th International Meshing Roundtable.

ABOUT PARAMETRIC SURFACE MESHING

H. Borouchaki, P. Laug and P.L. George
(1) - UTT-INRIA University of Technologis of Troyes. E-mail : houman.brouchaki@univ.troyes.fr (2) - UTT-INRIA University of Technologis of Troyes. E-mail : patrick.laug@inria.fr (3) - INRIA - Institut de Recherche en Infomatique et en Automatique. E-mail : Paul-Louis.George@inria.fr

ABSTRACT
Parametric surface meshing is of utmost importance in many numerical fields including the finite element method. Actually, surface meshing is a necessary step when one wants to construct the mesh of a solid domain in three dimensions. A wide range of surfaces can be defined by means of composite parametric surfaces. Indeed, most of the surfaces are approximated by polynomial or rational parametric patches as it is in most of the CAD - CAM modelers. In this paper, we would like to make some remarks about a method suitable to generate a constrained mesh of a parametric patch. The constraint consists of a metric map, which prescribes a size for every direction and also a shape quality about the mesh elements. The aim is then to construct a mesh that conforms to the specifications included in the metric map and such that its elements are as regular as possible. A mesh of a parametric patch whose element vertices belong to the surface is suitable if the two following properties hold: - all mesh elements are close to the surface, - every mesh element is close to the tangent plane related to its vertices. The first property allows us to bound the gap between the elements and the surface. This gap measures the greatest distance between an element (any point of the latter) and the surface. The second property means that the surface is locally of order G1, in terms of continuity. To obtain this, the angular gap between the element and the tangent plane at its vertices must be bounded. In this paper, we show that a mesh satisfying the two above properties conforms to a special metric map, a called geometric map. Then, we introduce a method for surface mesh generation based on a mesh construction in the parametric space in such a way as to follow the above geometric map. The flowchart of the method is as follows: - A first mesh (in the parametric space) is constructed which is fine enough to capture the local curvature variation. This mesh is then mapped onto the surface. - The specified metric is defined at all vertices of this surface mesh.
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- After a metric transformation step, this metric map is induced in the parametric space. The parametric mesh along with this metric define a Riemaniann structure. - The parametric space is then meshed with unit length element edges (where the unity is related to the Riemaniann structure). In this way, a so-called unit mesh is created, - This unit mesh is mapped onto the surface. Various application examples (including what follows) are provided to illustrate the capabil-ities of the above mentioned method. (figures omitted)

ADAPTATION OF CAD SURFACE MESHES TO A MAP OF SIZES THROUGH THE IGATOMM CONCEPT
F. Noel
(1) - Unite de Formation et de Recherche de Mec. .Univ. Joseph Fourier. E-mail : Frederic.Noel@hmg.inpg.fr

ABSTRACT
Within a finite element step, whatever the kind of part under focus (either 3D volume or 3D freeform surfaces) one of the main sub-steps concerns the generation of a mesh adapted to the purpose of the analysis. The number of papers, which are published up to now, shows that the various solutions do not solve entirely this issue. If big advances have been obtained for 3D volume meshes [1], the case of 3D surfaces stays hard to address. Basic solutions exist when single patches are concerned [2]. When multiple patch surfaces are undertaken the well-known technique that merges the meshes from single patches does not suit the treatment of industrial CAD cases where hundred of trimmed patches describe the whole surface [3]. Face to the complexity of mesh generation, when free-form surfaces issued from CAD environment are under focus, the author has developed the IGATOMM concept (Independent Geometric And Topologic Operators for Mesh Management). IGATOMM is based on a geometric operator able to place nodes at their best location (according to the shape of elements) through a patch independent process [4]. This operator does not modify the connections between nodes. A set of topologic operators is in charge to manage connections of the mesh regardless to the positions of nodes [5]. These operators allow either to cut or to swap selected edges or to remove selected nodes. We call connectivity of a node the number of edges connected to this node. The swapping operator is used to decrease the connectivity of over-connected nodes. When edges are cut down related faces are split according to predefined topologic schemes and a refined grid is produced. On another hand when a node is removed every related faces are also removed. A topologic approach re-meshes the hole that has been produced and a coarsening operator is defined. Topologic operators do not care the position of nodes; therefore they need the geometric operator to be applied consecutively to their application, for relaxing the mesh grid in order to make the shapes of faces the most equilateral as possible. Applied successively, these operators allow either to coarsen or to refine meshes over the whole domain or in a local area. This technique controls the sizes of elements and can be used to make the mesh match a map of sizes defined according to purpose of the analysis.

REFERENCES
[1] P. L. George, F. Hermeline, "'Delaunay's mesh of a convex polyhedron in dimension d. Application to arbitrary polyhedra", International Journal For Numerical Methods In Engineering. Vol. 33, pp. 975-995 (1992). [2] X. Sheng, B. E. Hirsch, "Triangulation of trimmed surfaces in parametric space", Computer Aided Design. Vol. 24, N. 8, pp. 185-194 (ao-t 1992). [3] J. C. Leon, "Modelisation et construction de surfaces pour la CFAO' HERMES", Paris (mai 1991). [4] F. Noel , J. C. Leon, P. "A new approach to free-form surface mesh control in a CAD environment", International Journal For Numerical Methods In Engineering, Vol. 38, pp. 3121-3142(1994). [5] F. Noel , J. C. Leon, P. Trompette, "New adaptive tools dedicated to surfacic meshes integrated into a CAD environment", Proceedings ASME design automation conference, Mineapolis (September 1994).

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A RESULTANT-BASED ALGORITHM FOR RAY INTERSECTION

S.A. Vavasis
(1) - Department of Computer Science. 4130 Upson Hall, Cornell University. E-mail : vavasis@cs.cornell.edu

ABSTRACT
A subroutine important for many mesh generation algorithms is the computation of the point(s) where a ray crosses a parametric patch. This problem can be formulated as solving a system of polynomial equations in two variables with moderate degree. In some uses of this subroutine (such as in a point-inbrep test), it is crucial to robustly detect all crossing points. Therefore, a standard numerical technique like Newton's method by itself is not sufficient for this problem. We propose an algorithm based on a Macaulay's resultant combined with a u-resultant technique. Macaulay and u-resultant algorithms have been proposed in the literature recently by a number of authors including Canny, Demmel, Emiris, Mourrain, and Manocha. These authors suggest solving the resultant using a generalized eigenvalue routine. We modify previous resultant-based algorithms in two ways. First, we develop a new technique for selecting the monomials that weight the rows. Second, we propose a perturbation scheme to handle certain degenerate cases that arise often in mesh generation, such as a patch whose leading coefficents vanish (e.g., a Bezier cubic triangle that happens to be linear). This algorithm is currently implemented (using LAPACK routine dgegv for finding generalized eigenvalues) in the QMG 2.0 mesh generator and appears to be quite robust. Some numerical stability analysis of the new algorithm will also be presented.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Part of this talk represents joint work with Gudbjorn Jonsson of Cornell.

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Progress in Damage Mechanics

Ignacio Carol, Woody Ju and George Voyiadjis
SESSION 1
Keynote : DAMAGE MECHANICS: ACCOMPLISHMENTS, TRENDS AND NEEDS D. Krajcinovic ................................................................................................................................................................128 A MODULAR APPROACH TO ANISOTROPIC DAMAGE MODELING OF A CLASS OF QUASI-BRITTLE COMPOSITES D. Halm and A. Dragon..................................................................................................................................................128 SIMULATION OF SIZE EFFECT IN COMPRESSION KINK BAND FAILURE OF FIBER COMPOSITES BY COHESIVE CRACK MODEL AND NON-LOCAL LEFM Z.P. Bazant, G.S. Zi, M. Brocca and E. Becq-Giraudon .................................................................................................129 RATE AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT ANISOTROPIC DAMAGE IN METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES FROM A MICRO TO A MACRO SYSTEM G.Z. Voyiadjis and B. Deliktas .......................................................................................................................................130

SESSION 2
EARLY DETECTION OF DAMAGE BY STRESS WAVES B. Guzina and J.F. Labuz ...............................................................................................................................................131 ULTRASONIC CHARACTERIZATION OF DAMAGE IN CONCRETE UNDER CYCLIC TENSION AND COMPRESSION Z. Radakovic-Guzina, M. Meiggs, K.J. Willam and L. Bond...........................................................................................131 MESHFREE NON-LOCAL METHODS FOR STRAIN LOCALIZATION IN DAMAGE MECHANICS J.S. Chen and C.T. Wu....................................................................................................................................................132 ON THE MULTI-SCALE MODELING OF THE DAMAGE BEHAVIOR OF POLYCRYSTALS J.P. Dingli, A. Abdul-Latif and K. Saanouni...................................................................................................................133 MICROMECHANICAL DAMAGE AND CONSTITUTIVE MODELING FOR IMPACT SIMULATION OF RANDOM FIBER COMPOSITE STRUCTURES J.W. Ju, H.K. Lee and S. Simunovic................................................................................................................................133

SESSION 3
AN ANISOTROPIC ELASTO-PLASTIC DAMAGE MODEL: THEORY, CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION A.M. Habraken, M. Wauters and L. Duchne .................................................................................................................134 NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF DAMAGE DURING METAL FORMING PROCESSES Y. Hammi and K. Saanouni.............................................................................................................................................135 ENERGY-BASED CHARACTERIZATION OF ELASTOPLASTIC DAMAGE IN CONCRETE Y.H. Lee and K.J. Willam ...............................................................................................................................................136 ASPECTS OF HIGHER GRADIENT DAMAGE AT LARGE STRAINS T. Liebe and P. Steinmann ..............................................................................................................................................136 AN "EXTENDED" FORMULATION OF ISOTROPIC AND ANISOTROPIC DAMAGE WITH EVOLUTION LAWS IN PSEUDO-LOG SPACE I. Carol, E. Rizzi and K.J. Willam...................................................................................................................................137

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Keynote : DAMAGE MECHANICS: ACCOMPLISHMENTS, TRENDS AND NEEDS

D. Krajcinovic
(1) - Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. Arizona State University. E-mail : krajcino@asuvax.eas.asu.edu

ABSTRACT
The research in damage mechanics is defined as an inquiry into the effect of many small (short) cracks of random size, shape, orientation and location on the macroscopic response, residual strength and failure onset and mode. The objective of this presentation is to highlight the authors opinions of the damage mechanics research that was published during the last four decades and suggest possible trends of the future research. The presentation will summarize the macroscopic (continuum), microscopic and atomic (molecular dynamic) models. The trade of rigor for computational efficiency and the haven of traditional analytical methods is not always possible without large loss of veracity. The random damage, strain and stress fields on the atomic and micro scale cannot always be defined by volume averages (expected values) on the continuum scale. The thermodynamic with internal variables is not always applicable. The existence of potentials is dubious during some important processes and the stubborn focus on the dilute concentration of micro-defects reflects the preference for application of traditional models of mechanics over the actual needs. The presentation will argue that the application of statistical models are needed to provide realistic estimates of the thermodynamic forces that drive and resists damage nucleation and evolution. It seems that this be an essential ingredient of the new set of models that are applicable to more important cases of large concentration of damage. These models are necessary to provide estimates of the residual strength of damaged structures and the onset and mode of the macro-failure.

A MODULAR APPROACH TO ANISOTROPIC DAMAGE MODELING OF A CLASS OF QUASI-BRITTLE COMPOSITES

D. Halm and A. Dragon
(1) - LMPM-ENSMA. E-mail : halm@lmpm.ensma.fr (2) - LMPM-ENSMA. E-mail : dragon@Impm.univ-poitiers.fr

ABSTRACT
Quasi-brittle materials exhibit a progressive deterioration of mechanical properties due to generation and growth of mesocracks. This phenomenon leads to a number of events such as induced anisotropy, dilatancy, moduli degradation and possible recovery when mesocracks close, dissipative friction on closed flaws. Because of the complexity and the multiplicity of the behavior of these materials, a global model appears as a true challenge. This communication attempts to lay foundations of a modular approach of a three-dimensional specific model, each level modelling a particular aspect of the behavior. The starting point is a recent damage model by mesocrack growth inducing anisotropy and residual strain. It is based on a thermodynamic approach by internal variables and its constitutive equations are given by the tensor functions representation theory. This model has proved its efficiency by fairly simulating, f. ex. compression tests with unloading (before crack closure phenomenon) on initially isotropic materials. Two variations deal respectively with the case of vanishing permanent strain encountered for some composites and the case of initially anisotropic materials. The second level treats tension-compression and the like cycles : favorably oriented mesocracks generated during tension phase may close under compressive loading, leading to an 'unilateral behavior', i.e. a moduli recovery phenomenon. Besides micromechanical arguments supporting the modelling of this effect, one resorts to the multilinear functions theory to ensure the complex stress-strain response.

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The third level concerns more general loading paths, f. ex., torsion cycles including frictional sliding on the closed mesocrack lips ; this dissipative friction macroscopically leads to the shear moduli recovery. The sliding threshold, formulated in a particular space, differs from the classical Coulomb criterion. The different parts of this model as well as their interaction have been tested by simulating different aspects of the behavior of quasi-brittle materials (rock-like materials, composites) : tension compression on SiC-SiC, triaxial compression and torsion on sandstone.

REFERENCES
[1] Dragon et Halm, [in] Damage Mechanics in Engineering Materials, Voyiadjis et al. ed., pp. 321-336, 1998. [2] Halm et Dragon, Eur. J. Mech., A) Solids, pp. 439-460, 1998.

SIMULATION OF SIZE EFFECT IN COMPRESSION KINK BAND FAILURE OF FIBER COMPOSITES BY COHESIVE CRACK MODEL AND NON-LOCAL LEFM
Z.P. Bazant, G.S. Zi, M. Brocca and E. Becq-Giraudon
(1) - Northwestern University, Department of Civil Engineering. E-mail : z-bazant@nwu.edu (3) - Department of Civil Engineering. Northwestern University

ABSTRACT
Kink band compression failure of fiber composites is a complex phenomenon involving microfractures coupled with microbuckling of fibers. Current practice relies on plasticity models which, however, exhibit no size effect and no damage localization. Yet recent experiments at Northwestern University on notched geometrically similar PEEK-carbon specimens of size range 1:4 revealed the existence of a strong size effect of the quasibrittle energetic type [1]. The experiments are simulated with a cohesive crack model for the contraction of the kink band [2,3]. The softening relationship of the compressive normal stress across the crack band to the contraction of the width of the band is based on second-order calculation of the microbuckling of fibers and the formation of axial splitting or debonding microcracks between the fibers. The fracture energy of the kink band is considered to represent the energy dissipated by all the axial microcracks per unit length and unit width of the band [2]. Furthermore, equivalent linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) in a new nonlocal form is used to simulate the experimental results. This approach, in which the finite size of the kink band fracture process zone is taken in account in a rather simple manner, captures the shape effect in addition to the size effect, and leads to explicit analytical formulae for the nominal strength of structure [2]. Numerical comparisons confirm the capability of both models to simulate the experiments. The existing plasticity type models appear to be acceptable only for very small sizes.

REFERENCES
[1] Z.P. Bazant and E.-P. Chen (1997). "Scaling of structural failure.", Applied Mechanics Reviews (ASME) 50 (10), 593-627. [2] Z.P. Bazant , J.-J. H. Kim, I.M. Daniel, E. Becq-Giraudon and G. Zi (1999). "Size Effect on Compression Strength of Fiber Composites Failing by Kink Band Propagation", Int. J. of Fracture (Special Issue on Fracture Scaling, ed. by Z.P. Bazant and Y.D.S. Rajapakse), in press. [3] Z.P. Bazant and G. Zi (1999), "Cohesive crack model for kink band failure and size effect analysis of fiber composites", in preparation.

RATE AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT ANISOTROPIC DAMAGE IN METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES FROM A MICRO TO A MACRO SYSTEM
G.Z. Voyiadjis and B. Deliktas
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(1) - Department of Civil and Env. Engineering, Louisiana State University. E-mail : cegzv1@unix1.sncc.lsu.edu (2) - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

ABSTRACT
This work addresses the theoretical formulation and computational implementation of damage in materials. It encompasses the identification and interpretation of damage at different scales and from a micromechanical system to a macromechanical system. It addresses the micromechanical system whereby damage is assessed at the microscale due to the cracks and voids at the level of the different constituents that comprise the material such as the matrix and the fibers for the case of composite materials. It also addresses damage due to the debonding at the interface between the different constituents of the material. This is evaluated numerically by considering a fiber surrounded by the matrix as a micro-system. The boundary conditions for such a system is obtained from the numerical solution of a macro-system such as the structural component of a turbine engine. The simultaneous solution of the two mechanical systems at the micro and macro enables one to obtain the structural behavior of the structural problem. A number of selective points in the macromechanical system is chosen and the micromechanical analysis is performed for these points. Their solution is continuously fed back into the macromechanical system in order to provide an accurate physically based characterization of damage. A rate and temperature dependent anisotropic damage model is developed here for a metal matrix composite system at elevated temperatures. The developed viscous damage model is coupled with a rate dependent plasticity model. The proposed constitutive model will enable one to predict the inelastic response of the individual constituents of the composite material, namely the fiber and matrix as well as the overall composite at different loading rates and temperatures. The formulation is thermodynamically based using the concept of internal state variables. Two sets of internal variables are introduced into the thermodynamic potential. One set characterizes the viscoplastic behavior of the ductile matrix and its effect on the overall inelastic response of the composite while the second set characterizes the damage for each constituent of the composite. The constitutive relations and evolution equations of the internal variables are derived for both the viscoplastic and damage models. Both isotropic and nonlinear kinematic hardening are considered here in the modeling process of both the viscoplastic and damage model. The rate dependency of the initial yield stress and initial damage is also discussed here and analytical expressions are presented to account for these effects on the inelastic and damage response of the composite.

EARLY DETECTION OF DAMAGE BY STRESS WAVES

B. Guzina and J.F. Labuz
(1) - Department of Civil Engineering. University of Minnesota. E-mail : guzina@wave.ce.umn.edu (2) - Department of Civil Engineering. University of Minnesota.

ABSTRACT
Experimental observations have provided a wealth of evidence that relates an increase in microcracks to deterioration of brittle materials. Detecting cracks early in the damage process may lead to shortening of a laboratory testing program and improvement in predicting long-term material performance, or it may lead to timely repair or treatment such that further deterioration is halted. To this end, development of high -resolution sounding techniques that can quantify both the amount and the extent of damage would clearly be valuable. Stress waves provide a basis for the advancement of such methods. It is well known that damage of rock-like materials by introduction of microcracks will affect the propagation of stress waves. Although material stiffness is routinely related to the phase velocity of elastic waves, an additional piece of information not usually included in nondestructive testing, but strongly affected by microcracking, is attenuation. For instance, recent results (Courvreur 1998) indicate that the wave attenuation measurements result in better information on internal damage in rocks than conventional, velocity-based ultrasonic methods. To provide a rational framework for the high-fidelity characterization of damaged materials, the focus of this communication is the development of a nondestructive wave technique that furnishes the simultaneous velocity and amplitude measurements of stress waves in degraded solids and interprets the data consistently within the framework of multi-layered viscoelastic wave propagation. Some computational and physical aspects of the method will be highlighted. Besides
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including the attenuation measurements as an additional indicator of material degradation, the resolving power of the method is enhanced by intrinsically incorporating the effects of material damping on the dispersion of stress waves.

ULTRASONIC CHARACTERIZATION OF DAMAGE IN CONCRETE UNDER CYCLIC TENSION AND COMPRESSION

Z. Radakovic-Guzina, M. Meiggs, K.J. Willam and L. Bond
(1) - Itasca Consulting Group (2) - University of Colorado at Boulder (3) - CEAE Department. University of Colorado at Boulder. E-mail : willam@bechtel.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
The paper summarizes the results of ultrasonic measurements on prismatic concrete specimens that are loaded cyclically in splitting tension and in uniaxial compression. Different wave velocity measurements are made during loading, and after each unloading cycle, to determine isotropic and transversely anisotropic damage of the elastic stiffness properties, [1,2]. For validation, the ultrasonic measurements are compared with mechanical measurements of elastic stiffness degradation. The issue of stress-induced anisotropy is addressed in terms of velocity changes at several stress levels as well as at different cycles of preloading. For illustration, isotropic and transversely anisotropic damage formulations are implemented in a two-dimensional finite element code to simulate the ultrasonic experiment, and to compare the numerical results of elastic degradation with those of elastoplastic simulations. The computational wave propagation studies are performed to help interpretation of ultrasonic signals in terms of velocity and attenuation measurements. The experimental and numerical studies of elastic damage and plastic degradation are designed to determine the ability of ultrasonics to separate the two dissipation processes in tension and compression in a quantitative manner.

REFERENCES
[1] Radakovic-Guzina, Z., Willam, K. and Bond, L., "Ultrasonic Assessment of Damage in Concrete under Axial Compression", (1999), submitted for publication in NDT&E International. [2] Meiggs, M., "Ultrasonic Evaqluation of Concrete in Tension and Compression", (1999), Independent Study Report, CEAE Department, University of Colorado at Boulder.

MESHFREE NON-LOCAL METHODS FOR STRAIN LOCALIZATION IN DAMAGE MECHANICS

J.S. Chen and C.T. Wu
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of Iowa. E-mail : jschen@icaen.uiowa.edu (2) - Dept. of Mech. Engineering & Center for Comp. Aided Design. University of Iowa.

ABSTRACT
The moving least-squares (MLS) and reproducing kernel (RK) approximations employed in the Galerkin based meshfree methods [1-3] possess intrinsic nonlocal properties. In this work, the strain smoothing equations formulated by MLS and RK strain transformation are introduced to in a meshfree framework to regularize the ill-posed conditions in strain oftening problems [4] with particular emphasis on damage mechanics. The enrichment of polynomial basis functions in the MLS and RK strain smoothing assures consistency for the solution prior to bifurcation and for the solution in the non-localized regions. The weight function in MLS and RK strain smoothing introduces nonlocality to regularize illposedness when damage induced strain localization occurs. By imposing appropriate reproducing conditions in the RK nonlocal smoothing, the method can recover strain gradient operator of any type.
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The discrete equilibrium equation is obtained by employing an assumed strain method in the Galerkin approximation. By requiring the orthogonality condition between the enhanced strain and a constant stress, a normalization condition is obtained for the weight function in the MLS/RK strain smoothing equation. This proposed method is essentially uniformly nonlocal, but no kinematic modes are observed in the numerical solution. In this work, the matching between finite element gradient-type method [5] and proposed meshfree nonlocal method is investigated. The proposed MLS and RK strain smoothing can be tailored to provide a gradient type regularization without dealing with the higher order gradient terms and the associated additional boundary conditions in the gradient approach. Numerical examples show that the proposed nonlocal meshfree formulation is sufficient to remedy grid-sensitivity in elastic damage induced strain localization.

REFERENCES
[1] Belytschko, T., Lu Y. Y., and Gu, L., "Element-Free Galerkin Methods", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol 37, pp 229-256, 1994. [2] Liu, W. K., Jun, S., and Zhang, Y. F., "Reproducing Kernel Particle Methods", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, Vol. 20, pp. 1081-1106, 1995. [3] Chen, J. S., Pan, C., Wu, C. T., and Liu, W. K., "Reproducing Kernel Particle Methods for Large Deformation Analysis of Nonlinear Structures", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 139, pp. 195-227, 1996. [4] Chen, J. S., Wu, C. T., and Belytschko, T., "A Generalized Nonlocal Meshfree Method for Strain Localization in Quasi-Static Rate-Independent Solids", Submitted to International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 1999. [5] Peerlings, R. H. J., De Borst, R., Brekelmans, W. A. M., and De Vree, J. H. P., "Gradient Enhanced Damage for Quasi-Brittle Materials", to International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 39, pp. 33913403, 1996.

ON THE MULTI-SCALE MODELING OF THE DAMAGE BEHAVIOR OF POLYCRYSTALS

J.P. Dingli, A. Abdul-Latif and K. Saanouni
(1) - GSM/LASMIS (2) - GIM/ERBEM IUT de Tremblay (3) - Universite' de Technologie de Troyes. E-mail : khemais-saanouni@univ-troyes.fr

ABSTRACT
A micromechanical model for cyclic behavior of polycrystals, already proposed by the authors, is coupled with isotropic damage variable. The model is expressed in the framework of a self-consistent approach of time dependent plasticity (viscoplasticity) for a small strain theory. In this approach, the elastic part, assumed to be uniform, isotropic and compressible, is estimated at the granular scale. A transgranular isotropic hardening variable is introduced on each crystallographic slip system (css), while the kinematic hardening effect can naturally be described by the self consistent interaction law. From a physical point of view, it is supposed here that the damage occurs on the slip system, where the slip is highly localized. Based on slip theory, a micro-damage scalar state variable is introduced on each css. The generalized thermodynamic force associated is determined as an inelastic energy defined only by the transgranular isotropic hardening without the contribution of the elastic energy. This is different from the macroscopic theory of damaged inelasticity where the force associated is either equal to the elastic energy or equal to the total energy. The damage variable is coupled with the elasto-inelastic constitutive equations at the micro and meso scales. The quasi-unilateral effect, as well as the localization of the fatigue damage on the free surface, are neglected in this approach. The obtained model is tested under different cyclic loading situations (different amplitudes) considering the FCC polycrystalline microstructure in order to reproduce the Manson-Coffin relation. The model can appropriately describe the damaged behavior. In addition, some microscopic and mesoscopic numerical responses are recorded and discussed. Effects of the aggregates on the micro damage heterogeneity and on the low cycle fatigue life are also studied by using different aggregates.

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MICROMECHANICAL DAMAGE AND CONSTITUTIVE MODELING FOR IMPACT SIMULATION OF RANDOM FIBER COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
J.W. Ju, H.K. Lee and S. Simunovic
(1) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. University of California. E-mail : juj@seas.ucla.edu (2) - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. University of California

ABSTRACT
Micromechanical damage models are presented to predict impact behavior and damage evolution in random fiber composites. To estimate the overall elastoplastic damage responses, an effective yield criterion is derived based on the ensemble-volume averaging process and the first-order effects of eigenstrains due to the existence of discontinuous fibers. The proposed effective yield criterion, together with the assumed overall associative plastic flow rule and the hardening law, constitutes the analytical foundation for the estimation of effective elastoplastic behavior of ductile matrix composites. Progressive interfacial fiber debonding models are subsequently considered in accordance with Weibull's statistical function to describe the varying probability of fiber debonding. First, the debonded fibers are assumed to be voids in complete debonding model. In the subsequent derivation, the it partial debonding is taken to be the underlying debonding mode; and a partially debonded elastic fiber is replaced by an equivalent, transversely isotropic fiber for the homogenization in ``partial debonding model''. Efficient step-by-step iterative computational algorithms are also presented to implement the proposed damage models. Finally, the progressive damage model is implemented into finite element program DYNA3D to solve large scale problems such as automobile components and structures under impact loading.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was sponsored in part by the National Science Foundation, Mechanics and Materials Program, under PYI Grant MSS-9157238, by the Air Base Systems Branch of the Flight Dynamics Directorate, Air Force Wright Laboratories, by the U.S. Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Transportation Technologies, Lightweight Materials Program, under contract DE-AC05-96OR22464 with Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation, and by an appointment to the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Postdoctoral Research Associates Program administered jointly by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education. The submitted manuscript has been authored by a contractor of the U.S. Government under contract No. DE-AC0596OR22464. Accordingly, the U.S. Government retains a nonexeclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.

AN ANISOTROPIC ELASTO-PLASTIC DAMAGE MODEL: THEORY, CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION

A.M. Habraken, M. Wauters and L. Duchne
(1) - Department MSM, University of Lige. E-mail : Anne.Habraken@ulg.ac.be (2) - Department MSM, University of Lige (3) - Department MSM, University of Lige

ABSTRACT
This macroscopic phenomenological model, first proposed by Zhu [1], constitutes a modified version from previous constitutive laws proposed by Cordebois and Sidoroff [2]. It follows the general thermodynamics analysis and takes into account anisotropy at 3 levels : elasticity, plasticity and damage. The elastic and plastic parts follow respectively Hook's and Hill's law. The hardening is not limited to a classical isotropic approach but based on an plastic work equivalence which induces an evolution of the shape of the anisotropic yield locus. The assumption of Zhu's model of using a linear description of the plastic part of the stress-strain curve behavior has been improved and now multilinear description is possible. The damage criterion is a quadratic homogeneous function of the damage energy release rate, it
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uses a second order damage characteristic tensor J. Again J evolution depends on the principle of damage work equivalence. Plastic and damage descriptions are defined in material axes followed by local axes in the FEM approach. Numerous experiments have been performed in order to reach a good accuracy in the parameters calibration for two steel sheets. The geometry of the samples has been optimized to get zones of homogeneous state which size is adapted to the measurement techniques. This allows to check the principle of Young's modulus decrease, as this classical assumption for macroscopic damage model is far from being straightforward for deep drawing steel sheet (IF steel). The superposed effect of texture evolution has been checked for simple plastic tensile tests. The method to extract all the parameters model from experiments is commented, as well as the model sensitivity to some inaccuracy of chosen parameters. The FEM prediction of FLD using this model is compared to experimental results.

REFERENCES
[1] Y.Y. Zhu , S. Cescotto, "A fully Coupled Elasto-Visco-Plastic Damage Theory for Anisotropic Materials", Int. J Solids and Structures, 1995, 32, n 11, 1607-1641 [2] J.P. Cordebois, F. Sidoroff, "Endommagement anisotrope en lasticit et en plasticit", J Mc. Th. Appl., 1982,Numro spcial, 45-60,

NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF DAMAGE DURING METAL FORMING PROCESSES

Y. Hammi and K. Saanouni
(1) - GSM/LASMIS (2) - Universite' de Technologie de Troyes. E-mail : khemais-saanouni@univ-troyes.fr

ABSTRACT
Ductile (or plastic) damage often occurs during metal forming processes due to the large plastic flow localisation. Accordingly it is crucial for numerical tools, used in the simulation of that processes, to use fully coupled constitutive equations accounting for both hardening and damage. This can be used in both cases, namely to overcome the damage initiation during some metal forming processes as forging, stamping, deep drawing or to enhance damage initiation and growth as in sheetmetal cutting or machining. In this paper, a fully coupled constitutive equations accounting for both combined isotropic and kinematic hardening as well as the ductile damage is implemented into the general purpose Finite Element code for metal forming simulation. First, the formulation of the fully coupled anisotropic constitutive equations in the framework of Continuum Damage Mechanics is presented. The particular case of the fully isotropic and isothermal flow is presented in details concerning both the plastic flow and the damage. The associated numerical aspects concerning both the local integration of the coupled constitutive equations as well as the (global) equilibrium integration schemes are presented. A special care is given to the consistent stiffness matrix calculations and the reduction of the number of the constitutive equations. The numerical implementation of the damage is made in such a manner that calculations can be executed with or without damage effect, i.e. coupled or uncoupled calculations. Many numerical results are presented to discuss the capability of the model to predict the damage initiation and growth during the metal forming processes. For some examples, a comparison between coupled and uncoupled solutions are made using both : fully explicit and fully implicit "global" schemes.

ENERGY-BASED CHARACTERIZATION OF ELASTOPLASTIC DAMAGE IN CONCRETE

Y.H. Lee and K.J. Willam

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(1) - Dept. of Civil Engrg. Kon-Kuk Univ., Seoul, Korea (2) - CEAE Department. University of Colorado at Boulder. E-mail : willam@bechtel.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
A comprehensive constitutive model is presented for the triaxial behavior of plain concrete. The formulation covers the full response spectrum in tension as well as in compression. The concrete model is based on thermodynamics combining the theory of plasticity with elastic damage. A novel triaxial isotropic and anisotropic loading function is presented in terms of three invariants which enforce smoothness throughout the cone- and cap-regions. Evolution of the loading function in the pre-peak region is defined by two friction, one cohesion and one closing parameters. Contraction of the loading function in the post-peak region is described by fracture energy concepts in terms of a single decohsion parameter. A transition point distinguishes between brittle and ductile response regimes where no softening takes place. The loading function -continuity and convexity throughout the entire response regime. Therefore, vertex problems resulting in numerical complexity do not exist. Based on physical observations on post-peak concrete experiments, an energy based damage function is introduced to combine continuum damage and localized plasticity. The resulting damage function expressed as a function of confining pressure and equivalent plastic strain leads to a simple framework to derive the elastoplatic tangent operator combined with elastic damage. To conclude, the fracture energy concept combining elastic damage and plasticity is illustrated with finite element mesh-size sensitivity studies when different height concrete specimens are subjected to uniaxial compression.

ASPECTS OF HIGHER GRADIENT DAMAGE AT LARGE STRAINS

T. Liebe and P. Steinmann
(1) - Dept. of Mech. Engineering Inst. for Mech. Univ. of Kaiserslautern (2) - Institute for Technical Mechanics, University of Kaiserlautern. E-mail : ps@rhk.uni-kl.de

ABSTRACT
Softening at the continuum level due to damage accumulation mimics deterioration processes within the material at the micro scale. E.g. for carbon filled polymers, which can sustain large strains up to several hundert percent, we might think of debonding mechanisms between the molecular chains and/or the carbon fillers. As a consequence of softening, damage and accordingly large deformations tend to accumulate within narrow bands, so called localized zones. In experiments these localization zones display a finite width which is related to the micro structure of the material. Upon further loading lo calized zones then most often form a precursor to the final rupture of the material. On the other hand in a standard continuum description and in particular in the corresponding numerical solution schemes no finite width is obtained, instead pathologically mesh dependent solutions are observed upon refinement of the discretization. Among the most effective remedies against this unphysical behaviour nonstandard continuum theories have been proposed which incorporate higher gradients of those quantities which are responsible for softening. In the small strain regime the recent proposal of de Borst, Pamin, Peerlings & Sluys [1], Peerlings, de Borst, Brekelmans & de Vree [2] and Peerlings, de Borst, Brekelmans, de Vree & Spee [3] to enhance an isotropic damage formulation by spatial gradients has gained much attention for its conceptional beauty and convincing operational performance. The essential ingredient of gradient enhanced damage is an additional equation for the determination of the nonlocal so called damage equivalent strain which is denoted the nonlocal stored energy in this work. Thereby, this averaging equation is derived from an approximation to the integral definition of the truly nonlocal damage equivalent strain and takes the format of a diffusion-adsorptionreaction equation. A noteworthy feature from the numerical point of view is the treatment of the nonlocal damage equivalent strain as an independent variable. Therefore this contribution aims in an extension of a small strain and small deformation formulation of gradient enhanced damage to the geometrically nonlinear case, see also Steinmann [4]. To this end, nonlocal stored energydensities, in short NSE, are introduced as primary variables.

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Fluxesconjugated to the gradients of the NSE are then computed from balance laws which in the small strain limit correspond to the averaging equation well-known in the literature (see above). The principal task is then to establish constitutive laws for these newly introduced NSE-fluxes. Thereby, four different options are investigated which are motivated from Lagrange and Euler averaging procedures together with changes of the metric tensors. Issues of the corresponding FE-formulation and its linearization within a Newton-Raphson procedure are addressed in detail. The different formulations are conceptually compared for the example of a bar in tension whereby large strains are truly envisioned. Finally the response of an axisymmetric notched rubber sample in tension as well as a ct-specimen are considered.

REFERENCES
[1] de Borst R., J. Pamin , R.H.J. Peerlings & H.B. L.J. Sluys , [1995], "On Gradient-Enhanced Damage and Plasticity Models for Failure in Quasi-Brittle and Frictional Materials", Comp. Mech., Vol. 17, pp. 130-141. [2] Peerlings R.H.J., R. de Borst , W.A.M. Brekelmans & J.H.P. de Vree, [1996], "Gradient Enhanced Damage for Quasi-Brittle Materials", Int. J. Num. Meth. Engn., Vol. 39, pp. 3391-3403. [3] Peerlings R.H.J., R. de Borst , W.A.M. Brekelmans, J.H.P. de Vree & I. Spee, [1996], "Some Observations on Localization in Non-Local and Gradient Damage Models", Eur. J. Mech. A/Solids, Vol. 15, pp. 937-953. [4] Steinmann P., [1999], "Formulation and Computation of Geometrically Nonlinear Gradient Damage", Int. J. Num. Meth. Engn., accepted.

AN "EXTENDED" FORMULATION OF ISOTROPIC AND ANISOTROPIC DAMAGE WITH EVOLUTION LAWS IN PSEUDO-LOG SPACE
I. Carol, E. Rizzi and K.J. Willam
(1) - ETSECCPB-Universidad Polytechnica, De Catalunya. E-mail : carol@etseccpb.upc.es (2) - Dip. Ingegneria Strutturale, Poltecnico di Bari. (3) - CEAE Department. University of Colorado at Boulder. E-mail : willam@bechtel.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
Considerable effort has been devoted in recent years to the formulation of elastic degradation and damage [1,2,3]. Initially, most damage models represented variations of the traditional "(1-D)" scalar formulation. Although less frequent, anisotropic damage based on a second-order integrity tensor (with eigenvalues decreasing between 1 and 0) [4], or its inverse (with eigenvalues varying between 1 and infinity), are also becoming popular. This "basic" anisotropic formulation collapses into the isotropic "(1D)" when the integrity tensor becomes spherical. In the general case, the secant stiffness/compliance represents a restricted form of orthotropy, in which the 9 elastic parameters are simple functions of the undamaged E and nu, plus the three principal values of integrity. The same secant expressions may be reached by assuming the classical framework of Continuum Damage Mechanics with energy equivalence [5], and effective stresses and effective strains which are related to their nominal counterparts by productsymmetrized expressions involving the square root integrity or inverse integrity tensors. As proposed recently by the authors [6], evolution laws in this context may be conveniently established by considering the thermodynamic forces conjugate to the pseudo-log rate of damage, instead of the rate of the integrity tensor itself. In this way, forces become a simple, physically meaningful quantity with convenient properties, and the damage rule decouples additively between isotropic damage (given by its volumetric part) and anisotropic damage (given by its deviatoric part). A first, simple formulation based on these concepts using a smoothed Rankine criterion, has been developed and implemented. It only has 5 parameters: undamaged E and nu, tensile strength ft, fracture energy gf and parameter b >= 0 giving the degree of smoothing of the Rankine corners, and also the degree of anisotropy of the whole model. For b=0, the smoothed Rankine surface degenerates into a pi-plane and the classical istropic damage model is recovered. As the opposite limit case, b -> infinite, for which the surface takes the shape of the original Rankine criterion, with maximum anisotropy in the response. Examples of application include pure tension and Willam's test with rotating pescribed principal strains [7]. In the first case, a general closed-form solution is available, which is what makes it possible to identify the constants with parameters ft and gf. In the second, numerical results exhibit stresses with second peaks and plateaus that end abruptly in normal components, sign inversion in shear components, and princpipal directions that

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rotate faster that those of applied strain. This complex response follows the trends observed in previous multiple cracking models. Latest developments along this line aim at extending the previous formulation to a broader type of anisotropy. This obviously requires to consider aditional damage parameters. General dependencies of secant stiffness/compliance on a given set of damage variables may be obtained using representation theorems. In that way, however, useful intuitive concepts such as effective stress or strain may no longer exist. As a compromise, the authors propose an `extended' secant formulation which is equivalent to a sixparameter form of elastic orthotropy [8]. Traditional CDM concepts including energy equivalence are still fully in place, as well as the pseudo-log rate of damage and the additive decomposition of the damage rule into isotropic/anisotropic contributions. The extension proposed also encompasses a more general type of isotropic degradation, in which the two initial elastic parameters may evolve independently. A first example of application is purely deviatoric, or von Mises type of damage, which fits naturally in the new formulation.

REFERENCES
[1] I.Carol, E.Rizzi K.Willam (1994). "A unified theory of elastic degradation and damage based on a loading surface". Int. J. of Solids and Structures, vol.31, No.20, pp.2835-2865. [2] E.Rizzi, I.Carol, K.Willam (1995). "Localization analysis of elastic degradation with application to scalar damage", J. of Engineering Mechancis, vol.121, No.4, pp.541-554. [3] I.Carol, K.Willam (1996). "Spurious energy dissipation/generation in modeling of stiffness recovery for elastic degradation and damage", Int. J. of Solids and Structures, vol.33, no.20-22, pp.2939-2957. [4] Valanis (1990) "A theory of damage in brittle materials", Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol.36, pp.403-416. [5] Cordebois and Sidoroff (1982), "Endommagement anisotrope en elasticite et plasticite'', J. de Mecanique Teorique et Appliquee'', Numero Special, pp.45-60. [6] I.Carol, E.Rizzi, K.Willam (1998). "On the formulation of anisotropic degradation using a pseudo- logarithmic damage tensor'', Report CU/SR-98/1, Dept.CEAE, U. of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0428, USA. [7] K.Willam, E.Pramono, S.Sture (1987). "Fundamental issues of smeared crack models". In SEM-RILEM Int.Conf. on Fracture of Concrete and Rock, Shah, S.P. and Swartz, S.E. editors, Society of Engineering Mechanics, pp.192-207. [8] Carol, Rizzi, Willam (1999). "An 'extended' formulation of isotropic and anisotropic damage with evolution laws in pseudo-log space". Report CU/SR-99/4, Dept.CEAE, U. of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 -428, USA.

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Minisymposium

Micromechanical and Multi-Scale Models for Material Processing Applications

Paul Dawson, Lallit Anand and Robert Haber
SESSION 1
GRAIN SIZE EFFECTS IN VISCOPLASTIC POLYCRYSTALS AT MODERATE STRAINS A. Acharya and A.J. Beaudoin ........................................................................................................................................140 INVESTIGATIONS OF MULTIPHASE METALS USING FINITE ELEMENT DISCRETIZATION N. Barton and P. Dawson ...............................................................................................................................................140 TEXTURE INDUCED ANISOTROPY IN TORSION TESTS OF ZIRCALOY-4: EXPERIMENT AND MODELING R.E. Loge, J.W. Signorelli, Y.B. Chastel and R.A. Lebensohn.........................................................................................141 TEXTURE SIMULATION OF POLYCRYSTALS BY THE REPRESENTATIVE VOLUME ELEMENT TECHNIQUE A. Bertram, T. Boehlke and M. Kraska ...........................................................................................................................141 THERMOELASTIC STRESS FLUCTUATIONS IN RANDOM STRUCTURE COMPOSITES AND SOME NONLINEAR PROBLEMS OF MICROMECHANICS V.A. Buryachenko ...........................................................................................................................................................142 EMBEDDING MICROSTRUCTURAL LAWS IN THE MACROMECHANICAL FRAMEWORK A VARIATIONAL MULTISCALE APPROACH K. Garikipati and T.J.R. Hughes.....................................................................................................................................142

SESSION 2
MODELING THE EFFECTS OF PRE-STRAIN ON FORMING LIMIT DIAGRAMS D. Bammann and A.J. Beaudoin.....................................................................................................................................143 ELASTIC/CRYSTALLINE VISCOPLASTIC FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF SINGLE- AND POLY- CRYSTAL SHEET METALS E. Nakamachi, K. Hiraiwa and M. Harimoto .................................................................................................................144 COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF DEFORMATION TEXTURES USING RODRIQUES SPACE A. Kumar and P. Dawson ...............................................................................................................................................144 PARAMETER ESTIMATION OF A RATE DEPENDENT POLYCRYSTAL PLASTICITY MODEL THROUGH INVERSE ANALYSIS S. Kok, A. Beaudoin and D. Tortorelli ............................................................................................................................145 HIGH-RATE MATERIAL MODELING AND VALIDATION USING THE TAYLOR CYLINDER IMPACT TEST P.J. Maudlin, C.N. Tome and G.T. Gray III....................................................................................................................146 A DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN MODEL FOR PRECIPITATE EVOLUTION IN ALUMINUM ALLOY QUENCH PROCESSES N. Sobh, J. Huang, L. Yin, R.B. Haber, D.A. Tortorelli and R. Hyland...........................................................................146

SESSION 3
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS: APPLICATION TO FORMING OF PARTS FROM POWDER METALS L. Anand and C. Gu ........................................................................................................................................................147 A 2D NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF GRANULAR MATERIALS J. Fortin, G. de Saxce and M. Hjiaj ................................................................................................................................148 MICRO-MACRO SIMULATION OF A LASER REMELTING PROCESS G. Laschet, H.J. Diepers and R. Prieler .........................................................................................................................149 A THERMOMECHANICAL-MICROSTRUCTURAL MODEL OF AN ALUMINUM ALLOY CASTING PROCESS D. Celentano, D. Gunasegaram and T. Nguyen..............................................................................................................149

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GRAIN SIZE EFFECTS IN VISCOPLASTIC POLYCRYSTALS AT MODERATE STRAINS

A. Acharya and A.J. Beaudoin
(1) - Center for the Sim. of Adv. Rockets. Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. University of Illinois. (2) - Dept. of Mech. and Industrial Engineering. University of Illinois. E-mail : abeaudoi@uiuc.edu

ABSTRACT
This work deals with the prediction of grain-size dependent hardening in FCC polycrystalline metals at moderately high strains (2%-30%). The model considers 3-D, polycrystalline aggregates of purely viscoplastic single crystals, and simulates quasi-static deformation histories with a hybrid finite element method implemented for parallel computation. The hardening response of the individual single crystals is considered to be isotropic (Taylor model), but modified to include a physically- motivated measure of lattice incompatibility which is supposed to model, in the continuum setting, the resistance to plastic flow provided by lattice defects. The length-scale in constitutive response that is required on dimensional grounds appears naturally from a widely accepted empirical relationship between the flow strength and the dislocation density. Even though the grain-size (D) does not enter explicitly into the model, a linear relationship between the macroscopic flow stress, in uniaxial tension, and 1/D is predicted. This trend is in agreement with experimental results for deformation of FCC polycrystals having grain-sizes below 100 microns and at strains beyond the initial yield (> 2%).

INVESTIGATIONS OF MULTIPHASE METALS USING FINITE ELEMENT DISCRETIZATION

N. Barton and P. Dawson
(1) - Sibley School of Mech. and Aerospace Eng. Cornell University. E-mail : barton@popeye.mae.cornell.edu (2) - Dept. of Theoretical & Applied Mechcs. Cornell University. E-mail : dawson@popeye.mae.cornell.edu

ABSTRACT
Using the finite element method, we model the plastic deformation of multi-phase polycrystalline metals. By discretizing the individual grains in an aggregate, we examine the effects of spatial arrangement on phase interaction and sub-grain level heterogeneities. In particular, we investigate crystallographic orientation (texture) evolution and compare finite element predictions to those from upper and lower bound linking assumptions. While linking assumptions may suffice for the simulation of texture evolution in higher symmetry single-phase materials such as FCC aluminum, spatial arrangement and subgrain heterogeneities play a key role in materials exhibiting more substantial single grain anisotropy.

TEXTURE INDUCED ANISOTROPY IN TORSION TESTS OF ZIRCALOY-4: EXPERIMENT AND MODELING

R.E. Loge, J.W. Signorelli, Y.B. Chastel and R.A. Lebensohn
(1) - E-mail :loge@popeye.mae.cornell.edu

ABSTRACT
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An automatic optimization technique is presented to identify Critical Resolved Shear Stresses (CRSSs) from observable quantities such as texture measurements. This inverse method is based on a viscoplastic self - consistent polycrystalline formulation and allows for mixed boundary conditions - as appropriate in the torsion test - by relaxing some velocity gradient or stress components. Texture measurements are reported for hot torsion tests of the hcp Zircaloy-4 (Zy4), quenched from the high temperature bcc phase, and deformed in the 873-1023 K temperature range. They serve as data for identifying the CRSSs of Zy4 in this temperature range, assuming 4 possible deformation modes, namely prismatic slip, basal slip, pyramidal slip in the <a> direction, and pyramidal slip in the <c+a> direction. The anisotropy induced by the texture evolution is discussed in terms of axial stress and axial elongation, for fixed ends as well as free ends torsion tests.

TEXTURE SIMULATION OF POLYCRYSTALS BY THE REPRESENTATIVE VOLUME ELEMENT TECHNIQUE

A. Bertram, T. Boehlke and M. Kraska
(1) - Institute of Mechanics. University of Magdeburg. (2) - Institute of Mechanics. University of Magdeburg. (3) - Institute of Mechanics. University of Magdeburg.

ABSTRACT
Polycrystalline metals submitted to large permanent deformations exhibit an induced anisotropy that strongly alters their mechanical properties. In the present approach, a representative volume element (RVE) of a polycrystalline material is modelled by a finite-element mesh, taking into account the initial anisotropy of both the elastic behavior and the inelastic one. The RVE is submitted to standard overall deformation processes. The texture induced elastic anisotropy of polycrystalline copper is studied for different deformation paths. The macroscopic elasticity tensors given by volume averages are approximated by stored energy functions having distinct symmetry properties. If a properly defined distance between the elastic properties given by an average and its approximation is smaller than a tolerance, the symmetry can be considered as identified. In this paper an approximation is suggested, which contains the isotropic bounds as special cases if applied to the anisotropic bounds by Voigt and Reuss, and which is furthermore applicable to any forth-order elasticity tensor given by experiments or simulations. The inelastic anisotropy is examined by uniaxial tensile tests in several directions with respect to the deformed simulated specimens. The equivalent stress levels for different yield criteria are recorded. From this data isosurfaces are calculated. Their reduced symmetry reflects the symmetry of the preceeding deformation and is mainly due to the crystallographic texture. For the channel die compression specimen a yield locus is constructed and related to simulated r-values. The results exhibit normality of the mean plastic flow with respect to the yield locus.

THERMOELASTIC STRESS FLUCTUATIONS IN RANDOM STRUCTURE COMPOSITES AND SOME NON-LINEAR PROBLEMS OF MICROMECHANICS
V.A. Buryachenko
(1) - Air Force Research Laboratory. E-mail : buryach@aol.com

ABSTRACT
Linearly thermoelastic composite media are treated, which consist of a homogeneous matrix containing a statistically homogeneous random set of ellipsoidal uncoated or coated inclusions. Effective properties (such as compliance, thermal expansion, stored energy) as well as both first and second statistical moments of stresses in the components are estimated for the general case of nonhomogeneity of
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the thermoelastic inclusion properties. The micromechanical approach is based on Green's function techniques as well as on the generalization of the ``multiparticle effective field'' method (MEFM), previously proposed for the estimation of stress field averages in the components [1]. The application of the theory is demonstrated by calculating overall yield surfaces of composite materials. The influence of the coating is analyzed by the use of both the assumption of homogeneity of the stress field in the inclusion core and of the thin-layer hypothesis. The fundamental roles of stress fluctuations estimated are discussedfor a wide class of nonlinear problems of micromechanics such as nonlinear elasticity, nonlinear viscosity and creeping, elastoplastisity (see e.g [2]), strength and fracture. All these problems are based on estimations of some nonlinear functions of local stresses (e.g.\ the yield condition) taking stress inhomeneities in the components into account.

REFERENCES
[1] Buryachenko V. A., Rammerstorfer F. G., "Thermoelastic stress fluctuations in random structure composites with coated inclusions", Eur. J. Mech. A / Solids, 1998, 17, 763-788. [2] Buryachenko V.A., "The overall elastoplastic behavior of multiphase mater", Acta Mech. 1996, 119, 93 -17.

EMBEDDING MICROSTRUCTURAL LAWS IN THE MACROMECHANICAL FRAMEWORK A VARIATIONAL MULTISCALE APPROACH

K. Garikipati and T.J.R. Hughes
(1) - Division of Mechanics & Computation Stanford University. E-mail : krishna@gloworm.stanford.edu (2) - Stanford University Div. of Mechanics and Computation. E-mail : hughes@am-sun2.stanford.edu

ABSTRACT
Multiscale displacement fields are a commonly-observed feature of the inelastic deformation of solids. Examples include the adiabatic heat lines accompanying metal forming processes, slip lines during compaction of soils and localized strains associated with failure of composites and brittle materials like concrete. High-gradient fine scale fields and relatively smooth coarse scale fields can be identified in such settings. The Variational Multiscale Method involves a formulation of the problem solely in terms of coarse scale components, but one in which the fine scale details are accounted for. This involves the identification of equations that relate the fine scale dispalcements to the coarse scale. In a purely macromechanical setting such equations can be obtained from a weak form of the problem. A method can then be constructed that provides powerful analytic and computational techniques for problems of localized deformation. In this work, attention is turned to cases where the fine scale information comes from considerations entirely separate of the macromechanical, continuum formulation. Included, are microstructural models of material behavior such as the Schmid Law of crystal plasticity, Embedded Fracture Process Zones and atomistic models among others. It will be demonstrated that the Variational Multiscale Method provides a framework for the embedding of such laws in the macromechanical, continuum setting. The formulation is presented in the geometrically nonlinear setting of finite strain multiplicative plasticity. Interesting insights are revealed into the multiplicative multiscale nature of the kinematics. The approach gives rise to a multiscale finite element method and numerical algorithms that are sufficiently general and can be applied to embedding a range of microstructural laws in the macromechanical formulation. Several numerical examples are presented.

MODELING THE EFFECTS OF PRE-STRAIN ON FORMING LIMIT DIAGRAMS

D. Bammann and A.J. Beaudoin
(1) - Sandia National Labs. E-mail : bammann@sandia.gov (2) - Dept. of Mech. and Industrial Engineering. University of Illinois. E-mail : abeaudoi@uiuc.edu

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ABSTRACT
A finite deformation plasticity model is modified to provide better predictions in situations of large changes in the direction of straining. The model incorporates three internal variables to describe the state of the material during large deformations. One tensor and one scalar variable are based upon the evolution of dislocation density and distribution. The third state variable represents porosity or damage and the evolution is based upon the void growth equations proposed by Cocks and Ashby to describe the ductile growth of spherical voids in a creeping material. The deformation gradient is multiplicatively decomposed into elastic, damage (spherical), and plasticity (deviatoric) parts. To more accurately describe the material response during large changes in strain path, the scalar product of the internal tensor variable with the direction of current plastic flow is introduced in the evolution of the scalar hardening variable. This is shown to improve the predictions of the stress state during large strain path changes. Similar effects on the forming limit diagrams are then investigated.

ELASTIC/CRYSTALLINE VISCOPLASTIC FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF SINGLE- AND POLY- CRYSTAL SHEET METALS
E. Nakamachi, K. Hiraiwa and M. Harimoto
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. Osaka Institute of Technology. E-mail : nakamati@med.oit.ac.jp (2) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. Osaka Institute of Technology (3) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. Osaka Institute of Technology

ABSTRACT
The elastic/crystalline viscoplastic constitutive equation based on the hardening and softening evolution equations, those parameters are identified by using the experimental observation, is newly implemented in the dynamic-explicit finite element code. The availability of this finite element analysis code is confirmed by the comparison with the experimental observations. The parameters of these phenomenological evolution equations are identified by using the micro and macro experimental measurements of pure aluminum and aluminum alloy tension tests. The hardening and softening might correspond to the increase and decrease of the dislocation density. But the fundamental mechanism of hardening and softening evolutions in each slip system of the crystal itself are still unclear, and further the mathematical formulation is incomplete. Therefore, the verification of finite element modeling by using the experimental observation is strongly required. In this study, X-ray diffraction analysis, ODF analysis and EBSP analysis are used for identification of the crystalline orientation distribution of the single and poly crystal aluminum materials. Microscope, SEM and AFM observations of tension tests are carried out to measure the deformation and straining of the rectangular plates under the tension loads. Those results are used for the finite element modeling and also the plastic instabilities of rectangular sheet under the tension load are analyzed. Both finite element analyses and experiments show that the deformation induced crystalline rotation, slip bands generation, and strain localization are very much affected by the initial crystalline orientation distribution, crystalline grain boundary and its size, and the shape of the specimen. The heterogeneouse deformation at the crystalline size can be specified by both observations. Finally, the availability of the finite element analysis code is confirmed.

COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF DEFORMATION TEXTURES USING RODRIQUES SPACE

A. Kumar and P. Dawson
(1) - Division of Engineering. Brown University. E-mail : akumar@isaac.engin.brown.edu (2) - Dept. of Theoretical & Applied Mechcs. Cornell University. E-mail : dawson@popeye.mae.cornell.edu

ABSTRACT
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When viewed from the macroscopic scale, the crystallographic texture is a probability distribution for the orientation of the crystal lattices, which often is called the orientation distribution function (ODF). An ODF is defined for a sample of material that contains many crystals, sufficiently many that independent samples render the same texture in a statistical sense. There are a number of techniques for computing the evolution of texture, some of which evolve parametric descriptors of the ODF and some of which update the orientations of a discrete sample drawn from the ODF. Here we discuss a procedure based on the former in which the ODF first is cast over an angle/axis parameterization of orientation space using a finite element discretization of this space. The particular angle/axis parameterization is that of Rodriques, which offers attractive properties in terms of the crystal symmetries. A conservation equation for the volume fractions of crystals provides the evolution equation for the texture in which the lattice spins derived from crystallographic slip determine the reorientation velocities. In this presentation, we discuss computational aspects of this methodology, discuss its extension to reorientation mechanisms other than pure slip, and couple the discretizations over orientation space with texture gradients occurring over the spatial dimensions of a formed component.

PARAMETER ESTIMATION OF A RATE DEPENDENT POLYCRYSTAL PLASTICITY MODEL THROUGH INVERSE ANALYSIS
S. Kok, A. Beaudoin and D. Tortorelli
(1) - Dept. of Mech. and Industrial Engineering. University of Illinois. E-mail : kok@acm6.me.uiuc.edu (2) - Dept. of Mech. and Industrial Engineering. University of Illinois. E-mail : abeaudoi@uiuc.edu (3) - Dept. of Mech. and Ind. Engineering. Univ. of Illinois. E-mail : dtort@acm6.me.uiuc.edu

ABSTRACT
A general power-law rate dependent polycrystal plasticity model [1] is used to predict the stressstrain response of uniaxial test specimens. In this model, internal state variables for each crystal include orientation and flow stress. Strain hardening is modeled through a Voce-type hardening law. The model requires at least five parameters: initial yield stress, initial hardening rate, strain rate sensitivity exponent, saturation stress and a reference slip system shear rate. Other parameters, such as coupling between slip systems, can also be included. The polycrystal plasticity model is used to simulate uniaxial tests. The simulations are performed with a general transient nonlinear finite element analysis, incorporating fully backward Euler time integration. Several hundred crystal are modeled at each Gauss point, where a modified Newton - Raphson scheme is used to solve the crystal stress and state variable update equations. Calculated stress-strain curves at various strain rates are then used in an optimization problem, where the RMS error between the calculated and measured responses are used as the error function. A standard gradient based optimization algorithm is used to determine the material parameters which minimize the error function. Efficient calculation of sensitivities are accomplished through the direct semianalytical method [2]. The optimization problem is solved using different crystal sample sizes in order to determine the minimum sample size that is necessary to provide reliable results. The accuracy of the models are verified by comparing the computed response to that obtained by performing additional experiments.

REFERENCES
[1] U.F. Kocks, C.N. Tome , H.-R. Wenk, "Texture and Anisotropy: Preferred Orientations in Polycrystals and Their Effect on Material Properties", Cambridge University Press, 1998. [2] P. Michaleris , "Design and Analysis of Transient Nonlinear Coupled Systems", PhD Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1994.

HIGH-RATE MATERIAL MODELING AND VALIDATION USING THE TAYLOR CYLINDER IMPACT TEST
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P.J. Maudlin, C.N. Tome and G.T. Gray III

(1) - Theoretical Division. Los Alamos National Laboratory. E-mail : pjm@lanl.gov (2) - Los Alamos National Laboratory (3) - Los Alamos National Laboratory

ABSTRACT
The importance of an accurate constitutive description for high-rate deformation processes involving anisotropic metallic materials has been demonstrated in many applications. The earring of deepdrawn cups is a classic low - strain-rate example. Over the last decade the computing power (i.e., memory, processor speed and number of processors) available for numerical analysis has increased substantially. As a result, the computational tools available for simulating high deformation problems have recently started to evolve to accommodate more complex descriptions of material behavior. Our interest here is to develop more accurate descriptions of material strength (specifically for anisotropic elastoplastic flow) for certain metals involved in explosive forming applications, and the integration of such descriptions into the appropriate continuum mechanics computer codes. However, even with state-of-the-art computing power there is still a need to be cognizant of the cost of using advanced material modeling in continuum codes and balancing this cost with the realized improvements in problem accuracy. The explosive forming application is a high-rate problem that is best addressed with an explicit continuum mechanics code that can time-resolve the effect of stress waves at a reasonable computer cost. Computed strain rates for explosive forming range from 104 to 107 s-1, and the duration of formation is typically not longer than 500 =B5s. We adapted the Lagrangian EPIC code to include a description of anisotropic elastoplasticity that is economical enough for our application interests. This capability imparted to the EPIC code would be also applicable for industrial high-rate applications such as explosive welding, cutting or perforation, and even for some moderate-rate applications such as machining. Our modeling combines an appropriate elastic stiffness, a physically based flow stress model describing rate and thermally dependent isotropic hardening, and a piece-wise yield surface again physically based on experimental measurements of the crystallographic texture and polycrystal simulations. This elastoplastic property information is utilized in both classical and multi-surface associative flow constitutive formulations using unrotated tensors, with emphasis on cubic and hexagonalclose-packed materials. This approach can be viewed as an effort to bridge the gap between single crystal and continuum length scales in order to address high-rate deformation processes with more accuracy. Taylor Cylinder impact testing is extensively used in our work to validate the constitutive modeling by comparing calculated three dimensional shapes to the measured shapes of post-test specimens. Results from such comparisons will be presented. An explosive forming application problem is used to illustrate the effects of anisotropic behavior on material deformation and stability. Examples and counter-examples of the importance of yield surface topology and texture evolution will be also presented.

A DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN MODEL FOR PRECIPITATE EVOLUTION IN ALUMINUM ALLOY QUENCH PROCESSES
N. Sobh, J. Huang, L. Yin, R.B. Haber, D.A. Tortorelli and R. Hyland
(1) - Center for Process Simulation and Design. University of Illinois. (2) - Center for Process Simulation and Design. University of Illinois. (4) - University of Illinois at Urbana. E-mail : r-haber@uiuc.edu

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a method for simulating precipitate nucleation and growth during quench of aluminum alloy extrusions. In particular, we are interested in determining the density and size distribution of recipitates that form either in the bulk or at grain boundaries. The latter site is of particular concern, since grain boundary precipitates can serve as initiation sites for micro-cracking under extreme deformations, as in crash scenarios. Our microstructure simulation derives from a reaction-rate model for precipitate nucleation and growth. Precipitates are assumed to nucleate and grow in discrete increments, one monomer at a time. In practice, precipitates grow to contain 10^5 monomers or more, so our continuum process model requires as many degrees of freedom per location to describe the size
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distribution. A highly nonlinear system of reaction rate equations describes the evolution of the number densities. We present a discontinuous Galerkin finite element model for continuous quench processes, in which a macroscopic thermal solution drives the microscopic precipitate model. A spatially discontinuous Galerkin procedure (Baumann and Oden) for steady advection-diffusion problems models the thermal problem. A separate discontinuous Galerkin model addresses the massive nonlinear first-order hyperbolic system that arises from the precipitate evolution model. We use an element-by-element solution procedure and exploit the special structure of the evolution equations to achieve linear scaling in both the number of elements and the number of unknowns per continuum location. Systems with 10^7 unknowns can be solved in under an hour on a PC.

CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS: APPLICATION TO FORMING OF PARTS FROM POWDER METALS
L. Anand and C. Gu
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering MIT. E-mail : anand@mit.edu (2) - Department of Mechanical Engineering MIT

ABSTRACT
The Coulomb-Mohr yield condition is widely used in soil mechanics to determine the stress required for flow of a granular material, however, the flow rule, that is the equations which govern the flow behavior, is generally not agreed upon. The purpose of this talk is to present a complete constitutive model for the large deformation response of dry granular materials. The model is a generalization of a "double-shearing" plane strain constitutive model which may be traced to the papers of Spencer (1964,1982), Mehrabadi and Cowin (1978), Nemat-Nasser, et al. (1981), Anand (1983), and others. Here, the plane strain model is generalized to three-dimensions including the effects of elastic deformation and the typical pressure-sensitive and dilatant, hardening/softening response observed in granular materials. The constitutive model is enhanced by a "cap" to represent the compaction processes which occur under multiaxial stress states with a high mean-normal pressure. The constitutive model has been implemented in a finite element program. The computational capability is then used to: - predict the formation of shear bands in plane strain compression and plane strain expansion of a cylindrical cavity. The numerical calculations are shown to be in good quantitative agreement with the recent corresponding experiments of Han and Drescher (1993), and Alsiny, et al. (1993) on localization in a dry Ottawa sand under low pressure conditions; and - simulate the compaction of a few representative components made from iron powder. The results from the simulations are shown to compare favorably with our experimental measurements.

A 2D NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF GRANULAR MATERIALS

J. Fortin, G. de Saxce and M. Hjiaj
(1) - Universite des Sciences et Technnologies de Lille. E-mail : fortin@chouia.univ-lille1.fr (2) - Faculte Polytechnique de Mon. Service de Mecanique des Materiaux et des Structures. (3) - Faculte Polytechnique de Mon. Service de Mecanique des Materiaux et des Structures.

ABSTRACT
The quantity of materials in grains or in powders produced by chemical, pharmaceutical, food and agriculture industries has been increasing during the last years. These problems are linked for manufacturers today to storage facilities, dosage. Understanding the complexity of the rheological behavior of granular materials is essential to improve the design of pieces destined in contain or in work granular materials. An alternative consists in using the numerical modelling at the particle scale. As
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opposed to the continuum Mechanics this representation of the Finite Element Method, this model is called the Discret Element Method. In this paper, a 2D numerical simulation of the Contact Dynamics [1] is presented: moving rigid rollers can run into themself or into surrounding walls and are subjected to friction forces during these collisions. The interaction between rollers is described by the unilateral contact law with Coulomb's friction. The complete contact law is a complex non smooth dissipation law including three statuses: no contact, contact with sticking and contact with sliding. This law is non associated. The concept of a superpotentiel developped by Moreau [2] to describe dissipative law cannot be used. de Saxce [3] propose to write the complete contact law in a more compact form of a differential inclusion and to recorver a normality rule structure. The method is based on a generalization of Fenchel's inequality, and leads to a unique function called Bipotential. This approach is simpler than usual approachs which require two predictor-corrector steps, one for the unilateral contact, and the other one for the friction. Using the contact bipotential leads to an algorithm of resolution based on a predictor-corrector scheme [4] and a convergence criterion based on the constitutive law error. The issue is an algorithm involving, at each iteration, a global step of resolution of the dynamics equation, producting a new estimation of the velocity and a local step of resolution of the contact law. The applications show the convergence and the robustness of the algorithm.

REFERENCES
[1] Moreau J.-J., Some numerical methods in multibody dynamics : application to granular materials, Eur.J. Mech, A Solids, 13. N 4 -suppl., 93-114, 1994. [2] Moreau J.-J., Fonctions de resistance et fonctions de dissipation, Seminaire d'analyse convexe, Montpellier, expose n 6, 1971. [3] de Saxce G., Une generalisation de l'inegalite de Fenchel et ses applications aux lois constitutives, C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, t. 314, Serie II, p. 125-129, 1992. [4] de Saxce G. and Feng Z. Q., The bipotentiel method: a constructive approach to design the complete contact law with friction and improved numerical algorithms, International journal Mathematical and Computer modelling on contact mechanics, accepted for publication.

MICRO-MACRO SIMULATION OF A LASER REMELTING PROCESS

G. Laschet, H.J. Diepers and R. Prieler
(1) - ACCESS e.V. E-mail : g.laschet@access.rwth-aachen.de (2) - ACCESS e.V. (3) - ACCESS e.V.

ABSTRACT
Short time laser treatments of coatings lead to specific microstructure formation due to the high local temperature gradients (grad T > 10^ 4 K/cm). Especially laser remelted Al coatings on steel substrates have interesting material properties such as oxydation and sulfidation resistance at high temperature and can overcome brittleness of Fe-Al bulk materials. A numerical investigation has been realized with the aim to determine the process window for technically relevant Al-Fe systems and to predict the microstructure formation during laser remelting. The main process parameters are the energy per unit surface, the influence time and the beam shape. At first, on the macroscale, a simplified approach is presented which is based on a transient thermal finite element/control volume analysis. This approach evaluates the temperature field and the mean concentration in the melting pool. During the melting process, the concentration of the solid-liquid interface varies from 0% Fe to 100% Fe. As the melting temperatures of pure aluminum and iron are quite different (Fe: 1434 deg C, Al: 655 deg C), the determination of this temperature at the boundary of the liquid pool is of primary importance. Indeed, its deepness is function of the liquid concentration, which itself is function of the eltpool depth. In order to describe this complex interactive phenomenon, a simple model is developed where the concentration of the liquid phase is considered in a first approximation as perfectly mixed [1]. Moreover, in order to define a smooth transition between the melting and the solidification region, the mushy zone is defined by the projection of the liquidus-solidus distance on the solidification speed. The accuracy of this model is illustrated by the comparison of the predicted and experimental geometries of the melting pool in function of the process parameters. Then, from the
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macroscopic analysis, the temperature gradient, the mean concentration and the cooling rate at the solidification front are used to provide input data for the microscale simulation. This simulation is based on a phase field approach [2,3] in order to describe the microstructure and microsegregation profile. The special feature of our approach is the incorporation of a realistic description of the phase diagram in the range [75% Al - 100% Al]. This model takes into account the dependence of segregation on the concentration and the dependence of the melting point on curvature and concentration. The results of this microscale simulation present qualitative agreement with the experimental investigation of the microstructure performed by EDX and microscope analysis. Finally, the sensitivity of the macroscale parameters on the microstructure formation is presented.

REFERENCES
[1] G. Laschet , H.-J. Diepers and I. Steinbach. Micro-macro simulation of laser remelting of an aluminum coating on steel, Proc. of EKLAT 98, Hannover, September 1998, Ed. L. Mordike, DGM editions, pp. 265-270. [2] I. Steinbach & G. Schmitz. Direct simulation of the solidification structure using the phase field method, Proc. of Conf. on Casting, Welding & Advanced Solidification, Ed. B. Thomas & C. Beckermann, TMS Editions, San Diego, June 98, pp. 521-532. [3] A.A. Wheeler, B.T. Murray & R.J. Schaefer. Computation of dendrites using a phase field model, Physica D, vol. 66, 1993, pp 243-262.

A THERMOMECHANICAL-MICROSTRUCTURAL MODEL OF AN ALUMINUM ALLOY CASTING PROCESS

D. Celentano, D. Gunasegaram and T. Nguyen
(1) - Dept. de Ingenieria Mecanica. Universidad de Santiago de Chile. E-mail : dcelenta@lauca.usach.cl (2) - School of Engineering, University of South Australia (3) - CRC for Alloy and Solidif. Tech. (CAST). CSIRO Div. of Man. Tech. Australia

ABSTRACT
During the last years, several thermomechanical models have been developed and used to simulate different casting processes (see [1,2] and references therein) in order to predict the solidification path after the filling and thus to contribute to a better design of the casting system allowing the manufacturing of sound parts according to specified quality controls. On the other hand, a considerable amount of work has been carried out in the study of the microstructure evolution of many alloys during the liquid-solid phase-change by means of thermal-microstructural analyses [3]. Although the thermofluid behaviour considering microstructural phase- change effects has been analysed with particular emphasis on the natural convection phenomenon [4], the material description of the liquid, mushy and solid phases occuring during the solidification and cooling in a unified formulation is still an open field of research. The aim of this paper is to present a coupled hermomechanical-microstructural formulation for the analysis of the whole aluminium alloy casting process once the mould is completely filled with molten metal. It should be noted that this macro-micro approach is the main original contribution of the present work. In this proposed formulation, which is an extension of the thermomechanical model described in [2], the liquid-solid phase-change evolution is given by nucleation and growth laws based on kinetic considerations of dendritic equiaxed solidification [3]. Therefore, in this context the solid fraction does not only depend only on the temperature as in [2], but also on the temperature rate and some microstructural parameters such as the grain density and grain size. Moreover, the influence of the microstructure formation is taken into account in the constitutive laws governing the thermomechanical behaviour of the alloy. The formulation is discretized within the finite element framework. Some important features of the thermo-mechanical-microstructural coupling are also presented. Finally, this formulation is used in the analysis of an aluminium alloy solidification problem subjected to different mould preheats and external cooling conditions. The numerical results provided by the simulation are compared with some available experimental data reported in [5] discussing, additionally, different aspects related to the microstructural behaviour of the alloy during the phase-change.

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REFERENCES
[1] M. Bellet, F. Decultieux, M. Menai, F. Bay, C. Llevaillant, J. Chenot, J. Schmidt and I. Svensson, "Thermomechanics of the cooling stage in casting processes: three dimensional finite element analysis and experimental validation", Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 27B, 1993. [2] D. Celentano , D. Gunasegaram and T. Nguyen , "A thermomechanical model for the analysis of light alloy solidification in a composite mould", Int. Journal of Solids and Structures, in press, 1999. [3] M. Rappaz, "Modelling of microstructure formation in solidification processes", Int. Materials Reviews, Vol. 34, No. 3, 93-123, 1989. [4] J. Heinrich, S. Felicelli and D. Poirier, "Vertical solidification of dendritic binary alloys", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 89, 435-461, 1991. [5] D. Gunasegaram , D. Celentano and T. Nguyen , "The effect of cooling a permanent composite mould on air gap formation and heat transfer", Proceedings of the Symposium on Application of Sensors and Modeling of Materials Processing, 126th TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition, Orlando, U.S.A., 9-13, 1997.

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Computational Acoustics and Fluid-Structure Interaction

Charbel Farhat, Carlos Felippa, Thomas L. Geers and Roger Ohayon
SESSION 1: ACOUSTICS
HIGH-ORDER STRUCTURAL ACOUSTICS ANALYSIS OF STIFFENED SHELLS S. Dey, J.J. Shirron and L.S. Couchman .........................................................................................................................153 PADE APPROXIMATION OF MULTI-FREQUENCY SOLUTIONS IN COUPLED VIBRO-ACOUSTIC PROBLEMS M. Malhotra, A. Oberai and P.M. Pinsky .......................................................................................................................153 HIGH-ORDER COMPOSITE FINITE-DIFFERENCE METHODS FOR MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS IN INHOMOGENEOUS MEDIA T.A. Driscoll ...................................................................................................................................................................154 TREFFTZ INFINITE ELEMENTS IN THREE DIMENSIONS I. Harari and P.E. Barbone ............................................................................................................................................155 ACCURATE RADIATION BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR THE TIME-DEPENDENT WAVE EQUATION L.L. Thompson and R. Huan ...........................................................................................................................................155 FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION OF EXACT DIRICHLET-TO-NEUMANN RADIATION CONDITIONS ON ELLIPTIC AND SPHEROIDAL BOUNDARIES L.L. Thompson, R. Huan and C. Ianculescu ...................................................................................................................156

SESSION 2: FSI AND ACOUSTICS METHODS

DOUBLY ASYMPTOTIC, BOUNDARY-ELEMENT CALCULATION OF BUBBLE DYNAMICS K.S. Hunter and T.L. Geers ............................................................................................................................................157 COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURES FOR HYDRO/AERO-ACOUSTICS A. Oberai, F. Roknaldin and T.J. Hughes .......................................................................................................................158 SOUND AND SHELL-LIKE STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS BY THE UNIFIED BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD Y. Liu and S. Chen ..........................................................................................................................................................159 PARTITIONED FORMULATION OF INTERNAL FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION PROBLEMS BY LOCALIZED LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS K.C. Park, C.A. Felippa and R. Ohayon .........................................................................................................................159 AN ENERGY TRANSFER CRITERION FOR ASSESSING PARTITIONED PROCEDURES APPLIED TO THE SOLUTION OF NON-LINEAR TRANSIENT AEROELASTIC PROBLEMS S. Piperno and C. Farhat................................................................................................................................................160 SPACE-TIME ARBITRARY LAGRANGIAN-EULERIAN F.E.MS. OF CRANK-NICOLSON TYPE P. Hansbo and J. Hermansson........................................................................................................................................161

SESSION 3: FSI METHODS AND APPLICATIONS I

COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR COUPLED SIMULATIONS OF WIND INDUCED MOTIONS OF LARGE BRIDGES T. Kvamsdal and C.B. Jenssen........................................................................................................................................161 ADAPTIVE MESH MOVEMENT ALGORITHM FOR FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS WITH LARGE STRUCTURAL DISPLACEMENTS T. Kvamsdal, K.M. Okstad, K. Srli and P. Pegon ...........................................................................................................162 DECOMPOSED FLUID-STRUCTURE SYSTEMS INCLUDING STRUCTURAL DAMPING G. Sandberg, P. Davidsson and P.A. Wernberg..............................................................................................................163 GLOBALLY CONSERVATIVE, UNCONDITIONALLY STABLE SPACE-TIME FINITE ELEMENT METHODS FOR FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION B.A. Grohmann, T. Wallmersperger and B. Kroplin.......................................................................................................163 LOOSELY COUPLED SIMULATIONS OF SOLID ROCKET MOTORS I.D. Parsons, P. Alavilli, A. Namazifard, J. Hales, A. Acharya, F. Najjar, D. Tafti and X. Jiao.....................................165 AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF ANGULAR DISTORTIONS FOR 2-D AND 3-D COMPUTATIONAL MESH DYNAMICS P.Z. Bar-Yoseph, S. Mereu, V. Kalro and S. Chippada...................................................................................................165

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SESSION 4: FSI METHODS AND APPLICATIONS II

A DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN METHOD FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW PAST A 3D FLEXIBLE WING I. Lomtev, R.M. Kirby and G.E. Karniadakis..................................................................................................................166 ON THE SIMULATION OF VISCOUS FREE SURFACE FLOWS WITH NON-LINEAR STRUCTURAL INTERACTIONS W.A. Wall, J. Schmidt and E. Ramm ...............................................................................................................................167 INVESTIGATION OF THE AEROELASTIC COUPLING BETWEEN A NOZZLE AND A SUPERSONIC JET E. Schall, B. Koobus and C. Farhat................................................................................................................................168 A COMPUTATIONAL METHODOLOGY FOR THE SIMULATION OF FLOW PROBLEMS PAST ACCELERATING RIGID AND FLEXIBLE OBSTACLES D. Rixen and C. Farhat ..................................................................................................................................................169 FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLUID FLOWS K. Kakuda and G. Ishii ...................................................................................................................................................169 EIGENVALUE AND EIGENFUNCTION ERROR ESTIMATES FOR FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATIONS OF SLOSH-STRUCTURE INTERACTION P. Ryan ...........................................................................................................................................................................170

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HIGH-ORDER STRUCTURAL ACOUSTICS ANALYSIS OF STIFFENED SHELLS

S. Dey, J.J. Shirron and L.S. Couchman
(1) - Naval Research Laboratory. Washington. E-mail : dey@cosmic.nrl.navy.mil (2) - Naval Research Laboratory. Washington. E-mail : joseph@helmholtz.nrl.navy.mil (3) - SFA Inc. E-mail : couchman@ccs.nrl.navy.mil

ABSTRACT
The presentation will describe a geometry-based, three-dimensional, high-order, finite element infrastructure and its application to solve structural acoustics problems involving stiffened, elastic, shelllike structures. Unlike most existing low-order formulations that are based on assumption of some specific shell-theory, the present approach is based on the theory of three-dimensional elasticity coupled with highorder finite elements which obviates the need for dealing with numerical difficulties otherwise associated with thin geometries. In addition, for properly designed meshes, the use of high-order finite elements offers exponential rates of convergence of the numerical solution compared to only algebraic rates possible with fixed, low-order formulations. The talk will focus on the following issues that impact the effective implementation of high-order finite and infinite elements for complex geometric domains: - Topology-based hierarchical basis functions, - Accurate mesh geometry representation, and - Continuity enforcement at shell junctions. Issues related to representation and modeling of the problem domains and its spatial discretization will also be discussed in detail. Numerical examples based on plane-wave scattering will be presented to show the validity and the flexibility of the approach for problems involving complex geometric domains.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Acknowledgements: This work was funded by the Office of Naval Research and by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

PADE APPROXIMATION OF MULTI-FREQUENCY SOLUTIONS IN COUPLED VIBRO-ACOUSTIC PROBLEMS

M. Malhotra, A. Oberai and P.M. Pinsky
(1) - Division of Mechanics and Computation. Stanford University. E-mail : manish@am-sun2.stanford.edu (2) - Division of Mechanics and Computation. Stanford University. E-mail : oberai@leland.stanford.edu (3) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. Stanford University, Stanford. E-mail : pinsky@stanford.edu

ABSTRACT
We describe an efficient algorithm to compute ``partial-field'' solutions of the exterior structural acoustics problem at multiple frequencies. So-called partial-field solutions arise in cases where the coupled elasticity - Helmholtz equations are desired to be solved only in a part of the computational domain - typically, at a few points in the near-field of the scatterer and/or in the far-field. Such partialfield solutions can be of direct interest, e.g., surface velocities on the elastic scatterer, or be used to compute average quantities, e.g., total noise radiated due to an incompressible, low Mach-number flow in underwater and aero-acoustic applications. The approach is based on the Galerkin finite-element discretization of the coupled problem. We discretize the exterior problem using Galerkin finite-elements. The treatment of the infinite fluid domain is achieved by introducing a separable domain-truncation boundary and by posing a Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) map on this boundary to incorporate the asymptotic acoustic pressure in the fluid. Instead of solving the typical matrix equations for the pressure at all points in the computational domain, we reformulate the matrix problem into one that only solves for the modal coefficients of the pressure expressed in terms of
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the surface harmonics. This problem is posed in a frequency-dependent ``transfer-function'' form that is typical of multi-input multi-output time-invariant dynamical systems. We describe the finite-element reformulation of the problem, and the use of a recently developed Lanczos-type method to obtain matrix - valued Pade approximants of the transfer function. Numerical tests illustrating the accuracy and efficiency of the method are described. The proposed scheme is shown to achieve desired accuracy levels, with an order or even more cost reductions compared to commonly used direct methods for solution at multiple frequencies.

HIGH-ORDER COMPOSITE FINITE-DIFFERENCE METHODS FOR MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS IN INHOMOGENEOUS MEDIA

T.A. Driscoll
(1) - Program in Applied Mathematics. University of Colorado at Boulder. E-mail : tad@newton.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
High-order finite - difference methods for Maxwell's equations (or the acoustic wave equation) are attractive because of low resolution requirements for accurate long - range propagation. However, they can be difficult to use in problems with complicated geometries. A composite approach offers a way to give these methods great geometric flexibility. In large regions of homogeneous or smoothly-varying media, we use a high - order finite difference method on a uniform grid. Previous work has shown that spatially implicit (compact) methods give the best accuracy per flop, and we also stagger the fields, as in Yee's method, to further improve accuracy. In the vicinity of a material interface, we use a block pseudospectral method. General curved interfaces are mapped by a change of variables into straight strips. On each side of the interface, a pseudospectral method is used. The blocks are coupled either by generalized characteristic conditions or by a novel fictitious point technique, in which interface conditions are imposed accurately by means of non-physical points. Experiments on test problems show that the block pseudospectral methods are more accurate at a resolution of 4 points per wavelength (PPW) than Yee's method is at 32 PPW. The uniform background grid and the interfacial grids overlap, which allows flexibility in their design. (As a result, boundary closures for the implicit finite differences are not an important issue.) The different grids are linked by high-order interpolation, which is blended to make a smooth transition between grids. We test the method on two 2-D scattering problems, one with two cylinders and the other with a thin plate. In each case the composite method gives results accurate to about 5% using only 3.6 points per wavelength.

TREFFTZ INFINITE ELEMENTS IN THREE DIMENSIONS

I. Harari and P.E. Barbone
(1) - E-mail :harari@eng.tau.ac.il (2) - Dept. of Aerospace & Mech. Engineering Boston University. E-mail : Barbone@bu.edu

ABSTRACT
Trefftz infinite elements for exterior problems of time-harmonic acoustics are presented. The formulation is based on a functional which provides a general framework for domain-based computation of exterior problems. The exterior problem is partitioned into an inner field in a bounded domain and an outer field in its unbounded complement. Normal derivatives weakly enforce continuity across the interface. For smooth representations of the outer field there is no integration over the unbounded domain.

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Infinite elements are usually based on piecewise smooth functions. In this case we account for possible discontinuities across infinite element boundaries by incorporating a jump term in the formulation. Two prominent features simplify the task of discretization: the infinite elements mesh the interface only and need not match the finite elements on the interface. Various infinite element approximations for two-dimensional configurations with circular interfaces are reviewed. Numerical results demonstrate the good performance of these schemes. A simple study points to the proper interpretation of spectral results for the formulation. The spectral properties of these infinite elements are examined with a view to the correct representation of physics and efficient numerical solution. For three-dimensional configurations with spherical interfaces the infinite element interpolation is based on separation of variables in a spherical system. The lowest - order element approximations combine piecewise-linear azimuthal interpolation, latitude variation described by associated Legendre functions, and oscillatory outgoing radial behavior. Singularities at the poles require careful consideration.

ACCURATE RADIATION BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR THE TIMEDEPENDENT WAVE EQUATION

L.L. Thompson and R. Huan
(1) - Adv. Comp. Mech. Laboratory. Dept. of Mech. Engineering. Clemson University. E-mail : lonny.thompson@ces.clemson.edu (2) - Adv. Comp. Mech. Laboratory. Dept. of Mech. Engineering. Clemson University.

ABSTRACT
Efficient evaluation of accurate radiation boundary conditions for the time-dependent wave equation on unbounded spatial domains has long been an obtacle for the developement of reliable solvers for time domain simulations. Ideally, the artificial boundary would be placed as close as possible to the scatterer, and the radiation boundary treatment would be capable of arbitrary accuracy at a cost and memory not exceeding that of the interior solver. In this paper a modified version of an exact nonreflecting boundary condition (NRBC) first derived by Grote and Keller [1] is developed in a finite element formulation for the scalar wave equation on unbounded domains. The new formulation has dramatically improved accuracy and efficiency for time domain simulations compared to standard boundary treatments [2]. The NRBC annihilate the first N wave harmonics on a spherical artificial boundary. A local in time representation is obtained by solution of an auxiliary Cauchy problem for linear first-order systems of ordinary differential equations on the boundary for each spherical harmonic. We show how standard explicit or implicit time-integrators may be used to solve the semi-discrete finite element equations concurrently with the auxiliary variables on the boundary. Although global over the truncation boundary, the NRBC only requires inner products of spherical harmonics and basis functions in the force vector, and as a result, the NRBC may be computed using standard quadrature and element assembly procedures, and does not disturb the banded/sparse structure of the finite element matrix equations. Fast spherical transforms may be used to improve efficiency. In order to obtain a symmetric system, the NRBC may be reformulated with additional auxiliary variables on the truncation boundary [3]. This modified version gives improved accuracy when only a few harmonics are included in the spherical expansion/transformation. With the exact NRBC the overall finite element method retains its optimal rate of convergence, as the error introduced at the truncation boundary can be always be reduced below the discretization error in the interior computational domain. Numerical studies are performed to assess the accuracy and convergence properties of the NRBC when implemented in the finite element method. The results demonstrate that the modified NRBC is remarkably robust, and highly accurate. In practice, we have found that it is not usually necessary to use more than N=25 terms to obtain accurate solutions. Extensions to the semi-infinite problem resulting from transducers or vibrating structures mounted in a half-plane, and efficient far-field computations are also discussed.

REFERENCES
[1] M.J. Grote and J.B. Keller, "Exact non-reflecting boundary conditions for the time dependent wave equation", SIAM J. of Appl. Math., 55, 280-297, 1995.
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[2] L.L. Thompson and R. Huan , "Implementation of Exact Non-Reflecting Boundary Conditions in the Finite Element Method for the Time-Dependent Wave Equation", To appear: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 1999. [3] L.L. Thompson and R. Huan , "Finite Element Formulation of Exact Non-Reflecting Boundary Conditions for the Time-Dependent Wave Equation", To appear: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 1999.

FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION OF EXACT DIRICHLET-TO-NEUMANN RADIATION CONDITIONS ON ELLIPTIC AND SPHEROIDAL BOUNDARIES
L.L. Thompson, R. Huan and C. Ianculescu
(1) - Adv. Comp. Mech. Laboratory. Dept. of Mech. Engineering. Clemson University. E-mail : lonny.thompson@ces.clemson.edu (2) - Adv. Comp. Mech. Laboratory. Dept. of Mech. Engineering. Clemson University.

ABSTRACT
Exact non-local Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) radiation boundary conditions are derived and formulated in a Galerkin finite element method for the Helmholtz equation in unbounded domains. The DtN map relates Dirichlet to Neumann data and matches the first N wave harmonics exactly at the artificial boundary. DtN conditions in cylindrical and spherical coordinates are derived in [1]. In [2], and independently in [3], exact DtN radiation conditions were first constructed for elliptic and spheroidal boundaries. The use of elliptic and spheroidal boundaries enables the efficient solution of scattering from elongated objects in two- and three- dimensions respectively. Finite difference implementations are given in [3]. Numerical results using the DtN condition in the finite element method on elliptical boundaries are reported in [4]. In this paper, we derive the exact non-local DtN conditions for elliptic and spheroidal boundaries using both eigenfunction expansions and a Dirichlet Green's function approach. Modifications with various local boundary operators are discussed and implemented. Direct implementation in the finite element method involves non-local spatial integrals leading to a dense, fully populated submatrix. When the problem size is large, the computational cost associated with the storage and factorization becomes expensive. A matrix-free interpretation of the non-local DtN map for elliptic and spheroidal boundaries, suitable for iterative solution is described. Numerical examples of scattering from elliptic and spheroidal objects are computed and compared to analytical solutions to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the boundary treatments for elongated structures.

REFERENCES
[1] J. B. Keller and D. Givoli, "Exact non-reflecting boundary conditions", J. Comp. Phys., 82, 172-192, 1989. [2] L. L. Thompson, "Finite element methods for time-harmonic structural acoustics in exterior domains: Derivation of exact DtN maps for elliptic and spheroidal radiation boundaries", ONR Contract Review Meeting, Stanford University, Stanford, CA., April 19, 1994. Technical Report: CMCU-94-01, Advanced Computational Mechanics Laboratory, Clemson University, August, 1994. [3] M. J. Grote and J. B. Keller, "On nonreflecting boundary conditions", J. of Comput. Phys., 122, 231-243, 1995. [4] G. Ben-Porat and D. Givoli, "Solution of unbounded domain problems using elliptic artificial boundaries", Commun. Numer. Meth. Engr., 11, 735-741, 1995.

DOUBLY ASYMPTOTIC, BOUNDARY-ELEMENT CALCULATION OF BUBBLE DYNAMICS

K.S. Hunter and T.L. Geers
(1) - Center for Acoustics, Mech. and Mat. Dept. of Mech. Engineering. Univ. of Colorado. E-mail : Kendall.Hunter@Colorado.EDU (2) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of Colorado. E-mail : geers@spot.colorado.edu
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ABSTRACT
A method for simulating the large-motion dynamics of a bubble in a compressible inviscid fluid is described, and computational results for underwater explosion bubbles are shown. The method follows a computational procedure used by several previous investigators. However, the boundary-element equations incorporated in the procedure are based, not on an integral equation for incompressible flow, but on a doubly asymptotic approximation (DAA) that accounts for the effects of fluid compressibility. With R(t) as the position vector for a fluid particle at the bubble's surface, D()/Dt as the material derivative, and v(R) as the velocity potential at the location of the fluid particle, the aforementioned computational procedure utilizes the following bubble - surface equations: Potential-Flow Relation: DR/Dt = Grad(p) Gradient in Local Coordinates: Grad(p) = eN (p/N) + e1 (p/S1) + e2 (p/S2) Bernoulli's Equation: Dp/Dt = (Grad(p) Grad(p)) - (Pgas-Pamb)/d Now the tangential derivatives p/S1 and p/S2 may be obtained by surface differentiation, but p/N cannot. Hence, in the boundary-element procedure based on incompressible flow, recourse is made to the boundary-integral equation p/N = - g p / b, in which b and g are geometry-dependent, boundary-integral operators. In the present formulation, p/N is obtained from the doubly asymptotic approximation p/N = - (g p) / b - (p t) / ct, where c is the speed of sound in the fluid. For purely dilatational motion of a spherical bubble, the DAA produces a bubble-radius equation of motion that is equivalent to those developed over the years by various other methods. In boundary-element form, however, the DAA applies to complete dilatational, translational and deformational motion. In the presentation, computational results based on the DAA-flow model will be compared with those based on the incompressible-flow model.

COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURES FOR HYDRO/AERO-ACOUSTICS

A. Oberai, F. Roknaldin and T.J. Hughes
(1) - Division of Mechanics and Computation. Stanford University. E-mail : oberai@leland.stanford.edu (2) - Division of Mechanics and Computation. Stanford University. (3) - Stanford University Div. of Mechanics and Computation. E-mail : hughes@am-sun2.stanford.edu

ABSTRACT
Fluid flow over structures is known to produce sound, as well excite and sustain vibrations in the structure. In the most general case, this response may determined by solving the Navier-Stokes equations , coupled to the equations of motion for the structure. However, for many cases this approach is impractical because: (1) In a large part of the fluid domain where the acoustic quantities are desired, the average fluid response tends to be uniform. In this case the simpler equations of acoustics can be employed to effect computational savings. (2) The order of magnitude of acoustic fluctuations tends to be much smaller than other variations in the fluid variables. Thus to capture both these variations in one calculation would require very high precision. To overcome these difficulties a ``hybrid'' approach is proposed. The approach assumes that the structural vibrations and the acoustic fluctuations are small and hence do not alter the fluid flow. This allows us to decouple the non-linear fluid problem from the linear structural-acoustic problem. In the first stage of the proposed procedure, we solve the Navier-Stokes equations in a small region where the flow may be considered non-uniform, while treating the structure as rigid. This yields fluctuations in the fluid variables which are then used as sources to drive a structural acoustic problem. In this problem, the structure may be treated as linear-elastic or rigid, while the fluctuations in the fluid density are governed by a wave equation. This equation is obtained from Lighthill's acoustic analogy, and is driven by the socalled turbulence tensor. This tensor vanishes in the region of uniform flow leading to a homogeneous wave equation in the far field. Our approach differs form other "hybrid" methods based on Lighthill's analogy in the treatment of the acoustic problem. Most approaches, such as Curle's equation, or the treatment of Ffowcs Williams and Hall, employ a specific Green's function for Lighthill's equation to develop semi-analytical formulae for predicting noise. While these formulae are crucial in determining scaling laws for acoustic intensity,
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they are not easily extended to complex configurations. For this reason, we solve the structural-acoustic problem by first transforming it to the frequency domain to arrive at Helmholtz-like equations. Thereafter, we develop a variational formulation of Lighthill's equation, that is solved using the finite element method. In this talk we present representative calculations, which elucidate the comparison of the proposed methodology with existing methods and its applicability to complex problems.

SOUND AND SHELL-LIKE STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS BY THE UNIFIED BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD
Y. Liu and S. Chen
(1) - Dept. of Mech., Ind. and Nucl. Engineering. University of Cincinnati. E-mail : Yijun.Liu@uc.edu (2) - Dept. of Mech., Ind. and Nuclear Engineering. University of Cincinnati

ABSTRACT
Development of the unified 3-D boundary element method (BEM) in the analysis of time harmonic acoustic wave and shell-like structure interactions will be reported at the Fifth USNCCM Congress. The BEM approach, proposed at the last Congress, to analyze the sound and shell-like structure interaction problems has been implemented for both radiation and scattering problems. In the exterior acoustic domain, the composite boundary integral equation (BIE) formulation, using a linear combination of the conventional and hypersingular BIEs, is applied with C0 boundary elements. This composite BIE formulation guarantees unique solutions for all frequencies and any thin shapes of the structure. For the shell-like structure, the conventional BIE for 3-D elastodynamics is utilized where the nearly-singular integrals (existing when two surfaces are close to each other) are computed using a semi-analytical method to provide efficient and accurate integrations no matter how thin the structure is. Numerical results for both radiation and scattering of acoustic waves from thin shell-like structures clearly demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the BEM approach. Studies on using iterative solvers for larger problems and sub-domain methods for slender structures, in order to improve the BEM efficiency, will also be reported at the Congress. The unified BEM approach to structural acoustics offers several advantages over the other numerical methods, such as the finite element / infinite element methods. In addition to the high accuracy, the BEM is much easier in modeling than the other methods for structures with complicated features in the interior (e.g., stiffeners) or the exterior (e.g., the rudders, turbo blades of a submarine). Multiple scatterers (e.g., an array of shell structures) can also be modeled readily by the BEM. Finally, shell structures with nonuniform thickness or coatings (layered shell structures) can be handled accurately by the BIE formulations, especially in the sensitivity analysis.

REFERENCES
(References downloadable from the web at http://urbana.mie.uc.edu/yliu/Papers/Papers.htm) [1] Liu, Y. J., and Rizzo, F. J. (1997), "Scattering of elastic waves from thin shapes in three dimensions using the composite boundary integral equation formulation.", J. of the Acoustical Society America, 102 (2) (Pt.1, August), 926-932. [2] Liu, Y. J. (1998), "Analysis of shell-like structures by the boundary element method based on 3-D elasticity: formulation and verification.", Int. J. Numerical Methods in Engineering, 41, 541-558. [3] Luo, J. F., Liu, Y. J., and Berger, E. J. (1998), "Analysis of two-dimensional thin structures (from micro- to nanoscales) using the boundary element method.", Computational Mechanics, 22, No. 5, 404-412. [4] Liu, Y. J. and Chen, S. (1998), "A new form of the hypersingular boundary integral equation for 3-D acoustics and its implementation with C0 boundary elements.", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, in press. [5] Chen, S. and Liu, Y. J. (1998), "A unified boundary element method for the analysis of sound and thin shell-like structure interactions.", J. of the Acoustical Society America, in review.

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PARTITIONED FORMULATION OF INTERNAL FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION PROBLEMS BY LOCALIZED LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS

K.C. Park, C.A. Felippa and R. Ohayon
(1) - University of Colorado. E-mail : kcpark@titan.colorado.edu (2) - University of Colorado Center for Aerospace Structures. E-mail : carlos@titan.colorado.edu (3) - CNAM Structural Mechanics and Systems Laboratory. E-mail : ohayon@cnam.fr

ABSTRACT
A partitioned formulation of compressible internal fluid-structure interaction problems is presented. The formulation uses displacement models for both fluid and structure. Partitioning is effected by a localized version of the method of Lagrange multipliers, which assigns two independent sets of Lagrange multipliers to the structural and fluid interfaces. Two major features of the present formulation include: an interface compliance normalization that helps capture the predominant physics of interaction phenomena when the interfaces are characterized by two radically different rigidities, and a novel transformation of the displacement model into a fluidpressure model suitable for both transient and vibration analyses. The present formulation first solves for the interface Lagrange multipliers. These are subsequently used to solve for the structural displacements and the fluid displacement, or pressures, via two independent analysis modules.

AN ENERGY TRANSFER CRITERION FOR ASSESSING PARTITIONED PROCEDURES APPLIED TO THE SOLUTION OF NON-LINEAR TRANSIENT AEROELASTIC PROBLEMS
S. Piperno and C. Farhat
(1) - CERMICS. INRIA. E-mail : piperno@viso.inria.fr (2) - University of Colorado Aerospace Engineering. E-mail : charbel@alexandra.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
We consider the problem of solving large-scale nonlinear dynamic aeroelasticity problems in the time-domain using a fluid/structure partitioned procedure. We present a mathematical framework for assessing some important numerical properties of the chosen partitioned procedure, and predicting its performance for realistic applications. Our analysis framework is based on the estimation of the total energy that is artificially introduced at the fluid/structure interface by the staggering process that is inherent to most partitioned solution methods. This framework also suggests a new approach for time - discretizing the transfer of aerodynamic data from the fluid subsystem to the structure subsystem that improves the accuracy and stability properties of the underlying partitioned method. We apply this framework to the analysis of several partitioned procedures that have been previously proposed for the solution of nonlinear transient aeroelastic problems. Using two- and threedimensional transonic and supersonic wing and panel aeroelastic applications, we validate this framework and highlight its impact on the design and selection of a staggering algorithm for the solution of coupled fluid/structure equations.

SPACE-TIME ARBITRARY LAGRANGIAN-EULERIAN F.E.MS. OF CRANKNICOLSON TYPE

P. Hansbo and J. Hermansson
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(1) - Chalmers University of Technology. E-mail : hansbo@solid.chalmers.se (2) - Department of Solid Mechanics. Chalmers University of Technology

ABSTRACT
We present a new arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) finite element method with application to fluid-structure interaction. The ALE method is based on a space-time finite element method with elements oriented along the space-time deformation of the mesh. Previous work on space-time methods have been based on the time-discontinuous Galerkin method [1-3], which is either only first order time-accurate or, for higher accuracy, involves a much larger system of equations than traditional time-stepping schemes. We propose to use instead a time-continuous finite element method, which leads to second order accurate Crank-Nicolson type methods on deforming meshes. Numerical examples dealing with large deformation fluid-structure interaction problems will be presented.

REFERENCES
[1] P. Hansbo , "Lagrangian incompressible flow computations in three dimensions by use of space-time finite elements", Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, 20 (1995) 989-1001. [2] T.E. Tezduyar , M. Behr , and J. Liou, "A new strategy for finite element computations involving moving boundaries and interfaces - the deforming - spatial - domain/ space-time procedure: I. The concept and the preliminary numerical tests", Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg, 94 (1992) 339-351. [3] A. Masud and T.J.R. Hughes, "A space-time Galerkin/least-squares finite element formulation of the NavierStokes equations for moving domain problems", Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg, 146 (1997) 91-126.

COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR COUPLED SIMULATIONS OF WIND INDUCED MOTIONS OF LARGE BRIDGES
T. Kvamsdal and C.B. Jenssen
(1) - SINTEF Applied Mathematics,. E-mail : Trond.Kvamsdal@math.sintef.no

ABSTRACT
Herein we address a class of Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) problems characterized by practically incompressible flow conditions, slender structures, i.e., large length to width ratio, and structural analysis performed with beam finite elements. For this class of problems we present computational methods for coupled simulations where the scalability of the involved CFD-code is maintained. The FSI-software used in the present study is composed on the basis of two existing finite element codes, in addition to the developed generic coupling module. The CFD-code used is CBJ (Concurrent Block Jacobi) whereas the structure code is USFOS. The capabilities of the CFD-code include time accurate computations on moving meshes based on an ALE-description. Implicit time stepping is used to avoid limitations on the size of the time step for stability reasons. The code is parallelized by means of a domain decomposition, or multi-block technique which also allows for the computation of flow fields in complex geometries. A coarse grid correction (CGC) scheme is used to solve in parallel the linear system of equations resulting from the implicit time stepping. A Smagorinsky sub grid scale model is implemented to enable Large Eddy Simulations (LES). The chosen mesh movement strategy makes it possible to maintain the scalbility properties of the CFD-code. We have performed a detailed benchmarking of the developed coupling algorithm were we report the time consumption in the diffeent parts of the FSI-coupler. Special focus is put on the scalability aspect for large scale computations on high performance computers. As a validation of the numerical accuracy we have simulated wind induced motion of a suspension bridge deck. The bridge profile considered is that of the 2700 m long suspension bridge which is part of East Bridge of the Great Belt Link in Denmark. The bridge profile is of the box girder type. Several wind tunnel experiments have been carried out on this bridge prior to construction, and the model parameters have been chosen to reproduce these experiments. Estimated aerodynamic derivatives as well as computed flutter speed compares well with wind tunnel experiments.

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ADAPTIVE MESH MOVEMENT ALGORITHM FOR FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS WITH LARGE STRUCTURAL DISPLACEMENTS
T. Kvamsdal, K.M. Okstad, K. Srli and P. Pegon
(1) - SINTEF Applied Mathematics,. E-mail : Trond.Kvamsdal@math.sintef.no (2) - SINTEF Applied Mathematics. E-mail : Knut.M.Okstad@math.sintef.no (3) - SINTEF Applied Mathematics.

ABSTRACT
In coupled analysis of FSI-problems the displacements of the structure and the use of Arbitrary Lagrangian Euler (ALE) formulations for discretization of the fluid domain raises the need for moving the nodes in the fluid domain. In case of flow around slender structures (e.g., risers and pipelines) with large length to width ratio, large displacement of the structure can occur. This implies also large displacements of the fluid nodes in the vicinity of the structure. Hence, the choice of algorithm for the mesh movements is important for the accuracy of the numerical simulations. Our solution to this problem has been to split the mesh movement in two levels; a global and a local level. The method is linked to the use of structured multi-block mesh generation and thus well-suited for parallel computation. A main aspect of multi-block mesh generation techniques is the sub-division of the domain into blocks topologically equivalent to cubes. For problems relevant for FSI-computations the number of blocks are usually a few hundred or less, whereas the number of elements and grid points may be as large as millions. In the global level of the mesh-movement problem an elliptic problem for the location of the block vertices is solved, whereas independent problems for the location of the mesh nodes inside each block are solved afterwards on the local level. Parallelization of the local problem within each block is trivial, as the CFD code is already parallelized over the blocks. This method has the additional advantage that the Young's modulus can vary form block to block, making it possible to keep blocks in the vicinity of the structure almost unchanged in shape, while most of the distortion is taken up by more distant blocks. Furthermore, the present mesh-movement algorithm may also be combined with mesh adaption by means of relocation of nodes. Herein the computed relative error for each block is imposed as a "body-force" in the elliptic problem governing the global mesh movements. The block corner nodes will be moved towards those part of the fluid domain with largest relative error. The present procedure is demonstrated for FSI-simulations of wind induced motion of a bridge undergoing large displacements. FSI-simulations involving large relative motions within a system of offshore risers are also presented.

DECOMPOSED FLUID-STRUCTURE SYSTEMS INCLUDING STRUCTURAL DAMPING

G. Sandberg, P. Davidsson and P.A. Wernberg
(1) - Div. of Structural Mech. Dept. of Mech. and Materials. Lund University. E-mail : goran@byggmek.lth.se (2) - Division of Structural Mechanics. Department of Mechanics and Materials. Lund University (3) - Div. of Structural Mech. Dept. of Mechanics and Materials. Lund University

ABSTRACT
In two previous papers we have dealt with fluid-structure systems rewritten by modal reduction with emphasis on acoustic and structure acoustic problems, the fluid being considered as non-viscous and as being subjected to small vibrations. The first paper, [1], describes how the two domains involved, fluid and structural, can be dealt with separately and then be coupled to a final symmetric standard eigenvalue system. It is well known that the original system is unsymmetric. In paper [2] the procedure is expanded to fluid-fluid systems, large fluid domains being split up into multiple fluid domains, each of which is first reduced by modal coordinates and then coupled to a single symmetric system matrix. Routines for this have been assembled in Matlab as an extension to the finite element toolbox CALFEM, [3]. In this paper we present and discuss two further extensions of the strategies indicated above:
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- Introduction of structural damping. - Automated choice of modes for coupling to higher domain levels. We discuss how the computing of coupled modes can be performed using an intelligent selection of modes from the subdomains. We compare and illustrate the convergence of methods when further modes are added to the coupled solution. We discuss how structural damping can be introduced in the (structural) system and how the coupled system can still be treated as two separate systems and later being coupled so as to be described by a single symmetric system matrix. In this case the result is of course a complex system matrix. For numeric illustrations use is made of a large steel tank for storage of water. The uncoupled modal analysis is carried out using MSC/NASTRAN. The coupled analysis is performed using Matlab/CALFEM in which functions to couple the domains have been implemented.

REFERENCES
[1] G. Sandberg , A new strategy for solving fluid-structure problems, Int.\ J.\ Num.\ Meth.\ Eng., 38:357-370, 1995. [2] G. Sandberg , P. A. Hansson, and M. Gustavsson, Domain decomposition in acoustic and structure-acoustic analysis, Submitted for possible publication, 1998. [3] K. G. Olsson, P. E. Austrell, M. Ristinmaa and G. Sandberg . CALFEM - a finite element toolbox to Matlab, Version 3.2, Report TVSM - 9001, Lund Institute of Technology, Division of Structural Mechanics and and Department of Solid Mechanics, Lund, Sweden, 1999.

GLOBALLY CONSERVATIVE, UNCONDITIONALLY STABLE SPACE-TIME FINITE ELEMENT METHODS FOR FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION
B.A. Grohmann, T. Wallmersperger and B. Kroplin
(1) - Institut fur Statik und Dynamik der Luft- und Raumfahrtkonstruktionen (ISD) Universitat Stuttgart. E-mail : grohmann@isd.uni-stuttgart.de (2) - Institut fur Statik und Dynamik der Luft- und Raumfahrtkonstruktionen (ISD) Universitat Stuttgart. (3) - Institut fur Statik und Dynamik der Luft- und Raumfahrtkonstruktionen (ISD) Universitat Stuttgart. E-mail : kroeplin@isd.uni-stuttgart.de

ABSTRACT
The stabilized space-time finite element approach is employed for the coupled numerical simulation of fluid-structure interaction. It is shown that the time-discontinuous Galerkin/least-squares method yields implicit, unconditionally stable, accurate and globally conservative discretization. In fluid-structure interaction (FSI) two classes of continua are considered. The physics of fluids are governed by systems of conservation laws based on the conservation of mass, momentum and energy. The dynamics of elastic structures are usually described in terms of a minimum energy principle, e.g. Hamilton's law. While the conservation laws for fluid dynamics are partial differential equations (PDEs) of first order in time, the equations of motion in structural dynamics or elastodynamics are of second order in time. This requires different schemes for the temporal discretization of the subdomains in FSI. In the presented work space-time finite elements are employed. The space-time finite element interpolations of the time-discontinuous Galerkin (TDG) method are continuous in space, but may be discontinuous in time between adjacent time steps. This yields implicit, unconditionally stable methods. The fluid dynamics discretization is based on a globally conservative Galerkin weak statement of the conservation of mass, momentum and energy [1]. Structural dynamics are based on the principle of virtual power. Two different TDG formulations are possible [2]: the single-field formulation uses displacement unknowns only, while both the velocities and accelerations are expressed in terms of time derivatives of the displacements. The two-field formulation uses independent interpolations for displacements and velocities. In both cases, the global conservation of mass and momentum is inherent in the formulations. In the case of FSI, the deformation of the fluid domain induced by the structure is modeled by space-time geometry interpolations for the fluid elements. It may be shown that the fluid and both structure discretizations are based on one common formulation. Thanks to this coherence, the coupling in time of the fluid and the structure is automatically conservative. Furthermore, the accuracy and stability of the subdomain discretizations is conserved.

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In addition to the different orders in time, the type of the PDEs in space differs. Structural dynamics are governed by elliptic equations whereas fluid dynamics are governed by convective phenomena. For this reason, elastic structures may usually be discretized by standard finite elements, but additional stabilization in the sense of upwinding is necessary for the hyperbolic/parabolic equations of fluid dynamics. This is attained by a Galerkin/least-squares (GLS) operator. In order to guarantee monotonic solutions near discontinuities or sharp gradients, an additional nonlinear discontinuity capturing (DC) viscosity is applied. Both the GLS and DC stabilizations are consistent. In the case of structural dynamics and especially elastodynamics, additional stabilization suppresses spurious oscillations and may improve the accuracy. Many problems in FSI deal with the stability of self-excited oscillations of the coupled system, e.g. aeroelasticity. In these cases, the exchange of conserved properties at the fluid-structure interface is of primary concern not only for the accuracy of the coupled formulation, but also for the correct prediction of the physical stability behaviour of the entire system. The coupled formulation automatically inherits the stability of the subdomain discretizations if the discrete boundary operators of both adjacent domains at the fluid-structure interface are identical. Thanks to the coherent TDG discretization of the fluid and the structure domains, this is easy to attain. The general methodology developed above is applied to the field of aeroelasticity. Simulations of elastic wings in two-dimensional compressible, inviscid flow demonstrate the performance of the stabilized space - time finite element approach.

REFERENCES
[1] G. Hauke and T. J. R. Hughes, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. , 113, 389-396 (1994). [2] T. J. R. Hughes and G. M. Hulbert, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 66, 339-363 (1988).

LOOSELY COUPLED SIMULATIONS OF SOLID ROCKET MOTORS

I.D. Parsons, P. Alavilli, A. Namazifard, J. Hales, A. Acharya, F. Najjar, D. Tafti and X. Jiao
(1) - Center for the Sim. of Adv. Rockets. Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. University of Illinois. E-mail : idp@uiuc.edu (2) - Center for the Sim. of Adv. Rockets. Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. University of Illinois. (3) - Center for the Sim. of Adv. Rockets. Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. University of Illinois.

ABSTRACT
We describe simulations of solid rocket motors that involve coupling between the core fluid flow, the structural response of the propellant and case, and the combustion of the propellant. A standard predictor-corrector algorithm is employed to treat the fluid-structure interaction. The combustion rate of the propellant is coupled to the fluid flow via an empirical power law relationship. Our algorithm loosely couples the physical processes involved, enabling us to use existing codes to perform the bulk of our simulations. We give special consideration to the jump conditions that hold at the fluid-structurecombustion interface, and specialize them for the early burn phase. Results are presented that demonstrate the parallel performance of our code on a variety of architectures and that compare the performance of variants of the predictor-corrector algorithm applied to this particular problem. We will also briefly discuss current efforts directed towards an efficient treatment of the moving combustion interface and the eroding solid.

AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF ANGULAR DISTORTIONS FOR 2-D AND 3-D COMPUTATIONAL MESH DYNAMICS
P.Z. Bar-Yoseph, S. Mereu, V. Kalro and S. Chippada
(1) - Comp. Mech. Lab. Faculty of Mech. Engineering Technion-Israel. E-mail : pby@evanston.fluent.com (2) - FSI Development Group.
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(3) - FSI Development Group, Fluent Inc.

ABSTRACT
The present approach is directed towards structures that undergo large displacements, large rotations but small deformation due to fluid dynamic loads. The procedure is based on loose coupling of three field problems; the flow, the elastic body, and the dynamic mesh (CFD, CSD, and CMD procedures).We selected the ALE form of the Navier-Stokes equations for the fluid, and the updated Lagrangian formulation for the structure. The mesh displacement field is calculated through the solution of a fictitious elastostatic problem. A dynamic mesh generator using triangle elements, based upon the displacements of a net of lineal [1] and torsional [2] springs (the spring coefficient is taken as inversely proportional to its generalized length) was suggested to avoid mesh distortions. The combination of lineal and torsional springs can significantly improve the robustness of the spring analogy method, but can't be used in the general case, due to the possibility of distorted quadrilateral and hexahedral elements. In the present study, this approach to stiffening the mesh has been further extended through the use of continuum and structural elements as mesh stiffeners e.g. adding truss elements along the edges and diagonals (to stiffen the element against shear distortions) of each quadrilateral / hexahedral element and choosing the truss stiffness as inversely proportional to the distortion parameters to increase mesh stiffness. The mesh angular distortion can also be controlled through the elements of the fictitious elastic matrix (ranging from the most anisotropic case to the most simplified isotropic case in which the Poisson ratio is set to zero for minimal mesh distortions). In most practical applications, the fine mesh is typically encountered close to the elastic body. A straightforward use of a fictitious isotropic homogeneous media will tend to distort the small elements in these critical regions. This shortcoming can be overcome by automatically distributing the material properties in such a way that these elements will be much more stiffer than the elements that are away from the moving body. One can use anisotropic and inhomogeneous material properties which will be inversely proportional to the distortion parameters. The major advantage of this approach is that it is based upon elastic properties which can be efficiently used for controlling the mesh quality through the material response of the fictitious media (a physically based approach). A proper material distribution can considerably reduce the need for local / global remeshing. The following possibilities have been tested in FIDAP: (a) stiffened truss grid only, (b) quadrilateral/hexahedral mesh stiffening through the elastic material properties only, and (c) quadrilateral/hexahedral mesh stiffening through the elastic material properties as well as through adding truss elements along the edges and diagonals of all elements (options (a) and (b)). Note that in all those options the updated geometry of the mesh is used, namely the mesh is also automatically stiffened through updating the element geometry. Our preliminary experience shows that option (b) yields the most decent mesh. The approach is currently undergoing more extensive study. It is believed that the resulting scheme will result in a more economical simulation of the motion of complex geometry, three dimensional elastic bodies immersed in temporally and spatially evolving flows.

REFERENCES
[1] J.T. Batina, "Unsteady Euler airfoil solutions using unstructured dynamic meshes", AIAA J., 28, 1381-1388. [2] C. Farhat , C. Degand, B. Koobus , M. Leoinne, "Torsional springs for two - dimensional dynamic unstructured fluid meshes", Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engng., 163, 231-245, 1998.

A DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN METHOD FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW PAST A 3D FLEXIBLE WING

I. Lomtev, R.M. Kirby and G.E. Karniadakis
(1) - Division of Applied Mathematics. Brown University (2) - Division of Applied Mathematics. Brown University (3) - Division of Applied Mathematics. Brown University. E-mail : gk@cfm.brown.edu

ABSTRACT
We will present a new high-order method on unstructured and hybrid grids to simulate viscous compressible flow past a flexible three-dimensional wing. The new method is based on a discontinuous Galerkin treatment of the advective and diffusive component. This, in turn, allows the use of orthogonal
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tensor-product spectral basis in these non-orhogonal subdomains, which results in high computational efficiency. In particular, the computational cost is nel p^(d+1) (where d = 2 or 3 in 2D and 3D, respectively) with nel the number of elements and p the polynomial order in an element. This cost corresponds to differentiation and integration cost on the entire domain and is similar to the cost of such operations in standard global methods in simple separable domains. The only matrix inversion required is that of a "local" mass matrix, which is diagonal, and thus trivial to invert. High-order methods have not been popular in the past for simulations of compressible viscous flows, primarily due to problems associated with solution monotonicity in the presence of shocks. Typically, filtering, limiters or non-oscillatory reconstruction algorithms are involved, which are neither efficient nor robust for most aerodynamic applications. The method presented here borrows from features of finite volumes, finite-elements, and spectral methods, and is both robust and flexible as it is conservative, it does not rely on flux-limiters, and it works on flexible hybrid, i.e. a combination of structured and unstructured, grids. The degenerate case of the new method, corresponding to zeroth order, is the classical finite volume formulation for high-speed flows. We will present simulations of subsonic and supersonic flow past a 3D wing corresponding to NACA 4420 airfoil at a large angle of attack. The wing undergoes prescribed motions both rotations and translations corresponding to six degrees of freedom per node. An Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian formulation is involved with a new algorithm based on the direct-force approoach for moving the mesh so that no remeshing is needed even for very large deformations.

ON THE SIMULATION OF VISCOUS FREE SURFACE FLOWS WITH NONLINEAR STRUCTURAL INTERACTIONS
W.A. Wall, J. Schmidt and E. Ramm
(1) - Institute of Structural Mechanics University of Stuttgart. E-mail : wwall@statik.uni-stuttgart.de (2) - Institut fuer Praktische Mathematik, Universitaet Karlsruhe. E-mail : af10@rz.uni-karlsruhe.de (3) - Institute of Structural Mechanics, University of Stuttgart. E-mail : eramm@statik.uni-stuttgart.de

ABSTRACT
This study focusses on the time-dependent solution of coupled motions of geometrically nonlinear structures and internal or external viscous incompressible Newtonian fluids that may have free surfaces. Typical systems that could be appropriately described with these models are liquid-filled storage tanks under strong excitations like earthquake motion, wind-induced vibrations of chimneys, bridge girders or cables etc. The coupled problem is solved as a computational three-field problem through a partitioned analysis approach employing recently developed, improved staggered time-integration schemes. Common to the adopted single-field solvers are the application of direct integration schemes for the time dimension and the spatial discretization via finite elements. Specifically the structural field employs hybrid-mixed types of finite elements where geometrically nonlinear effects are taken into account in order to capture cases involving large structural displacements at small strains. For the fluid field a fully stabilized finite element method for the instationary, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations formulated within an arbitrary Lagrangean Eulerian (ALE) framework has been developed. The introduced mesh moving scheme, i.e. the solver for the third field in the multifield problem, is realized through a general and efficient pseudo-elasto-static approach. Special emphasis will be given to the developed CFD-solver for time-dependent domains which emerge in this context through moving interfaces with the structural part and also through cases with in which free fluid surfaces are taken into consideration. Finally selected two-dimensional numerical examples demonstrate the performance of the overall computational procedure. It is planned to verify some of the computational results with experimental data, especially for the cases of free surface flows with structural interactions.

REFERENCES
[1] Huerta, A., Liu, W.K., "Viscous Flow with Large Free Surface Motion.", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 69, 277-324, (1988).

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[2] Lesoinne, M., Farhat, C., "Improved Staggered Algorithms for the Serial and Parallel Solution of ThreeDimensional Nonlinear Transient Aeroelastic Problems.", Computational Mechanics - New Trends and Applications, Proc. 4th World Congress on Computational Mechanics - Buenos Aires, S.R. Idelsohn, E. Onate , E.N. Dvorkin (eds.), CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain (1998). [3] W.A. Wall , E. Ramm , "Fluid - Structure Interaction Based upon a Stabilized (ALE) Finite Element Method.", Computational Mechanics - New Trends and Applications, Proc. 4th World Congress on Computational Mechanics - Buenos Aires, S.R. Idelsohn, E. Onate , E.N. Dvorkin (eds.), CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain (1998)

INVESTIGATION OF THE AEROELASTIC COUPLING BETWEEN A NOZZLE AND A SUPERSONIC JET

E. Schall, B. Koobus and C. Farhat
(1) - INRIA Sophia-Antipolis. E-mail : Eric.Schall@sophia.inria.fr (2) - Universite de Montpellier II (3) - University of Colorado Aerospace Engineering. E-mail : charbel@alexandra.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
Action of supersonic flows on aerodynamical surfaces can result in steady effects, transient ones, or even unstabilities. A well known example is the unstability of a flat plate when a fast enough supersonic flow is applied along it [1]. A purely longitudinal unstability can be already brought out with 2D calculations relying on a classical Euler model for the fluid flow. Some papers also show this kind of behavior for axisymmetric nozzles under the action of an axisymmetric flow [2]. In that case, the excited mode is not one of the main modes of the structure. Indeed, for generic divergents, the first main modes are not axisymmetrical ones. The purpose of the present work is to consider non axisymmetrical coupling between an inviscid flow and a simplified model of nozzle. For solving the coupled fluid / structure partial differential equations, we use a partitioned procedure in which separate fluid and structural programs execute and exchange data (solver developped at the University of Boulder, [3]). The structural problem is solved by a finite element method and an implicit time-integration scheme. The structural solver can handle small or large displacements, and moderate strains to stay in the elastic domain of structure's material. For the flow simulation, an ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) formulation based on a finite volume / finite element space discretization method on deforming grids is used. The fluxes are timeintegrated such that the GCL (Geometric Conservation Law) is satisfied, and the numerical scheme is implicit and second-order time- and space-accurate. The time-coupling of the fluid and structural programs is achieved through a second-order timeaccurate algorithm which satisfies the GCL as well as the continuity of both the displacement and velocity fields at the fluid/structure interface. For non matching discrete fluid/structure interfaces, a load and motion transfer algorithm with momentum and energy conservation properties is used. The computational cost of aeroelastic simulations is often very important, mainly due to the flow solver. Therefore the use of parallel tools is very relevant for such calculations. The parallel procedure used for solving the flow problem combines a spatial decomposition of the initial domain in subdomains and a message passing programming model. This technique is efficient and well load balance over all the processors.

REFERENCES
[1] R. L. Bisplinghoff and H. Ashley, "Principles of Aeroelasticity", Dover Publications, In., 1962. [2] E. Lefrancois, G. Dhatt and D. Vandromme, "Fluid-Structural Interactions with Applications to Rocket Engines", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, in press. [3] C. Farhat , "High performance simulation of coupled nonlinear transient aeroelastic problems", Summer school Porquerolles, July 1-6, 1996, France.

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A COMPUTATIONAL METHODOLOGY FOR THE SIMULATION OF FLOW PROBLEMS PAST ACCELERATING RIGID AND FLEXIBLE OBSTACLES
D. Rixen and C. Farhat
(1) - University of Colorado, Center for Aerospace Structures. E-mail : rixen@gnat.colorado.edu (2) - University of Colorado Aerospace Engineering. E-mail : charbel@alexandra.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
The simulation of flow problems past accelerating obstacles allows the prediction of the evolution of physical quantities as a function of the Mach number. It is an attractive alternative to sampling flow speeds, performing repeated flow simulations at different fixed Mach numbers, and interpolating between the results of the sampled data. In this paper, we address this problem, and present a computational methodology for predicting the behavior of flow problems past accelerating rigid obstacles and flexible substructures. The key components of this methodology are an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation of viscous flow problems with moving boundary conditions, an unstructured dynamic mesh for transmitting the acceleration of an obstacle to the surrounding flow, and a second-order time-accurate staggered procedure for the solution of three-way coupled fluid/structure/mesh equations. We apply our computational approach to the investigation of the variation of the lift and drag coefficients of fixed and vibrating airfoils with the Mach number and the prediction of the dragdivergence Mach number. The continuous parametric identification of an accelerating F - 16 flexible typical wing section is performed using proper windowing of the response to extract instantaneous damping and frequencies. We show that our computational schemes are capable of crossing the boundaries of flow regimes (i.e. subsonic to transonic, and transonic to supersonic), and report on a novel flight testing idea suggested by this type of simulations.

FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLUID FLOWS

K. Kakuda and G. Ishii
(1) - Dept. of Math.l Engineering. College of Industrial Technology. E-mail : k7kakuda@ccu.cit.nihon-u.ac.jp (2) - Dept. of Math. Eng., College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University

ABSTRACT
Numerical simulations of incompressible viscous fluid flows have been successfully performed by many computational fluid dynamicists with the use of the finite difference method, the finite volume method or the finite element method. Numerical difficulties have been experienced in the solution of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations at high Reynolds numbers. It is well known that the conventional Galerkin finite element and the centred finite difference approximations lead to spurious oscillatory solutions for flow problems at high Reynolds number. To overcome such oscillations, various upwindtype schemes have been successfully presented in both frameworks. In our previous works, we have proposed a finite element scheme based on the Petrov-Galerkin weak formulation using exponential weighting functions for solving effectively two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations up to high Reynolds number regimes. The Navier-Stokes equations were discretized by a semi-explicit strategy in which the velocity was treated explicitly and the pressure was treated implicitly with respect to the time variable. As the time-marching scheme, the fractional step method was also adopted in the work. The present scheme has been successfully applied to flow and natural convection in a square cavity, flow around an obstacle, and so forth. Moreover, the one was extended to three-dimensional simple flow problems, and as the typical example, the computation of flow in a cubic cavity was demonstrated up to Reynolds number of 10000. The purpose of this paper is to apply the Petrov-Galerkin finite element scheme using exponential weighting functions to three-dimensional incompressible viscous flow for the practical problems. In order to show the workability and the validity of the present approach, flow around a circular cylinder is demonstrated as a typical example. The flow around a circular cylinder is interesting because the drag
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coefficient on the cylinder drops sharply in the subcritical (Re=100000) and supercritical (Re=1000000) regions. The drag crisis has been confirmed heretofore in several experiments. Recently, the computational approaches of the flow have been increasingly presented by some computational fluid dynamicists. The numerical results obtained in the present paper demonstrate that the drag crisis on the cylinder is also obtained by the present method.

EIGENVALUE AND EIGENFUNCTION ERROR ESTIMATES FOR FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATIONS OF SLOSH-STRUCTURE INTERACTION
P. Ryan
(1) - Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Stanford University. E-mail : pat.ryan@lmco.com

ABSTRACT
In reference [1], we established the rate of convergence of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for a finite element formulation of the problem of an inviscid, incompressible fluid wholly contained in an elastic solid. Here, we extend these results to a finite element method for the calculation of approximate eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of an unrestrained three -dimensional elastic launch vehicle propellant tank. We take into account the effects of gravity and reversed inertia forces on linearized free surface sloshing. For the fluid, we establish the small displacement equilibrium equations from a material description in which the field variables are fluid displacement and material pressure. In order to impose the linearized free surface boundary condition, the spatial pressure is substituted for the material pressure. In the presence of body forces, the material and spatial pressures differ, which causes fluid displacement dependent gravity stiffness terms to appear in the fluid-structure traction boundary condition. These terms result in a non-symmetric matrix eigenvalue problem. In [2], a consistent symmetric system is developed by taking the reference configuration to be one of gravitational pre-stressed equilibrium: this method requires that all substructures in the assembled launch vehicle model be formulated using the same prestress condition for consistency. In [3], the Tong hypothesis [4] is used to force symmetry: this method causes non-physical elastic constraints to appear in translation. Here, we formulate an eigenvalue problem in which the tank wall gravity stiffness terms are ignored and the free surface condition is modified, resulting in an unconstrained fluid-structure system in which the reference configuration is undeformed. We describe a variational formulation of this eigenvalue problem in which the field variables are fluid spatial pressure, fluid boundary displacement and solid displacement. The spatial pressure is expressed at the variational level as the solution to a pure Neumann boundary value problem for an arbitrary volume preserving fluid boundary acceleration field. The undetermined constant component of the pressure field is used as a Lagrange multiplier to enforce the fluid-structure normal displacement continuity. The eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of this two-field variational problem are identified with those of a self-adjoint positive compact operator. A finite element formulation which utilizes three dimensional Lagrange elements for fluid pressure and solid displacement, and two dimensional quadrilaterals for fluid boundary displacement, is used to approximate this variational eigenproblem. Pointwise definition of the normal displacement on the fluid-structure boundary is irrelevant and incompatible fluid structure boundary meshes are admissible for all three fields. Use of standard elements allow the method to be implemented in any commercial finite element code. The eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the resulting matrix eigenvalue problem are then identified with those of a finite dimensional operator . We show that converges to in operator norm. Finally we establish an a-priori error estimate for the rate of convergence of the method.

REFERENCES
[1] Pat Ryan, "Eigenvalue and Eigenfunction Error Estimates for Finite Element Formulations of Linear Hydroelasticity", Presented at IV WCCM (1998), Submitted to Mathematics of Computation. [2] J-P. Morand and R. Ohayon , "Fluid-Structure Interaction", John Wiley & Sons, (1995) [3] H. Berger, J. Boujot, and R. Ohayon , "On a Spectral Problem in Vibration Mechanics: Computation of Elastic Tanks Partially Filled with Liquids", Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 51, 272-298, (1975) [4] P. Tong, "Liquid sloshing in an elastic container", ASQSR 66-0943, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, (1960)

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Advanced Finite Element Methods

Carlos Felippa, Ekkehard Ramm and Wolfgang Wall
SESSION 1
Keynote : MIXED-ENHANCED METHODS FOR FINITE DEFORMATION R.L. Taylor......................................................................................................................................................................174 TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL MIXED ENHANCED FINITE ELEMENTS WITH ORTHOGONAL STRESS AND STRAIN FUNCTIONS. R. Piltner ........................................................................................................................................................................174 THE GENERATION OF SHEAR LOCKING FREE BEAM, PLATE AND SHELL ELEMENTS BY THE DISCRETE SHEAR GAP METHOD. K.U. Bletzinger ...............................................................................................................................................................175 HYBRID LEAST SQUARES FINITE ELEMENT METHODS FOR REISSNER-MINDLIN PLATE L.L. Thompson and R. Tong............................................................................................................................................176 PASSIVELY DAMPED VIBRATION OF ROTATING CURVED LAMINATED SHELLS USING ZIGZAG TRIANGULAR ELEMENT. D.G. Lee and J.B. Kosmatka...........................................................................................................................................177

SESSION 2
Keynote : THE FREE FORMULATION - PAST AND PRESENT G. Skeie and P.G. Bergan...............................................................................................................................................177 FINE ANALYSIS OF DEGENERATE MEMBRANE STATES USING A PENALTY PARAMETER MODIFIED CONSTITUTIVE RELATION X. Liu, C.H. Jenkins and W.W. Schur .............................................................................................................................178 THE HU-WASHIZU FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION AS A STRESS RECOVERY METHOD A. Mota and J.F. Abel.....................................................................................................................................................179 AN ASSUMED STRAIN TRIANGULAR SOLID ELEMENT ENRICHED BY BUBBLE FUNCTIONS W.I. Hong, Y.H. Kim and S.W. Lee .................................................................................................................................179 A HIGHER ORDER FOUR NODE LAMINATED SHELL ELEMENT M. Balah and H.N. Al-Ghamedy.....................................................................................................................................180

SESSION 3
Keynote : A METHOD FOR CONNECTING DISSIMILAR FINITE ELEMENT MESHES C.R. Dohrmann, S.W. Key and M.W. Heinstein ..............................................................................................................181 A HIGHLY EFFICIENT ENHANCED ASSUMED STRAIN PHYSICALLY STABILIZED HEXAHEDRAL ELEMENT M.A. Puso .......................................................................................................................................................................181 THEORY AND NUMERICS OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL SHELL MODEL M. Bischoff and E. Ramm ...............................................................................................................................................182 DEVELOPMENT OF A NON-COLLOCATION METHOD OF SOLUTIONS ON THE SOLID MECHANICS PROBLEMS T. Kawai .........................................................................................................................................................................183 GENERALIZED ADAPTIVE SOLUTION CONTROL FOR NON-LINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS M.G.D. Geers .................................................................................................................................................................183

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Keynote : MIXED-ENHANCED METHODS FOR FINITE DEFORMATION

R.L. Taylor
(1) - University of California at Berkeley Dept. of Civil Engineering. E-mail : rlt@ce.berkeley.edu

ABSTRACT
The presentation will discuss the development of low order finite elements for use in the solution of finite deformation solid mechanics problems. The development is based on a mixed formulation with added enhanced deformation terms. The basic mixed method uses interpolations for position, stress and deformation gradient fields. In addition enhanced terms are added to the mixed deformation gradient to permit use of the elements for problems which exhibit nearly incompressible behavior. A three-field Hu-Washizu functional for problems in finite elasticity is used as the basis of the initial development. Developments for inelastic material models and transients may then constructed from the resulting variational equations. Two classes of formulations are considered in this presentation: 4-node quadrilateral and 8-node hexahedral elements; and 3-node triangular and 4-node tetrahedral elements. All elements use standard interpolation for the position in the reference and deformed configurations. For the quadrilateral and hexahedral element forms the deformation and stress approximations are expressed in terms of natural coordinates transformed to the current configuration. Effects of various approximations are presented and discussed. For triangular and tetrahedral elements the position approximation is a complete polynomial and enhancement types used for quadrilateral and hexahedral elements fail. Accordingly, for this class of elements a viable approach is to use a three field principle in terms of position, pressure and volumetric deformation. In this form only the pressure/volume terms are treated by the three field principle. For triangular and tetrahedral elements two approaches are considered. The first uses linear continuous interpolations for the position and pressure combined with linear discontinuous interpolation for the volumetric deformation. Enhanced terms deduced from bubbles are added to the deformation gradient for each element. An alternative approach is to use discontinuous constant pressures and volumetric deformation approximations in each element and to apply stabilization approaches involving jump conditions along element interfaces. Example problems are included to indicate the performance of the elements on a set of test problems.

TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL MIXED ENHANCED FINITE ELEMENTS WITH ORTHOGONAL STRESS AND STRAIN FUNCTIONS.
R. Piltner
(1) - Department of Engineering Mechanics. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. E-mail : rpiltner@unlinfo.unl.edu

ABSTRACT
In recent years "enhanced strain" methods became quite popular since they provide possibilities to improve the performance of low order finite elements. In 1990 Simo and Rifai introduced the method of "enhanced strains" [1]. In their original paper Simo and Rifai demonstrated that the QM6 element of Taylor / Beresford / Wilson can be viewed as an enhanced strain element with four enhanced strain terms. Enhanced strains have been used for both linear and non-linear problems [1-9]. In reference [8] an alternative to the original enhanced strain concept is discussed and an accurate enhanced finite element with two enhanced strain terms (denoted QE2) was presented by Piltner and Taylor. In several linear and non-linear examples, the QE2 element showed excellent performance. Unfortunately, the algorithm for the QE2 element needs the numerical inversion of a 4x4 matrix. In an effort to improve the efficiency of the QE2 element an alternative formulation with assumed stresses and strains in cartesian coordinates led to an efficient four node element [9].

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In order to obtain very efficient versions of mixed enhanced elements for 2- and 3-D problems, orthogonal functions in cartesian and natural coordinates have been used for the assumed stresses and strains in a modified Hu-Washizu variational formulation. For the 2- and 3-dimensional elements different choices of assumed stress and strain functions are discussed. For all elements considered an efficient implementation of the mixed elements with assumed stresses, strains, enhanced strains and displacements will be discussed.

REFERENCES
[1] J.C. Simo and M.S. Rifai, "A class of mixed assumed strain methods and the method of incompatible modes", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng., 29, 1595 - 1638, (1990). [2] J.C. Simo and F. Armero , "Geometrically non-linear enhanced strain mixed methods and the method of incompatible modes", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng., 33, 1413 - 1449, (1992). [3] J.C. Simo, F. Armero and R. L. Taylor, "Improved versions of assumed enhanced strain tri-linear elements for 3D finite deformation problems", Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 110, 359 - 386, (1993). [4] S. Glaser and F. Armero , "Recent developments in the formulation of assumed enhanced strain finite elements for finite deformation problems", Report No. UCB/SEMM-95/13, University of California, Berkeley, 1995. [5] U. Andelfinger, E. Ramm , and D. Roehl , "2D- and 3D-enhanced assumed strain elements and their application in plasticity", Proc. Computational Plasticity IV, ed. E. Onate et al., Barcelona, 1997 - 2007, 1992. [6] M. A. Crisfield, G.F. Moita, G. Jelenic and L.P.R. Lyons, "Enhanced lower-order element formulations for large strains", pp. 293 - 320, in: Computational Plasticity - Fundamentals and Applications, ed. by D.R.J. Owen and E. Onate , Pineridge Press, Swansea, 1995. [7] P. Wriggers and J. Korelc, "On enhanced strain methods for small and finite deformations of solids", Computational Mechanics, 18, 413 - 428, (1996). [8] R. Piltner and R.L. Taylor , "A quadrilateral finite element with two enhanced strain modes", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng., 38, 1783 - 1808, (1995). [9] R. Piltner and R.L Taylor, "A systematic construction of B-bar functions for linear and non-linear mixed-enhanced finite elements", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, in print.

THE GENERATION OF SHEAR LOCKING FREE BEAM, PLATE AND SHELL ELEMENTS BY THE DISCRETE SHEAR GAP METHOD.
K.U. Bletzinger
(1) - Institut fur Baustatik, Universitat Karlsruhe. E-mail : kub@bau-verm.uni-karlsruhe.de

ABSTRACT
Classical displacement shear deformable finite elements based on the Timoshenko beam theory or the Reissner/Mindlin plate theory are known to exhibit transverse shear locking, i.e. these elements behave too stiff with respect to shear deformations. The reasons are well known and stem from the independent interpolation of transverse element displacements and rotations neglecting the interaction of shear and bending deformation. The problem attracted an innumerable number of researchers, mathematicians and engineers, who worked on the solution. At this point it is impossible to give even a short overview, however, it should be stated that several ideas are in common to many of the different solution concepts, as e.g. the Kirchhoff mode (KM) concept or the Assumed Natural Strain (ANS) approach. As well, the basic idea of the "shear gap method" can be found at least as part of other approaches, usually in the context of a special formulation for one type of element. In contrast, the main difference of the present concept is that it can be unified and equivalently applied to beams, plates and shells of arbitrary polynomial order of interpolation, quadrilateral or triangular. The method is based on the separation of the shear and bending related parts of eformation. This is done by comparison of nodal displacements with the integration of rotations resulting in "discrete shear gaps" at the nodes. The method is a pure, however modified, displacement formulation and utilizes only the usual displacement and rotational degrees of freedom at the nodes without additional internal parameters. The quadrilateral elements have a certain relation to the ANS or MITC elements. The resulting triangular elements prove to perform particularly well in comparison to existing elements. They might be the still missing link between quadrilateral and triangular KM or ANS elements. Starting from the discussion of the basic general concept and the underlying kinematic geometrically linear and non-linear assumptions for beams and shells, the contribution will show several implementations for special element types, in particular the three
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node element with linear interpolation. Several benchmark examples will show the effectiveness and efficiency of the approach.

HYBRID LEAST SQUARES FINITE ELEMENT METHODS FOR REISSNERMINDLIN PLATE

L.L. Thompson and R. Tong
(1) - Adv. Comp. Mech. Laboratory. Dept. of Mech. Engineering. Clemson University. E-mail : lonny.thompson@ces.clemson.edu (2) - Adv. Comp. Mech. Laboratory. Dept. of Mech. Engineering. Clemson University

ABSTRACT
An assumed-stress hybrid 4-node plate element is developed based on the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle with a generalized least-squares modification for accurate vibration and wave propagation response of Reissner-Mindlin plates. The specialization of the new hybrid least squares method for Timoshenko beams is also given. The least-squares operator is proportional to a weighted integral of a differential operator acting on the residual of the steady-state equations of motion for Reissner-Mindlin plates. Through judicious selection of the design parameters inherent in the least-squares modification, this formulation provides a consistent framework for enhancing the accuracy of mixed Reissner-Mindlin plate elements that have no shear locking or spurious modes. Improved methods are designed such that the complex wave-number finite element dispersion relations closely match the analytical relations for all wave angle directions. For uniform meshes, optimal methods are designed to achieve zero dispersion error along mesh lines. Comparisons of finite element dispersion relations demonstrate the superiority of the new hybrid least-squares beam and plate element over standard hybrid elements, and displacement-based elements with selectively reduced integration. Numerical experiments for wave propagation in semi-infinite plates validate these conclusions.

PASSIVELY DAMPED VIBRATION OF ROTATING CURVED LAMINATED SHELLS USING ZIGZAG TRIANGULAR ELEMENT.
D.G. Lee and J.B. Kosmatka
(1) - Dept. of Applied Mech. and Engineering Sciences. Univ. of California (2) - Dept. of Applied Mech. and Engineering Sciences. Univ. of California. E-mail : kosmatka@ames.ucsd.edu

ABSTRACT
In this work, vibration behavior of rotating curved laminated shells with a embedded damping layer is investigated incorporating layerwise zig-zag theory which best describes the in-plane displacements of laminated structures among the various kinematic relations. Three node flat triangular element which has drilling rotations based on the improved zig-zag theory is developed and applied for vibration analysis of laminated damped pretwisted blades, cambered blades and any arbitrary curved shells. Spinning effects on the stability of composite laminated damped blades are investigated rigorously. Critical rotational speeds with respect to both the inertial frame and the moving frame are calculated for the design aspects. The effects of tailoring of lamination angles and pretwist angles on the stability are investigated. Loss factors for flexural modes of laminated blade with damping layer are calculated with the variation of lamination angles, pretwist angles and the spinning speeds. The characteristic behavior of the loss factors for the non-spinning damped laminated blades and the spinning damped laminated blades which are under tension stress are discussed.

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Keynote : THE FREE FORMULATION - PAST AND PRESENT

G. Skeie and P.G. Bergan
(1) - Det Norske Veritas, Division for Technology and Products (2) - Det Norske Veritas AS. E-mail : Paal.Bergan@dnv.com

ABSTRACT
In 1999 it is 15 years since Bergan and Nygaard [1] presented the free formulation in a paper titled "Finite elements with increased freedom in choosing shape functions". The work consolidated almost a decade of research effort in finite element technology. Guided by convergence requirements specified by the patch test of Irons and the individual element test by Bergan and Hanssen [2] the free formulation represented a new way of generating stiffness matrix coefficients derived from an incompatible displacement field expressed in global coordinates. In the present paper we take a historical tour through the evolution of the free formulation, starting with the initial ideas contained in the patch test that lead to a single element convergence requirement, namely the individual test. This test gave rise to the idea of developing "optimised" stiffness coefficients that may be detached from conventional variational forms. Unfortunately, it proved difficult to do construct stiffnesses in an objective and effective manner. This obstacle led to re-focusing on displacement expansions, and it facilitated to the idea of "freeing" the element displacement expansions of the conventional compatibility constraints. It is noted that the free formulation is aimed at fulfilling the convergence requirements for incompatible displacement elements by construction. The method has resulted in a number of successful elements where, traditionally, sufficient compatibility has been hard to establish; plates, membranes with drilling degrees of freedom and facet shells. The generic formalism of splitting the stiffness matrix in one part that defines consistency (basic stiffness) and another part that assures accuracy and stability (higher order stiffness) has led to similar and refined models such as the extended free formulation and the assumed natural strain method developed by Felippa and co-workers [3,4]. The successful application of the free formulation in relation to membrane elements and so-called drilling freedoms had lead to the search for equivalent success in three- dimensional solid elements with rotation like node connectors. The presentation touch upon the inherent difficulties with rotations in a general 3D model and suggests new solutions to the problem; augmented variational principles and stabilisation to approach the classical free formulation procedure.

REFERENCES
[1] P.G. Bergan and M.K. Nygaard. "Finite elements with increased freedom in choosing shape functions", International Journal of Numerical Methods in Engineering, 20:643-664, 1984. [2] P.G. Bergan and L. Hanssen, "A new approach for deriving good finite elements". In J.R. Whiteman, editor, The Mathematics of Finite Elements and Applications - Volume II. Academic Press, London, 1976. MAFELAP II Conference, Brunel University, 1975. [3] C.A. Felippa , "The extended free formulation of finite elements in linear analysis", Journal of Applied Mechanics, 56:609-616, 1989. [4] C.A. Felippa and C. Militello, "Variational formulations of high performance finite elements: Parametrized variational principles", Computer & Structures, 36:1-11, 1990.

FINE ANALYSIS OF DEGENERATE MEMBRANE STATES USING A PENALTY PARAMETER MODIFIED CONSTITUTIVE RELATION
X. Liu, C.H. Jenkins and W.W. Schur
(1) - South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (2) - South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. E-mail : CJENKINS@taz.sdsmt.edu (3) - Physical Science Laboratory, New Mexico State University

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ABSTRACT
During the last few decades, significant contributions to the analysis of large deformation, nonlinear structural problems have been made. Yet the analysis of membrane structures, structures that have zero or very small bending rigidity, and that undergo inherently large displacements during loading, remains a difficult problem for which even current finite element methods are challenged [Jenkins and Leonard (1991; 1993); Jenkins (1997).] The primary difficulties lie in the fact that these particular structural system are underconstrained, and stable equilibrium conditions only exist for loading fields that are orthogonal to the set of unconstrained degrees of freedom. Underconstrained behavior leads to large displacements without concomitant strain energy; no - compression behavior leads to a degenerate, wrinkled state. Furthermore, configurations exist that are not in the vicinity of such an equilibrium state. Consequently, large rigid body motions with concomitant, large configuration changes, must take place before elastic response is obtained. We define true membranes as having identically zero bending rigidity, and define elastic sheets as having extremely small but finite bending rigidity. The displacement response to compressive stress in a thin sheet is a (possibly localized) buckling or wrinkling. True membranes cannot sustain compressive stresses; under uniaxial in-plane tension they respond to in-plane contraction, that is in excess of Poisson's effect, by an alternating out-of-plane displacement, i.e., wrinkling. In this paper, we discuss a particular class of membrane structures, the pneumatic envelopes, of which balloons and parachutes are common examples. Next we discuss the phenomena of Tension Fields and wrinkling, and the associated computational difficulty imposed by the degenerate membrane state. We provide a method to analyze pneumatic envelopes through use of a penalty parameter- modified constitutive relation embedded in a nonlinear finite element code. This approach is completely general, in that it is formulated using a non-orthogonal curvilinear geometry. Next we incorporate a method to predict the fine details of the wrinkled state, viz., the wrinkle wavelength and waveheight. Finally, examples are presented: the square membrane web subjected to tensile and shear load and a simple round parachute model.

REFERENCES
[1] Jenkins CH and Leonard JW (1991), "Nonlinear dynamic response of membranes: State of the art", Appl. Mech Rev 44, 319-328 [2] Jenkins CH and Leonard JW (1993), "Dynamic wrinkling of viscoelastic membranes", J Appl Mech 60, 575-582. [3] Jenkins CH (1997), "Nonlinear dynamic response of membranes: State of the art - update", Appl Mech Rev 49, S41-S48.

THE HU-WASHIZU FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION AS A STRESS RECOVERY METHOD

A. Mota and J.F. Abel
(1) - School of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Cornell University. E-mail : aam4@cornell.edu (2) - School of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Cornell University

ABSTRACT
A mixed formulation based on the Hu-Washizu (HW) functional with displacements, stresses and strains as variables, is presented. In reference [1], the writers have shown that this formulation is closely related to such stress recovery methods as extrapolation from superconvergent points, L2 projection, stress smoothing and superconvergent patch recovery (SPR). Consequently, the HW formulation may also be cast as a stress recovery technique. First, a brief review of the HW formulation and its relationship with stress recovery techniques is presented. The similarities and differences are discussed, along with implementation details for geometrically exact membranes and cables. A numerical study based on simulations of the geometrically nonlinear behavior of cable and membrane structures is presented, in which the stress fields obtained by the HW formulation and selected other stress recovery methods are compared.

REFERENCES
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[1] A. Mota and J.F. Abel , "On mixed finite element formulations and stress recovery techniques", Internat. J. Numer. Meths. Engrg.", to appear.

AN ASSUMED STRAIN TRIANGULAR SOLID ELEMENT ENRICHED BY BUBBLE FUNCTIONS

W.I. Hong, Y.H. Kim and S.W. Lee
(1) - Department of Aerospace Engineering. Seoul National University (2) - Department of Aerospace Engineering. Seoul National University. E-mail : yhkim@gong.snu.ac.kr (3) - Department of Aerospace Engineering. University of Maryland

ABSTRACT
The plate and shell elements are classified into two types by their inplane geometry; quadrilateral element and triangular element. As far as modeling of arbitrary geometry is concerned, triangular elements have more advantages than quadrilateral elements because they are convenient for local mesh refinement and automatic mesh generation. However, as the thickness decreases, the Reissner-Mindlin type triangular elements suffer from severe locking effect unless appropriate remedies are implemented. A 12-node assumed strain triangular solid element [1] demonstrates improved performance for the analysis of plates and shells. In the present research, bubble functions [2] are introduced to enhance the performance of the assumed strain triangular solid element. An element with the bubble functions is able to describe higher order deformation without increasing total degrees of freedom. The assumed strain field should be carefully selected to alleviate transverse locking effect and the flat facet element is utilized for modeling of curved geometry to eliminate membrane locking effect. The kinematics of solid yield the formulation free of small angle assumption, thus allow large load increment in the analysis of finite rotation problem. Various numerical tests are conducted to demonstrate accuracy and efficiency of the present formulation.

REFERENCES
[1] Jong Hoon Kim and Yong Hyup Kim, "An efficient assumed strain triangular solid element tailored for shell analysis", Proceedings of AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC 39th Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, AIAA Paper No.98-1714, 1998. [2] P.M.Pinsky and P.V.Jasti, "A mixed finite element formulation for Reissner-Mindlin plates based on the use of bubble functions", Int. J. Numer. Methods, Eng., 28, 1677-1702, 1989.

A HIGHER ORDER FOUR NODE LAMINATED SHELL ELEMENT

M. Balah and H.N. Al-Ghamedy
(1) - King Fahd Univ. of Petroleum & Minerals. Dept. of Civil Engineering (2) - King Fahd Univ. of Petroleum & Minerals. Dept. of Civil Engineering. E-mail : hghamdi@kfupm.edu.sa

ABSTRACT
The paper describes a four-node isoparametric assumed strain finite shell element based on a third order deformation equivalent single layer theory applied to laminated shell type structures undergoing finite rotations. This theory, which is based on a cubic displacement field over the shell thickness, allows a symmetric quadratic shear deformation distribution across the thickness and zeroout of plane normal strain and stress. Based on a novel parametrization proposed recently by the authors in a separate paper, all kinematic constraints resulting from the above assumptions are identically satisfied by design. A singularity-free parametrization of the rotation field is adopted. The constitutive equations, derived with respect to laminate curvilinear coordinates, are applicable to shell elements with an arbitrary

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number of orthotropic layers stacked in a sequence where material principal axes can vary from layer to layer. Particular attention is devoted to the consistent linearization of the shell kinematics in order to achieve quadratic rate of convergence typical for the Newton-Raphson solution procedure. The capability of the finite element developed to deal with strongly nonlinear situations is demonstrated by many examples involving large rotations, buckling and post-buckling analyses. The results are compared with other formulations from the literature.

Keynote : A METHOD FOR CONNECTING DISSIMILAR FINITE ELEMENT MESHES

C.R. Dohrmann, S.W. Key and M.W. Heinstein
(1) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : crdohrm@sandia.gov (2) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : swkey@sandia.gov (3) - Sandia National Laboratories.

ABSTRACT
A method is presented for connecting dissimilar finite element meshes in two and three dimensions. The method combines the concept of master and slave boundaries with the uniform strain approach for finite elements. By modifying the boundaries of elements on the slave surface, corrections are made to element formulations such that first-order patch tests are passed. The method can be used to connect meshes which use different element types. In addition, master and slave boundaries can be designated independently of relative mesh resolutions. Example problems in two and three-dimensional linear elasticity are presented.

A HIGHLY EFFICIENT ENHANCED ASSUMED STRAIN PHYSICALLY STABILIZED HEXAHEDRAL ELEMENT

M.A. Puso
(1) - University of California. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. E-mail : puso@llnl.gov

ABSTRACT
A new method which uses an enhanced assumed strain field to stabilize an eight node brick element with uniformly reduced integration is developed. The element possesses excellent coarse mesh accuracy, yet it is nearly as fast as the single point brick with perturbation hour glass control making it an ideal candidate for mixed explicit/implicit analysis. As with other physical hourglass control methods, the stress field is projected over the element using an approximate strain field and the material stiffness. The element is then integrated in closed form to get the element forces. No artificial parameters are used in contrast with perturbation schemes. Physical stabilization methods reported in [1] and [2] require storage of thirty six hour glass stresses and are not equipped for bending dominated problems. In reference [3] a small strain formulation which relies on a coorotational coordinate system for invariance is developed. This element, developed for isotropic materials, requires the storage of only four hourglass forces (twelve terms) and shows good coarse mesh accuracy. Nevertheless, the coorotational coordinate system for 3D brick elements is awkward and is not invariant to node numberings. In this work, the compatible strain field is projected and enhanced so that it can handle bending and nearly incompressible materials. The enhanced field is chosen so that it produces a diagonal stiffness contribution which is inverted trivially yielding an efficient formulation. Using hyperelasticity or models based on the Truesdell rate, it is shown that four hourglass forces result from the integration of the constitutive law. A simple approximation is used for hypoelastic materials. Furthermore, the resulting
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formulation provides a symmetric stiffness when consistently linearized. A total displacement formulation which does not require storage of any hour glass forces is also developed for hyperelastic materials. Particular attention is paid to operation counts. The new element is within five to fifteen percent as fast as the perturbation hourglass control brick. The new element is shown to be convergent in the patch test. Coarse mesh accuracy is demonstrated on some standard benchmark problems. Hourglassing in problems with highly orthotropic materials is difficult to control for classical stabilization methods but is accurately handled with the new element. An example of this type is illustrated. Also, an example of a mixed explicit/implicit analysis is shown.

REFERENCES
[1] Zhu, Y.Y. and Cescotto, S. (1996), "Unified and Mixed Formulation of the 8-node Hexahedral Elements by Assumed Strain Method", CMAME, 129. [2] Koh, B.C. and Kikuchi, N. (1987) "New imporved hourglass control for bilinear and trilinear elements in anisotropic linear elasticity," CMAME, 65. [3] Belyschko, T. and Bindeman, L.P. (1993) "Assumed Strain Stabilization of the Eight Node Hexahedral Element," CMAME, 105.

THEORY AND NUMERICS OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL SHELL MODEL

M. Bischoff and E. Ramm
(1) - Institute of Structural Mechanics, University of Stuttgart. E-mail : bischoff@statik.uni-stuttgart.de (2) - Institute of Structural Mechanics, University of Stuttgart. E-mail : eramm@statik.uni-stuttgart.de

ABSTRACT
In recent years, considerable effort has been put onto the development of shell formulations that are able to cope with unmodified, completely three-dimensional constitutive laws within a twodimensional, surface oriented numerical model. One of the basic motivations for the development of such higher order shell models is the increasing importance of sophisticated, three-dimensional material formulations together with the objective to maintain numerical efficiency. The present discussion is related to a 7-parameter formulation, originally proposed by Buchter and Ramm [3]. An optimal balance between kinematic and static variables can be achieved by a proper choice of the function spaces, involving six displacement degrees of freedom and one strain parameter at each point of the shell surface within in multifield variational formulation. It is shown, that the model can thus be regarded as the `lowest possible' shell approach including the fully three-dimensional set of stresses and strains. The decisive step while developing a shell model, from the efficiency point of view, is preintegration of the material stiffness across the thickness. In conventional 5-parameter shell models the resulting kinematic and static variables are usually identified as membrane strains, transverse shear strains and curvatures, as well as resulting forces and moments or simply `stress resultants'. Along with the extension of conventional shear deformable shell formulations with Reissner-Mindlin kinematics from 5 to 7 parameters, additional kinematic and static variables show up. However, their identification as strains and curvatures or stress resultants, respectively, is not possible in the usual manner. It is discussed, how these `higher order' kinematic and static variables can be interpreted from a physical point of view and how they influence the model accuracy. The three-dimensional extension also influences the geometric and static boundary conditions, and thus allows to at least approximately consider three-dimensional effects. To remove well-known locking-effects, like transverse shear locking or membrane locking, meanwhile classical methods like the enhanced assumed strain (EAS) and assumed natural strain (ANS) method are applied. The recently proposed discrete shear gap (DSG) concept by Bletzinger et al. [2] appears to be promising, especially for the design of locking-free triangular elements. An additional `thickness locking' effect, only arising in the 7-parameter shell formulation, can be eliminated by similar procedures (Bischoff and Ramm [1]). The resulting elements are efficient and show limited sensitivity to mesh distortions. The distortion sensitivity can be reduced even further by applying stabilization techniques, as recently proposed for plates by Lyly and Stenberg [4].
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Numerical examples demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of the shell elements in problems with non-linear elastic or elastic-plastic material models, including large strains and rotations. The results are compared to both three-dimensional and classical shell solutions.

REFERENCES
[1] M. Bischoff , E. Ramm . "Shear deformable shell elements for large strains and rotations", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40, 4427-4449 (1997) [2] K.-U. Bletzinger, M. Bischoff , E. Ramm . "A unified approach for shear-locking-free triangular and rectangular shell finite elements". In S.R. Idelsohn, E. Onate , E.N. Dvorkin (eds.) Computational Mechanics - New trends and applications, Proc. WCCM IV, Buenos Aires, CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain (1998). [3] N. Buchter, E. Ramm , "3D-extension of nonlinear shell equations based on the enhanced assumed strain concept", In C. Hirsch (ed.) Computational Methods in Applied Sciences, Elsevier, pp 55-62 (1992). [4] M. Lyly , R. Stenberg , "Stabilized MITC plate bending elements3D-extension of nonlinear shell equations based on the enhanced assumed strain concept", In M. Papadrakakis , B.H.V. Topping (eds.) Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computational Structures Technology, Athens, Greece, pp. 11-16 (1994).

DEVELOPMENT OF A NON-COLLOCATION METHOD OF SOLUTIONS ON THE SOLID MECHANICS PROBLEMS

T. Kawai
(1) - Science University of Tokyo. Department of Electrical Engineering. E-mail : kawa@marc.co.jp

ABSTRACT
A "Nodeless" method of solution on the solid mechanics problems is proposed modifying HuWashizu Principle and directly using coefficients of assumed polynomials in usual FE displacement functions as element parameters. Method (1) (called Hellinger - Reissner method) and Method (5) (Trefftz method) do not require presatisfaction of continuity of the state vectors (i.e. displacements and stresses) on the interelement boundaries and from which a new metheod of solution can be derived which has unique feature of easy mesh generation and possibility of finding a new efficient large scale computing method. The remaining five methods will give a new generalized FEM. Further details will be discussed with numerical examples.

GENERALIZED ADAPTIVE SOLUTION CONTROL FOR NON-LINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

M.G.D. Geers
(1) - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. Eindhoven University of Tech. E-mail : geers@wfw.wtb.tub.nl

ABSTRACT
Geometrically or physically nonlinear problems are often characterized by the presence of critical points with snapping behaviour in the structural response. Standard numerical solution techniques become deficient, and adaptive path following techniques are then required. These solution control techniques are constrained Newton-Raphson incremental-iterative procedures, where a dimensionless load factor is used as an additional unknown. A variety of solution techniques has been developed in the past, where physically and geometrically nonlinear problems were generally treated separately. Well-known methods for geometrically nonlinear analyses are the quadratic arc-length method of Crisfield and the linearized arc-length methods [1], e.g. the updated-normal-plane method. Techniques for the solution of a geometrically nonlinear problems are mostly deficient when applied to a physically nonlinear problem, and vice versa. The main reason for this incompatibility, is the existence of zones with strongly localized deformations in the case of physical softening. A global degrees-of-freedom vector, as used for
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geometrically nonlinear problems, cannot properly trace this localization phenomenon. A limited number of specific degrees-of-freedom was therefore used instead, e.g. the indirect displacement control method. A generalized adaptive solution control technique is therefore proposed which can be used for both geometrically and/or physically nonlinear analyses. The constraint equation which is used to determine the load factor is written in terms of a control function, which may be any linear or nonlinear function of the degrees-of-freedom. The adaptive solution control is performed by keeping the increment of the control function constant during the iterative procedure. The control function differs from increment to increment in order to improve the algorithm in the presence of structural or material nonlinearities. Two approaches have been examined. The first approach uses a local control function, which depends on a limited number of degrees-of-freedom, mostly determined from the element connectivity. These local control functions are computed over the entire domain (e.g. in each node or each element). The optimal control function is then selected automatically at the start of each increment. The second approach uses a weighted sum of all the control functions that have been defined over the considered domain. Herein, the weighting factors are redetermined from increment to increment, which permits to cope with the occurring nonlinearities. The general character of this automatic and adaptive solution control method is best illustrated through specific choices of the control function, which leads to the existing classical methods. Direct displacement control implies the use of a local control function which equals the imposed displacement. If the difference of two specific degrees-of-freedom is taken as the control function, the indirect displacement control is found. If the control function equals the length of the degrees-of-freedom vector, the consistently linearized method is retrieved. The latter case is a typical example of a nonlinear control function. Even though conventional path following methods can be easily retrieved, a major difference exists. Most classical methods use a preselected set of degrees-of-freedom in the algorithm. The proposed method modifies the control function at the start of an increment, which involves the degrees-of-freedom differently in each increment. The proposed automatic solution control method permits to carry out the estimation, the adaptation and the correction of the load factor. The performance of the method clearly depends on the type of the applied control function. Examples with several different types of control functions are given for the solution of some geometrically and physically nonlinear problems. A comparison is made with classical path following techniques, which illustrates the efficiency of the generalized technique.

REFERENCES
[1] Clarke, M.J. and Hancock, G.J., "A study of incremental-iterative solution strategies for nonlinear analyses", Int. Jnl. Num. Eng., vol.29, pp. 1365-1391, 1990.

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Computational Advances in Modeling Heterogeneous Materials

Jacob Fish
SESSION 1
Keynote : A "MICRO-MACRO" COMPUTATIONAL STRATEGY FOR ANALYSING HETEROGENEOUS STRUCTURES D. Dureisseix and P. Ladeveze .......................................................................................................................................188 MULTI-SCALE ANALYSIS OF DAMAGE IN HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS WITH ADAPTIVE VORONOI CELL FEM S. Ghosh .........................................................................................................................................................................189 WAVELET TECHNIQUES IN COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS P.K. Basu and J. Lin .......................................................................................................................................................189 A STOCHASTIC GEOMETRY CARTOON IN MICROSTRUCTURE MODELING AND PROPERTY COMPUTATION C. Ji ................................................................................................................................................................................190 EFFECTIVE ELASTOPLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF DUCTILE MATRIX COMPOSITES CONTAINING RANDOMLY LOCATED ALIGNED ELLIPTICAL FIBERS J.W. Ju and X.D. Zhang..................................................................................................................................................190

SESSION 2
ON THE NUMERICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF GRADIENT VISCOPLASTIC MODELS F. Oka , C. di Prisco and E.C. Aifantis...........................................................................................................................191 SIMULATION OF NON-EQUILIBRIUM EVOLUTION IN HETEROGENEOUS ENGINEERED MATERIALS: NEW ANALYSIS AND ALGORITHMS G. Brown, M.A. Novotny and P.A. Rikvold .....................................................................................................................191 NON-LOCAL EFFECTIVE PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS WITH RANDOM AND PERIODICAL STRUCTURES V.A. Buryachenko ...........................................................................................................................................................192 SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENTS FOR MODELING MATERIALS AT MULTIPLE LENGTH SCALES C.R. Myers......................................................................................................................................................................193 MODELING OF GLOW DYNAMICS IN HETEROGENEOUS FIBER MEDIA USING A LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD F.R. Phelan Jr., M.A. Spaid and R.C. Peterson ..............................................................................................................194 NESTED P-TYPE FINITE ELEMENTS FOR MATERIALS WITH LOCAL HETEROGENEITIES K. Darbha and A. Dasgupta ...........................................................................................................................................194

SESSION 3
Keynote : HIERARCHICAL MODELING OF HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS: A PROGRESS REPORT J.T. Oden ........................................................................................................................................................................195 AN INTEGRATED COMPUTATIONAL METHODOLOGY FOR INTERFACIAL MICRO-LEVEL STRESS TRANSFER IN MACROSCOPIC THERMOVISCOELASTIC CREEP OF UNIDIRECTIONAL COMPOSITES P.W. Chung, K.K. Tamma and R.R. Namburu ................................................................................................................195 NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF INITIALLY PRESTRESSED FIBER LAMINATES M. Sejnoha and K. Matous .............................................................................................................................................196 SCIENTIFIC ISSUES IN MODELING MATERIALS AT MULTIPLE LENGTH SCALES J.P. Sethna......................................................................................................................................................................196 SIMULATION OF FAILURE PROCESSES IN COMPOSITES K. Shek and J. Fish .........................................................................................................................................................197

SESSION 4
FINITE SIZE SCALING OF EFFECTIVE MODULI AND STOCHASTIC FINITE ELEMENTS FOR RANDOM MEDIA M. Ostoja-Starzewski......................................................................................................................................................198 COMPUTING PROPERTIES OF DISORDERED MEDIA WITH NON-LINEAR RESPONSE R. Blumenfeld .................................................................................................................................................................198

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AN ENHANCED ASYMPTOTIC HOMOGENIZATION METHOD OF ELASTIC COMPOSITE LAMINATES C.M. Chen and N. Kikuchi..............................................................................................................................................199 MACROSCOPIC PROPERTIES AND STATISTICAL MODELS OF RANDOM COMPOSITE AND POROUS MEDIA A.P. Roberts....................................................................................................................................................................199 SIMULATIONS OF DEFORMATION AND FAILURE IN STOCHASTIC FIBROUS NETWORKS A.M. Sastry, C.W. Wang and X. Cheng...........................................................................................................................200 LARGE SCALE SIMULATIONS OF SIMPLE MIXED MODELS FOR FRAGMENTATION G. Hernandez..................................................................................................................................................................201

SESSION 5
Keynote : NON-LINEAR COMPOSITES: THEORETICAL ESTIMATES AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION H. Moulinec and P. Suquet .............................................................................................................................................201 THERMOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED COMPOSITE AND SANDWICH PLATES VIA HIERARCHICAL {1,2}-ORDER THEORY A. Tessler........................................................................................................................................................................202 RAPID SOLUTION OF LARGE PROBLEMS IN MICROMECHANICS Y. Fu, J. Overfelt and G.J. Rodin....................................................................................................................................203 ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE CALCULATION OF CERTAIN CARBON POLYTYPES B. Sahu ...........................................................................................................................................................................203 GLOBAL/LOCAL PROGRESSIVE DAMAGE SIMULATION FOR PLAIN WEAVE COMPOSITES BASED ON MACRO DAMAGE MODES J. Whitcomb and X. Tang................................................................................................................................................204

SESSION 6
SCALE-LINKING COMBINED ATOMISTIC-CONTINUUM MODEL R.C. Picu ........................................................................................................................................................................205 SOLDER JOINTS, GEOMETRY, COMPUTATION AND COLLABORATION H. Eghbalnia and A. Assadi............................................................................................................................................205 CRYSTALS, DEFECTS AND MICROSTRUCTURES: MODELING IN THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS ACROSS SCALES R. Phillips .......................................................................................................................................................................206 IDEALIZED DEFECTS: THIN FILMS AND SOLIDS SURFACES J. Rickman ......................................................................................................................................................................206 DECOMPOSITION-BASED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR HETEROGENEOUS, ARRAYED ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES A.M. Deshpande and G. Subbarayan..............................................................................................................................206 AVERAGED EQUATIONS FOR MULTIPHASE FLOW J. Glimm .........................................................................................................................................................................207

SESSION 7
Keynote : COMPUTATIONAL PROBLEMS IN THE ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS I. Babuska.......................................................................................................................................................................208 THE FUTURE OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, INTEGRATING SIMULATION, EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND KNOWLEDGE M.J. Doyle ......................................................................................................................................................................208 TRASH MADE COMPOSITES: MODELING OF RECYCLED POLYMERIC MATRIX COMPOSITES A.F. vila........................................................................................................................................................................209 MODELING THE FORMATION AND RELIABILITY OF SOLDER BUMPS IN ELECTRONIC PACKAGING C. Bailey, D. Wheeler and H. Lu ....................................................................................................................................210 ON LOCALIZATION AND PROPAGATION OF KINKBAND INSTABILITY IN A LONG IMPERFECT LAMINATED COMPOSITE CYLINDRICAL SHELL UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE R.A. Chaudhuri, D. Kim and H.J. Garala.......................................................................................................................211

SESSION 8
EFFECT OF SUBGRAIN STRUCTURES ON TEXTURE DEVELOPMENT IN POLYCRYSTALS R. Radovitzky and M. Ortiz.............................................................................................................................................212 NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF COARSENING AND FLAW PROPAGATION IN 2D ELASTICALLY DEFORMED POROUS MEDIA J.W. Bullard....................................................................................................................................................................212 LARGE SCALE PARALLEL COMPUTATION APPLIED TO POLYCRYSTALLINE AGGREGATES F. Barbe, G. Cailletaud, S. Forest and S. Quilici ...........................................................................................................213
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A PARALLEL LATTICE BOLTZMANN ALGORITHM FOR MULTICOMPONENT FLUID FLOW IN COMPLEX GEOMETRIES J. Hagedorn, D. Goujon, N. Martys and J. Devaney ......................................................................................................214 MOLECULAR MODELING OF POLYIMIDES B.L. Farmer and J.A. Young ...........................................................................................................................................214 COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF MECHANICAL DEFORMATION OF NANOCRYSTALLINE METALS J. Schiotz, T. Vegge , F.D. Di Tolla and K.W. Jacobsen .................................................................................................215

SESSION 9
Keynote : HOLISTIC APPROACH FOR PROBLEMS WITH LARGE MICROSTRUCTURES J. Fish.............................................................................................................................................................................215 GENERALIZED STACKING FAULT ENERGY SURFACES AND DISLOCATION PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM N. Kioussis......................................................................................................................................................................216 COPPER AND ZINC RAMIFIED ELECTRODEPOSITION: PHYSICAL EXPERIMENTS AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELING G. Marshall ....................................................................................................................................................................216 NUMERICAL MICROMAGNETIC MODELING OF MAGNETIC DATA STORAGE DEVICES AND SENSORS J. Oti...............................................................................................................................................................................217 THERMODYNAMIC MODELING OF DIOXINS AND FURANS FORMATION IN IRON ORE SINTERING PROCESS T. Pengfu, I. Hurtado, P. Spencer, G. Eriksson and D. Neuschutz..................................................................................217

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Keynote : A "MICRO-MACRO" COMPUTATIONAL STRATEGY FOR ANALYSING HETEROGENEOUS STRUCTURES

D. Dureisseix and P. Ladeveze
(1) - LMT Cachan, CNRS, Universit Paris 6. E-mail : David.Dureisseix@lmt.ens-cachan.fr (2) - LMt-Cachan. Gestionnaire Secteur Structures et Systemes. E-mail : ladeveze@lmt.ens-cachan.fr

ABSTRACT
When analyzing heterogeneous structures, such as reinforced or composite structures, and when a refined solution is required, the computation must involve a fine discretisation of the structure (at the micro level). Since the constituents often exhibit very different mechanical characteristics, the resulting structure is highly heterogeneous and the local solution has high gradient areas, effects with a short length of variation, etc. This situation leads to problems with a large number of degrees of freedom. Computational strategies have been developed in order to keep such a problems solution costs down. The theory of periodic media homogenization is one of them. The macro level solution yields the effective values of the unknowns; the micro level solution must then be re-computed with a specific treatment of the boundary areas as distinct from the interior areas. The approach proposed herein uses a decomposition of the reference micro-scale problem into substructures (for instance, the cells of the structure) and interfaces. Since each of these components possesses its own behaviour and equations, both the displacements and the efforts on the interfaces are the unknowns. The resulting approach could then be qualified as a mixed sub- structuring technique. On the one hand, the solution contains a part with a long length of variation: this corresponds to the effective solution defined on the homogenised structure, i.e. to the macro level. On the other hand, the corrections with a short length of variation are defined on an additive micro level. The unknowns of the approach can then be split onto these two levels. The micro-scale problem is defined on each substructure and interface, while the macro-scale problem is global over the entire structure. Both are to be solved iteratively, once the operators which transfer information between the micro and macro levels have been defined. Using such a mechanical splitting of the unknowns improves the convergence rate of the iterative procedure. This approach does not require any specific treatment for boundary areas and concerns structures that are not required to be periodic media. The homogenisation procedure is automatically performed within the algorithm. Moreover, this approach is well suited to parallel-architecture computers since the underlying algorithm is a 2-level domain decomposition approach. Several numerical examples for composite structures illustrate the possibilities of this method.

MULTI-SCALE ANALYSIS OF DAMAGE IN HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS WITH ADAPTIVE VORONOI CELL FEM
S. Ghosh
(1) - Dept of Engineering Mechanics. Ohio State University. E-mail : sghosh@ghomech1.eng.ohio-state.edu

ABSTRACT
In this work, a multiple scale computational model is developed to concurrently predict evolution of variables at the structural andmicrostructural scales, as well as to track the incidence and propagation of microstructural damage. The microscopic analysis is conducted with the Voronoi cell finite element model
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(VCFEM) while a conventional displacement based FEM code executes the macroscopic analysis. Adaptive schemes and mesh refinement strategies are developed to create a hierarchy of computational sub-domains with varying resolution. Such hierarchy allow for differentiation between non-critical and critical regions, and help in increasing the efficiency of computations through preferential `zoom in' regions. Coupling between the scales for regions with periodic microstructure is accomplished through asymptotic homogenization, whereas regions of nonuniformity and non-periodicity are modeled by true microstructural analysis with VCFEM. An adaptive Voronoi cell finite element model is also developed for micromechanical analysis. Two error measures, viz. a traction reciprocity error and an error in the kinematic relation, are formulated as indicators of the quality of VCFEM solutions. Based on a-posteriori evaluation of these error measures, element adaptation is executed by displacement function adaptations and enrichment of stress functions. The complete process improves convergence characteristics of the VCFEM solution.

WAVELET TECHNIQUES IN COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS

P.K. Basu and J. Lin
(1) - Comp. Mech. Research Laboratory Vanderbilt University. E-mail : basupk@vuse.vanderbilt.edu (2) - Comp. Mech. Research Laboratory Vanderbilt University

ABSTRACT
A wavelet based series consists of a scaled linear combination of a set of hierarchical basis functions, which can be used to represent (or approximate) a function. The application of this relatively new representation of functions in signal processing as well as in the processing and compression of images has excited the imagination of engineers, scientists and mathematician alike. Similar to Fourier series expansion but without some of its restrictions, wavelets are used in the series expansion of signals and can be so used in the case of arbitrary functions as well, enabling localization in both space and time. In other words, wavelets can analyze different spatial and temporal parts of a signal or function at different scales. Therefore, functions with rapid oscillations, or, possibly, with discontinuities, in localized regions are amenable to an accurate representation by a linear combination of a modest number of wavelets. Although, so far wavelets find primary application in signal and image processing, its unique properties makes it a worthwhile candidate for the numerical solution of the partial differential equations of the continua having different kinds of irregularities. Wavelets based discrete numerical method for the solution of such equations may offer some unique advantages not available in other established discrete numerical methods, like finite element, boundary element and meshless methods. In all the latter mentioned methods, the presence of irregularities (or discontinuities) requires proper attention in spatial discretization, and, sometimes, requires the use of special basis functions. But it is expected that the use of basis functions based on wavelets will eliminate or reduce such restrictions. The authors have undertaken a series of studies using this technique on problems of the continua and concluded that it is a viable and, in some cases, superior alternative to the currently used discrete numerical techniques. This experience of the authors constitutes the main body of this paper.

A STOCHASTIC GEOMETRY CARTOON IN MICROSTRUCTURE MODELING AND PROPERTY COMPUTATION

C. Ji
(1) - University of North Carolina. Department of Statistics. E-mail : cji@stat.unc.edu

ABSTRACT

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The main idea in pattern analysis, following the pioneering works of Grenander, Geman and Geman, Besag, Ripley, Baddeley, et al., is to model complex systems statistically, which amounts to the following steps in a reconstruction cycle: (1) Data summary: image processing (or other signal processing); (2) Proposal of a model class; (3) Parameter estimation; (4) Monte Carlo simulation from the fitted model; (5) Feature comparisons between the Monte Carlo samples and the original data. We will illustrate this approach via applications involving microstructures in materials science. The proposed model is a hard-core elliptical process consisting of nonoverlapping ellipses with variable locations, orientations, aspect ratios and sizes. We will also describe briefly: - estimation of intensity and range parameters; - simulation from the fitted model via spatial birth-and-death processes; - estimation of k-point probability functions which play an role in the computation of effective properties,such as conductivity, elastic moduli, etc.

EFFECTIVE ELASTOPLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF DUCTILE MATRIX COMPOSITES CONTAINING RANDOMLY LOCATED ALIGNED ELLIPTICAL FIBERS
J.W. Ju and X.D. Zhang
(1) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. University of California. E-mail : juj@seas.ucla.edu (2) - Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. University of California

ABSTRACT
Based on the micromechanics and the "non-interacting" three-dimensional effective elastic moduli of fiber - reinforced composites, effective elasto-(visco-)-plastic behavior of two-phase unidirectional elliptical fiber - reinforced ductile matrix composites is studied in detail. The elliptical fibers are assumed to be elastic and unidirectionally aligned while the matrix phase can be either elastic or plastic, depending on the local stress state and effective yield criteria. Furthermore, the ensemble-averaged stress norm is constructed based on the probabilistic distribution of elliptical fibers, stress purturbations in the matrix due to fibers, and the ensemble - area averaging procedure. Together with the plastic flow rule and hardening law postulated in continuum plasticity, the aforementioned stress norm is employed to characterize the overall yield criteria which determine the elastoplastic behavior of such composites under uniaxial or biaxial loading / unloading histories. In addition, the overall elasto - viscoplastic behavior is investigated based on the Duvaut - Lions viscoplasticity. Finally, comparison between our theoretical predictions and the available experimental data is performed to illustrate the capability of the proposed framework.

ON THE NUMERICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF GRADIENT VISCOPLASTIC MODELS

F. Oka , C. di Prisco and E.C. Aifantis
(1) - Dept. of Civil Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University (2) - Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale, Politecnico di Milano (3) - Laboratory of Mechanics and materials, Polytechnic School. E-mail : giannis@kelifos.physics.auth.gr

ABSTRACT
Two types of gradient viscoplastic models for soil-like behavior are discussed with emphasis on their numerical implementation. The competition of rate and gradient effects is addressed, as well as the issues of shear banding, development of heterogeneity and mesh-size dependence.
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SIMULATION OF NON-EQUILIBRIUM EVOLUTION IN HETEROGENEOUS ENGINEERED MATERIALS: NEW ANALYSIS AND ALGORITHMS
G. Brown, M.A. Novotny and P.A. Rikvold
(1) - Supercomputer Comp. Research Institute. Florida State University. E-mail : browngrg@scri.fsu.edu (2) - Supercomputer Comp. Research Institute. Florida State University (3) - Supercomputer Comp. Research Institute. Florida State University

ABSTRACT
We discuss simulations for models which capture the general features of nonequilibrium phaseordering processes after a sudden change in conditions. Such processes are often used in materials processing to create microstructures that significantly modify materials properties. Advances in highbrilliance synchrotron sources have recently led to coherent scattering experiments that probe materials with near atomic resolution. Numerical simulations of such experiments [1] indicate that correlations in the scattered intensity pattern can be used to directly measure two-time, two-point correlations in unstable phase-ordering two-phase systems, such as binary alloys and mixtures. The results also indicate that no adequate theory for the universal aspects of two-time properties in phase ordering exists. Materials which are metastable order through a process of nucleation and growth [2]. Usually for metastable systems, the microscopic time scales are very much shorter than the characteristic time for nucleation. Making simulations of metastable systems feasible requires the use of algorithmic approaches that bridge large differences in time scales [3] such as the $n$-fold way, projective dynamics, and Monte Carlo with absorbing Markov chains. We have developed a very detailed understanding of nucleation and growth in simple models with non-conserved dynamics. Effort is now being directed at more realistic models of materials.

REFERENCES
[1] Brown, G., Rikvold, P.A., Sutton, M. and Grant M., "Speckle from phase ordering systems", Phys. Rev. E 56, 6601 (1997). [2] Rikvold, P.A., Novotny, M.A., Kolesik, M. and Richards, H.L., "Nucleation Theory of Magnetization Reversal in Nanoscale Ferromagnets", in Dynamical Properties of Unconventional Magnetic Systems, edited by A. T. Skjeltorp and D. Sherrington (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1998), pp. 307-316. [3] Kolesik, M., Novotny, M.A. and Rikvold, P.A., "A projection method for statics and dynamics of lattice spin systems", Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 3384 (1998).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work supported by NSF, DOE, and FSU through SCRI and MARTECH.

NON-LOCAL EFFECTIVE PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS WITH RANDOM AND PERIODICAL STRUCTURES
V.A. Buryachenko
(1) - Air Force Research Laboratory. E-mail : buryach@aol.com

ABSTRACT
We consider a linearly elastic composite medium, which consists of a homogeneous matrix containing either a statistically inhomogeneous random set or periodical set of ellipsoidal inclusions, and nonuniform boundary condition takes place. The micromechanics-based approach is based on the generalization of the multiparticle effective field'' method (MEFM), previously proposed for the research of statistically homogeneous random structure composites subjected to homogeneous boundary conditions (see e.g. [1]). The hypothesis of effective field homogeneity near the inclusions is used. Effective
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properties (such as compliance, thermal expansion, stored energy) as well as statistical average of stresses in the components are estimated for the general case of nonhomogeneity of the thermoelastic inclusion properties. Inhomogeneous external loading leads to a "nonlocal" coupling between statistical averages of the stress and strain tensors when the statistical average stress is given by an integral of the field quantity weighted by some tensorial function, i.e. the "nonlocal" effective elastic properties. If the external stress is varying sufficiently slowly in the neighborhood of an arbitrary.point, then the integral operator of nonlocal effective elastic properties is obtained as an differential one [2]. For periodic structure composites the equations obtained reduce the analysis of infinite number of inclusion problems to the analysis of a finite number of inclusions. The entire set of equations is transformed from real space to Fourier transform space and an algebraic solution for the effective average strain field formally obtained in the transformed space; the inverse transformation transforms this algebraic solution into a differential operator of the second order in real space. A common integral representation of the solution is derived by the iteration method. Finally, we employ the proposed explicit relations for numerical estimations of tensors describing the local and nonlocal effective elastic properties of composites containing simple cubic lattices of rigid inclusions and voids. The local and nonlocal parts of average stresses are estimated by both the Fourier transform method and by the iteration method [3].

REFERENCES
[1] Buryachenko V. A., Rammerstorfer F. G., "Thermoelastic stress fluctuations in random structure composites with coated inclusions", lit Eur. J. Mech. A/Solids. 1998, 17, 763-788. [2] Buryachenko V. A., Rammerstorfer F. G., "Micromechanics and nonlocal effects in graded random structure matrix composites", Transformation Problems in Composite and Active Composite and Active Materials. Eds. Y. A. Bahei-El-Din and G. J. Dvorak. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, 1998, pp. 197-206. [3] Buryachenko V. A., "Triply periodical particulate matrix composites in varying external stress fields", Lit Int. J. Solids Struct., 1999 (in press).

SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENTS FOR MODELING MATERIALS AT MULTIPLE LENGTH SCALES

C.R. Myers
(1) - Cornell Theory Center. Rhodes Hall, Cornell University

ABSTRACT
There is currently considerable research devoted to the integration of information from multiple length scales to achieve improved descriptions of material structure and evolution. Computational systems designed to implement such multiscale descriptions often require the coupling of a diverse collection of models and algorithms across multiple length and time scales. Furthermore, the difficulty of extracting meaningful information from complex, coupled, dynamical simulations on many scales can be a barrier to progress in the field. In order to provide support for such simulations, we are developing a multifaceted computational problem-solving environment in conjunction with an associated set of scientific and engineering research programs aimed at developing improved models of deformation, fracture and the evolution of defect structures in solids of engineering interest. We describe issues that arise in the development of software environments to support such research, and highlight the design, implementation and application of our system. The software environment we are developing, dubbed Digital Material, aims to provide an infrastructure for multidisciplinary, multiscale modeling by emphasizing a number of key themes. Because diverse classes of models and algorithms are under active development, support for high-performance numerical kernels must be complemented by a broad array of lightweight tools for rapid prototyping and model composition, on-the-fly analysis and visualization, and integration of custom and off-the-shelf components. We achieve this balance to a large degree by embedding compiled numerical kernels and legacy codes within a more flexible and extensible interpreted programming environment, driven by the high-level, object-oriented scripting language Python. Furthermore, because the nature of models and analyses across disciplines can vary widely, it is important to provide a common, objective material representation across scales that is independent of tools that act to probe or modify the material. This separation of functionality is implemented by the development of computational object models describing the geometric structures that are found in materials at all scales (atoms, dislocations, cracks,
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grains, grain boundaries, etc.), and by the use of software design patterns that support model composition within the high-level programming interface.

MODELING OF GLOW DYNAMICS IN HETEROGENEOUS FIBER MEDIA USING A LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD
F.R. Phelan Jr., M.A. Spaid and R.C. Peterson
(1) - Polymer Composites. National Institute of Standards and Technology. E-mail : frederick.phelan@nist.gov (2) - Polymer Composites. National Institute of Standards and Technology (3) - Polymer Composites. National Institute of Standards and Technology

ABSTRACT
The complete penetration of resin into the preform fiber tow during composites processing operations such as liquid molding is of critical importance to the performance of the resulting composite. Incomplete wetting, i.e. void formation, results in flaws within the fiber reinforcement which can greatly reduce strength and durability. The aim of this study is to provide a better understanding of the transient mechanisms by which voids form and transport as resin infiltrates heterogeneous fiber preform materials. A numerical technique for modeling unsaturated flow dynamics in such materials based on a lattice Boltzmann (LB) method has been developed. A general LB method has been modified such that it recovers Stokes flow in free space regions surrounding the tows of a preform, and Brinkman flow in regions inside the tows. Numerical results are presented for multi-phase flow over circular porous tows and compared to experimental data for flow in a model porous media. Good agreement between experimental and numerical permeability values are observed. The numerically predicted void formation and displacement dynamics are in qualitative agreement with the experimental data, but differ in some quantitative details. Factors that need to be accounted for to improve the model are discussed.

NESTED P-TYPE FINITE ELEMENTS FOR MATERIALS WITH LOCAL HETEROGENEITIES

K. Darbha and A. Dasgupta
(1) - CALCE Electronic Packaging Research Center. University of Maryland (2) - CALCE Electronic Packaging Research Center. University of Maryland

ABSTRACT
A nested p-type refinement strategy is proposed for improving the accuracy and efficiency of finite element solutions. The technique is demonstrated for materials with local heterogeneities. The Nested Finite Element Methodology (NFEM) is similar in concept to an earlier proposed Rayleigh-Ritz methodology [Ling, 1997] which is based on a nested multi-field displacement assumption. The nested multi-field displacement technique is an enhancement of the p-type refinement in conventional finite element analysis where colonies of nested sub-elements (with the enhanced displacement field) are created over selected sub-regions of a main element to capture local gradients of stress and strain. Using an innovative concept of selective domain localization [Ling, 1997] the critical regions are locally refined to capture sharp gradients in the displacement field. The nested sub-elements, apart from capturing the sharp gradients of the displacement field, can also be used to model material heterogeneities. The material of the sub-elements could range from plastic domains to voids to rigid inclusions. Ling implemented this nesting scheme by superposing domains in a Rayleigh-Ritz context to capture large gradients of displacement fields. One of the limitations of Lings model [Ling, 1997] is an excessive use of constraint equations to satisfy continuity between neighboring discrete domains because of the use of nodeless Rayleigh-Ritz degrees of freedom. This limitation poses a computational burden and there is hence a need to develop a model that can achieve significant improvements in computational time. This paper therefore proposes the
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concept of selective domain localization where the additional degrees of freedom are associated with subelement nodes for the local p-type refinement. Continuity is thus automatically satisfied between neighboring discrete domains during assembly of the stiffness matrix, thus eliminating the need for constraint equations. This scheme reduces the computational time significantly. The example presented is a generalized nested finite element thermomechanical analysis of surface mount solder joints in electronic assemblies. The nested sub-elements are used to: capture the sharp gradients in the displacement field, model voids in the solder interconnects, and demonstrate the change in stiffness of the interconnect with coarsening of Sn and Pb phases in the eutectic solder alloy.

REFERENCES
[1] Ling, S., 1997, A multi-domain Rayleigh-Ritz method for thermomechanical stress analysis of surface mount interconnects in electronic assemblies, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Maryland

Keynote : HIERARCHICAL MODELING OF HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS: A PROGRESS REPORT

J.T. Oden
(1) - The Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics. E-mail : oden@ticam.utexas.edu

ABSTRACT
Recent results in estimation of modeling error and adaptive modeling of composites will be reviewed. These include new pointwise estimates and techniques for enhancing the quality of homogenized material coefficients. The integration of computerized imaging technologies, with computational modeling is also reviewed. Applications to very large-scale simulations of the expense and failure of composite structures are also discussed.

AN INTEGRATED COMPUTATIONAL METHODOLOGY FOR INTERFACIAL MICRO-LEVEL STRESS TRANSFER IN MACROSCOPIC THERMOVISCOELASTIC CREEP OF UNIDIRECTIONAL COMPOSITES
P.W. Chung, K.K. Tamma and R.R. Namburu
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Minnesota. E-mail : pwc2@umn.edu (2) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. 325E Mechanical. Engineering. University of Minnesota. E-mail : ktamma@sp.msi.umn.edu (3) - U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

ABSTRACT
In conjunction with the finite element method and the mathematical homogenization procedure, a methodology for determining micro-level stress transfer across the matrix/fiber interface in unidirectional composites is developed. The mathematical homogenization of the micro-level viscoelastic stress-strain constitutive model with instantaneous memory involves the asymptotic expansion of the displacement variables in the initial boundary value problem. The resulting homogenized macro-level constitutive equation includes an additional term that is best described as a non-instantaneous memory term. The thermorheologically simple material (TSM) assumption is employed to model the thermal characteristics of viscoelastic materials. The superposition of mechanical and thermal stresses is consistent with the assumption that both stress components behave viscoelastically. The external loads in the problem are constant over time and are applied on the macro-level creep specimen. The subsequent micro-stresses must be computed via a localization procedure, or reversehomogenization. The micro-level stress transfer across the matrix/fiber interface is accounted for by a layer of small elements along the boundary separating the two phases. The material properties of the
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interface elements are a rule-of-mixtures function of only the constituent matrix and fiber properties in the present analysis. This makes the microstructure a three phase composite. The subsequent homogenization of the micro structure results in a non-instantaneous memory kernal which is a function of only the material properties of the constituents, and ultimately of only the matrix and fiber elastic and viscous properties. Illustrative examples of the integration of micro/macro-level stress analyses as well as the micro-level interface stress transfer problems are presented.

NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF INITIALLY PRESTRESSED FIBER LAMINATES

M. Sejnoha and K. Matous
(1) - CTU, Fac. Of Civil Eng. Dept. of Structural Mechanics. E-mail : sejnom@power1.fsv.cvut.cz (2) - CTU, Fac. Of Civil Eng. Dept. of Structural Mechanics

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a part of a continuing research on multilayered composite structures with initially prestressed fibers. Here, a simple multilayered plate element combined with a micromechanical analysis of fibrous composite materials is used to investigate an effect of the initial fiber prestress on both the local and the overall response of the laminate. The combinatorial optimization technique known as a simulated amealing is implemented to provide for the optimal values of the mitual fiber prestress. Various constrains are imposed on the optimization process to control the behavior of the composite material in both the elastic and the inelastic regime leading to redistribution of the local phase stresses in favor of matrix to utilize an extremely high tensile stress of the fiber. Results are presented for laminated plates made of the Gr Al material system.

SCIENTIFIC ISSUES IN MODELING MATERIALS AT MULTIPLE LENGTH SCALES

J.P. Sethna
(1) - Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics. Cornell University. E-mail : sethna@lassp.cornell.edu

ABSTRACT
We discuss scientific issues that arise in the modeling of deformation and fracture of materials, and how they likely will relate to ongoing efforts in theoretical physics of phase transitions and field theories. To understand the forces and energies for continuum defects in terms of an atomistic description, there arise two questions: where is the energy and where are the defects? Where the energy of an atomic bond is (arbitrarily) distributed within the continuum determines total divergence terms in the free energy whose choice changes the surface and defect core energies and whose consistent choice is crucial for interfaces between atomistic and continuum descriptions. These total divergence terms are reminiscent of those seen in the Aharanov-Bohm effect, Berry's phase, and the theta-vacuum. Where the defects are (arbitrarily) placed within the unit cell, analogous to a choice of gauge in field theories, determines their interaction energies at short distances: comparing results computed using different conventions demands an understanding of a kind of gauge invariance. To understand the nucleation of defects, one makes use of statistical mechanics and critical droplet theory (instantons, for field theorists). These `nonperturbative' calculations describe the breakdown of nonlinear elastic theory: dislocation nucleation makes elastic materials turn plastic, crack nucleation makes them fail. To understand the motion of defects one must also address interesting field-theoretic questions. Under increasing external stress, the thermally activated hopping motion of a defect can cross over to ballistic motion: to describe the crossover, we likely will need to study the problem of thermal

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activation of multiple jumps, using transition path theory. The motion of collective defects like voids under external electromigration forces also introduces important challenges. Finally, we discuss the role of scaling theories and universality in the study of materials. At first sight, the bewildering variety of materials morphology would argue against any kind of scaling or universal description: where every material is different, how can one hope for a unified description? On the other hand, there are important regularities (the scaling of dislocation structures with increasing deformation, the scaling of strength withdislocation structure length scales) observed in the community which suggest that in simple materials under uniform conditions that late stages may be described by `universal' scaling theories: we can describe heating or beating. How one goes beyond, to describe crossover morphologies formed when beating is followed by heating, remains an open problem.

SIMULATION OF FAILURE PROCESSES IN COMPOSITES

K. Shek and J. Fish
(1) - Tire Performance Modeling. Goodyear Technical Center. E-mail : kshek@goodyear.com (2) - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institue. E-mail : fishj@rpi.edu

ABSTRACT
This presentation describes a macroscopic approach to the delamination and failure process that is common in laminated composite structures. The building blocks of this approach are as follows: (i) enriching through -the - thickness kinematics of a shell element to compute 3D effects, (ii) incorporating through - the - thickness discontinous shape functions and damage mechanics to simulate delamination growth, (iii) lamina failure, such as matrix cracking and fiber breaking, is modeled using continuum damage mechanics, and (iv) development of damage-delamination indicators to predict the critical regions so that enriched shell elements would be used only necessary. Applications to tire structure will be demonstrated.

FINITE SIZE SCALING OF EFFECTIVE MODULI AND STOCHASTIC FINITE ELEMENTS FOR RANDOM MEDIA
M. Ostoja-Starzewski
(1) - Institute of Paper Science & Technology. E-mail : martin.ostoja@ipst.edu

ABSTRACT
Consideration of boundary value problems in mechanics of materials with disordered microstructures leads to the introduction of an intermediate scale - a mesoscale - which specifies the resolution of a finite element mesh relative to the microscale. The effective elastic mesoscale response is bounded by the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary value problems, resulting in two stiffnesses scaling towards a representative volume element [1, 2]. Examples are given by disordered mosaics, matrixinclusion composites, and cracked sheets [3, 4]. The two Dirichlet- and Neumann-type estimates, separately, provide inputs to two finite element schemes - based on minimum potential and complementary energy principles, respectively for bounding the global response. While in the classical case of a homogeneous material, these bounds are convergent with the finite elements becoming infinitesimal, the presence of a disordered, nonperiodic microstructure prevents such a convergence and leads to a possibility of an optimal mesoscale [5]. The method is demonstrated on an example of torsion of a bar having a percolating two-phase microstructure of over a hundred thousand grains. By passing to an ensemble setting, we arrive at a hierarchy of two random continuum fields which provide input to a stochastic finite element method.

REFERENCES
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[1] M. Ostoja-Starzewski and J. Schulte, "Bounding of effective thermal conductivities of multiscale materials by essential and natural boundary conditions", Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 54, pp. 278-285, 1996. [2] M.Ostoja-Starzewski, "Random field models and scaling laws of heterogeneous media", Arch. Mech., Vol. 50(3), pp. 549-558, 1998. [3] M.Ostoja-Starzewski, "Random field models of heterogeneous materials", Intl. J. Solids Struct., Vol. 35(19), pp. 2429-2455, 1998. [4] M.Ostoja-Starzewski, "Scale effects in materials with random distributions of needles or cracks", to be published in Mech. Mater., 1998. [5] M.Ostoja-Starzewski and X. Wang, "Stochastic finite elements as a bridge between random material microstructure and global response", Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 168(1-4), pp. 35-49, 1999.

COMPUTING PROPERTIES OF DISORDERED MEDIA WITH NON-LINEAR RESPONSE

R. Blumenfeld
(1) - Cavendish Laboratory. E-mail : rbb11@phy.cam.ac.uk

ABSTRACT
A method is presented to compute responses, such as the permittivity, conductivity, and scalar elasticity, in heterogeneous media with a strongly nonlinear constitutive relation. Based on analytical studies, an algorithm is developed, which can be used to solve for the field in the medium through a hierarchical set of linear Poissons equations. These equations can be solved order by order, thus obviating the necessity to self-consistently solve a nonlinear intergral equation. Analytical results are also presented for the solution for the first and second order terms for isotropic materials.

AN ENHANCED ASYMPTOTIC HOMOGENIZATION METHOD OF ELASTIC COMPOSITE LAMINATES

C.M. Chen and N. Kikuchi
(1) - Comp. Mech. Laboratory. University of Michigan (2) - Comp. Mech. Laboratory. University of Michigan. E-mail : kikuchi@engin.umich.edu

ABSTRACT
Tailoring of the material properties, which is inherent in the composite material technology has emerged a wide rang of mathematical models to identify overall behavior or micro-mechanics of the composite material. A rigorous analysis tool is required to deal with mechanics of composite in a consistent manner so that further application and development of composite material technology could be explored. The Homogenization theory is one of the candidates that can presently comply with such requests owing to its remarkable feature, the global-local constitutive modeling. The weighted homogenization method was introduced in 1997 by authors. It modified the homogenization method by applying the weighted material constants on the laminae of a composite laminate in order to reflect the nature of bending and transverse shear when it is applied to form an equivalent homogenized laminate model with a single lamina. The weighting procedure is applied to the material constants through the thickness direction in which the periodic condition for the standard homogenization method is not assumed. This procedure makes appropriate change in the global stiffness of the two-dimensional homogenized single layer laminate in bending, while the unit cell model for the homogenization method is a three-dimensional. But the coupling matrix obtained by the weighted homogenization method will always equal to zeros no matter the laminate plate is symmetry or non-symmetry. In this work, we will provide a new homogenization method for laminate. This method is based on the homogenization method and the condensed third-order plate theory. Since we only use asymptotic expansion in both plane directions, this method can be applied to the model in which the periodic
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condition through the thickness direction is not assumed. Furthermore, the number of unknown variable in this theory is same as the one in first-order plate theory, which is mostly used by commercial FEM software, this method can be easily combine with other FEM software such like ABAQUS. We shall apply this method to laminate and examine its relation to the other existing theories for laminate in order to emphasize the nature of the theory of homogenization method, which are extensively applied to composites using solid elements. It is noted that there are few work on the application of the homogenization method to a laminate consisting of many laminae although it has been applied to study mechanics of a heterogeneous lamina, more precisely, a plate.

MACROSCOPIC PROPERTIES AND STATISTICAL MODELS OF RANDOM COMPOSITE AND POROUS MEDIA
A.P. Roberts
(1) - Center for Microscopy and Microanalysis. University of Queensland. E-mail : apr@phoenix.Princeton.edu

ABSTRACT
We have studied a model of microstructure derived from Gaussian random fields. The model has been used to describe two-phase alloys, porous rocks, aerogles. Microemulsions and polymer blends. In the same way that random dispersions of spheres (e.g. dilute, jammed and overlapping) have served as a model of particulate media, the Gaussian random field model can mimic the microstructure of bicontinuous materials (where both phases are highly interconnected). The model is simple to realize, and the underlying Gaussian structure allows significant analytic results to be derived. The two- and three point correlation functions, small-angle scattering intensity, and chord-distribution function provide examples. We have studied two related applications. A great deal of statistical information can be obtained from two-dimensional images, or small-angle scattering intensities, of a random composite or porous material. Using the random field model it is possible to reconstruct a three-dimensional model which shares this information. This can aid in visualizing the material and studying its properties. The second application is related to structure- property relationships. Large scale computational codes have been developed to measure the conductivity, elastic properties and fluid permeability of digitally based models such as Gaussian random-field s. The three-point correlation functions of the random-field model can also be used to evaluate rigorous bounds on these properties. We have theoretically investigated structureproperty relationships in the aforementioned materials, and obtained good agreement with experiments.

SIMULATIONS OF DEFORMATION AND FAILURE IN STOCHASTIC FIBROUS NETWORKS

A.M. Sastry, C.W. Wang and X. Cheng
(1) - Dept. of Mech. Eng. & App. The University of Michigan. E-mail : amsastry@engin.umich.edu (2) - Dept. of Mech. Eng. & App. Mechanics. University of Michigan. (3) - Dept. of Mech. Eng. & App. The University of Michigan

ABSTRACT
Simulating local deformation and failure in stochastic fibrous materials is of interest in a number of key materials technologies, including papers and filters, electrochemical substrates, and biomaterials. The local initiators of both deformation and damage are of key technological interest as they govern the properties of networks, and allow rational design of networks once variance in global properties is reasonable predicted. Here, we examine three key physical aspects of internal deformation: tension/compression; bending (distinguishing physically realistic statically indeterminite networks from tradionally studied
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triangulated structures); and torsional deformation of fiber elements around bonds (distinguishing physically realistic, elastically bonded materials from rigidly bonded approximations). We also examine internal deformation assumptions about the fiber segments. In failure, we examine two extreme conditions of local failure: full nodal failure, and sequential beam (fiber segment) failure. Results suggest key relationships among fiber staple length, aspect ratio, material density (volume fraction) and modulus, strength and variability in both. We comment upon the use of small deformation theory to understand progression of failure processes in these materials, and also comment on the sometimes competing effects of achieving statistically percolated networks through use of high-aspect ratio fibers, versus mechanically stiff and strong networks though use of lower-aspect ratio fibers. Tradeoffs in construction of networks, selection of material properties and properties an variance in properties are discussed in the context of a particular application: substrates for use in electrochemical cells.

LARGE SCALE SIMULATIONS OF SIMPLE MIXED MODELS FOR FRAGMENTATION

G. Hernandez
(1) - Universidad Andres Bello School of Engineering. E-mail : ghernan@abello.unab.cl

ABSTRACT
We present an iterative stochastic process as a model for two dimensional discrete fragmentation. The model fulfills mass conservation. At each step of the process the ``most stressed'' piece is broken in the direction of the maximum net force, which is a random variable. This kind of mixed deterministic random models present complex features that reproduce some of the experimental results that have been obtained. Specifically, it can be shown by large scale simulations that for some regimes a log-normal and a power law behavior are obtained for the fragment size histogram. For this reason we propose them as basic models that can be substantially refined to describe the fragmentation process of more realistic models.

Keynote : NON-LINEAR COMPOSITES: THEORETICAL ESTIMATES AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION

H. Moulinec and P. Suquet
(1) - Laboratoire de Micanique et d'Acoustique. CNRS (2) - Laboratoire de Micanique et d'Acoustique. CNRS. E-mail : suquet@lma.cnrs-mrs.fr

ABSTRACT
There has been considerable effort devoted towards predicting the effective properties of composite materials directly from the properties of their constituent phases and from their distribution, or microstructure. A considerable body of literature exists when the constitutive behavior of the phases that make up the composite is linear elastic. This lecture will focus on composites with nonlinear constitutive behavior, including plasticity and creep. For example, we will be concerned with the determination of the effective stress-strain relations for metal-matrix composites. Several attempts have been made in the past to apply linear schemes to nonlinear composites through adequate linearizations, notably by an "incremental" extension of the self-consistent method ([1]), by the "secant" method or by the "transformation field analysis" ([2]). More recently variational approaches for nonlinear elastic materials have been developed (see [3] for a review). The accuracy of these predictions is difficult to assess by direct comparison to experimental results, and this has motivated in recent years the development of direct numerical simulations for composites with periodic microstructures (e.g. [4]) mostly for "simple" microstructures (one or two inclusions in a block of matrix). More recently efforts have been directed
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towards modeling composites with "complex" microstructures and/or containing many inclusions. The difficulties arising then are the description of complex geometries (meshing) and the size of the resulting problems. This lecture will present a method based on Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) ([5]) which makes direct use of digital images of the "real" microstructure in the numerical simulation. The proposed method avoids the difficulty due to meshing. It makes use of Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) to solve the unit cell problem even when the constituents are nonlinear. The second difficulty (size of the problem) is partially overcome by an fixed-point method not requiring the formation of a stiffness matrix. The method is based on the exact expression of the Green function for a linear elastic and homogeneous comparison material. The case of elastic nonhomogeneous phases is reduced to an integral equation (Lippman-Schwinger equation) which is solved iteratively. A nice feature of the method is that it involves a multiplication in Fourier space, a multiplication in real space, a FFT and an inverse FFT. The two first operations can be easily parallelized. The last two operations are performed by optimized packages. The number of iterations at convergence varies linearly with the contrast of the phases. Therefore composites with pores or rigid inclusions cannot be handled. However, hor high contrast, an acceleration scheme proposed by G.W. Milton can be used for which the number of iterations varies as the square root of the contrast. The method is extended to nonlinear constituents by a step-by-step integration in time. The comparison with the Finite Element Method shows that, in many instances, the method based on FFT is faster and more flexible ([6]).

REFERENCES
[1] Hill, R., "A self-consistent mechanics of composite materials. J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 13, 1965, 213-222. [2] Dvorak, G. J., "Transformation field analysis of inelasticcomposite materials", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 437, 1992, 311-327. [3] Ponte Castaeda, P. and Suquet, P., "Nonlinear composites", Advances in Applied Mechanics vol.34, pp. 171 302. Academic Press, New York. 1998. [4]Christman,T., Needleman, A., and Suresh,S., "An experimental and numerical study of deformation in metal ceramic composites", Acta Metall. Mater., 37, 30293050. [5] Moulinec H., Suquet P., "A numerical method for computing the overall response of nonlinear composites with complex microstructure", Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Engng., 157, 1998, pp 69-94. [6] Michel J.C., Moulinec H. and Suquet P., "Effective properties of composite materials with periodic microstructure: a computational approach", Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Engng., 1999, in press.

THERMOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED COMPOSITE AND SANDWICH PLATES VIA HIERARCHICAL {1,2}-ORDER THEORY
A. Tessler
(1) - Nasa-Langley Research Center. Computational Structures Branch. E-mail : a.tessler@larc.nasa.gov

ABSTRACT
A recently developed hierarchical {1,2}-order plate theory is extended to include thermoelastic deformation effects in laminated composite and sandwich plates. The theory takes into consideration the effects of transverse shear and transverse normal deformations. Consistent approximations for the displacement components together with approximations representing "average" transverse shear strains and transverse normal stress are introduced. As in the original formulation of the theory, the hierarchical form of the displacement assumptions includes seven kinematic variables, five of which have the same physical significance as those of Reissner's first-order theory. Two additional kinematic variables enable parabolic through the thickness stretching deformations. To model the response due to thermal and mechanical loads, the assumed transverse shear strains include both symmetric (quadratic) and antisymmetric (cubic) modes of deformation through the laminate thickness. Correspondingly, the assumed transverse normal stress is approximated through the thickness in the form of a quartic polynomial. The coefficients of the assumed transverse shear strains and transverse normal stress are derived in closed form from suitable statements of least-squares strain compatibility. The particular appeal of this {1,2}-order theory is that it can be conveniently employed to derive a wide range of efficient bending finite elements including beams, plates and faceted shells. In this connection, appropriate finite element approximation schemes are discussed. To establish the predictive capability of this theory, a closed-form solution is derived for a simply-supported rectangular plate subject to mechanical and thermal
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loads. The results are compared with exact three - dimensional elasticity and finite element solutions for a wide range of laminated and sandwich plates. The present theory is shown to provide superior predictive capabilities as compared to the first-order theory, particularly in predicting highly complex interlaminar stresses due to thermal gradients.

RAPID SOLUTION OF LARGE PROBLEMS IN MICROMECHANICS

Y. Fu, J. Overfelt and G.J. Rodin
(1) - Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics (2) - Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics. (3) - Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics. E-mail : gjr@ticam.utexas.edu

ABSTRACT
Large problems in micromechanics involve many interacting defects like second-phase particles, dislocations, transformation strains, and others. Elastic interactions among defects are such that each defect interacts with all other defects. A similar situation exists in boundary element methods where each nodal variable interacts with all other nodal variables. As a result computation of such interactions involves O(N2) operations. There are several summation methods that, for large N, allow one to compute electrostatics interactions using only O(NlogN) operations and memory. In this talk, we explain how such methods can be adopted for solving boundary integral equations arising in problems that involve many second-phase particles. The proposed method involves pre-conditioned iterative solvers, fast matrix-vector multiplication, and efficient parallel implementation. Example problems involve more than one thousand particles and more than one million unknowns.

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE CALCULATION OF CERTAIN CARBON POLYTYPES

B. Sahu
(1) - Condensed Matter Theory Group. Department of Physics. University of Pune. E-mail : brs@physics.unipune.ernet.in

ABSTRACT
The Natural properties of diamond are driving force for their use as technologically important as well as scientifically fascinating material. The low pressure technique of sunthesizing diamond has brought tremendous explosion of scientific and technical literature that focus on doping effects, nucleation mechanism etc. However several polytypic form of carbon have been predicted and few of them are acutally observed in the laboratory. These polytypes are analogous to SiC polytypes. We present the numerical study of series of carbon polytypes namely 3C, 2H, 4H, 6H and 8H using state - of - the art first principle method namely tight binding muffin tin orbital method (TB-LMTO). We have ground state computed the cohesive, electronic properties. This method is physically intuitive, uses minimal basis set (9 orbitals per site for s-,p-, d material) and hence is computationally efficient. It treats all elements in the periodic table on equal footing. The c/a ratio increases as one goes from 2H to 8H sturucture. The dispersion of electronic states clearly show that these are wide-gap semiconductors (energy gap = 5 eV) and all have simillar bulk modulus comparable to that of diamond (bulk modulus of diamond is 5.45 Mbar). The bonding in these polytypes is sp3 type.

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GLOBAL/LOCAL PROGRESSIVE DAMAGE SIMULATION FOR PLAIN WEAVE COMPOSITES BASED ON MACRO DAMAGE MODES
J. Whitcomb and X. Tang
(1) - Aerospace Engineering Department, Texas A&M University. E-mail : whit@aero.tamu.edu (2) - Aerospace Engineering Department, Texas A&M University

ABSTRACT
Except for models of very small regions, essentially all stress analyses of composites are global/local in nature. The microstructure is described in terms of some representative building block (often referred to as a unit cell). Effective properties of this unit cell are determined. These effective properties are then used in a larger dimensional analysis. There might even be several layers of homogenization to obtain effective properties. An example is listed below In many cases, analysis is not used from the fiber/matrix level. Instead experiments are used to obtain effective properties at a larger scale for example, at the lamina level. When the material is characterized at a larger scale the computational task is reduced, but one also loses information about why the material has a particular set of properties. That is, the characterization is less fundamental and so is the understanding. The example described above considers stiffness only. When one expands the problem to include the evolution of damage, it becomes obvious that one cannot afford layer after layer of rigorous homogenization analyses that predict initiation of damage and its effect on effective properties. Unfortunately, it is difficult to experimentally characterize the evolution of damage without detailed modeling. There is no strategy that is completely satisfying. The technique proposed herein is a compromise between computational impossible multi-level homogenization and experimental characterization at a strictly macro level. The discussion will focus on the challenge faced when modeling progressive failure of plain weave composites. Also, this paper will concentrate on one part of global/local analysis: efficient characterization of the initiation and evolution of damage in a unit cell. Figure 1 shows the plain weave unit cell. Because of symmetries, only 1/32 of the unit cell needs to be modeled. The primary strategy that will be discussed is related to how damage is often predicted and tracked in a finite element analysis. In particular, the stresses are evaluated and damage predicted at each quadrature point. Figure 2 shows cracks in the matrix pockets and transverse matrix cracks in the fill tow predicted using finite elements. To prevent spurious load redistribution, load increments are generally specified such that failure occurs at only a relatively small number of points. Since there are typically many quadrature points, the analysis can be very time consuming. However, both in experiments and in simulation there are characteristic damage patterns that tend to form. For example, transverse matrix cracks tend to grow from microscopic to macroscopic very quickly. Very large computer resources can be used tracking this evolution but is it needed? A potentially much more efficient technique is to characterize the behavior on a non-local basis. Rather than predicting the response at a point, the stresses at a point or a collection of points would be used to predict the formation of macroscopic damage modes that could extend across element boundaries. Although the analysis might be performed at highresolution, in effect, a reduced basis is used for damage modeling. This paper will compare progressive damage predictions based on this reduced basis technique with conventional point-by-point predictions.

SCALE-LINKING COMBINED ATOMISTIC-CONTINUUM MODEL

R.C. Picu
(1) - RPI,Mechanical Engineering, Aeronautical Engineering and Mechanics. E-mail : picuc@rpi.edi

ABSTRACT
Atomic scale modeling of defects in materials is aimed at providing the first link across scales in the attempt of founding the macroscopic constitutive behavior on first principles. While at larger scales the representation is in the continuum sense and based on constitutive laws for the material, at the lattice scale the discreteness of the atomic structure has to be accounted for. The two descriptions are further separated
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by the nature of the energy functional which, in the discrete formulation is non-convex allowing for fine structure. Due to these two fundamental differences, the connection between the two representations has remained a challenge despite much attention received lately. This paper presents a new method which permits the simulation of systems that combine continuum and atomistic length scales. In this approach, the continuum limit is considered to be nonlinear elastic with elastic constants in proper relationship with the interatomic potential. The atomic scale is taken as nonlinear and nonlocal as implicit in purely atomistic simulations. The transition region is described in terms of a set of adjustable parameters aimed at minimizing the incompatibility. The required multi-scale capability is provided by the adaptive selection of the parameters and position of the transition zone close to highly energetic lattice defects. The formulation is validated by a number of examples of known solution in the atomistic limit.

SOLDER JOINTS, GEOMETRY, COMPUTATION AND COLLABORATION

H. Eghbalnia and A. Assadi
(2) - Department of Mathematics. University of Wisconsin. E-mail : assadi@math.wisc.edu

ABSTRACT
Interdisciplinary approaches have often proven to be fruitful endeavors in many areas. In this paper we discuss a sample JAVA implementation that brings together Geometry, Numerical Computation and the communication possibilities of Internet and offers the potential of interdisciplinary exploration. Study of minimal surface is a rich area of geometry. Surface Evolver is a software written for the study of Minimal surfaces by applying methods of numerical computation to minimization problems. Surface Evolver has been used to study some solder joint geometries. However, as is often the case, the difficulties of exploring new and experimental software impedes widespread experimentation and the possible discovery of new useful techniques. By a providing a Java-based interface and enabling collaborative access to many users we can extend the reach of successful interdisciplinary approach

CRYSTALS, DEFECTS AND MICROSTRUCTURES: MODELING IN THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS ACROSS SCALES
R. Phillips
(1) - Brown University. E-mail : phillips@engin.brown.edu

ABSTRACT
Certain problems in the mechanics of materials demand insights over a range of scales simultaneously. This talk will outline recent advances that allow for the use of quantum mechanical calculations of material properties as the basis of the analysis of processes in the nano-and micromechanics of materials. Special emphasis will be devoted to two representative applications of these ideas: the coupling of strain and electronic properties in microelectronic materials and the interactions of dislocations with obstacles and the connection of these processes to hardening.

IDEALIZED DEFECTS: THIN FILMS AND SOLIDS SURFACES

J. Rickman
(1) - Lehigh University Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering. E-mail : jmr6@lehigh.edu

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ABSTRACT
We review various idealized defect models to describe electrostatic and elastostatic energetics in a variety of systems. Such models permit one to obtain both a quantitative and an intuitive understanding of competing interactions which determine morphology. This approach will be applied to bulk inclusions, thin films, surface steps and islands, etc. It will be seen that this unified description highlights important aspects of defect-defect interactions.

DECOMPOSITION-BASED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR HETEROGENEOUS, ARRAYED ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES

A.M. Deshpande and G. Subbarayan
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of Colorado at Boulder. (2) - Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Colorado at Boulder. E-mail : ganesh@colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
Electronic assemblies commonly consist of a printed circuit board made up of alternating layers of composite epoxy-glass laminates and copper circuitry on to which components are attached through arrays of solder joints. The construction of components can vary significantly, but an increasingly common choice is an area-array package consisting of a silicon die, an organic or ceramic substrate and epoxy encapsulants. The term area-array (as opposed to peripheral array) refers to the region of the component (also referred to as a package) where connection is made with the circuit board. The thermo-mechanical behavior and the consequent reliability of electronic packages are a major concern for electronic systems manufacturers. Since fast analysis enables quick package design decisions, there is a significant need for computationally efficient methods in analyzing these electronic assemblies. The complexity of analysis is often due to two sources: the nonlinear behavior of solder alloys, and the size of the solder joint array; the trends, as projected in the industry roadmaps, is towards packages with as many as 5000 solder joints! In this paper, we develop a decomposed solution methodology that enables significant computational savings, at reasonable accuracy, in the analysis of these heterogeneous, arrayed electronic structures. The solution methodology consists of two main aspects: 1. A domain decomposition procedure that partitions any nonlinear structure into two substructures, allowing for independent and simultaneous analysis of the substructures. 2. A nonlinear optimization procedure that coordinates the solution of the substructures towards the solution of the original, un-decomposed structure. The partitioning methodology developed here does not require mesh correspondence (during the finite element analysis) between the substructures, and the nonlinear optimization procedure ensures the approximate satisfaction of the principle of virtual work. In the present application, a natural decomposition of the electronic assembly is into component, circuit board and solder joints is first made. Computational efficiency is achieved next by developing a macro model or a module for the repeated, nonlinearly behaving solder joints. This module for solder joints captures the force-displacement response by combining joint shape (predicted using surface tension theory), and nonlinear thermomechanical behavior. Lastly, through the solution of the nonlinear optimization procedure mentioned above, the response of the individual solder joints that will enable the overall structural equilibrium is determined. The developed procedure is demonstrated on a 5x5 hypothetical arrayed package. It is shown that with the use of the decomposed solution methodology, approximately 400% improvement in computational efficiency is achieved at an accuracy loss of 6%.

AVERAGED EQUATIONS FOR MULTIPHASE FLOW

J. Glimm
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(1) - Department Of Applied Mathematics & Statistics University at Stony Brook. E-mail : glimm@ams.sunysb,edu

ABSTRACT
New equations for multiphase flow are proposed, applicable to acceleration driven mixing layers, in work of the author and colleagues presented here. The equations are hyperbolic with real characteristics, and thus stable mathematically. They are derived from ensemble average of the microphysics two fluid equations, and apply to chunk mix (with large scale coherent structures). The equations close with zero free parameters (incompressible case) or one free parameter (compressible case), in terms of arbitrarily specified motion of the boundary of the mixing zone. The motion of the mixing zone boundaries is given by a phenomenological drag and buoyancy law, with adjustable parameters set from two independent experiments or from simulation data. These equations provide an improved fit to experimental data. We present a solution of the equations in closed form, for one dimensional layers, in the incompressible limit.

Keynote : COMPUTATIONAL PROBLEMS IN THE ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

I. Babuska
(1) - TICAM. E-mail : babuska@ticam.utexas.edu

ABSTRACT
The talk will elaborate on the problems in the analysis of composite material on the fiber scale level. For concretness the unidirectional composite made from the prepregs HTA/6376 produced by CibaGeigy with the volume fraction 62 % will be considered. Theoretical and numerical results will be presented.

THE FUTURE OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, INTEGRATING SIMULATION, EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND KNOWLEDGE
M.J. Doyle
(1) - Materials Informatics and QSAR Product Manager. E-mail : mdoyle@msi.com

ABSTRACT
Forward-looking companies are plotting the future of computational technology for materials and chemicals research. Increasingly, they are focusing on the role of computers and informatics in integrating theoretical and experimental methods and maximizing the use of corporate knowledge. The commercial application of molecular modelling was born in the drug discovery departments of major pharmaceutical companies in the early 1980s. It was late in that decade before these techniques were seriously applied to materials and chemistry problems in other chemicals-based industries. The ensuing ten years witnessed an explosion in computational materials science. The technology has become more effective, better validated, and more affordable as methods such as density functional theory, molecular mechanics and mesoscale modelling advanced. Such companies aim to create efficient mechanisms to turn data into information, to exploit that information in taking decisions, and to store and share the knowledge that flows from those decisions. Computers impact this process at each stage - providing simulation and LIMS systems to create and capture data, databases to store data, statistical software to analyses it for valuable information, and modelling, analysis, and communication tools to enable decision-making and to share knowledge. But the application of chemical and materials informatics has typically been fragmented. Problems begin with the fact that different types of data are often stored independently. For example, quantitative data - such as
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melting or boiling points - is rarely held alongside "softer" data such as user preferences and desires. Information from structural databases is accessed through different systems to experimental data. This separation also applies to the methods applied to process the data - standard statistical packages do not incorporate chemically intelligent statistical techniques such as QSAR. The generic problem is that information management systems have not been tailored to the needs of chemicals R&D, while chemistry software development has focused on structural modelling, property prediction, and simulation. These conditions are set to change. There is a trend in the software world towards the integration of applications software, Group Ware, and productivity tools within standard environments utilizing "off-the-shelf" software components. A number of factors make this particularly relevant to chemistry. The first is the maturing of computational chemistry software. Not only is there a demand for wider deployment of these techniques, but they are increasingly amenable to interaction with other software. Trends in the power, price, and graphics capabilities of desktop computers mean that high quality modelling applications can run in the same environment as standard productivity tools. Research organizations' growing use of the Internet and intranets further encourages the development of standard protocols for managing, exploiting, and sharing chemical information. MSI has been developing a decision support system for formulation research. The project provides an excellent example of both the benefits and difficulties of such a system. Data requirements are varied, ranging from the chemical composition of detergents, foods, paints, lubricants, or drugs to the preferences of product users in different geographical regions. Statistical models must mix prediction of chemical behavior with analysis of business factors, such as cost. The information produced is valuable not only to researchers, but also in development, production, and marketing. MSI has combined its long-standing expertise in chemical R&D and chemistry software development with skills in desktop and NT software engineering to provide a system accessible to all of these scientists.

TRASH MADE COMPOSITES: MODELING OF RECYCLED POLYMERIC MATRIX COMPOSITES

A.F. vila
(1) - Dept. of Mech. Engineering Universidade Fed. de Minas Gerais. E-mail : avila@demec.ufmg.br

ABSTRACT
Polymeric matrix composites (PMC) are used into engineering applications as they present low density and high strength. However, they are not used into large-scale applications due to their high cost. Nevertheless the large variety of thermoplastic matrices allow us to experiment different types of resin combinations creating the melt-blended matrices. The objective of mixing polymers is not only cost reduction but also increase specific properties such as strength. One low cost source of such type of resins is recycled thermoplastics. Post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET), for example, has a cost of five cents/pound while the polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene of low and high density (LDPE and HDPE) have an even lower cost, one and a half cents/pound. Such low cost is due to the large amount of post-consumer plastic waste generated daily on large cities worldwide. A city in an emergent country with a population of 3 million habitants, for example, produces each day around 440 ton of plastic waste. Countries like the U.S. have already begun to search for solutions by funding researches on the recycling area. Our purpose is to develop new technologies into the polymeric waste recycling field so that we can apply these new technologies into the construction of low cost houses in emergent countries privileging a social - environmental approach. To be able to model melt-blended recycled polymeric matrix composites, we developed a two-step homogenization procedure. The two-step homogenization procedure consists on finding the effective properties of the meltblended resultant matrix and then apply the homogenized matrix to unidirectional fibers to be able do build up laminate composites. As we are considering post-consumer materials, the imperfect interface condition must be considered at least in one of the two-steps. In the first step, we applied the concentric spheres model to obtain the melt-blended effective properties a valid assumption when unmiscible polymer are blended. Once this first step was over, the overall composite effective properties are obtained based on variation of the Composite Cylinder Assemblage model (CCA) under weak interface condition proposed by vila.

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The PMC proposed by this paper is in some sense unique. The conventional recycled materials are composed by around 30-50% of post-consumer materials, whereas the remaining volume fraction is virgin material. In our case, the melt-blended matrix is made of two post-consumer materials and only the fibers are virgin. It is postulated that in a PS suspension it was diluted spherical inclusions of polybutadiene (PB). The PB spherical inclusions will reduce the PS brittle behavior improving the meltblended matrix properties. Once the matrix PS/PB is homogenized, the resulting matrix is applied to Eglass fibers. We will assume that the melt -blended matrix components have its origin from the recycling procedure. Therefore, we have to consider a degradation function of the mechanical properties. The PS/PB volume fraction ratio is 3/1, and the fibers volume fraction is 30%. Numerical simulations for such type of composite were performed and effective properties results are compared well against others numerical simulations and experimental data.

MODELING THE FORMATION AND RELIABILITY OF SOLDER BUMPS IN ELECTRONIC PACKAGING

C. Bailey, D. Wheeler and H. Lu
(1) - Centre for Numerical Modelling &Process Analysis. E-mail : c.bailey@greenwich.ac.uk (2) - Centre for Numerical Modelling and Process Analysis. University of Greenwich. (3) - Centre for Numerical Modelling and Process Analysis. University of Greenwich.

ABSTRACT
The connection of microprocessor chips to printed circuit boards (PCB's) is achieved using solder materials, which bond the leads of the chip to the board. In this process a board assembly (Chip - Joints Board) passes through a furnace where the solder (initially in the form of solder paste) melts, reflows, then solidifies, and finally deforms between the chip and board. A number of defects may occur during this process such as cracking of the joint, chip or board. These defects are a serious concern, especially with trends towards increasing component miniaturisation and smaller pitch sizes. Standard solid mechanics based finite element tools are used extensively within the electronic packaging community to calculate stress in solders due to in-service thermal loads for reliability predictions e.g. [1]. Generally, these models assume that the electronic component, joint and board are free from defects, such as stress-induced cracks, which originate during the reflow process. In this process a number of events take place that govern the integrity of the final joint. To develop models that fully characterize these events requires representing the physics governing: Melting of solder paste,Change in solder shape, governed by surface tension, Solidification of the solder including the release of latent heat, Residual stress development due to thermal miss-match between materials. This offers significant challenges for modellers to develop techniques that simulate the above processes. At the macro level (solder plus surrounding materials) predictions for temperature, solidification, and stress are required. This requires integrated solution procedures (Multi-Physics Modelling), as the equations governing these variables are dependent on each other, for example, stress analysis is dependent on temperature changes in solid regions. At the micro level, the nature of the solder microstructure and the magnitude of intermetallics will also affect the reliability of the formed joints. At present, very little has been published on the formation of solder joints where models for solidification and stress are required. In the metals casting industry, computational mechanics software is now appearing where fluid flow, solidification, and stress models are integrated and used to predict defects such as porosity and cracking [2]. Also this approach has been adopted for the modelling of solder joint formation for a through hole component[3]. PHYSICA [4], written in an object oriented manner, is a generic multi-physics modelling framework currently used to predict phenomena in a number of industrial processes [5]. In this paper we use this multi-physics modelling framework to predict the formation of solder joints for flip-chip components. Also we will describe resulting reliability predictions which include microstructural effects such as grain coarsening and intermetallic layers.

REFERENCES
[1] J Lau, "Thermal Stress and Strain in Micro-Electronic Packaging" Pub. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. (1993)
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[2] C Bailey et al, "Multiphysics Modelling of the Metals Casting Processes", Proc. R. Soc. Lond A, vol 452, 459-486, (1996). [3] C. Bailey , D Wheeler, M Cross, "Multiphysics Simulations for Solder Joints Formation", ASME, EEP Vol 19-2, Advance in Electronic Packaging, 1413-1420, (1997). [4] M Cross, C Bailey, "PHYSICA - A Software Environment for the Modelling of Multiphysics Phenomena", ZAMM, 76, 101-104, (1996). [5] M Cross, "Computational Issues in the Modelling of Materials-Based Manufacturing Processes", Jnl ComputerAided Materials Design", 3, 100-116, (1996)

ON LOCALIZATION AND PROPAGATION OF KINKBAND INSTABILITY IN A LONG IMPERFECT LAMINATED COMPOSITE CYLINDRICAL SHELL UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE
R.A. Chaudhuri, D. Kim and H.J. Garala
(1) - Materials Science & Engineering Dept. University of Utah. E-mail : R.Chaudhuri@m.cc.utah.edu (2) - Materials Science & Engineering Dept. University of Utah (3) - Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division

ABSTRACT
A fully nonlinear analysis for prediction of shear crippling (kinkband) type propagating instability in long thick laminated composite cylindrical shells is presented. The primary accomplishment of the present investigation is prediction of equilibrium paths, which are often unstable, in the presence of interlaminar shear deformation, and which usually deviate from the classical lamination theory (CLT)based equilibrium paths, representing global or structural level stability. A nonlinear finite element methodology, based on a three-dimensional hypothesis, known as layerwise linear displacement distribution theory (LLDT) and the total Lagrangian formulation, is developed to predict the aforementioned instability behavior of long laminated thick cylindrical shell type structures and evaluate failure modes when radial/hydrostatic compressive loads are applied. The most important computational feature is the successful implementation of an incremental displacement control scheme beyond the limit point to compute the unstable postbuckling path. A long (plane strain) thick laminated composite [90/0/90] imperfect cylinder is investigated with the objective of analytically studying its premature compressive failure behavior. Thickness effect (i.e., interlaminar shear/normal deformation) is clearly responsible for causing the appearance of limit point on the postbuckling equilibrium path, thus lowering the load carrying capability of the long composite cylinder, and localizing the failure pattern, which is associated with spontaneous breaking of the periodicity of classical or modal buckling patterns. In analogy to the phase transition phenomena, Maxwell construction is employed to (a) correct the unphysical negative slope of the computed equilibrium paths encountered in the case of thicker cylinders modelled by the finite elements methods that fail to include micro-structural defects, such as fiber waviness or misalignments, and (b) to compute the propagating pressure responsible for interlaminar shear crippling or kinkband type propagating instability. This type of instability triggered by the combined effect of interlaminar shear/normal deformation and geometric imperfections, such as fiber misalignment, appears to be one of the dominant compressive failure modes for moderately thick and thick cylinders with radiusto-thickness ratio below the corresponding critical value. A three-dimensional theory, such as LLDT, is essential for capturing the interlaminar shear crippling type propagating instability.

EFFECT OF SUBGRAIN STRUCTURES ON TEXTURE DEVELOPMENT IN POLYCRYSTALS

R. Radovitzky and M. Ortiz
(1) - Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories. California Institute of Technology. (2) - Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories. E-mail : ortiz@aero.caltech.edu
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ABSTRACT
A method is presented to compute deformation-driven evolution of sub-grain structures in polycrystalline materials. The polycrystalline behavior is modelled \emph{via} Taylor-averaging of stresses corresponding to arbitrarily oriented crystallites. In calculations, the single crystal plasticity models developed by Cuitino and Ortiz (1992) and Radovitzky and Ortiz (1999) are adopted. The method is amenable to an "embarrassingly" parallel implementation in which each processor solves a copy of the same macroscopic problem with a particular orientation of the crystal. The model is implemented on the massively-parallel ASCI platforms and a scalability analysis is carried out. A limitation which is exhibited by the Taylor-averaging approach to modelling polycrystalline behavior is the overprediction of texture sharpness due to the neglect of the effect of sub-grain processes. In this work, a novel approach to compute sub-grain structures is presented. The consideration of subgrain structures diffuses texture and brings texture in close agreement with experiment. Dynamic Taylor rod-impact tests on pre-textured tantalum cylinders are simulated as a means of demonstrating the versatility of the proposed approach.

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF COARSENING AND FLAW PROPAGATION IN 2D ELASTICALLY DEFORMED POROUS MEDIA
J.W. Bullard
(1) - Department of Materials Science & Engineering. E-mail : jeff@puffin.mse.uiuc.edu

ABSTRACT
In recent years a number of sophisticated techniques have been used to simulate the motion of interfaces in structurally heterogeneous materials. This presentation will introduce a sharp interface approach for modeling the evolution of porous microstructures. The model uses as initial conditions a digital image along with elementary phase information. Motion of interfaces is automatically tracked, even during topological transformations, by calculating boundary values of the chemical potential and adaptively integrating the reaction-diffusion equations appropriate for the underlying material transport mechanism(s). Application of the model will be given for the structural evolution of elastically deformed porous solids. Additional physics will also be identified which must be incorporated to make the model useful for simulating processes such as sintering of powder compacts and pressure dissolution in rock beds.

LARGE SCALE PARALLEL COMPUTATION APPLIED TO POLYCRYSTALLINE AGGREGATES

F. Barbe, G. Cailletaud, S. Forest and S. Quilici
(1) - Centre des Materiaux de l'Ecole des Mines de Paris (2) - Center des Materiaux de l'Ecole des Mines de Paris. E-mail : cailletaud@mat.ensmp.fr (3) - Centre des Materiaux de l'Ecole des Mines de Paris

ABSTRACT
Threedimensional Finite Element computations are performed on cubes made of several hundreds of grains. The meshes are RVE's involving between 100000 and 500000 Gauss points. The computations are performed on an IBM SP2 computer with a parallel FE code using FETI method. A realistic synthetic microstructure is used. The local behaviour in each grain is represented by a crystallographic model. This approach allows us to compare the material response at different scales. 1. The global average on the whole mesh produces a macroscopic response, which can be compared with a common MECHANICAL TEST (comparison with macroscopic models). 2. The average on all the grains of a same "crystallographic phase" can be compared with the response provided by the
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self-consistent approach. 3. By comparison with the previous one, average stresses and strains in each individual grain can show the effect of the interaction of each grain with the actual microstructure around him (two grains with the same crystallographic orientation will not have the same mechanical response), and have information about SURFACE EFFECT; 4. Each grain being represented by a reasonable number of integration points (around 2000-5000), the calculation characterizes the GRAIN BOUNDARY EFFECT (stress and strain gradient, number of active slip systems); The first quantitative result deals with the local heterogeneity, which is not taken into account by the models involving averaged fields. Variations of 100% can be found on quantities like the axial stress component averaged in one grain (instead of all the grains having the same orientation), due to the action of the real neighbouring. These variations are still bigger if local stress/strain contours are drawn. Inside each grain, dramatic redistributions related to the plastic flow can lead to cumbersome stress states, for instance local axial compression under global tension. Deformation path and stress pathes are both complex at the local level. A detailed study of the surface effect is performed, trying to discriminate between the LOCAL surface effect, due to the local arrangement of the grains, and the MEAN surface effect, on a slice of material parallel to the surface, which is much lower. Collecting data concerning these various transgranular stress/strain states will allow us to revisit damage development in polycrystalline materials.

A PARALLEL LATTICE BOLTZMANN ALGORITHM FOR MULTICOMPONENT FLUID FLOW IN COMPLEX GEOMETRIES
J. Hagedorn, D. Goujon, N. Martys and J. Devaney
(4) - High Performance Systems and Services Division Information Technology Laboratory. E-mail : judith.devaney@nist.gov

ABSTRACT
Fluid flow in porous media plays an important role in environmental and technological processes. For example, oil recovery, spread of hazardous waste in soils, and the durability of building materials. In order to model realistic systems with multicomponent fluids, very large memory models are needed. Large memory is easiest to obtain with parallel processing in a distributed memory models are needed. Large memory is easiest to obtain with parallel processing in a distributed memory environment. The Lattice Boltzmann method, which closely approximates the Navier Stokes equations, is a nearest neighbor algorithm making it ideally suited for parallel processing. We present a space efficient parallel Lattice Boltzmann algorithm suited for use with single and multicomponent fluid flow in complex geometries. Our implementation is with the Message Passing Interface (MPI) and C, making our code portable. We describe results for both ideal systems and actual experiments.

MOLECULAR MODELING OF POLYIMIDES

B.L. Farmer and J.A. Young
(1) - Polymeric Materials Air Force Research Laboratory. E-mail : barry.farmer@afrl.af.mil (2) - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

ABSTRACT
Molecular modeling has been used to investigate the behavior and properties of NASA polyimides in two general areas. In the first study, modeling was used to calculate the dielectric relaxation strength of amorphous polyimides. Specifically, the polyimide formed from 4,4-oxydiphthalic dianhydride (ODPA) with bis-aminophenoxybenzene (APB) was studied, as was its ?-cyano-substituted analog. Using fully atomistic molecular dynamics, the simulation model was comprised of the polymer in an amorphous cell plated with dummy atoms used to apply the electric field. The concept of timePage 192 USNCCM99

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temperature equivalence was exploited to bring the poling process into the time domain accessible with molecular dynamics simulations. It was found that the response of the polymer to the poling field generally occurred by very localized motions rather than by large conformational transitions. Dielectric relaxation strengths of 7.7 and 17.8 were determined for the unsubstituted polymer and its cyanoderivative, respectively. Both values are in excellent agreement with experimental values. (The unsubstituted polymer was, in fact, synthesized only after the simulation value had been predicted.) It was found that the dipole of both the pendant nitrile group and the backbone anhydride contribute significantly to the dielectric response of the polymers, and that the difference in the responses of the two polymers is directly related to the contribution of the nitrile dipoles. The second area of study has addressed the behavior of individual polyimide chains (and their precursors) in the vicinity of silica and graphite substrates. The effects of the substrate and temperature on the intramolecular conversion of polyamic acid to the corresponding polyimide were investigated. It was found that for the polymer studied (LaRC-IA), imidization can be accomplished without large conformational changes. Further, it was found that adsorption tends to promote the imidization process because the polyamic acid tends to be more extended (as a two-dimensional coil) than is the polymer in isolation, thereby being better able to undergo the local conformational changes which are necessary for imidization to occur. Consistent with experiment, imidization proceeds to higher conversion at higher temperature, as the barriers to the local conformational changes are more easily surmounted.

COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF MECHANICAL DEFORMATION OF NANOCRYSTALLINE METALS

J. Schiotz, T. Vegge , F.D. Di Tolla and K.W. Jacobsen
(1) - Center for Atomic-scale Materials Physics.Technical University of Denmark. E-mail : schiotz@fysik.dtu.dk (2) - Center for Atomic-scale Materials Physics.Technical University of Denmark. (3) - Center for Atomic-scale Materials Physics.Technical University of Denmark.

ABSTRACT
Nanocrystalline metals, i.e. metals with grain sizes from 5 to 100 nm, display technologically interesting properties such as a dramatically increased hardness, increasing with decreasing grain size. The low grain size makes direct atomic-scale simulations of plastic deformation possible. Simulations of nanocrystalline copper with grain sizes up to 13 nm are presented. Two different deformation modes are active: deformation through the motion of dislocations, and sliding in the grain boundaries. At these grain sizes, the latter dominates [1]. We have investigated how the deformation process (and thus the mechanical properties) vary when temperature, strain rate and porosity are varied [2]. As the most of the deformation occurs in the grain boundaries, the mechanical properties may be modifying the composition and structure of the grain boundaries. We have investigated the effect of adding impurities to the grain boundaries, and of introducing special grin boundaries.

REFERENCES
[1] Schiotz, J.; Di Tolla, F. D. and Jacobsen, K. W., Nature 391, 561 (1998) [2] Schiotz, J.; Vegge, T.; Di Tolla, F. D. and Jacobsen, K. W.; to be published (cond-mat/9902165)

Keynote : HOLISTIC APPROACH FOR PROBLEMS WITH LARGE MICROSTRUCTURES

J. Fish
(1) - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institue. E-mail : fishj@rpi.edu

ABSTRACT
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In this presentation we focus on modeling and simulation techniques for class of problems for which the distinction between the structure and material does not exist. The problems falling into this category are: (i) 3D woven architectures in aircraft engines (Allison Engines AE2100, GE90) and advanced (DOD) airframes (HSCT, JSF), (ii) tires, (iii) micro-electronic devices, and (iv) porous engineering material such as honeycombs and truss-like materials (JANCORP).

GENERALIZED STACKING FAULT ENERGY SURFACES AND DISLOCATION PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM

N. Kioussis
(1) - Computational Materials Theory Center. California State Univ. E-mail : nkioussi@newton.csun.edu

ABSTRACT
We have employed the semidiscrete variational generalized Peierls-Nabarro model to study the dislocation core properties of aluminum. The generalized stacking fault energy surfaces entering the model are calculated employing ab initio electronic structure calculations and the embedded atom methods (EAM). The various core properties, including the core width, the splitting behavior, the energetics and the Peierls stress for different dislocations have been investigated. The correlation between the core energetics and dislocation character has been explored. Our results reveal a simple relationship between the Peierls stress and the ratio between the core width and atomic spacing. The dependence of the core properties on the two interatomic potentials has been examined. The EAM potential although can give gross trend for various dislocation properties, fails to predict the finer core structures, which in turn can affect the Peierls stress significantly (about one order of magnitude).

COPPER AND ZINC RAMIFIED ELECTRODEPOSITION: PHYSICAL EXPERIMENTS AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELING
G. Marshall
(1) - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. UBA

ABSTRACT
Electrochemical deposition of ramified deposits in thin-layer cells is a paradigmatic model for studying the growth of patterns. The electrolytic cell consists of two microscope slides sandwiching two parallel copper or zinc electrodes and a metal salt electrolyte. A voltage difference applied between electrodes produce a tree-like deposit by reduction of the metal ions. The pattern observed for the deposit ranges from fractal to dense branch morphology depending on many parameters such as cell geometry, solution concentration or voltage difference; its morphology variation has not yet been fully understood. Here, we review the most relevant experimental aspects of this fascinating complex problem and its theoretical and computational modelling. The experiments consists in measuring concentration variations with schlieren techniques, fluid velocity with particle image velocimetry, migratory fronts with pH indicators, voltage variations with multiple channel data adquisition boards, deposit growth with video recording and image processing software. The computational modelling consists in the numerical solution of the Nernst-Planck equations for ion transport, the Poisson equation for the electrostatic potential and the Navier-Stokes equations for the fluid flow.

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NUMERICAL MICROMAGNETIC MODELING OF MAGNETIC DATA STORAGE DEVICES AND SENSORS

J. Oti
(1) - Western Digital Corp. E-mail : oti@boulder.nist.gov

ABSTRACT
Micromagnetic modeling is concerned with the simulation of magnetization processes occuring in the components of magnetic designs, through the solution of electromagnetic Maxwell's equations in a manner that takes into account the internal material characteristics of the components. The theoretical principles of the subject are firmly established in the works of William Fuller Brown of the late fifties and early sixties [1]. These are founded on well established experimental observations and thus ensure that the magnetization processes are rigorously modeled. To model real devices, the defining equations of the theory are re-cast in numerical form. Accurate models represent very cost-effective design tools as they can yield a wealth of information about a design that may not be accessible by other means, or that would be prohibitively expensive to obtain experimentally. Micromagnetic models are widely applied in the design and analyses of recording media and heads used in magnetic disk-and tape-drive applications. They are used in conjunction with electron-transport models to develop non-volatile magnetic random-access memory devices and magnetorestive sensors. Significant advances in calculation techniques and software (and attendant data -presentation techniques) have emerged over the years. The sophistication of available software has progressed to the point where it is now possible to simulate whole magnetic systems which may contain components that are in relative motion with each other. This talk begins with a brief walk through of Brown's micromagnetic theory and a review of key modeling considerations that are important for real-world applications. This is followed by a computer demonstration of a variety of pre-recorded micromagnetic simulation examples.

REFERENCES
[1] Brown W. F., "Magnetostatic principles in ferromagnetism," North-Holland Publishing Co. (1962).

THERMODYNAMIC MODELING OF DIOXINS AND FURANS FORMATION IN IRON ORE SINTERING PROCESS
T. Pengfu, I. Hurtado, P. Spencer, G. Eriksson and D. Neuschutz
(1) - Lehstuhl fuer Theoretische Huettenkunde und Metallurgie der Kernbrennstoffe. E-mail : pengfu.tan@hut.fi

ABSTRACT
Dioxins are considered highly toxic. They are unintentionally formed in a number of industrial combustion processes such as waste incineration and iron ore sintering. To assist in selection of appropriate process parameters or plant design in order that formation of toxic dioxins can be minimised or avoided, thermodynamic calculations have been carried out to simulate the formation of dioxins in the sintering off - gas by using the programs ChemSage and ChemApp. The calucations are based on available process information with regard to sinter compositions and off-gas analyses at Stahlwerke Bremen. With the exception of the data for dioxins, all thermodynamic values for the substances ere extracted from the databank system THERDAS of LTH of RWTH Aachen, which contains evaluated data from the Scientific Group Thermodata Europe.

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Adaptive and Parallel Finite Element Methods

Joseph E. Flaherty and Mark Shephard
SESSION 1: LOAD BALANCING
A CHARACTERIZATION OF DISTRIBUTION TECHNIQUES FOR DYNAMIC ADAPTIVE GRID HIERARCHIES S. Bhavsar, M. Shee and M. Parashar ............................................................................................................................220 ZOLTAN: A LIBRARY FOR DYNAMIC LOAD BALANCING K. Devine, B. Hendrickson, M. St. John and E. Boman ..................................................................................................221 DISTRIBUTED MESH STRUCTURES FOR ADAPTIVE COMPUTATIONS J.D. Teresco, J.E. Flaherty and M.S. Shephard ..............................................................................................................221 ISSUES IN PARALLEL ADAPTIVE UNSTRUCTURED COMPUTATIONS R. Biswas ........................................................................................................................................................................222 PARALLEL SOLUTION OF REACTING FLOW PROBLEMS USING UNSTRUCTURED TETRAHEDRAL MESHES M. Berzins, P.M. Selwood and J. Nash ...........................................................................................................................223 A HYBRID MESH MOVEMENT STRATEGY FOR DESIGN OPTIMIZATION H. McMorris and Y. Kallinderis .....................................................................................................................................223

SESSION 2: HP - METHODS
A 3D HP-ADAPTIVE FINITE ELEMENT PACKAGE FORTRAN 90 IMPLEMENTATION (3DHP90) L. Demkowicz, W. Rachowicz, A. Bajer and K. Gerdes ..................................................................................................224 SPECTRAL HP SIMULATIONS OF FLOW PAST FLEXIBLE CABLES AND BEAMS C. Evangelinos and G. E. Karniadakis ...........................................................................................................................225 ADAPTIVE H, P AND HP MULTIGRID METHODS M.L. Bittencourt and A.C. Nogueira Jr...........................................................................................................................226 SUPPORTING PARALLEL ADAPTIVE FEM - DATA STRUCTURES, LOAD BALANCING AND SOLUTION STRATEGIES A. Patra, A. Laszloffy and J. Long ..................................................................................................................................226 PARALLEL HIGHER ORDER FINITE ELEMENT METHODS FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS C.H. Whiting and K.E. Jansen ........................................................................................................................................227 NESTED P-TYPE FINITE ELEMENTS FOR MATERIALS WITH LOCAL HETEROGENEITIES K. Darbha and A. Dasgupta ...........................................................................................................................................227

SESSION 3: PARALLEL GRID COMPUTATION

ADAPTIVE, MULTIRESOLUTION VISUALIZATION OF DISTRIBUTED DATA SETS USING PARALLEL OCTREES L. Freitag and R. Loy......................................................................................................................................................228 PARALLEL MULTIPHYSICS SIMULATIONS R.W. Reich, W.P. Wang and T.J.R. Hughes ....................................................................................................................229 AN ADAPTIVE OCTREE-BASED SCHEME FOR HIERARCHIC EXTRACTION COMPRESSION AND REMOTE VISUALIZATION OF DATA G.F. Carey and A. Pehlivanov ........................................................................................................................................229 ALEGRA - GILA CODE COUPLING WITH A PARALLEL GRID TRANSFER TOOL R.R. Drake, M.A. Christon, S.J. Plimpton and B.A. Hendrickson ...................................................................................230 PARALLEL ADAPTIVE FINITE ELEMENTS WITH THE FULL DOMAIN PARTITION W.F. Mitchell..................................................................................................................................................................231 PERFORMANCE OF AN ADAPTIVE MESH REFINEMENT SCHEME FOR SIMULATING THE PROPAGATION OF STRESS WAVES J.R. Weatherby, M.K. Wong and E.A. Boucheron...........................................................................................................231

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A CHARACTERIZATION OF DISTRIBUTION TECHNIQUES FOR DYNAMIC ADAPTIVE GRID HIERARCHIES

S. Bhavsar, M. Shee and M. Parashar
(1) - Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Rutgers University. E-mail : samip@caip.rutgers.edu (2) - Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Rutgers University. E-mail : mshee@caip.rutgers.edu (3) - Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Rutgers University. E-mail : parashar@caip.rutgers.edu

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a performance characterization of dynamic partitioning and load-balancing techniques for distributed adaptive grid hierarchies that underlie parallel adaptive mesh-refinement (AMR) techniques for the solution of partial-differential equations. The primary motivation for the characterization is the development of a policy driven tool for automated configuration and run-time management of distributed adaptive applications on dynamic and heterogeneous networked computing environments. Dynamically adaptive methods for the solution of partial differential equations that employ locally optimal approximations can yield highly advantageous ratios for cost/accuracy when compared to methods based upon static uniform approximations. These techniques seek to improve the accuracy of the solution by dynamically refining the computational grid in regions of high local solution error. Distributed implementations of these adaptive methods offer the potential for the accurate solution of realistic models of important physical systems. These implementations however, lead to interesting challenges in dynamic resource allocation, data-distribution and load balancing, communications and coordination, and resource management. The overall efficiency of the algorithms is limited by the ability to partition the underlying data-structures at run-time so as to expose all inherent parallelism, minimize communication synchronization overheads, and balance load. A critical requirement while partitioning adaptive grid hierarchies is the maintenance of logical locality, both across different levels of the hierarchy under expansion and contraction of the adaptive grid structure, and within partitions of grids at all levels when they are decomposed and mapped across processors. The former enables efficient computational access to the grids while the latter minimizes the total communication and synchronization overheads. Furthermore application adaptivity results in application grids being created, moved and deleted on-the-fly, making it is necessary to efficiently re-partition the hierarchy so that it continues to meet these goals. Moving these applications to dynamic and heterogeneous networked computing environments introduces a new level of complexity. These environments require the selecting and configuring application components based on available resources. However, the complexity and heterogeneity of the environment make selection of a best match between system resources, application algorithms, problem decompositions, mappings and load distributions, communication mechanisms, etc., non-trivial. System dynamics coupled with application adaptivity makes application configuration and run-time management a significant challenge. Clearly there is a need for smart tools that can automate the configuration and management process. This paper first presents an application-centric characterization of distribution mechanism for AMR applications on heterogeneous (and dynamic) cluster computing environment. It then describes the design and implementation of an automated application configuration and management system that dynamically adapts the application distribution and communication mechanisms based on current operating conditions.

ZOLTAN: A LIBRARY FOR DYNAMIC LOAD BALANCING

K. Devine, B. Hendrickson, M. St. John and E. Boman
(1) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : kddevin@cs.sandia.gov (2) - Sandia National Laboratories (3) - Sandia National Laboratories

ABSTRACT
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In recent years, several high-quality software tools for static partitioning (e.g., Chaco [1], ParMetis [2], Jostle [3]) have been developed. These tools have enabled the use and comparison of a wide variety of different partitioning algorithms. General purpose tools for dynamic load balancing, however, have not been readily available. This fact is due to a number of differences between static and dynamic load balancing. Static partitioners are often run as a preprocessor to an application. Thus, they can easily use file-based interfaces and data structures different from those of the application. They may be implemented in serial and may use large amounts of memory and computing time. Dynamic loadbalancing tools, however, must run along with the application. They must be implemented in parallel, and be fast and memory efficient to maintain the scalability of the application. They also need function-call interfaces and methods to extract data from the application's data structures. To be truly general-purpose tools, dynamic load balancers must maintain separation between the data structures of the load-balancing algorithms and the applications using them. We will discuss the design and implementation of the Zoltan dynamic load- balancing library. Zoltan provides an object-oriented function interface between applications and load-balancing algorithms. Data needed by a load- balancing algorithm are obtained from the application through several simple call-back functions. In this way, an application's data structures are separated from those of a load-balancing algorithm. Several different load- balancing algorithms are available in the library, and since a common data structure is not required, new algorithms are easily added to the library. We will demonstrate the use of the library and assess its performance and overhead costs for finite element applications.

REFERENCES
[1] B. Hendrickson and R. Leland, "The Chaco User's Guide, Version 2.0.", Tech. Rep. SAND94-2692, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, 1994. [2] G. Karypis and V. Kumar, "ParMetis: Parallel graph partitioning and sparse Matrix Ordering Library.", Tech. Rep. 97-060, Dept. of Comp. Sci., Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1997. [3] C. Walshaw, M. Cross, and M. Everett, "A Parallelisable Algorithm for Optimising Unstructured Mesh Partitions.", Tech. Rep. 95/IM/03, Univ. of Greenwich, London, 1995.

DISTRIBUTED MESH STRUCTURES FOR ADAPTIVE COMPUTATIONS

J.D. Teresco, J.E. Flaherty and M.S. Shephard
(1) - (SCOREC) Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. E-mail : terescoj@cs.rpi.edu (2) - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Department of Computer Science. E-mail : flaherje@cs.rpi.edu (3) - Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst. Scientific Comp. Research Center. E-mail : shephard@scorec.rpi.edu

ABSTRACT
An extensive set of software tools have been developed to support solutions of partial differential equations using parallel adaptive finite element methods. We present the design and implementation of the parallel mesh structures within this adaptive framework. These tools have been used successfully to solve problems in several fields. Examples will be primarily from computational fluid dynamics. Timedependent, three-dimensional problems are solved on hundreds of processors with meshes of several million elements. Meshes generated within this framework have exceeded 125 million elements on today's largest parallel computers. A recent enhancement to the system is a hierarchical partition model used to distribute finite element meshes and associated data on a parallel computer. The hierarchical model represents heterogeneous processor and network speeds, and may be used to represent processes in any parallel computing environment, including an SMP, a distributed-memory computer, a network of workstations, or some combination of these. Using this model to segment the computation into chunks which can fit into cache memory provides a potential efficiency gain from an increased cache hit rate, even in a single processor environment. Using partitions to organize a large computation could greatly improve the efficiency of out-of- core computations. The information about different processor speeds, memory sizes, and the corresponding interconnection network can be useful in a dynamic load balancing algorithm which seeks to achieve a good balance with minimal interprocessor communication penalties when a slow interconnection network is involved.

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ISSUES IN PARALLEL ADAPTIVE UNSTRUCTURED COMPUTATIONS

R. Biswas
(1) - NASA Ames Research Center. E-mail : rbiswas@nas.nasa.gov

ABSTRACT
Dynamic mesh adaptation on unstructured grids is a powerful tool for computing unsteady problems that require local grid modifications to efficiently resolve solution features of interest. The talk will discuss critical issues related to scalability, dynamic load balancing, data locality, and latency tolerance; aspects of parallel computations on adaptive unstructured grids that are particularly challenging. For example, a scalable parallel implementation of adaptive unstructured methods is difficult, primarily due to the load imbalance created by the dynamically-changing nonuniform grid. We will give a brief overview of PLUM, a global dynamic load balancer for such irregular meshes. We will also compare two different data decomposition strategies and report on their relative performance. Finally, we will describe a novel linearization algorithm that is used to improve single-processor cache performance. These selfavoiding walks, in some ways similar in nature to space-filling curves for structured grids, can be easily extended for hierarchically refined grids. They should also be very useful in the runtime partitioning and load balancing of adaptive unstructured meshes.

PARALLEL SOLUTION OF REACTING FLOW PROBLEMS USING UNSTRUCTURED TETRAHEDRAL MESHES

M. Berzins, P.M. Selwood and J. Nash
(1) - Computational PDEs Unit. School of Computer Studies. University of Leeds. E-mail : martin@scs.leeds.ac.uk (2) - Computational PDEs Unit. School of Computer Studies. University of Leeds (3) - Computational PDEs Unit. School of Computer Studies. University of Leeds

ABSTRACT
The application of parallel computers to models of atmospheric air pollution makes it possible to generate solutions in a fraction of the normal time. In this paper an example code [1] based upon adaptive tetrahedral meshes and an explicit stiff chemistry time integration algorithm is described. This code is applied to an example problem i consisting of a single plume arising from a power station with a simplified chemistry scheme involving seven species and a passive tracer, [3]. It is shown in [3] that the use of adaptive meshes in two dimensions can effectively increase resolution (and thence solution quality) while retaining acceptable solution times. In three dimensions adaptive mesh techniques can pick out the plume, but in order to obtain solutions with good spatial and temporal resolution serial computing times are prohibitive. The use of parallel adaptive meshes however gives a much faster solution time. The parallel version of the code is written in a combination of ANSI C and the message passing standard MPI. The design of the code and its scalability for non-reacting flow problems are discussed in [2]. The code is both robust and portable. A key issue is that of load-balancing the constantly evolving spatial mesh. Existing parallel load-balancing tools such as Jostle and Metis are used and an assessment made of their effectiveness for adaptive transient calculations. A key issue in the development of efficient scalable codes for such applications is the ease of writing portable programs. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of how high-level abstractions can be used with shared abstract data types to achieve this. The use of shared abstract data types is shown not to reduce effieciency but to dramatically reduce the amount of code required.

REFERENCES
[1] C.R. Johnson, M. Berzins , L. Zhukov, and R. Coffey, "SCIRun: Application to Atmospheric Dispersion Problems Using Unstructured Meshes", Numerical Methods for Fluid Dynamics VI (ed. M.J.Baines), ICFD, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, pp. 111-122. ISBN 0 9524929 11, 1998. [2] P.M. Selwood and M. Berzins , "Parallel Unstructured Tetrahedral Mesh Adaptation: Algorithms, Implementation and Scalability", Submitted to Concurrency 1998.
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[3] A. Tomlin, M. Berzins J.M. Ware, J. Smith and M. Pilling, "On the use of adaptive gridding methods for modelling chemical transport from multi-scale sources", Atmospheric Env. Vol. 31 (18) 2945-2959.

A HYBRID MESH MOVEMENT STRATEGY FOR DESIGN OPTIMIZATION

H. McMorris and Y. Kallinderis
(1) - Aerospace Engineering Department. University of Texas. E-mail : harlan@klio.ae.utexas.edu (2) - Dept. of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mech. University of Texas. E-mail : kallind@mail.utexas.edu

ABSTRACT
As computer power has increased, the demand to simulate viscous fluid flow around more fullfeatured geometries has grown. Various grid generation strategies have been proposed to create appropriately clustered meshes for these complex configurations including multi-block structured and mixed element hybrid meshes. Recently, hybrid meshes have been shown to be a valuable tool for simulating complex turbomachinery flows [1]. To be useful in an industrial engineering setting, the chosen mesh generation technique must be able to easily support changing geometries with a minimal amount of work, either computer or human. This would facilitate more automated design optimization approaches where the mesh is automatically generated based on proposed changes to the geometry. Presently, hybrid mesh generation can take a substantial amount of time for complex cases. Ideally, the better strategy would be to attempt to reuse the existing hybrid mesh and only modify it slightly to accommodate the small changes to the geometry. This reuse approach also has the benefit of not changing the connectivity of the mesh. This will allow for the subsequent design's simulation to be started with the current solution without the need for interpolation that could smooth out the solution. This paper describes an mesh movement approach for hybrid grids. This technique is targeted to the needs of design optimization. The method begins with a hybrid mesh for the original geometry and a CAD description of the new configuration. First, all the points on the surface of the moving pieces of the geometry are moved to the appropriate positions on the new geometric description. During this stage of the process, appropriate controls are placed on the point movement to ensure the topology of the mesh remains valid. Once the boundary points have been moved, the interior of the geometry is moved according to the boundary movement and the distance away from the moving boundary. Since a hybrid mesh can consist of prisms, pyramids, and tetrahedra, special consideration for the validity of each element type must be taken into account during movement to ensure a usable final mesh. Meshes created using this reuse strategy require a fraction of the amount of time required for mesh regeneration. This technique is applied to both an extruded airfoil configuration and also to a turbomachinery blade whose twist has been modified. The final paper will also have this method will also be applied to various turbomachinery configurations.

REFERENCES
[1] A. Khawaja , Y. Kallinderis , S. Irmisch, J. Lloyd, D. Walker and E. Benz, "Adaptive Hybrid Grid Generation for Turbomachinery and Aerospace Applications", AIAA Paper 99-0916, Reno, NV, January 1999.

A 3D HP-ADAPTIVE FINITE ELEMENT PACKAGE FORTRAN 90 IMPLEMENTATION (3DHP90)

L. Demkowicz, W. Rachowicz, A. Bajer and K. Gerdes
(1) - The Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics. E-mail : leszek@ticam.utexas.edu (2) - The Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics. (3) - The Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics.

ABSTRACT
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We present a new package supporting 3D Finite Element hp-approximations for the solution of various boundary-value problems. The discretization is defined on an initial unstructured hexahedral grid, and allows for both h- and p-refinements of the mesh. Compared with the previous implementations, the following essential changes have been introduced: - Data structure has been reduced to just two arrays. These arrays consist of user-defined objects called 'elements' and 'nodes'. Each of the objects has several attributes. There are two important advantages of this modification, made possible by FORTRAN 90 - The actual code is more readible (all names are self-explanatory), - A parallel, distributed memory implementation, based on a domain decomposition, requires "decomposing" just the two arrays. - Memory for data structure arrays, solvers and graphics is allocated dynamically. - All logical operations have been separated into two stages: operations on nodes and operations on degrees of freedom for a node. In particular, elements contain all higher order nodes (mid-edge and mid-side and middle nodes), even for lower orders of approximation. Only the memory for the corresponding degrees of freedom is allocated dynamically as needed. This simplifies the logic and makes in particular easier to customize the code for electromagnetics, (H(curl) -conforming discretizations). The information about contraints is reconstructed locally, on element level, based on data structure arrays for the element and his 'father' (possibly 'grand'- or 'greatgrandfather' for double or triple constrained nodes). This represents a significant departure from earlier implementations. The algorithmical and implementation issues are illustrated with numerous computational examples.

SPECTRAL HP SIMULATIONS OF FLOW PAST FLEXIBLE CABLES AND BEAMS

C. Evangelinos and G. E. Karniadakis
(1) - Center for Fluid Mechanics. Div. of Appl. Math. Brown University (2) - Center for Fluid Mechanics. Div. of Appl. Math. Brown University

ABSTRACT
Vortex induced vibrations (VIV) of marine cables, usually termed strumming, increases fatigue due to the large hydrodynamic forces. VIV is a critical factor in the design of underwater cable systems, drilling risers, and offshore platforms. It is therefore important to understand and be able to predict from first principles the hydrodynamic forces and motion of cables and beams caused by flow induced vibrations. While there is a substantial data base for cable dynamics derived from field experiments (see [1] and references therein) there are very few laboratory experiments to study cable flows under controlled conditions. Simulations from first principles have only recently become possible [2]. In this paper we present a numerical study of flows past flexible cables and beams at lock-in and non-lock-in states. In particular, we are concentrating on the aspects of transition to turbulence in the wake and its effects on the motion of the structure. Transition to turbulence in the wake of a fixed cylinder occurs at Reynolds number between 250 and 400, as has been established by experimental results and our previous simulation studies. However, the transition process changes fundamentally if the cylinder is flexible and vibrates freely. In this numerical study, we consider flow past flexible beams and cables undergoing free oscillations subject to near lockin excitation. We investigate different vibrating conditions, corresponding to varying the bending stiffness (beams), tension (cables) and the mass ratio parameter, in order to determine the new transition mechanisms. In general, cables tend to promote wake transition whereas beams tend to delay transition compared to the fixed cylinder behavior. The simulations are based on a spectral element method reformulated in body-fitted coordinates for this problem. The flow equations are the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations while the equation that describes the motion of the cable for free vibrations is the wave equation with a forcing term due to the fluid forces on the cable. The three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a parallel spectral element/Fourier method. Spectral elements are used to discretize the x-y planes, while a Fourier expansion is used in the z-direction, i.e. along the cable. Each Fourier mode is assigned to a separate processor allowing efficient parallel computation. Typically, more than one million degrees of freedom are employed with 128 nodes along the cable axis.
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REFERENCES
[1] J.K. Vandiver, "Dimensionless parameters important to the prediction of vortex-induced vibrations of long, flexible cylinders in ocean currents", MIT Sea Grant Report, MITSG 91-93, 1991. [2] D.J. Newman and G.E. Karniadakis , "Simulations and models of flow over a flexible cable: Standing wave patterns", Proc. ASME/JSME Fluids Eng. Conf., August 1995, Hilton Head, SC.

ADAPTIVE H, P AND HP MULTIGRID METHODS

M.L. Bittencourt and A.C. Nogueira Jr.
(1) - Dept. de Projeto Mecanico Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica. E-mail : mlb@fem.unicamp.br (2) - Dept. de Projeto Mecanico. Fac. de Eng. Mecanica. Univ. Estadual de Campinas

ABSTRACT
Multigrid methods have an optimal solution cost for linear elliptic problems. For this purpose, a sequence of meshes with different refinement levels is used to reduce the approximation error in the iterative solution of the system of equations on the finest mesh. In practical problems with complex geometries, mesh generation is a difficult and time consuming task. In such cases, it is advisable to use algebraic or adaptive multigrid procedures for the optimal solution of the problem. The algebraic methods use the finest mesh system matrix to generate the correction levels. The adaptive multigrid methods generate a sequence of meshes using error estimator and mesh refinement procedures. In the latter case, it is possible to solve a problem with a prescribed admissible error and the optimal multigrid cost. In this work, multigrid adaptive procedures using h, p, and hp strategies are discussed. For the p finite element version, the approximation spaces are nested and correspond to the nested meshes commonly used in multigrid methods. For h and hp variants, the approximations are non-nested and quadtree and octree data structures are used to map mesh information between two levels. Two and three dimensional examples are presented showing the suitability of the proposed multigrid solution methods.

SUPPORTING PARALLEL ADAPTIVE FEM - DATA STRUCTURES, LOAD BALANCING AND SOLUTION STRATEGIES
A. Patra, A. Laszloffy and J. Long
(1) - Dept. Mech. Engg., SUNY at Buffalo. E-mail : abani@eng.buffalo.edu (3) - Dept. Mech. Engg., SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260. E-mail : {abani, lend, jl24}@eng.buffalo.edu

ABSTRACT
The greatest difficulty in using these adaptive methods on parallel computers is the design of efficient schemes for data storage, access and distribution. Benefits derived from such methods may be completely lost without good schemes for these. Further, most application developers lack both the resources and the skills to develop such complex codes. We describe here the development of a comprehensive infrastructure, AFEAPI, that addresses these concerns. AFEAPI will provide a simple base for users to develop their own parallel adaptive hp finite element codes. It will be responsible for the dynamic data structure, mesh partitioning and redistribution and optionally solution of the large irregularly sparse systems of linear equations generated in these schemes. It can also be easily customized for different applications. User customization will comprise of providing appropriate routines for generating element stiffness matrices, material data and error computation routines. The principal ideas underlying AFEAPI are the use of a simple data addressing scheme using keys based on geometric location of element/node centroids on a "space filling curve" and integration with mesh partitioning and dynamic load balancing schemes that use the same ordering. Simple hashing schemes and balanced trees are used to store and access the distributed unstructured data efficiently. Advantages and disadvantages of the
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schemes will be discussed. Example customizations for two and three dimensional applications and performance data will be presented.

PARALLEL HIGHER ORDER FINITE ELEMENT METHODS FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS

C.H. Whiting and K.E. Jansen
(1) - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. E-mail : cwhiting@scorec.rpi.edu (2) - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. E-mail : kjansen@scorec.rpi.edu

ABSTRACT
A stabilized finite element formulation for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations using parallel computers is presented. The parallel implementation relies on message passing using the MPI library. Although the higher order basis is constructed from a rich mesh data structure, much of the information can be pre-computed and reduced to maintain efficient large scale simulations. The rich mesh data structure facilitates the application of boundary and initial conditions as well as processing of the parallel data structures. Once preprocessed, only the classical finite element data structures, generalized for higher order calculations (through p=3), are read by the analysis code. Examples will be presented to show the accuracy and efficiency of the parallel implementation. These examples will include the lid driven cavity and flow over a backward facing step as well as the application to more complex turbulent flows. A discussion of post - processing results of higher order simulations will also be included.

NESTED P-TYPE FINITE ELEMENTS FOR MATERIALS WITH LOCAL HETEROGENEITIES

K. Darbha and A. Dasgupta
(1) - CALCE Electronic Packaging Research Center. University of Maryland (2) - CALCE Electronic Packaging Research Center. University of Maryland

ABSTRACT
A nested p-type refinement strategy is proposed for improving the accuracy and efficiency of finite element solutions. The technique is demonstrated for materials with local heterogeneities. The Nested Finite Element Methodology (NFEM) is similar in concept to an earlier proposed Rayleigh-Ritz methodology [Ling, 1997] which is based on a nested multi-field displacement assumption. The nested multi-field displacement technique is an enhancement of the p-type refinement in conventional finite element analysis where colonies of nested sub-elements (with the enhanced displacement field) are created over selected sub-regions of a main element to capture local gradients of stress and strain. Using an innovative concept of selective domain localization [Ling, 1997] the critical regions are locally refined to capture sharp gradients in the displacement field. The nested sub-elements, apart from capturing the sharp gradients of the displacement field, can also be used to model material heterogeneities. The material of the sub-elements could range from plastic domains to voids to rigid inclusions. Ling implemented this nesting scheme by superposing domains in a Rayleigh-Ritz context to capture large gradients of displacement fields. One of the limitations of Lings model [Ling, 1997] is an excessive use of constraint equations to satisfy continuity between neighboring discrete domains because of the use of nodeless Rayleigh-Ritz degrees of freedom. This limitation poses a computational burden and there is hence a need to develop a model that can achieve significant improvements in computational time. This paper therefore proposes the concept of selective domain localization where the additional degrees of freedom are associated with subelement nodes for the local p-type refinement. Continuity is thus automatically satisfied between neighboring discrete domains during assembly of the tiffness matrix, thus eliminating the need for constraint equations. This scheme reduces the computational time significantly. The example presented is
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a generalized nested finite element thermomechanical analysis of surface mount solder joints in electronic assemblies. The nested sub-elements are used to: capture the sharp gradients in the displacement field, model voids in the solder interconnects, and demonstrate the change in stiffness of the interconnect with coarsening of Sn and Pb phases in the eutectic solder alloy.

REFERENCES
Ling, S., 1997, "A multi-domain Rayleigh-Ritz method for thermomechanical stress analysis of surface mount interconnects in electronic assemblies", Ph.D. dissertation, U. of Maryland.

ADAPTIVE, MULTIRESOLUTION VISUALIZATION OF DISTRIBUTED DATA SETS USING PARALLEL OCTREES

L. Freitag and R. Loy
(1) - Math. and Comp. Science Division. Argonne National Laboratory. E-mail : freitag@mcs.anl.gov (2) - Argonne National Laboratory. E-mail : rloy@mcs.anl.gov

ABSTRACT
Interactive visualization of scientific data sets generated on MPP architectures is a difficult task due to their immense size; adaptive multiresolution techniques are neccessary to reduce data sets while still providing adequate resolution in areas of interest and full resolution on demand. Because these data sets are often too large to fit into the memory of a serial visualization engine, we use a parallel octree data structure closely coupled to the application to increase the speed of interactive visualization of both structured and unstructured data sets. To create the octree from different mesh types, we require a small number of user-provided query routines to initialize the data and return field values associated with mesh entities. Data reduction is accomplished by forming an approximation of the data by averaging or agglomeration at varying depths of the octree. Statistical values such as minimum, maximum, and deviation are stored at octree nodes to provide indication of error associated with reduced data sets. The octree may be easily adapted to reflect dynamic data from an adaptive computation, or to reflect changing level of detail required by the visualization. Additional detail is obtained by refining the octree whereas reduced detail is obtained by pruning or truncated traversal. The resulting octree nodes can be displayed using standard desktop tools or with custom tools for high end graphics environments. To effectively manage a large distributed data set, the octree must also be distributed across the processors of the MPP. Efficient traversal of the parallel octree data structure is enabled by inter-octant links which may be either local or off-processor. Off-processor parent links are represented by a local root structure containing spatial information to enable local point searches without communication. Face-neighbor links to equalsize neighbors support spatial searches with minimal traversal and communication. We illustrate the use of the adaptive, parallel, octree data structures for interactive visualization of a Rayleigh-Taylor instability solved with both unstructured and structured meshes. In each case, adaptive refinement is used to capture small-scale features at the density interface and the application meshes can range in size from several hundred thousand elements up to a million or more elements. Application solution images of reduced data sets are shown for both IRIS explorer and the CAVE virtual reality theater. Timing results are presented for octree creation, data transfer from the parallel environment to the serial graphics engine, and interactive requests for adaptive resolution representations.

PARALLEL MULTIPHYSICS SIMULATIONS

R.W. Reich, W.P. Wang and T.J.R. Hughes
(1) - Centric Engineering Systems Inc. (2) - Centric Engineering Systems Inc. (3) - Stanford University Div. of Mechanics and Computation. E-mail : hughes@am-sun2.stanford.edu

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ABSTRACT
The state of acceptance of numerical simulation techniques in industry has progressed to the point where they are now being used as predictive tools in the design phase of the product development cycle. One benfit of this trend is that the need to fabricate and test physical prototypes has been greatly reduced. This allows the product development cycle to be shortened and the cost of product development to be reduced, often quite significantly. An extra added benfit is that the resulting products are typically of higher quality. In order for numerical simulations to be feasible in a desgin setting it is necessary that they can be completed in relatively short periods of time, typically on the order of several minutes to a few hours, depending on the application. While continued and steady increases in processor speed have made it possible to perform larger and more complex numerical simulations on uni- processor hardware, the turn-around times required in the typical design enviornment dictate the use of parallel processing. Software capable of executing in a parallel processing environment can be developed using explicit message passing libraries (e.g., MPI), high-level parallel languages (e.g., HPF), or shared memory directives. The use of explicit message passing libraries is the most widely accepted approach, with MPI being the de facto standard, since it affords the greatest degree of portability in being available on both shared and distributed memory hardware. The Spectrum (TM) Solver is a commercial program based on the finite element method for multiphysics numerical simulations that was designed to run on both uniand multiprocessor hardware with essentially the same source code. The support of multiphysics simulations to a large degree also facilitated the implementation of parallel processing. The Spectrum Solver uses the MPI message passing library and an N+1 architecture, with a global choreographer and N subdomain drivers. It has been successfully ported to a number of multi-processor platforms. The Spectrum Solver has been used in the automotive industry to perform interior comfort simulations and in the aerospace industry to perform aeroelastic simulations. It has also been used in a research environment to perform blood flow simulations. Example of simulations in each of these areas will be provided.

AN ADAPTIVE OCTREE-BASED SCHEME FOR HIERARCHIC EXTRACTION COMPRESSION AND REMOTE VISUALIZATION OF DATA
G.F. Carey and A. Pehlivanov
(1) - CFD Laboratory, TICAM / ASE / EM. Univ. of Texas. E-mail : carey@cfdlab.ae.utexas.edu (2) - CFD Laboratory, TICAM / ASE / EM. Univ. of Texas

ABSTRACT
As computational power and data acquisition systems continue to expand there is a growing need to manipulate and compress large data sets. Of particular interest in the present work are data sets that arise in large scale computer simulations on parallel distributed processor systems. However, the ideas apply more generally to other classes of data sets such as those associated with satellite imaging. The approach we develop and apply is based on established strategies commonly used in adaptive mesh refinement and coarsening for efficient solution of boundary-value problems. In essence, we use adaptive refinement/coarsening based on specified feature indicators to construct a minimal data set. Space-filling curves are used to order the cells of the reduced set and the strategy is applied to extract data from unified and distributed data sets. This approach has been further extended and applied to remote visualization of the resulting compressed data set. In this manner, a remote user can specify a desired tolerance level in a specific feature, such as the temperature gradient in a flow, and retrieve the adaptively reduced data set for rapid visualization at the remote site. The feature indicator can also be used to interrogate large data sets, discarding those that are not relevant and to identify subsets for more detailed inspection. The scheme has been implemented in C++ and applied in a pilot test to results from a 3-D finite element viscous flow and heat transfer calculation on a parallel computer.

ALEGRA - GILA CODE COUPLING WITH A PARALLEL GRID TRANSFER TOOL

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R.R. Drake, M.A. Christon, S.J. Plimpton and B.A. Hendrickson

(1) - Computational Physics Research & Development. E-mail : rrdrake@sandia.gov (2) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : machris@sandia.gov (4) - Sandia National Laboratories

ABSTRACT
The simulation of physical processes in which the length and/or time scales vary dramatically can require the use of multiple solution algorithms each designed to treat a specific physical regime. An example of this type of application is the rapid release of a pressurized chemical agent and the subsequent dispersal which can span flow regimes ranging from nearly sonic compressible flow to incompressible. Since individual codes are typically developed to simulate physics in a specific target regime, a simulation may either transition out of the target regime or it may require simultaneous solution of other physics which the code cannot treat. In either case, code- coupling allows each simulation code to be used for its strength and permits the solution of complex physical problems. In this presentation, we begin by describing a scalable parallel mesh transfer algorithm that provided the foundation for a parallel code-coupling toolkit used to couple the massively-parallel codes ALEGRA and GILA. ALEGRA is an unstructured grid, ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian) code designed to simulate high-rate, large deformation problems, while GILA is an Eulerian, unstructured grid, low-speed projection-based flow solver. The grid transfer toolkit is based on the work of Plimpton, et al. [1], and uses parallel recursive coordinate bisection (RCB) to generate a rendezvous decomposition that is used in the identification of elements and nodes for the subsequent grid-transfer. Extensions to account for arbitrary unstructured meshes and to perform tri-linear node-based interpolation have been implemented. Scalability studies have shown that the communication cost for the RCB operation dominates the time to perform an initial grid transfer. However, even for transfers between grids on the order of a million cells, the wall clock time required for the complete grid transfer is on the order of only one second. Subsequent reuse of the RCB decomposition for additional grid transfers results in much faster grid transfer times that are nearly constant with increasing number of processors for scaled problems where the problem size is held fixed on a per- processor basis. The application of the code-coupling toolkit is demonstrated using ALEGRA and GILA for a prototype release-dispersal problem in which the transition from a high-rate release problem to a low-Mach dispersal is evident. Results of the release-dispersal problem demonstrate the effectiveness of the massively- parallel code-coupling strategy for problems with disparate length and time scales. In addition, the parallel rendezvous approach may be easily extended to treat fluid-structure problems where code communication is restricted to an interface.

REFERENCES
[1]S. Plimpton, B. Hendrickson and J. Stewart, "A parallel rendezvous algorithm for interpolation between multiple grids", Proc. IEEE/ACM SC98, Orlando, Florida, Nov. 7 - 13, 1998.

PARALLEL ADAPTIVE FINITE ELEMENTS WITH THE FULL DOMAIN PARTITION

W.F. Mitchell
(1) - Math. and Comp. Sciences Div. Natl. Inst. of Standards and Tech. E-mail : william.mitchell@nist.gov

ABSTRACT
Adaptive multilevel methods, which combine adaptive mesh refinement with multigrid solution techniques, have been shown to be very efficient methods for the numerical solution of partial differential equations on sequential computers. The use of these methods on parallel computers is currently a research topic. In particular, effective use of these techniques in a high-latency/ low-bandwidth environment, like a network of workstations, is especially challenging. In this talk we will present a parallel adaptive multilevel method for elliptic partial differential equations that obtains high parallel efficiency in this environment. Recent developments in parallelizing the method via overlapping subdomains on each refinement level will be featured. The approach produces a full domain partition, in which the usual subdomain on each processor is extended to cover the full domain. This facilitates parallel algorithms for
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adaptive refinement, grid partitioning and multigrid solution that require only a few communication steps each.

PERFORMANCE OF AN ADAPTIVE MESH REFINEMENT SCHEME FOR SIMULATING THE PROPAGATION OF STRESS WAVES
J.R. Weatherby, M.K. Wong and E.A. Boucheron
(1) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : jrweath@sandia.gov (2) - Sandia National Laboratories (3) - Sandia National Laboratories

ABSTRACT
A scheme for adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) has been implemented in a multi-physics finite element package known as ALEGRA. The adaptive scheme has been applied to high strain-rate transient dynamic simulations on unstructured finite element meshes consisting of quadrilateral or hexahedral elements. The AMR method can be executed in both serial and parallel modes; and, for parallel runs, the refinement history is not affected by how the problem domain is distributed between processors. The AMR method has the following characteristics. First, the equations of motion are advanced using a central difference time integration scheme. The mesh is assessed at the end of each time step by examining the discontinuity in tractions across element interfaces. Elements are refined when their traction discontinuities exceed a preset refinement threshold. Elements are joined into a parent element when their traction discontinuities fall below a preset coarsening threshold. The refinement and coarsening processes are isotropic; i.e., a single hexahedral element can be refined by dividing it into eight child elements which can then be rejoined during coarsening. After the mesh has been modified, the finite element solution is advanced forward to the next time step. In this presentation, the performance of the AMR method will be examined by comparing analytical and numerical solutions for several wave problems involving shocks and structured waves. Possible modifications to the present scheme will also be discussed.

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Stabilized Finite Element Methods

Leopoldo Franca and Thomas J.R. Hughes
SESSION 1
Keynote : ERROR ANALYSIS OF RESIDUAL-FREE BUBBLE STABILIZATION OF ADVECTION DIFFUSION PROBLEMS F. Brezzi .........................................................................................................................................................................235 RECENT ADVANCES ON TWO LEVEL FINITE ELEMENT METHODS L.P. Franca and A. Nesliturk..........................................................................................................................................235 STABILIZATION METHODS OF BUBBLE TYPE FOR THE Q1/Q1-ELEMENT APPLIED TO THE INCOMPRESSIBLE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS L. Tobiska and P. Knobloch............................................................................................................................................236 A STABILIZED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR 3D COMPUTATION OF FLUID-PARTICLE INTERACTIONS WITH PERIODIC DOMAINS T. Tezduyar and A. Johnson............................................................................................................................................236 A HIERARCHICAL BASIS FOR STABILIZED FINITE ELEMENT METHODS IN FLUID DYNAMICS K.E. Jansen and C.H. Whiting ........................................................................................................................................237

SESSION 2
AVOIDING ARTIFICIAL KINEMATIC MODES IN EAS-ELEMENTS AT LARGE STRAINS VIA A DEFORMATION DEPENDENT STABILIZATION TECHNIQUE W.A. Wall, M. Bischoff and E. Ramm .............................................................................................................................237 TAKE CARE OF THE GRADIENTS AND THE FUNCTIONS WILL TAKE CARE OF THEMSELVES P.E. Barbone and I. Harari ............................................................................................................................................238 STABILIZED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS WITH CORIOLIS FORCES AND PERMEABILITY EFFECTS R. Codina........................................................................................................................................................................239 LARGE EDDY SIMULATION AND THE VARIATIONAL MULTISCALE METHOD T.J.R. Hughes .................................................................................................................................................................240 STABILIZED FINITE ELEMENT METHODS FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW: A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW T. De Mulder ..................................................................................................................................................................240 AN EDGE BASED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS A. Soulaimani and A. Rebaine ........................................................................................................................................241

SESSION 3
STABILIZATION BY MULTILEVEL TECHNIQUES AND WAVELETS S. Bertoluzza...................................................................................................................................................................242 STABILIZATION OF THE ADVECTIVE-DIFFUSIVE EQUATIONS: UPWIND .VS ABSORBING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS. APPLICATION TO FREE SURFACE PROBLEMS IN NAVAL HYDRODYNAMICS S. Idelsohn and M. Storti ................................................................................................................................................242 STABILIZED PLATE BENDING ELEMENTS R. Stenberg and M. Lyly .................................................................................................................................................243 A STABILIZED FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION FOR FLOW OF INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLUID THROUGH POROUS MEDIA A. Masud ........................................................................................................................................................................244 STABILIZED FEM AND TURBULENCE SECOND-MOMENT CLOSURES A.C. Brasil Jr..................................................................................................................................................................244

SESSION 4
A STABILIZED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS USING A INCREMENT CALCULUS FORMULATION E. Onate, J. Garcia and S. Idelsohn................................................................................................................................245 ON AN IMPROVED UNUSUAL STABILIZED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR THE ADVECTIVE-REACTIVEDIFFUSIVE EQUATION L.P. Franca and F. Valentin ...........................................................................................................................................246

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A HYBRID CONTROL VOLUME METHOD STABILIZED BY BUBBLE-FUNCTIONS APPLIED TO FLUID FLOW IN CASTING PROCESSES J. Neises and G. Laschet.................................................................................................................................................246 APPLICATIONS OF STABILIZED GALERKIN METHOD IN FLOW PROBLEMS Y. Taki, N. Shimosato, A. Numasato and K. Seguchi ......................................................................................................247 MODELING AN INCOMPRESSIBLE BEHAVIOR OF ELASTIC SOLIDS VIA A MIXED LEAST SQUARES METHOD M. Tchonkova and S. Sture .............................................................................................................................................248

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Keynote : ERROR ANALYSIS OF RESIDUAL-FREE BUBBLE STABILIZATION OF ADVECTION DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

F. Brezzi
(1) - E-mail :brezzi@ian.pv.cnr.it

ABSTRACT
We consider finite element schemes for linear scalar advection-diffusion problems. We assume that we start with a standard Galerkin formulation based on continuous functions which are piecewise polynomials of degree k = 1, and we stabilise it by means of residual free bubbles. We prove a priori error estimates similar to the ones previously obtained for the Galerkin Least Squares approach, although with a quite different technique, making a substantial use of the residual free bubble equation. We point out that, as it is well known, for k=1 the RFB method corresponds to using Galerkin Least Squares with a specific value of the stabilising parameter tau. This however is "not" true for values of k > 1.

RECENT ADVANCES ON TWO LEVEL FINITE ELEMENT METHODS

L.P. Franca and A. Nesliturk
(1) - University of Colorado at Denver. Center for Comp. Math. E-mail : lfranca@math.cudenver.edu

ABSTRACT
First, we revisit the Galerkin finite element method using piecewise polynomials enriched with special functions that we denoteby residual-free bubble functions. The residual - free -bubbles represent the unresolvable part of the solution, whereas the piecewise polynomials are the resolvable part for the given mesh. In this talk we review our recent efforts of stabilization via a two - level finite element method consisting ofa mesh for discretization and a submesh. The Galerkin method with piecewise polynomials augmented with residual-free bubblefunctionsis used in the mesh and the submesh is employed for approximating thecomputations of residual-free bubble basis functions. The submesh is defined in the interior of each element, where a nonstandard numerical method is used to approximate the residual - free bubble functions. Once these are determined, the effect of the residual - free bubbles on the piecewise polynomial part of the solution can be calculated to find the solution of the Galerkin method in the original mesh. This method does not suffer from drawbacks of having to solve analytically partial differential equations in the element interior, and therefore itis suitable for any irregular mesh, used in practice in finite element computations. Furthermore, it provides a systematic framework to generatediscretizations. We will present preliminary computations of this meth for approximating the advective - diffusive model and the incompressible Navier - Stokes equations in two dimensions.

STABILIZATION METHODS OF BUBBLE TYPE FOR THE Q1/Q1-ELEMENT APPLIED TO THE INCOMPRESSIBLE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS
L. Tobiska and P. Knobloch
(1) - E-mail :Lutz.Tobiska@Mathematik.Uni-Magdeburg.DE

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ABSTRACT
In this paper, a general technique is developed to enlarge the velocity spaceof the unstable Q1/Q1-element by adding appropriate spaces such that for the extended pair the Babuska-Brezzi condition is satisfied. Examples of stable elements which can be derived in such a way imply the stability ofthe well-known Q2/Q1-element and the 4Q1/Q1-element. However, our new elements are much more cheaper. In particular, we shall see that more than halfof the additional degrees of freedom when switching from the Q1 to the Q2 and 4Q1, respectively, element are not necessary to stabilize the Q1/Q1-element. Moreover, by using the technique of reduced discretizations and eliminating the additional degrees of freedom we show the relationship between enlarging the velocity space and stabilized methods. This relationship has been already established for triangular elements in a number of papers [1], [2], [3], but was not known for quadrilateral elements.As a result we derive new stabilized methods for the Stokes and Navier - Stokes equations. Finally, we show how the Brezzi-Pitkaranta stabilization [4]and the SUPG method for the incompressible Navier - Stokes equations [5], [6] can be recovered as special cases of the general approach. In contrast to earlier papers we do not restrict ourselves to linearized versions of theNavier -Stokes equations but deal with the full nonlinear case.

REFERENCES
[1] Baiocchi, C., Brezzi, F., Franca, L. P., "Virtual bubbles and Galerkin - least - squares type methods (Ga.L.S.)", Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 105 (1993), 125-141 [2] Brezzi, F., Bristeau, M. O., Franca, L. P., Mallet, M., Roge, G., "A relationship between stabilized finite element methods and the Galerkin method with bubble functions", Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 96 (1992), 117 129 [3] Russo, A., "Bubble stabilization of finite element methodsfor the linearized incompressible Navier - Stokes equations",Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 132 (1996), 335 - 343 [4] Brezzi, F., Pitkaranta, J., "On the stabilization offinite element approximations of the Stokes equations", In: W. Hackbusch (ed.): Efficient Solutions of Elliptic Systems, Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics v. 10, ViewegVerlag, Braunschweig, 1984, 11 - 19 [5] Franca, L. P., Frey, S. L., "Stabilized finite element methods. II: The incompressible Navier - Stokes equations", Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 99 (1992), 209 - 233 [6] Tobiska, L., Verfurth, R., "Analysis of a streamline diffusion finite element method for the Stokes and Navier Stokes equations", SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 33 (1996), 107 -127

A STABILIZED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR 3D COMPUTATION OF FLUID-PARTICLE INTERACTIONS WITH PERIODIC DOMAINS
T. Tezduyar and A. Johnson
(1) - Army HPC Research Center. Rice University. E-mail : tezduyar@rice.edu

ABSTRACT
We present a stabilized finite element formulation for 3D computation of fluid-particle interactions over periodic spatial domains. The purpose in this class of computations is to develop better understanding of the constitutive behavior of fluid particle mixtures. This approach is for fluid - particle mixtures for which it is better to develop such constitutive models rather than attempting to simulate the complete system of fluidparticle mixture where the number of particles exceed reasonable limits. The method is based on a space - time formulation, and takes into account the mesh generation, mesh update, and parallel implementation issues.

A HIERARCHICAL BASIS FOR STABILIZED FINITE ELEMENT METHODS IN FLUID DYNAMICS

K.E. Jansen and C.H. Whiting

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(1) - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. E-mail : kjansen@scorec.rpi.edu (2) - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. E-mail : cwhiting@scorec.rpi.edu

ABSTRACT
A stabilized finite element formulation for fluid dynamics using mesh - entity based hierarchical basis functions is presented. Stabilized finite element methods have been shown to perform well on a variety of flows including turbulence applications. The numerical formulation is presented in the context of the p - version finite element method for the 3 dimensional, compressible and incompressible Navier Stokes equations. Laminar channel flow studies are presented that verify the theoretical convergence results. More complex simulations including large-eddy simulations of turbulence will also be presented. In these cases, new filtering operators which exploit the hierarchic nature of the basis will be described and contrasted with traditional LES filters. The higher order simulations are compared to traditional linear basis finite element methods.

AVOIDING ARTIFICIAL KINEMATIC MODES IN EAS-ELEMENTS AT LARGE STRAINS VIA A DEFORMATION DEPENDENT STABILIZATION TECHNIQUE
W.A. Wall, M. Bischoff and E. Ramm
(1) - Institute of Structural Mechanics University of Stuttgart. E-mail : wwall@statik.uni-stuttgart.de (2) - Institute of Structural Mechanics, University of Stuttgart. E-mail : bischoff@statik.uni-stuttgart.de (3) - Institute of Structural Mechanics, University of Stuttgart. E-mail : eramm@statik.uni-stuttgart.de

ABSTRACT
The enhanced assumed strain (EAS) method is one of the most popular concepts to avoid both shear locking and volumetric locking in structural finite elements. However, in large strain calculations an obstacle impedes a general application of EAS - elements, because here artificial `hourglass' modes occur. The present investigation relies on the comprehension, that the reason for the instability effect is an improper representation of the kinematic equations which does not diminish with mesh refinement. This can be explained graphically by using the analogy between the EAS method and the method of incompatible modes. More precisely, it turns out that for the hourglass patterns, the interelement continuity conditions for the "incompatible" displacements are severely violated, and this violation does not disappear as the number of elements tends to infinity. The point of instability can even be determined analytically by a simple mechanical model, without making use of eigenvalue analyses. Inspired by recent investigations in the field of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), where stabilization techniques are successfully used to enhance stability while preserving consistency and accuracy, the authors developed a similar concept for solid elements. The basic idea is to introduce a mechanically motivated, displacement dependent stabilization term that is designed to fulfill two basic requirements: first, it should remove the artificial kinematic modes and second it should not re-introduce artificial stiffness, i.e. locking. It is derived through straightforward variational calculus and preserves symmetry of the element stiffness matrix. One of the main merits of the method is that no uncertain "large numbers" are involved, but all components of the stabilization term are derived directly from the actual displacements and stresses. A feasible design for such a stabilization term can be found with the help of physical insight into the instability problem together with eigenvalue analyses of the element stiffness matrices. Thus, different modes of instability can be tackled selectively by corresponding stabilization terms. The numerical results confirm that only the problematic modes are influenced by the stabilization procedure. The presented stabilization technique is applied for fully stabilizing the popular Q1E4-element, i.e. an EAS element with 4 enhanced strain parameters. The resulting element, termed SQ1E4, is able to represent in-plane bending deformations without shear and volumetric locking effects and does not suffer from artificial kinematic modes. Furthermore, the additional numerical effort for the stabilization is of minor influence on the overall computation time.

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TAKE CARE OF THE GRADIENTS AND THE FUNCTIONS WILL TAKE CARE OF THEMSELVES
P.E. Barbone and I. Harari
(1) - Dept. of Aerospace & Mech. Engineering Boston University. E-mail : Barbone@bu.edu (2) - E-mail :harari@eng.tau.ac.il

ABSTRACT
For the Laplace operator, best approximation in the energy norm guarantees good performance of finite element computation at any mesh refinement. However, this is not the case in general. For example, singular diffusion problems governed by the modified Helmholtz equation retain best approximation in the related energy norm. Nevertheless, spurious oscillations may arise in the vicinity of boundary layers, due to diminishing capability to control derivatives with decreasing relative value of the coefficients of the Laplacian. Furthermore, best approximation is not always well-posed. The Helmholtz operator, describing time-harmonic waves, is such a case since it may lose ellipticity with increasing wave number (the bilinear form no longer induces a norm). This is related to the pollution effect, in which finite element solutions of the Helmholtz equation differ significantly from the best approximation [1], due to spurious dispersion in the computation. Many approaches to alleviating these difficulties have been proposed, usually based on modifications of the classical Galerkin method. Among these methods are: Galerkin/least-squares [2], residual-free bubbles [3], variational multiscale [4], and partition of unity [5]. We approach this issue in an alternative, straightforward manner. The goal is best approximation in the H1 semi-norm for any operator, regardless of the related energy norm. The projection of the exact solution, in terms of the inner product that induces the H1 semi-norm, is related to the constrained minimization of the error, subject to the equations of the original boundary-value problem as constraints. Formulating the projection problem is simple, but solving it is problematic since the exact solution is not known. A related Petrov-Galerkin formulation retains H1 best approximation, yet may be solved directly. Simple guidelines for obtaining the desired Petrov-Galerkin weighting functions from the standard Galerkin functions are presented. The optimal weighting functions have global support. Considering local weighting functions, for computational efficiency, leads to a Petrov - Galerkin formulation that approximates H1 optimality. An indication of the distance of the computed solution from the H1 projection arises naturally in the derivation. This measure is related to the lack of symmetry of the formulation (and for the Laplacian, of course, it vanishes). Neglecting this term is a relaxation of the assumption made in the variational multiscale approach [4]. Numerical examples of the application of this approach to the Helmholtz equation are presented.

REFERENCES
[1] I. Babuska , F. Ihlenburg, E.T. Paik, and S.A. Sauter, "A generalized finite element method for solving the Helmholtz equation in two dimensions with minimal pollution", Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 128(34), 325-359 (1995). [2] T.J.R. Hughes, L.P. Franca , and G.M. Hulbert , "A new finite element formulation for computational fluid dynamics. VIII. The Galerkin / least-squares method for advective-diffusive equations", Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 73(2), 173-189 (1989). [3] L.P. Franca and A. Russo , "Unlocking with residual-free bubbles", Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 142(34), 361-364 (1997). [4] T.J.R. Hughes, "Multiscale phenomena: Green's functions, the Dirichlet - to - Neumann formulation, subgrid scale models, bubbles and the origins of stabilized methods", Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 127(1-4), 387401 (1995). [5] I. Babuska and J.M. Melenk, "The partition of unity method", Internat. J. Numer. Methods Engrg. 40(4), 727-758 (1997).

STABILIZED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS WITH CORIOLIS FORCES AND PERMEABILITY EFFECTS
R. Codina
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(1) - E-mail :codina@ce.Berkeley.EDU

ABSTRACT
The objective of this work is to describe a finite element formulation for the numerical solution of the stationary incompressible Navier - Stokes equations including Coriolis forces and the permeability of the medium. The momentum equation includes in this case a zero-order term for the velocity. The standard Galerkin formulation fails when it is applied to solve the problem considered in this work. Firstly, it is well known that the velocity and pressure finite element spaces must satify the inf-sup condition. Even in this case, oscillations may appear when convection is dominant or when Coriolis forces dominate the viscous ones. When the permeability of the medium is taken into account, localized oscillations may also appear near the boundaries if the permeability coefficient is very small. The stabilized method is based on the algebraic version of the sub - gridscale approach. This technique is first described for general systems of convection-diffusion-reaction equations and then it is applied to thelinearized flow equations as a particular case of this type of problems. The important point is the design of the matrix of stabilization parameters that the method has. This design is based on the identification of the stability problems of the Galerkin method and a scaling of variables argument to determine which coefficients must be included in the stabilization matrix. This, together with the convergence analysis of the linearized problem, leads to a simple expression for the stabilization parameters in the general situation considered in the paper. The numerical analysis of the linearized problem also shows that the method has optimal convergence properties.

LARGE EDDY SIMULATION AND THE VARIATIONAL MULTISCALE METHOD

T.J.R. Hughes
(1) - Stanford University Div. of Mechanics and Computation. E-mail : hughes@am-sun2.stanford.edu

ABSTRACT
In many problems of practical interest, such as turbulence, it is not feasible to resolve all fine scale features numerically. Additionally, coarse scale behavior is often adequate for engineering purposes. Nevertheless, in order to accurately compute coarse scales, the effect of missing fine scales must be accounted for. In practice this amounts to employing Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and subgrid-scale models. The basic idea seems to have been originated by Smagorinsky in which an eddy viscosity is appended to the Navier-Stokes equations. The resulting system is asserted to govern the dynamics of the large eddys (i.e., coarse scales). The classical Smagorinsky model is known to possess a number of deficiencies. Recent progress in addressing these deficiencies has been made by self-adaptive optimization of the Smagorinsky model - the so-called "dynamic model" developed at the Center for Turbulence Research at Stanford. As an alternative for developing an improved LES model, the variational multiscale procedure is proposed. We merge a classical Smagorinsky model with a variational formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations in which the coarse and fine scales are modeled with different spaces. This setting seems to obviate many of the deficiencies of the Smagorinsky model ab initio and thereby possesses potential for improved numerical simulations. The derivation of the model is described and a summary of the models salient properties is presented.

STABILIZED FINITE ELEMENT METHODS FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW: A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW

T. De Mulder
(1) - E-mail :haecon@haecon.be
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ABSTRACT
This paper intends to present a comprehensive overview of the stabilized finite element methods which have been proposed in literature during the past two decades, and which are known under various but often confusing names (SUPG, PSPG, SD, GLS, GGLS,...). By means of appropriate notation and terminology, the relation between different methods is clarified. Scalar transport, Stokes and NavierStokes equations are treated consecutively. The symmetric advective-diffusive system interpretation of the latter equations allows to explain the appearance of a bulk viscosity term. The stabilization which those methods introduce into the classical Galerkin approach can be looked upon from three complementary points of view. Historically, the methods are said to be PetrovGalerkin weighted residual methods, i.e. the Galerkin weight functions are modified. From the implementation point of view, it is worth emphasizing the addition to the Galerkin discretization of a stabilization term which contains equation residuals. Finally, it is fruitful from the analysis point of view to interpret the stabilization methods as a Galerkin approach applied to a modified but equivalent PDE. The latter interpretation allows e.g. to explain why boundary integral modifications [1] have to be introduced into the stabilized methods when low equal-order velocity-pressure interpolation is employed. Similarly, the role of the bulk viscosity term can be clarified [2]. In a final part of the paper, the analogies between the foregoing stabilization methods and variant methods based on combinations of certain timestepping strategies and Galerkin space discretization [3] are discussed. In particular, the appearance and role of a bulk viscosity term as well as the necessity of boundary integral modifications are outlined.

REFERENCES
[1] J. J. Droux and T. J. R. Hughes, "A boundary integral modification of the Galerkin least -squares formulation for the Stokes problem", Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., Vol. 113, pp. 173-182, 1994. [2] T. De Mulder , "The role of bulk viscosity in stabilised finite element formulations for incompressible flow : a review", Comput. Methods in Appl. Mech. Engrg., Vol. 163, pp. 1 - 0, 1998. [3] O. Zienkiewicz and J. Wu, "Incompressibility without tears - How to avoid restrictions of mixed formulation", Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., Vol. 32, pp. 1189-1203, 1991.

AN EDGE BASED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS

A. Soulaimani and A. Rebaine
(1) - Ecole de technologie suprieure, Montreal. E-mail : azedine@mec.etsmtl.ca (2) - Ecole de technologie suprieure, Montreal

ABSTRACT
A finite element formulation for solving multidimensional compressible flows is presented. This method has been inspired by our experience with the SUPG, the Finite Volume and the discontinuousGalerkin methods. Our objective is to obtain a stable and accurate finite element formulation for multidimensional hyperboloic-parabolic systems with particular emphasis on compressible flows. In the proposed formulation, the upwiding effects are introduced by considering the flow characteristics along the normal vectors to the element interfaces. Preliminary numerical results in 2D and 3D are encouraging. It is expected that further numerical experiments and a theoretical analysis will lead to more insight into this promising formulation. Many stabilization approaches have been proposed in the literature during the last two decades, each introducing in a different way an additional dissipation to the original centered scheme. For example, a popular class of finite element methods for compressible flows is based upon the Lax-Wendroff/Taylor-Galerkin scheme proposed by Dona. However, these methods experience spurious oscillations for multidimensional hyperbolic systems, so that an artificial viscosity is introduced. Another class of methods is based on the SUPG formulation introduced by Hughes-Brooks and has been applied first by Hughes-Tezduyar to compressible flows. These (original) schemes suffer also from spurious oscillations in high gradient zones. Later works by Hughes and his coworkers improved the SUPG stability through the use of a new set of variables, called entropy variables, and a shock capturing operator. These works led naturally to the introduction of the Galerkin-Least-Squares formulation to fluid flows. In the same spirit, Soulaimani-Fortin developed a Petrov-Galerkin formulation which used the conservative variables and simplified the design of the shock capturing operator and of the well known stabilization
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matrix. This formulation has been also extended to other types of independent variables. In the present work, a new stabilization formulation called EBS is introduced which lies between the SUPG method and the Finite-Volume formulation. This formulation inherits the good properties of both of the above methods: higher order accuracy and stability in solving all range speeds compressible flows.

STABILIZATION BY MULTILEVEL TECHNIQUES AND WAVELETS

S. Bertoluzza
(1) - E-mail :aivlis@ian.pv.cnr.it

ABSTRACT
We propose a stabilization strategy in which the stabilizing terms are based on inner products of Sobolev spaces of negative and/or fractional order. These are explicitly computable via multiscale decompositions such as hierarchical finite elements or wavelets (while in some sense classical SUPG or Galerkin/least -squares methods mimic their effect through discrete element-by-element weighted L2inner products. The resulting stabilized bilinear form is in general continuous and coercive with respect to the same (natural) norm. This allows to apply multilevel preconditioning techniques to the resulting stabilized linear system. Such a stabilization technique is therefore particularly well suited to be used in the framework of hierarchical discretization, where it is important not to loose the spectral features of the continuous operators considered. Applications to different types of non coercive or weakly coercive problems (Stokes, Non conforming domain Decomposition, Advection-Diffusion) will be discussed.

STABILIZATION OF THE ADVECTIVE-DIFFUSIVE EQUATIONS: UPWIND .VS ABSORBING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS. APPLICATION TO FREE SURFACE PROBLEMS IN NAVAL HYDRODYNAMICS
S. Idelsohn and M. Storti
(1) - International Centre for Comp. Meth. in Eng. (CIMEC). E-mail : rnsergio@arcride.edu.ar (2) - Intl. Centre for Computational Methods in Engineering (CIMEC)

ABSTRACT
Many numerical techniques have been devised in order to stabilize advective -diffusive systems in the limit where advection dominates. Most of them are based on the addition of some kind of numerical diffusion (also called stabilization term), even if this can be re-interpreted as a change in the weighting functions. The lack of stability of the advection-diffusion equation can also be interpreted as a reflection at the outgoing boundary and we can show that, for a certain class of 1D problems (including the well known case of Dirichlet boundary conditions at both ends) stabilization can be achieved by the enforcement of the desired "reflecting" boundary condition through an equivalent "absorbing" one. The relative success achieved with this numerical device lead us to extend it to a more challenging problem related to naval hydrodynamics. When a body moves near the free surface of a fluid, a pattern of trailing gravity waves is formed. The energy spent in building this pattern comes from the work done by the body against the wave resistance. Numerical modeling of this problem is a matter of high interest for ship design and marine engineering. It can be shown that the addition of a third order derivative of the potential to the free surface boundary conditions, adds a dissipative mechanism and captures the correct sense of propagation for the wave pattern. The amount of stabilization term added is related to the length of the mesh downstream of the body. If the stabilization is too low, the trailing waves arrive to the downstream boundary, are reflected in the upstream direction and pollute the solution. If it is too high, the trailing waves are damped and incorrect values of the drag are obtained. Extending the mesh in the downstream direction allows the use
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of a lower viscosity parameter, since the waves are damped in a larger distance, but increases the computational cost. Numerical experiences show that this third order streamline viscosity term is too dissipative and the meshes should be extended downstream too much. Dawson [1] proposed a method, where the fifth order derivative is used instead, with a very particular finite difference discretization. Most today codes are still using some kind of variant of the Dawson scheme. However, this very particular viscosity term is hard to extend to general boundary fitted meshes, not mentioning to unstructured computational methods like finite elements. Another possibility that is investigated in this work is to use an absorbing boundary condition in the downstream boundary [2]. With such a numerical device there is no need to add a numerical viscosity term, since the trailing waves are not reflected upstream, and a usual centered scheme can be used for the free surface boundary term. As a bonus, with such a centered scheme the trailing waves do not dampen and the drag can be computed in terms of the momentum flow through a plane arbitrarily located downstream of the body.

REFERENCES
[1]. C.W. Dawson, "A Practical Computer Method for Solving Ship-Wave Problems", in Proceedings 2nd International Conference on Numerical Ships Hydrodynamics, pp. 30-38, Berkeley, 1977. [2] M. Storti , J. D'Ela and S. Idelsohn , "Algebraic Discrete Non-Local (DNL) Absorbing Boundary Condition for the Ship Wave Resistance Problem", Journal of Computational Physics, 146, pp. 570-602, 1998.

STABILIZED PLATE BENDING ELEMENTS

R. Stenberg and M. Lyly
(1) - E-mail :stenberg@mat1.uibk.ac.at

ABSTRACT
We present two stabilized finite element formulations for the Reissner - Mindlin plate bending model. Ourfirst formulation is both a generalization of a method by Pitk aranta and a simplification of a formulation presented by Hughes and Franca. The formulation is stable and consistent independent of the basis functions used. Theright balance of the interpolation errors implies, however, that the polynomial degree used for the deflection should be one order higher than that used for the rotation. Our other formulation allows the use of equal order interpolation for the deflection and the rotation. This is achieved by combining our first stabilized formulation with the MITC covariant interpolation operator used in traditional plate elements. This formulation also includes optimally convergent linear and bilinear elements. Compared to earlier methods the present formulations have the advantage thatstandard finite element spaces can be used. In the traditional methods the spacesusually have to be augmented with bubble degrees of freedom, or at leastvery carefully chosen, in order that the Babuska - Brezzi - type stability conditions would be valid. Another advantage of the stabilized formulations is that they give a better conditioned stiffness matrix. This will improve the performance of many iterative solution techniques. In our talk we will present our formulations together with numerical results.

A STABILIZED FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION FOR FLOW OF INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLUID THROUGH POROUS MEDIA
A. Masud
(1) - E-mail :amasud@uic.edu

ABSTRACT

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This paper presents a stabilized finite element formulation of the equations that govern the flow of hydrocarbons in a permeable medium. The importance of having a higher order accurate method for the evaluation of the velocity field that can result in higher order accuracy in the prediction of the location and strength of propagating concentration front is highlightened. Accordingly, a mixed pressure-velocity formulation is proposed. The issue of pressure oscillation due to arbitrary combinations of pressurevelocity interpolation functions is addressed. The formulation is stabilized via the Galerkin/least-squares stabilization technique that shows improved performance over the classical Galerkin/variational method. Furthermore, the proposed formulation possesses better stability properties for a wide spectrum of convenient pressure-velocity interpolation functions. Specifically, the combinations of C0 interpolations which are unstable according to the Babuska Brezzi inf-sup condition (e.g., equal order interpolations) are shown to be stable and convergent within the present framework. Based on the stabilized formulation a family of 2-D elements comprising 3 and 6 node triangles and 4 and 9 node quadrilaterals has been developed. Some preliminary results are presented to show the perfomance of the method.

STABILIZED FEM AND TURBULENCE SECOND-MOMENT CLOSURES

A.C. Brasil Jr.
(1) - E-mail :brasil@enm.unb.br

ABSTRACT
Turbulent flows, formulated from a statistical point of view, are governed by the set of averaged conservation equations for mass and momentum. Those differential partial equations, for incompressible flows, involve a link between velocity, pressure and Reynolds Stress fields. For second-moment closures, the turbulent Reynolds stress is modeled by a set of additional equations for each component of the Reynolds stress tensor. Algebraic or differential models can express those equations. For both models, the numerical stability of the discretization of velocity, pressure and stress components have to be taken into account in the framework of the finite element method. The stabilization problem related to the discretization of the Reynolds stresses equations was first pointed by Huang & Leschziner [1] for the finite volume method. Stable solutions have been obtained using a staggered discretization for the stress components in finite volume grids. More recently the use of non - staggered grids had been reported, and some new strategies have been presented [2]. For the FEM, the problem of stabilization of fluid mechanics problems described by a u - p -tau formulation is the same for non - Newtonian fluids [3], elasticity [4] or turbulence. For the turbulence, some mathematical characteristics of the Reynolds stress tensor, deduced from statistical correlations, can be used for a proper choice of stability parameters. In this paper a stabilized FEM for mixed u - p- tau formulation of turbulent flows is analyzed. A GLS method is proposed and tested in different cases (Free jet and backward facing step). Same order of interpolation is used for all fields. The numerical results are compared with experimental data, using both the algebraic and differential models. Agreement between numerical and experimental results was verified and no instabilities were observed for both test cases. A discussion concerning the choice of the stability parameter is presented.

REFERENCES
[1] P. G. Huang and M. A. Leschziner, "Stabilization of Recirculating - Flow computations performed with secondmoment closures and third-order discretization", 5th Turbulent Shear Flow Symposium, 20.7-20.12, Cornell USA, 1985. [2] S. G. Sajjadi and M. N. Waywell, "A stable algorithm for Reynolds stress turbulence modelling with applications to rectilinear and circular tidal flows", Int. J. for Num. Meth. In Fluids, 26, 251-280, 1998. [3] M.A.Silva Ramos, S.Frey and J.H.Carneiro de Araujo, "Stable Finite Element Approximations for Thermal Viscoelastic Flows", Mechanics Research Communications, 24, 203-208, 1998. [4] L. P. Franca and T. J. R. Hughes, "Two Classe of Mixed finite elements methods", Comp. Meth. in App. Mechanics and Engineering, 69, 89-129, 1988.

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A STABILIZED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS USING A INCREMENT CALCULUS FORMULATION
E. Onate, J. Garcia and S. Idelsohn
(1) - International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE). E-mail : onate@cimne.upc.es (3) - International Centre for Comp. Meth. in Eng. (CIMEC). E-mail : rnsergio@arcride.edu.ar

ABSTRACT
Finite element solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with the classical Galerkin method may suffer from numerical instabilities from two main sources. The first is due to the advectivediffusive character of the equations which induces oscillations for high values of the velocity. The second source has to do with the mixed character of the equations which limits the choice of finite element interpolations for the velocity and pressure fields. This paper presents a new point view for deriving stabilized numerical methods for incompressible flow problems. The starting point are the stabilized form of the governing differential equations derived via a "finite increment" calculus procedure. This technique presented in [1 -4] is based on writting the balance equations over a domain of finite size and retaining higher order terms. These terms incorporate the ingredients for the necessary stabilization of any numerical solution "already at a differential equations level". Applications of the standard Galerkin formulation to the consistently modified differential equations leads to a stabilized system of discretized equations which overcomes " the two problems" above mentioned (i.e. the advective type instability and that due to lack of compatibility between the velocity and pressure fields). In addition, the modified differential equations can be used to derive a numerical scheme for iteratively computing the stabilization parameters in a sort of model adaptivity procedure [3]. The paper is structured as follows. First the derivation of the stabilized modified differential equations for incompressible Navier-Stokes flows is presented. Details of the stabilized finite element formulation are then given. The case of simpler Stokes flows is considered next. It is described how the stabilized formulation obtained in this case can be used for solving the analogous incompressible elasticity problem. The stabilized transient case is also detailed. An enhanced fractional step procedure based on the new stabilized transient equations is presented. In the last part of the paper an adaptive procedure for computing the stabilization parameters is proposed. Examples of application to a range of inviscid and viscous fluid flow problems are presented. The possibility of using the new stabilized equations as the basis for analysis of turbulent flows is finally discussed.

REFERENCES
[1] E. Oate, "Derivation of stabilized equations for advective - diffusive transport and fluid flow problems", Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Engng., Vol. 151, 1-2, pp. 233-267, (1998). [2] E. Oate, J. Garca and S. Idelsohn , "Computation of the stabilization parameter for the finite element solution of advective-diffusive problems", Int. J. Num. Meth. Fluids, Vol. 25, pp. 1385 - 1407, (1997). [3] Oate, J. Garca and S. Idelsohn , "An Alpha - adaptive approach for stabilized finite element solution of advective-diffusive problems with sharp gradients", New Adv. In Adaptive Comp. Met. in Mech., P. Ladeveze and J.T. Oden (Eds.), Elsevier, (1998). [4] E. Oate and M. Manzn, "A general procedure for deriving stabilized space-time finite element methods for advective-diffusive problems", Publication CIMNE, No. 133, July (1998).

ON AN IMPROVED UNUSUAL STABILIZED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR THE ADVECTIVE-REACTIVE-DIFFUSIVE EQUATION
L.P. Franca and F. Valentin
(1) - University of Colorado at Denver. Center for Comp. Math. E-mail : lfranca@math.cudenver.edu (2) - E-mail :valentin@sar.inria.fr
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ABSTRACT
An improved unusual finite element method is studied herein for a second-order linear scalar differential equation including a zero order term. The method consists in subtracting from the standard Galerkin method a mesh dependent term suggested by static condensation of the bubbles. Based on this idea, a new stabilized parameter is constructed, which improves accuracy of the solution. Several numerical tests attest the efficiency of the present method and an error analysis is perfomed.

A HYBRID CONTROL VOLUME METHOD STABILIZED BY BUBBLEFUNCTIONS APPLIED TO FLUID FLOW IN CASTING PROCESSES
J. Neises and G. Laschet
(1) - E-mail :j.neises@access.rwth-aachen.de (2) - ACCESS e.V. E-mail : g.laschet@access.rwth-aachen.de

ABSTRACT
Computer simulations of casting processes are an invaluable aid to the foundry industries. Simulations help to advance solidification theory and casting techniques. Still much work remains to be done before accurate, predictive, and affordable three-dimensional simulations will be commonplace. Such simulations will enable the foundry industries to analyze and to optimize the casting process and to improve the final quality of their product. In this paper a control volume (CV) method based on finite element (FE) approximations and its application to fluid flow in casting processes are presented. The method is based on an equal - order approximation of the velocity and pressure fields, and is stabilized by the application of bubble - functions to velocity and their condensation from the weak form of the linearized Navier - Stokes equation. Mold - filling and convection influence the solidification during the whole casting process. Thus, their simulation is of primary importance. Moreover, the simulation of mold - filling merely relies on an accurate solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. To achieve the desired accuracy, a continuous pressure approximation is used in our discretization. Due to the inf-sup condition, the velocity approximation needs to be better than first order. A well known technique is to enrich the velocity field by bubble-functions [1]. These functions define additional degrees of freedom (DOF). They can be eliminated by static condensation, leading to a linear system depending only on the nodal velocity DOF. Bubble-functions combined with static condensation are classical in the FE framework. In this paper, a hybrid CV formulation [2] based on finite element approximations is used and extended by the introduction of bubble-functions. Starting from the linearized Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible flow, the bubble-functions DOF are condensated from the weak form. Thus, stabilizing terms have been derived and implemented. They lead to a new stabilization technique for unstructured 3-D meshes. The developed method is validated by academic tests. Finally, numerical results of mold filling applied to centrifugal casting of automotive valves are presented.

REFERENCES
[1] F. Brezzi , M.O. Bristeau, L. P. Franca, M. Mallet, G. Rog, "A relationship between stabilized finite element methods and the Galerkin method with Bubble-Functions", Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Engrg. 92 (1992), 117129 [2] J. Neises , I. Steinbach, "Finite Element Integration for the Control Volume Method", Comm. Num. Meth. Eng. 12 (1996), 543-555

APPLICATIONS OF STABILIZED GALERKIN METHOD IN FLOW PROBLEMS

Y. Taki, N. Shimosato, A. Numasato and K. Seguchi
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(1) - Department of Vehicle System Engineering. Meijo University. E-mail : taki@meijo-u.ac.jp (2) - Department of Vehicle System Engineering. Meijo University. E-mail : shimo@cmlab.meijo-u.ac.jp (3) - Department of Vehicle System Engineering. Meijo University. E-mail : numa@cmlab.meijo-u.ac.jp

ABSTRACT
Since the Galerkin/least-squares method concerned with the entropy variables, known as stabilized method, has been introduced by T. Hughes, the envelope of the capability to solve flow problems in industry is extended. It possess a good accuracy and stability properties and provides a unified framework for incompressible and compressible flows. The aim of this study is to apply the stabilized Finite Element Method to the detonation problem and FSI problem inducing self-excited oscillation. The studies of Detonation is interested in connection with a ram accelerator and it's unique physics. It is known that the trajectories of heat spots, "shock triple point", shows the fish-scale patterns imprinted on smoked foil. The detonation is a shock wave which has emanated from exothermic chemical reaction occurring behind propagating shock front. As one of FSI problems, we consider a flow problem in the collapsible tube. A self-excited oscillation takes place in a flow through a soft and elastic tube of thin wall such as a venular vessel or a natural rubber tube. This phenomenon is the so-called "vascular waterfall" phenomenon in the medical and physiological fields. Both above problems are formulated in the framework of the symmetric advective diffusive systems with Galerkin/least-squares stabilized method.

MODELING AN INCOMPRESSIBLE BEHAVIOR OF ELASTIC SOLIDS VIA A MIXED LEAST SQUARES METHOD
M. Tchonkova and S. Sture
(1) Dept. of Civil, Env. and Arch. Eng. Univ. of Colorado at Boulder. E-mail : parashke@rintintin.colorado.edu (2) - Dept. of Civil, Env. and Arch. Eng. Univ. of Colorado at Boulder. E-mail : sture@bechtel.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
The presentation includes a general formulation of a new mixed least squares numerical technique, based on the idea of representing the higher order partial differential equations as a first order system, weighting the residuals and formation of least squares functionals. The least squares numerical technique has been especially designed for application of multilevel iterative methods. The formulation of the method for Laplace equation and linear elasticity problem will be specified. The application of the new numerical technique to the solution of problems in linear elasticity will be discussed. The formulation involves separate approximation for displacements and stresses, allows for discontinuous or continuous approximation of displacements, results in a positive definite coefficient matrix and does not require compatibility between approximation spaces for displacements and stresses. The approximate solution of the linear elasticity problem is obtained by minimization of a least squares functional based on the constitutive equations and equations of equilibrium. The method allows selective continuous or discontinuous approximation of displacements over different parts of the problem domain. The mixed least squares method is implemented in an original `C' computer program. Its performance is tested on classical examples from theory of elasticity with well-known exact analytical solutions. Results from implementation of a constant displacement - bilinear stress element and bilinear displacement-bilinear stress element are presented. Several computational examples involving an incompressible elastic material (Poisson ratio exactly equal to 0.5, plane strain case), and a combination of compressible and incompressible materials suggest that the rates of convergence for both: displacements and stresses seem to be independent of Poisson ratio. A condition for the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the discrete problem is established. The uniqueness of the solution is verified analytically and numerically for two low order piece-wise polynomial finite element spaces. The initial computational and analytical results illustrate that the least squares mixed formulation exhibits capabilities which are difficult or impossible to achieve with standard finite element methods, and makes this original development an attractive field for future applications.or discontinuous approximation of displacements over different parts of the problem domain. The mixed least squares method is implemented in an original `C' computer program. Its performance is tested on classical examples from theory of elasticity with well-known exact
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analytical solutions. Results from implementation of a constant displacement - bilinear stress element and bilinear displacement-bilinear stress element are presented. Several computational examples involving an incompressible elastic material (Poisson ratio exactly equal to 0.5, plane strain case), and a combination of compressible and incompressible materials suggest that the rates of convergence for both: displacements and stresses seem to be independent of Poisson ratio. A condition for the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the discrete problem is established. The uniqueness of the solution is verified analytically and numerically for two low order piece-wise polynomial finite element spaces. The initial computational and analytical results illustrate that the least squares mixed formulation exhibits capabilities which are difficult or impossible to achieve with standard finite element methods, and makes this original development an attractive field for future applications.

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Minisymposium

Computational Mechanics Applied to Semiconductor and Microelectronic Technology

Krishna Garikipati, N. Aluru and R.W Dutton
SESSION 1
ACCURACY IMPROVEMENTS FOR SIMULATING THERMAL OXIDATION A. Pomp, S. Zelenka, N. Strecker and W. Fichtner..........................................................................................................252 COUPLED DIFFUSION, REACTION AND MECHANICS MODELS APPLIED TO THE PROCESSING OF ISOLATION STRUCTURES IN IC TECHNOLOGY V.S. Rao and K. Garikipati .............................................................................................................................................253 SIMULATION OF LITHOGRAPHIC PROCESSES IN PHOTORESISTS S. Govindjee ...................................................................................................................................................................254 AN EULERIAN FORMULATION FOR MOVING INTERFACES USING LEVEL SET METHOD WITH APPLICATION TO ELECTRO-MIGRATION PROBLEM H.K. Zhao, Z. Li and H. Gao ..........................................................................................................................................254 EXTRINSIC STRESS EFFECTS ON DOPANT DIFFUSION IN SILICON M. Laudon, W. Windl and M. Masquelier.......................................................................................................................255

SESSION 2
DIFFUSE INTERFACE SIMULATIONS OF ELECTROMIGRATION AND STRESS INDUCED VOID EVOLUTION IN INTERCONNECT LINES D.N. Bhate, A. Kumar and A. Bower ..............................................................................................................................255 MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELS FOR THE COUPLED THERMODYNAMIC AND MECHANICAL EQUILIBRIUM OF POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS K. Garikipati, L. Bassman and M. Deal..........................................................................................................................256 INTEGRATION OF TCAD TOOLS INTO CAD TOOLS FOR MEMS N.M. Wilson, P.M. Pinsky and R.W. Dutton ...................................................................................................................257 A HYBRID FINITE-ELEMENT/BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODELING OF COUPLED ELECTRO-MECHANICAL DEVICES D.S. Long, M.A. Shannon and N.R. Aluru.......................................................................................................................258

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ACCURACY IMPROVEMENTS FOR SIMULATING THERMAL OXIDATION

A. Pomp, S. Zelenka, N. Strecker and W. Fichtner
(1) - Integrated Systems Laboratory. ETH-Zentrum. E-mail : pomp@iis.ee.ethz.ch (2) - Integrated Systems Laboratory. ETH-Zentrum. E-mail : zelenka@iis.ee.ethz.ch (3) - Technopark, Technoparkstr. E-mail : strecker@ise.ch

ABSTRACT
As well-known, the simulation of thermal silicon oxidation requires a lot of computational resources, especially, if it is carried over from the two-dimensional to the three-dimensional case. Using more accurate models and numerical methods contributes to save computational resources and to obtain reliable simulation results. For thermal oxidation we use a model which conta ins, to the best of our knowledge, all essential features, namely: - Maxwell's model of viscoelasticity for oxide flow with stress dependent viscosity; - reaction rate at the oxidation front depends on normal stress component and on crystal orientation; - stress dependent diffusivity; - the new produced oxide has initial tangential stresses; - surface traction for oxide; - all materials, e. g., substrate, polysilicon or masks can be treated optional as elastic or viscoelastic; - the spatial discretization of all equations (diffusion, viscoelastic, elastic) is performed by a unified scheme based on the box method on Delaunay grids. For this model we want to present some possibilities to improve the numerical accuracy and to accelerate the simulation. - The numerical error produced by time discretization can be reduced by one order if trapezoidal rule is used instead of implicit Euler scheme. But special effort is necessary here to include both limiting cases, namely pure elastic behavior for low temperatures and purely viscous behavior for high temperatures. - Due to the stress dependent viscosity we have in each case a nonlinear model (except in the purely elastic case). But then it is advisable, with only few additional numerical effort, to include the geometrical nonlinearities generated by large deformations. Clearly, within each time step the deformations are small but these errors sum up and neglecting them may produce a large final numerical error. - The boundaries of the computational domain are changing with time and sometimes even the topology changes (breakthrough effects of the oxide). We demonstrate how these difficulties can be reduced by usage of material coordinates instead of spatial ones. Then the complete device can be treated within each time step on a fixed geometrical domain where only the image of the oxidation front still is moving. Geometry update is performed by postprocessing after each time step using a "moving grid algorithm". Due to the material coordinates, this "decoupling" produces no additional discretization errors. Numerical examples will demonstrate how the described model assumptions and discretization schemes work in practice.

COUPLED DIFFUSION, REACTION AND MECHANICS MODELS APPLIED TO THE PROCESSING OF ISOLATION STRUCTURES IN IC TECHNOLOGY
V.S. Rao and K. Garikipati
(1) - Center for Integrated Systems. Stanford University. E-mail : rao@cambridge.scr.slb.com (2) - Schlumberger Cambridge Research Limited. E-mail : krishna@gloworm.stanford.edu

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ABSTRACT
Isolation structures are employed in IC technology to provide insulation between current-carrying Silicon regions. The processing sequence involves steps such as etching away of material, deposition of new material, diffusion of Oxygen, oxidation, moving interfaces between Silicon and Silicon dioxide, and the mechanics associated with large volume changes. Additionally, these steps are carried out at temperatures in the range of 900-1000 deg. C. The profiles assumed by various materials, their interfaces, the stress generated during the process and residual stress at the end, all affect the electrical characteristics of the device. Additionally, nucleation of dislocations in Silicon results in catastrophic degeneration of electrical performance. The physical, mathematical and numerical models required for the analysis and prediction of the device structure resulting from the isolation process sequence are outlined. The mathematical models are rigorously based on continuum mechanics. The diffusion-reaction problem is treated on the basis of mass balance laws. A Rankine-Hugoniot relation is arrived for the velocity of the moving Silicon/Silicon dioxide interface. A levelset formulation has been employed to treat the moving interface. This results in a nonlinear advection equation that can be defined over the entire problem domain. At points away from the interface, the velocity of levelset contours is obtained via a closest point projection. The interface is allowed to pass through elements and separates the domain into Silicon and Silicon dioxide regions. The newly formed Silicon dioxide instantaneously expands to a stress-free volume that is 2.2 times that of Silicon. Finite strain kinematics are invoked to model the accompanying mechanics. This expansion is constrained by surrounding material. The stress that arises thereby is modelled at the constitutive level within a neo-Hookean stored energy function. A standardsolid viscoelastic model has been adopted for the oxide and other dielectrics. Silicon dioxide, when annealed at temperatures greater than 650 C, demonstrates a complex, time dependent density relaxation which is parametrized by temperature. The associated stress-free expansion has been phenomenologically treated via an internal variable formulation. Advanced finite element methods have been developed for the numerical solution of the mathematical models mentioned above. The Oxygen concentration develops a discontinuity across the Silicon/Silicon dioxide interface. The governing differential equation for diffusion therefore must admit discontinuities. Numerically, these are treated in the setting of "enhanced gradient" finite element methods to allow discontinuous fields within an element. The nonlinear advection equation requires numerical stabilization, which is provided by taking recourse to the Galerkin Least Squares formulation. The Silicon dioxide region in an element containing the interface has a stress-free volume that is 2.2 times that of Silicon in the remaining part of the element. This highly inhomogeneous expansion is treated in the context of enhanced strain finite element methods. The finite element implementation allows the numerical solution of the entire process sequence involved in Shallow Trench Isolation, which is the isolation technology for current and next generation IC structures.

SIMULATION OF LITHOGRAPHIC PROCESSES IN PHOTORESISTS

S. Govindjee
(1) - University of California at Berkeley Department of Civil Engineering. E-mail : sanjay@ce.berkeley.edu

ABSTRACT
The simulation of lithographic processes in resists involves a set of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations that govern momentum balance, mass balance, and chemical species balance. The process can generate high stresses and large deformations which eventually impacts the electronic design goals of the processes. Such processes are inherently very complex and highly dependent on specific material systems. In order to do process design in a rapid fashion, robust efficient simulation tools are needed. In this presentation, several methods for solving the the governing relations in a finite element setting are presented and compared for material properties appropriate for fabrication of semiconductor devices. In particular, we examine the utility of applying for this class of problems operator split methods, direct monolithic schemes, and rank one and higher order secant correction methods.

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AN EULERIAN FORMULATION FOR MOVING INTERFACES USING LEVEL SET METHOD WITH APPLICATION TO ELECTRO-MIGRATION PROBLEM
H.K. Zhao, Z. Li and H. Gao
(1) - Department of Mathematics, Stanford University. E-mail : zhao@math.stanford.edu (2) - Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University (3) - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University. E-mail : gao@am-sun2.stanford.edu

ABSTRACT
In many physical problems, mass transport along interfaces such as surface diffusion and grain boundary diffusion becomes increasingly important as the characteristic length scale is reduced. The dynamics of these processes is of great interest to material scientists and biologists. The problem considered here involves interaction of voids under electro-migration in a conducting metal line where the driving forces for diffusion are the gradient of curvature and electric potential along the void boundary. The normal velocity of the void surface is given by the partial differential equation (PDE) Un = Delta(s) ( C1 phi + C2 kappa), where Delta(s) is surface Laplacian, phi is the potential function associated with an applied electric field and kappa is the mean curvature along the boundary; The coefficients C1, C2 are related to physical constants. The mathematical model involves moving boundaries governed by a fourth order nonlinear partial differential equation which contains a nonlocal term corresponding to the electrical field and a nonlinear term corresponding to the curvature. A void bounded by a closed surface conserves its volume during surface diffusion. Delta(s) phi drifts the void along with the electric current; Delta(s) kappa tries to minimize the surface area. The main numerical challenges for the present problem include (a) constructing an efficient and accurate Poisson solver in arbitrary domain, (b) tracking topological changes (breaking, merging) along a moving interface, (c) evaluating surface Laplacian operator along the interface. We propose a general framework for capturing moving interfaces on a fixed Cartesian grid without having to re-mesh as interfaces move. For this purpose, we introduce the modified immersed-interface-method to solve the Poisson equation for the electric potential in an arbitrary domain. This procedure is efficient (FFT is used) and is second order accurate. We show that the system can be preconditioned so that the convergence is almost independent of the mesh size. We use the local level set method to update the interface which can capture topological changes and singularities easily. We derive a general formula for surface Laplacian operator in Cartesian coordinates along the interface represented implicitly by a level set function.

EXTRINSIC STRESS EFFECTS ON DOPANT DIFFUSION IN SILICON

M. Laudon, W. Windl and M. Masquelier
(1) - Motorola, Computational Technology Lab. Los Alamos National Laboratory. E-mail : R43785@email.sps.mot.com (2) - Motorola, Computational Technology Lab. Los Alamos National Laboratory (3) - Motorola, Computational Technology Lab. Los Alamos National Laboratory

ABSTRACT
The coupling effect of dislocation formation and dopant diffusion with extrinsically generated stress fields is typically assumed trivial in semiconductor device design. These TCAD assumptions for dopant diffusion in silicon have traditionally been valid due to relatively low stress values in the gate material (poly-silicon on silicon) and because the resulting fluctuations in the dopant profile due to stress were relatively small compared to the gate length. As gate lengths reduce in size and as more exotic materials and designs are used in the gate, stress mediated diffusion becomes a more prevalent component in determining the final dopant profile and subsequent device performance. The currently accepted relation between stress and diffusion can be summarized as follows: tensile stress enhances interstitial diffusion and retards vacancy diffusion, while compressive stress retards interstitial diffusion and enhances vacancy diffusion [1,2]. In previous work, this relation has typically assumed a hydrostatic state of stress in the substrate. However, since stress is a tensor, the resulting
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diffusivity representation should rather be developed as a tensor, leading to the necessity of a local directionally dependent diffusion solution [3]. This work addresses stress mediated diffusion by linking ab initio results with continuum elasticity and diffusion solvers. Ab initio pseudopotential calculations in conjunction with the nudged elastic band method are used to determine formation and migration energies as a function of stress. High temperature finite element stress solutions are performed in order to simulate the rapid thermal anneal (RTA) process used for dopant diffusion and activation. The temperature dependent stress field is subsequently linked to a diffusion simulator using the energy vs. pressure relations determined with the first principle calculations. The resulting computational capability can be used to predict and correct for stress effects caused by gate geometry, SOI, trench isolation and integrated device processes.

REFERENCES
[1] H. Park, et al., J. Appl. Phys. 78, 3664 (1995). [2] S. Chaudhry and M. Law, J. Appl. Phys. 82, 1138 (1997). [3] Y. Zhao and M. Aziz, Appl Phys. Lett., 74, 31 (1999).

DIFFUSE INTERFACE SIMULATIONS OF ELECTROMIGRATION AND STRESS INDUCED VOID EVOLUTION IN INTERCONNECT LINES
D.N. Bhate, A. Kumar and A. Bower
(1) - Division of engineering. Brown University. E-mail : Deepali_Bhate@brown.edu (2) - Division of Engineering. Brown University. E-mail : akumar@isaac.engin.brown.edu (3) - Division of engineering. Brown University

ABSTRACT
Continuing advances in microelectronic technology have led to a substantial reduction in the size of the interconnect lines used to connect neighboring components in integrated circuits. The microscopic dimensions of typical interconnect lines, and the high residual stresses and electric current densities experienced by them, make these lines susceptible to failure by the nucleation and growth of voids. Existing techniques for simulating this phenomenon rely primarily on sharp interface models, based on an explicit tracking of void surfaces and their motion. We present a novel diffuse interface model for simulating electromigration and stress voiding in interconnect lines. This avoids the surface tracking required by the sharp interface models, by the introduction of a smooth order parameter field that describes void structure. The order parameter field takes on uniform values in the solid material and the void, and varies rapidly from one value to the other over a narrow transition layer associated with the void surface. Void evolution is then described by a field equation for the order parameter field. This is derived by assuming that voids evolve by coupled bulk and surface diffusion, under the combined influence of elastic stresses and the electron wind force. Consistence of the model with existing sharp interface theories is shown using a matched asymptotic analysis. A dynamic finite element scheme is used to solve the diffuse interface model, coupled with standard finite element solutions to the accompanying mechanical and electrical problems. Finally, the model developed is applied to simulate the evolution and migration of transgranular voids in two-dimensional interconnect lines.

MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELS FOR THE COUPLED THERMODYNAMIC AND MECHANICAL EQUILIBRIUM OF POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
K. Garikipati, L. Bassman and M. Deal
(1) - Schlumberger Cambridge Research Limited. E-mail : krishna@gloworm.stanford.edu
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(2) - Center for Integrated Systems. Stanford University. E-mail : bassman@gloworm.stanford.edu (3) - Center for Integrated Systems. Stanford University. E-mail : deal@ee.stanford.edu

ABSTRACT
A new formulation and computational framework are presented for modeling coupled selfdiffusion and mechanics in polycrystalline materials. The motivation for this work is to provide a sufficiently general model that will enable the treatment of arbitrary boundary value problems. This is to be contrasted with previous treatments of the problem in an analytic, 1D framework or simple, regular domains. Specifically, the aim is to explain the results of electromigration experiments and the mechanism for hillock formation in thin metal films. The novel continuum formulation includes constitutive models derived from lattice-level thermodynamic and mechanical considerations. From a complete statement of the change in free energy with respect to concentrations of atoms and vacancies, constitutive equations for both chemical potential and stress are derived in a consistent manner. These expressions allow for different properties in regions of high disorder where sources and sinks for vacancies are active (i.e. grain boundaries and dislocation clusters) and in defect-free regions of grains. In disordered regions the vacancy concentrations go to their stress-dependent equilibrium values. The equilibrium concentration also is derived from the free energy expression and requires the solution of a transcendental equation. Three sources of vacancy flux may be identified in the formulation: concentration gradients as in Fick's Law, stresses arising from externally applied tractions, and self-stresses resulting from changes in vacancy concentration. The flux terms consist of high-order polynomial terms which render the diffusion problem nonlinear. Similarities exist with respect to the models of Larch. However, the thermodynamic basis is more detailed and complete for this problem, giving rise to the features described above. The computational methods implemented permit the inclusion of physically realistic material property variations across grain boundary regions with an approach designed for multiple length scales. Ideas from enhanced strain finite element methods are employed to capture sharply varying concentration fields in regions of disorder. The update of vacancy concentrations is achieved with a mass balance equation which is in advection-diffusion form. Such equations require stabilization to prevent oscillations in the finite element solution. The implementation of the coupled formulation is with a stable staggered scheme, which can also include the solution for the electromigration driving force. Movement of grain boundaries will be treated using the formalism of levelset methods. These ingredients will be employed to demonstrate creep behavior in a continuum setting via lattice-level mechanisms. This will form the first step toward general mathematical and computational models for self-diffusion in interconnect lines appearing in integrated circuits.

INTEGRATION OF TCAD TOOLS INTO CAD TOOLS FOR MEMS

N.M. Wilson, P.M. Pinsky and R.W. Dutton
(1) - Dept. of Mech. and Electrical Engineering. Stanford University. E-mail : nwilson@gloworm.Stanford.EDU (2) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. Stanford University, Stanford. E-mail : pinsky@stanford.edu (3) - Dept. of Mech. and Electrical Engineering. Stanford University. E-mail : dutton@gloworm.stanford.edu

ABSTRACT
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) offer dramatic new functional capabilities. Analysis of MEMS is a challenge; the structures are geometrically complicated, electromechanically coupled, and inherently three-dimensional. The multi-domain physics for MEMS includes electrical, mechanical, and fluidic interactions. Effects of each domain need to be accurately simulated to correctly predict device performance. In addition, IC-based fabrication techniques require the modeling of complex material behavior and processing such as oxidation, etching, deposition, and diffusion. Two quite different modeling methodologies are being pursued among the MEMS community. The "homogeneous" approach is to develop tightly integrated component simulation tools and design methodology. Alternatively, a "heterogeneous" approach is one that wraps distinctly different end-user software packages to create a "meta" tool. Currently available implementations have limitations especially in the area of creating and utilizing complex geometry. A geometry server under development at Stanford

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will be discussed, built on top of the solid modeling kernel Shapes [1], that permits the efficient integration of process simulation results into a portable geometric model. Many commercial and academic systems for MEMS analysis rely on purely geometric operations to create device geometry. While Technology CAD (TCAD) tools exist for creating geometry for the VLSI community, there are unique challenges posed by MEMS. Modeling challenges include the size (and aspect ratios) of typical structures, residual stresses which create initial curvature in ideally flat devices, and effects of the materials used. If 3-D process simulation for the entire device were performed to predict geometry, it would require excessive amounts of computing resources including time and memory that exceed current limitations of software and hardware. In addition, due to some of the features of typical devices, much of the device does not gain geometric accuracy from 3-D simulation compared to using 2-D typical cross-sections. This motivates the novel method to be discussed which utilizes existing tools in a computationally efficient method to achieve accurate and practical geometry. A technique referred to as "domain decomposition" will be presented that utilizes a combination of 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D process simulation to build physically accurate geometry of MEMS for simulation [2,3]. The domain decomposition technique is an automated process that uses process flow, mask layouts, and a set of heuristics to determine which regions on the wafer require 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D simulation. The appropriate order of simulation is then performed and the results are automatically combined to create a useful geometry that can be used for simulation of device behavior.

REFERENCES
[1] Shapes, by XOX, Inc., http://www.xox.com [2] N. M. Wilson, R. W. Dutton, and P. M. Pinsky, "Utilizing Existing TCAD Simulation Tools to Create Solid Models for the Simulation Based Design of MEMS Devices", Proceedings of International Mechanical Engineering Conference and Exposition, November 15-20, 1998, pp. 565-570. [3] N. M. Wilson, S. Li ang, P. M. Pinsky, and R. W. Dutton, "A Novel Method to Utilize Existing TCAD Tools to Build Accurate Geometry Required for MEMS simulation", Proceedings of Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, April 19-21, 1999, pp. 120-123.

A HYBRID FINITE-ELEMENT/BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD FOR TWODIMENSIONAL MODELING OF COUPLED ELECTRO-MECHANICAL DEVICES
D.S. Long, M.A. Shannon and N.R. Aluru
(1) - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. E-mail : dslong@uiuc.edu (2) - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. E-mail : mas1@uiuc.edu (3) - Department of General Engineering. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. E-mail : aluru@uiuc.edu

ABSTRACT
The rapid growth and development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) in the recent years has provided abundant ground for the mathematical modeling of these devices. Devices controlled by electrostatic phenomenon are capable of sustaining large and controllable displacements over the life of the actuator, but are difficult to design. In an electrostaticlly actuated MEMS, the applied voltage induces an electrostatic force which causes the structure to deform thereby causing the charge to redistribute. This charge redistribution results in further deformation until the mechanical and electrostatic forces balance. Therefore, analysis of MEM actuators requires the tight coupling of electrostatic and mechanical forces. In addition, the performance and efficiency of many electro-mechanical designs relies on the contact of two structural members. As a result, a numerical contact model should be included because only simple or regular geometry with symmetry can be modeled analytically. The objective of this work is to develop a fast, accurate and efficient computational tool that will aid in the design, development and optimization of electromechanical systems. We have developed a coupled solver for 2D quasi-static self-consistent analysis of electrostatically actuated devices. The 2D solver consists of a hybrid finite-element (FE)/boundary-element (BE) technique with a relaxation algorithm for self-consistent analysis. This allows the use of the most efficient method for each domain. Solution of the electrostatic forces is an exterior problem, thus, using an indirect boundary element method reduces the need for an exterior mesh or infinite domain truncation as would be the case for domain based methods, such as finite elements [1, 2]. The determination of the mechanical displacements
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is best achieved by a Galerkin finite-element analysis. Finally, a frictionless contact model is being developed to accurately predict contact phenomena during electrostatic pull-in.

REFERENCES
[1] F. Shi, P. Ramesh, and S. Mukherjee , "Simulation methods for micro-electro-mechanical structures (MEMS) with application to a microtweezer", Computers and Structures, 56 (1995) 769-783. [2] N.R. Aluru and J. White, "An efficient numerical technique for electromechanical simulation of complicated microelectromechanical structures", Sensors and Actuators A, 58 (1997) 1-11.

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Software Issues in Computational Mechanics

Walter Gerstle
SESSION 1
TRELLIS: A GEOMETRY-BASED ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK M.W. Beall and M.S. Shephard.......................................................................................................................................262 SIMULATION OF CRACK PROPAGATION IN A TERAFLOP COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT A. Ingraffea, P. Wawrzynek, C. Myers, R. Krause, D. Schneider, K. Pingali, S. Vavasis, P. Chew, P. Stodghill, N.P. Chrisochoides and G.R. Gao ..........................................................................................................................................263 DESIGN OF AN OBJECT-ORIENTED FINITE ELEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR MULTI-PHYSICS PROBLEMS S. Kulkarni, B. Hardeman, D. Swenson and M. James ...................................................................................................263 COMET: A FRAMEWORK FOR TEAM-BASED, MULTI-PHYSICS COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS W.H. Gerstle, M.J. Panthaki and R. Sahu.......................................................................................................................264 OBJECT-ORIENTED RULE-BASED REASONING WITHIN FINITE ELEMENT APPLICATIONS T. Zimmermann, P. Bomme and S. Commend.................................................................................................................265 OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERACTIVE OPTIMIZATION TOOL FOR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PLATES AND SHELLS S.K. Kassegne and S. Quarshie.......................................................................................................................................266

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TRELLIS: A GEOMETRY-BASED ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK

M.W. Beall and M.S. Shephard
(1) - Scientific Computation Research Center (SCOREC). E-mail : kaan@scorec.rpi.edu (2) - Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst. Scientific Comp. Research Center. E-mail : shephard@scorec.rpi.edu

ABSTRACT
Trellis is a geometry-based analysis framework for finite element and other types of numerical analysis. Trellis is designed to support adaptivity by utilizing geometry-based structures for problem definition and solution representation. The geometry-based problem definition that forms the input to Trellis is comprised of attributes (loads, boundary conditions, material properties, etc.) applied to a geometric model. The geometric model is a boundary representation which is directly linked with commercial CAD systems. Mesh information is stored in a topological representation, a hierarchy of regions, faces, edges and vertices, which contains bidirectional associativity with the geometric model. Solution information is housed in a field structure, which describes the variation of a tensor over one or more entities in the geometric model. The spatial variation of a field is defined in terms of interpolations over entities in the mesh. The geometry based problem definition and direct link with CAD geometry forms the basis for effective use of adaptivity within Trellis. Understanding how the mesh relates to the geometric model is critical for both mesh adaptivity and understanding how the solution relates back to the original problem definition. The topological representation of the mesh can also be used to great advantage in performing adaptive pversion analyses as polynomial orders can be directly assigned to the various order topological entities. The design of Trellis builds on top of these geometry-based data representations utilizing an object oriented decomposition of the analysis process into a set of interacting classes. The Trellis analysis process is a series of transformations of the problem definition through to sets of algebraic equations approximately representing the problem. The first transformation in this process is to turn the problem dependent attributes applied to the geometric model into a problem independent description which can then be manipulated and solved by other objects within Trellis. This problem independent description is represented by the class DiscreteSystem which represents the problem in terms of objects know as SystemContributors. There are three types of SystemContributors: StiffnessContributors contribute coupling terms between degrees of freedom of the system, ForceContributors contribute terms to the right hand side vector, Constraints set specific values or constraints to given degrees of freedom. Once the problem is transformed into the DiscreteSystem representation, other objects within Trellis such as time integrators, non-linear solvers etc. can act on this representation to transform it into linear algebra that can be solved by a variety of linear solvers.

SIMULATION OF CRACK PROPAGATION IN A TERAFLOP COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT

A. Ingraffea, P. Wawrzynek, C. Myers, R. Krause, D. Schneider, K. Pingali, S. Vavasis, P. Chew, P. Stodghill, N.P. Chrisochoides and G.R. Gao
(1) - School of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Cornell University. E-mail : ari1@cornell.edu (2) - Civil & Environmental Engineering. Cornell University. E-mail : paw4@cornell.edu (3) - Cornell Theory Center. E-mail : myers@tc.cornell.edu

ABSTRACT
We will describe progress-to-date on an NSF/Computer and Information Science and Engineering Challenge project in the design of algorithms and systems to support numerical simulation of crack propagation problems on parallel computers. The specific focus is on 3-dimensional, time-dependent
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fracture simulations using unstructured, adaptive grids on the IBM SP-2 and on EARTH-MANNA, a machine based on a fine-grain, multiheaded program execution model. A major project objective is to enable the solution of mega-DOF, 3D crack propagation problems in a time frame of an hour or less. The effort involves the following major tasks: - Design and implement 3-D adaptive, parallel mesh generators producing meshes of provably good quality; - Evaluate and implement parallel,iterative solvers appropriate to crack propagation problems; - Evaluate and implement parallel hp-adaptive error control strategies appropriate to crack propagation problems; - Develop and implement restructuring compiler technology that will support the automatic generation of efficient parallel code; - Evaluate the adequacy of existing thread generation and load balancing mechanisms on the parallel platforms, and reimplement those mechanisms for crack propagation studies. We will report on the development and testing of a sequential testbed in which we have integrated geometrical modeling, meshing, formulation, solution, adaptivity, and mechanics modules, and on early results from our parallel testbed

DESIGN OF AN OBJECT-ORIENTED FINITE ELEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR MULTI-PHYSICS PROBLEMS

S. Kulkarni, B. Hardeman, D. Swenson and M. James
(1) - Kansas State University (2) - Kansas State University (3) - Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering Department. E-mail : swenson@ksu.edu

ABSTRACT
We present the design and implementation of an object-oriented finite element frame work for the solution of multi-physics problems. In traditional finite element implementations with many different modeling capabilities, an element such as a six-noded triangle (T6) may have several implementations. For example, there may be both a T6 plane stress element and a T6 heat conduction element. We use object-oriented programming methods to avoid this redundancy by separating the function of the element from the physics being modeled. Our goal is a finite element framework that efficiently solves the coupled hydro-thermal-structure problem, while allowing extension and application to other problems. Our approach emphasizes that the main purpose of an element is discretization and interpolation. The physics underlying an element is independent of the element functionality, except that the integration scheme must be able to adequately capture the physics. The underlying physics is implemented as a separate object, called the element behavior, which isolates representative equations from the element interpolation functionality. Then, a T6 element can represent either plane stress or heat conduction problems by only changing the behavior, not the entire element. This partitioning reduces the complexity found in element class hierarchies of other object-oriented finite element designs. A number of abstract classes are defined to represent the fundamental components of a finite element program, including degrees of freedom, nodes, elements, behaviors, and solution strategies. These interfaces allow several parts of the framework to be extended without requiring significant code modifications. This simplifies the implementation of a variety of problems, including linear and non-linear solutions involving many different physical equations and element types. We present an example implementation where the framework is used to solve the fully coupled hydro-thermal-structure problem to simulate flow and cooling in geothermal reservoirs.

COMET: A FRAMEWORK FOR TEAM-BASED, MULTI-PHYSICS COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS

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W.H. Gerstle, M.J. Panthaki and R. Sahu

(1) - University of New Mexico. E-mail : gerstle@unm.edu (2) - University of New Mexico (3) - University of New Mexico

ABSTRACT
An integrated geometry-centric framework, called CoMeT, for Computational Mechanics Toolkit, is under development at the University of New Mexico. The framework provides capability that is essential to a large class of computational mechanics problems. Domain-specific features include an interpreted Computational Mechanics Language (CML), management of analysis projects, a comprehensive data model for fully parametric mathematical and numerical models, incremental model development geared toward teams of analysts, and a model query engine. The domain independent features provided by the framework include a drawing subsystem for flexible graphical visualization, a database server, an attribute server, a graphical user interface, and a help server. CoMeT was developed to model engineering problems in which the not only the geometry, but also the topology may change as the analysis proceeds. Examples include simulation of bridge construction and discrete fracture propagation. During bridge construction, members are added to the model sequentially, while during discrete fracture propagation, the problem geometry changes as the crack propagates. These types of problems require not only a rigorous definition of the evolving mathematical model, but also automatic numerical discretization as the model evolves. Attempts to perform these types of analyses have been often attempted in the past, but have usually been only marginally successful because of the lack of a coherent framework within which implementation can take place. The CML provides tremendous advantages. Firstly, computational mechanics taxonomy (in the form of atomic commands) has been created that is in itself useful in defining and codifying the language and ideas of computational mechanics. The CML provides high-level abstractions (like mesh this part) that are currently lacking in most software environments. Secondly, the CML provides a high level computational mechanics programming environment complete with looping, branching, and conditional tests that are usually found only in much more general languages (or in languages specific to domains other than computational mechanics, such as Mathematica). Finally, the CML allows even higher-level terminology to be constructed in more specific domains (construct an influence diagram for this bridge, for example) through definition of new commands that make use of existing CML commands. The CoMeT framework is implemented in C++ and uses Scheme, an extensible dialect of Lisp, as the command language. Object-oriented design has been used to implement the framework. A team of researchers has been effectively using the CoMeT framework for several years for research areas as diverse as mesh generation, crack propagation modeling, and numerical data modeling and representation.

OBJECT-ORIENTED RULE-BASED REASONING WITHIN FINITE ELEMENT APPLICATIONS

T. Zimmermann, P. Bomme and S. Commend
(1) - Lab. of Structural and Continuum Mech. (LSC). Swiss Federal Institute of Tech. E-mail : zimmermann@zace.com (2) - Lab. of Structural and Continuum Mech. (LSC). Swiss Federal Institute of Tech. (3) - Lab. of Structural and Continuum Mech. (LSC). Swiss Federal Institute of Tech.

ABSTRACT
The idea of combining reasoning with numerical simulations is not new and the feasability of combining a rule based expert system in a scientific application has been demonstrated long ago [1]. If this approach did not have the expected success so far, it is due mainly to incompatibility of programming languages used in both domains. But today, the object-oriented approach offers an appropriate implementation logic, which should allow reconciliation of both worlds. We propose in this paper a simple implementation concept, which supports introduction of rulebased "intelligent" behaviors into scientific applications (like finite element programs) locally, where it is needed. The object-oriented approach organizes the program as a class hierarchy, where classes inherit
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from superior classes. The approach consists then in associating with each object a rules database (which may be empty if no "intelligent" behavior is associated with the current object) and an inference engine. The result is a rules database hierarchy which is form-identical to the initial scientific application hierarchy. This new hierarchy automatically takes advantage of appropriate encapsulation and inheritance, which brings robustness and portability to the proposed approach. A blackboard is used for exchange of public information. When needed, the "intelligent" object collects its own and inherited rules, which it treats as methods. The object then activates an inference engine inherited from class IntelligentObject, as illustrated below, with which it can infer new facts: Top of hierarchy - IntelligentObject Finite Element hierarchy - FEMComponent - Element - - Load - - Material - ElasticMaterial - VonMisesMaterial - Solver - - TimeIntegrationScheme - There are many potential applications: assistance for data preparation, real-time management of algorithmic choices, among others. More applications are shown in [2]. The advantages of an object-oriented approach are numerous. Decentralization allows local activation of reasoning on small databases, which are easier to manipulate. Opportunistic chaining of different reasoning processes is possible and, perhaps more important, preparation of rules databases for each object is possible almost without anticipation of future developments. This article describes the implementation concept and illustrates its application to finite element preprocessing.

REFERENCES
[1] J. Bennett, L. Creary, R. Engelmore and R. Melosh, "SACON: A knowledge-based consultant for structural analysis", Tech. Rep. no. STAN-CS-78-699, Stanford University (1978) [2] P. Bomme , "Intelligent objects for object-oriented engineering environment", PhD Thesis Report no. 1763, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (1998)

OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERACTIVE OPTIMIZATION TOOL FOR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PLATES AND SHELLS
S.K. Kassegne and S. Quarshie
(1) - Finite Element Applications Department. RAM International. E-mail : samk@ramint.com (2) - Finite Element Applications Department. RAM International. E-mail : quarshie@ramint.com

ABSTRACT
This study deals with the application of object-oriented programming techniques for a simple but efficient optimization tool for the analysis and design of structural elements, particularly plates and shells. In the literature and in the industry there are established multi-constraint optimization tools adopted in procedural legacy software. However, the maintenance of these software along with their modification, continued enhancement and extension to new classes of structural elements is expensive, time consuming and inefficient. In this study, object-oriented programming design is employed to lay the groundwork for a finite element analysis tool with an interactive optimization procedure. Both isotropic and composite plates and shells are considered with or without stiffeners. Any desired plate/shell theory such as classical, shear
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deformable or layer-wise could be used to model the elements [1]. The optimization scheme is based on energy methods where the contribution of each energy component, i.e., shear, flexure, membrane stretching, etc. to the total design parameter such as displacement, stress, fundamental period, or buckling load is evaluated. This breakdown of contribution helps to identify which behavior is dominant and what sectional or material property needs to be modified to arrive at acceptable and desired response. In laminated composite structures, this procedure provides a fast evaluation of the contribution of each lamina to each of the above energy components and the total displacement, period or buckling load under investigation. This simple but yet elegant optimization method has found wide use in the analysis and sizing of building frames for drift and vibration constraints [2]. The object-oriented nature of the optimization tool, particular encapsulation, makes it very adaptable for any type of structural elements. The same tool that is used to determine the behavior of a bare composite laminated shell could be used to evaluate the contribution of radial and longitudinal stiffeners to the displacement, stress, period or buckling load of a stiffened composite shell. Through various examples, the usefulness of the method in terms of ease of use, straightforwardness, speed, readily available color-coded visualization of its results will be demonstrated.

REFERENCES
[1] Kassegne, Samuel K., "Layer-wise Theory for Discretely Stiffened Cylindrical Shells", Composite Structures, Vol. 41, Part 2, June 1998. [2] Charney, Finley, "The Use of Displacement Participation Factors in the Optimization of Wind Drift Controlled Buildings", Proceedings of 2nd Conference On Tall Buildings, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitats, Los Angeles 1991.

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Computational Methods for Propagation of Uncertainty in Physical Systems

Roger Ghanem
SESSION 1
OVERVIEW OF QUANTITATIVE UNCERTAINTY MODELING R. Ghanem......................................................................................................................................................................270 ROLES OF UNCERTAINTY AND DECISION OBJECTIVES ON MODEL SELECTION N. Fares..........................................................................................................................................................................270 A STOCHASTIC STIFFNESS MATRIX FOR THE TRIANGULAR SHELL ELEMENT TRIC J. Argyris, M. Papadrakakis, A. Kotsopulos and G. Stefanou.........................................................................................271 UNCERTAINTY AND RELIABILITY IN MODELING FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA C. Dawson and M. Wheeler ............................................................................................................................................272 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF LARGE SCALE STOCHASTIC DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS J. Red-Horse and R. Ghanem .........................................................................................................................................272

SESSION 2
STOCHASTIC FINITE ELEMENT METHOD USING GALERKIN APPROXIMATION M. Deb, I. Babuska and J.T. Oden..................................................................................................................................272 STRUCTURES UNDER STATIONARY STOCHASTIC LOADS NON-LINEAR CALCULATION USING MODAL ANALYSIS COMPLETED BY PLASTIFICATION MODES H. Grundmann and M. Geisenhofer................................................................................................................................273 MODELING OF RANDOM COMPOSITE MATERIALS USING STOCHASTIC FIELD REPRESENTATION L. Graham and S. Baxter ................................................................................................................................................274 PREDICTION AND THE QUANTIFICATION OF UNCERTAINTY J. Glimm .........................................................................................................................................................................275 NUMERICAL ASPECTS OF WICK AND USUAL PRODUCT IN STOCHASTIC UNCERTAINTY MODELING AND SIMULATION H. Matthies and A. Keese ...............................................................................................................................................275

SESSION 3
COMPUTATIONALLY EFFICIENT REPRESENTATION OF NON-GAUSSIAN STOCHASTIC FIELDS S. Sakamoto and R. Ghanem...........................................................................................................................................276 SENSITIVITY COMPUTATIONS FOR THERMAL PROBLEMS K.J. Dowding, B.F. Blackwell and R.J. Cochran ............................................................................................................276 STATISTICAL METHODS FOR EVALUATING PREDICTION UNCERTAINTY IN COMPUTER MODELS M. McKay .......................................................................................................................................................................277 BOUNDING MEDIA ANALYSIS FOR STATISTICALLY VARYING ELASTO-PLASTIC BODY M. Hori, M. Andres and T. Mizutani...............................................................................................................................278 CAPTURING THE PROPAGATION OF UNCERTAINTIES IN BRIDGE LIFE-CYCLE SAFETY MANAGEMENT D. Frangopol, E. Gharaibeh and J. Kong.......................................................................................................................279

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OVERVIEW OF QUANTITATIVE UNCERTAINTY MODELING

R. Ghanem
(1) - The Johns Hopkins University. E-mail : ghanem@jhu.edu

ABSTRACT
An overview is presented of the current state-of-the-art in quantitative uncertainty analysis. Procedures for identifying uncertainty, modeling its relevant features, and propagating it through models of physical phenomena are reviewed and discussed. The impact on the engineering design cycle of integrating uncertainty in the analysis is also highlighted. Examples are presented from a wide spectrum of engineering applications.

ROLES OF UNCERTAINTY AND DECISION OBJECTIVES ON MODEL SELECTION

N. Fares
(1) - Imagineering LLC. E-mail : NFares@imagineeringllc.com

ABSTRACT
Selecting a model is a basic and essential part of engineering mechanics and other engineering and science disciplines. In engineering mechanics, model choices include the type of kinematics (e.g. infinitesimal strains, large strains, classical versus Reissner plate theory kinematics, etc), the type of constitutive model (e.g. elastic, elastic-plastic, viscoelastic, etc) and the type of boundary conditions (e.g. fixed, frictional, contact, etc). With each of these and other choices, we generally have a set of adjustable parameters which must be calibrated by direct or indirect measurements. In this study, we call model selection to be the process of selecting a family of models which may be indexed by some adjustable parameters. By contrast, we call model calibration to be the process of identifying specific parameters given a parameter-indexed family of models. In the literature, there are many methods for model calibration (e.g. inversion methods, Kalman filtering, etc). However, guidelines for model selection are generally qualitative. These include "Ockhams razor" which states that, other things being equal, simpler models are preferred to more complex ones. Some limited quantitative guidelines for model selection, such as goodness-of-fit tests, are also available in statistical studies. The objective of this study is to present a framework that can provide quantitative guidelines in model selection. A simple example on applying this framework is also presented. In this study, we first identify, discuss and justify some of the important factors that must play a role in model selection. These include the (estimated) uncertainty (both modeling and measurements) and the decision-making constraints. We then outline a framework that includes these important factors. The basic idea is that we must compare statistically-qualified scatter in the predictions of all candidate models. The model with the least scatter is to be preferred. The scatter in each model is due to the requirement that we must accept all parameters for a given model that could plausibly (i.e. while accounting for the modeling and measurement errors) generate the associated and statistically qualified measurements under the specified decision-making constraints. This procedure may favor either simpler or more complex models depending on several factors including the uncertainty associated with each model, the quality and quantity of the potentially available measurements and the severity of the decision-making constraints. Finally, we present an example of applying this framework using a simple beam deflection problem.

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A STOCHASTIC STIFFNESS MATRIX FOR THE TRIANGULAR SHELL ELEMENT TRIC

J. Argyris, M. Papadrakakis, A. Kotsopulos and G. Stefanou
(1) - Institute for Computer Applications. University of Stuttgart (2) - Inst. of Structural Analysis and Seismic Research. Natl. Tech. Univ. of Athens. E-mail : mpapadra@central.ntua.gr (3) - Inst. of Structural Analysis and Seismic Research. Natl. Tech. Univ. of Athens

ABSTRACT
TRIC is a simple but sophisticated 3-node shear-deformable isotropic and composite facet shell element suitable for large-scale linear nonlinear engineering computations of thin and thic anisotropic plate and complex shell structures. The element formulation is based on physical inspirations of the natural mode finite element method formalized through appropriate geometrical, trigonometrical and engineering mathematical relations involving only exact integrations; its stiffness, mass and geometrical matrices are all explicitly derived. Numerical examples have verified the locking free properties of the element as well as the computational efficiency in linear and nonlinear applications. In this work, the stochastic formulation of the TRIC element stiffness matrix is derived by the weighted integral method. A two-dimensional homogeneous stochastic field describes the random parameters of the structure. As a result of this formulation the stochastic stiffness matrix of the TRIC shell element is calculated in terms of a minimum number of random variables of the stochastic field. The element formulation of the TRIC shell element is based on the natural mode method, which utilizes the straining modes of deformation only. Thus, the kinematics of the element are hierarchically decomposed into 6 rigid-body and 12 straining modes of deformation. The latter consist of 3 axial, 3 symmetrical - 3 antisymmetrical bending and shear and 3 azimuth rotation modes. The stochastic stiffness terms of the element are derived separately for each group of the aforementioned straining modes. It is proved that the stochastic stiffness terms due to axial straining and symmetrical bending have a "local averaging expression, while 6 weighted integrals are derived for the case of the antisymmetrical bending and shearing terms. These weighted integrals are random variables providing a "quasi-discretization" of the stochastic field. The azimuth stiffness terms have, once again, the form of the local averaging method. As a result of this formulation, all the stiffness components of the fluctuating part of the stochastic stiffness matrix of the TRIC element are computed analytically in the natural coordinate system. The formulation presented in this work overcomes all previous limitations encountered in the stochastic finite element analysis for treating large and realistic structures with complicated structural response as in shell problems.

UNCERTAINTY AND RELIABILITY IN MODELING FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA

C. Dawson and M. Wheeler
(1) - Center for Subsurface Modeling. The University of Texas at Austin (2) - Center for Subsurface Modeling. The University of Texas at Austin. E-mail : mfw@ticam.utexas.edu

ABSTRACT
We discuss numerical studies for both unstable miscible and immiscible flow in porous media. Impact of these studies has motivated the formulation of a new family of algorithms called multiblock mixed finite element methods. We describe theoretical results regarding these methods as well as the IPARS (Integrated Parallel Accurate Reservoir Simulator) framework which includes multiblock and multiscale black oil and hydrology physical models.

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FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF LARGE SCALE STOCHASTIC DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS

J. Red-Horse and R. Ghanem
(1) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : jrredho@sandia.gov (2) - The Johns Hopkins University. E-mail : ghanem@jhu.edu

ABSTRACT
The Spectral Stochastic Finite Element Method is reviewed and applied to large scale problems in structural dynamics. The SSFEM is based on computing the coordinates of the solution with respect to the basis specified by the Polynomial Chaos random variables. A general purpose finite element software package is used to define the approximation of the problem with respect to a finite element discretization. This deterministic package is used as a function evaluator within an outer loop that implements an orthogonal projection onto the polynomial chaos basis functions. The procedure highlights the flexibility of the SSFEM and the ease with which it can be integrated into existing analysis packages. Examples are presented for eigenvalue analysis and for transient dynamic analysis.

STOCHASTIC FINITE ELEMENT METHOD USING GALERKIN APPROXIMATION

M. Deb, I. Babuska and J.T. Oden
(1) - University of Texas, Austin. E-mail : deb@altair.com (2) - TICAM. E-mail : babuska@ticam.utexas.edu (3) - The Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics. E-mail : oden@ticam.utexas.edu

ABSTRACT
While much of current numerical computations is centered around use of deterministic mathematical models, often stochastic systems need to be solved in order to quantify the effect of uncertain parameters. Generally speaking, uncertainties could exist in the system parameters e.g., coefficients of the governing equations or in the inputs to a system e.g., initial or boundary conditions or body forces. Owing to the inherent complexities of a typical stochastic problem, closed-form solutions are not practicable in all but very simple cases, and hence, approximate solutions are sought via appropriate numerical analyses. Two major categories of numerical solution techniques are commonly applied for solving stochastic systems; they are (i) direct simulations and (ii) analytic methods. The focus of current research is the construction of approximate solution to stochastic equations using finite elements and Galerkin method. This falls under the 'analytic' approach (as opposed to the Monte-Carlo type of methods that belong to the 'direct simulation' category). In this work, both b algebraic and partial differential equations are considered. The input uncertain parameters are described using their statistical moments; the output solution is so represented that its statistical moments are easily computed. Typically only the first two moments viz. mean and covariance are considered for input and output. The computational approach is developed systematically and rigorously using appropriate functional analysis settings. Notions of Stochastic Sobolev spaces are used, as well as suitable discretizations are employed in both the physical and the random domains. The algebraic system is used to elaborate the details of the implementation. The method is then extended to handle partial differential equations (PDEs). As an example PDE, a diffusion equation is considered. The formulation presented here is shown to be a general framework which encompasses some of the current stochastic finite element methods. The method is analyzed to establish error bounds and convergence rates. Potential use of error estimates in construction of efficient adaptive methods are discussed. A summary of observations from a set of numerical experiments is also presented.

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STRUCTURES UNDER STATIONARY STOCHASTIC LOADS NON-LINEAR CALCULATION USING MODAL ANALYSIS COMPLETED BY PLASTIFICATION MODES
H. Grundmann and M. Geisenhofer
(1) - Technische Universitat Munchen. Lehrstuhl fur Baumechanik. E-mail : michael@baume.bauwesen.tumuenchen.de (2) - Technische Universitat Munchen. Lehrstuhl fur Baumechanik.

ABSTRACT
Aim of this study is the development of a calculation scheme for complex structures with nonlinear hysteretic material behaviour using shape functions to restrict computional efforts. A truncated set of eigenmodes will be used, in combination with additional plastification modes for a presentation of local plastification of the structure. After having described the structure in the new solution basis by the aid of a Galerkin approach, statistical linearisation is applied to get an equivalent linear system which can be solved easily. To describe the dynamic behavior of a chainlike system with hysteretic material laws, normally one has to use a vector of unknown displacements and restoring forces, which leads to a nonlinear system of equations. The material laws used are of type Bouc-Wen or Suzuki-Minai. They allow to split up the set of equations into linear equations of motion and a nonlinear part for the material description, giving relations between displacements and restoring forces as well as their derivates. To get the answer of the system under stationary stochastic loadings, modal analysis could be used to rewrite the equations of motions in an alternative manner. This would lead to a nonlinear material equations and linear equations of motion in the unknown participation factors of the eigenmodes. If one works on complex structures this can provoque important times of calculation as iteration between the two sets of equations is necessary. In many cases in civil engineering only a few modes would be sufficient to describe the answer of a linear system. In order to take account of local deformations caused by plastification, additional plastification modes are introduced here instead of using the relatively large number of remaining modes. Since more equations of motion than unknowns exist, a Galerkin approach is applied to derive a set of equations minimizing the residual errors. Using this calculation scheme the total number of unknowns is reduced to the sum of the number of linear eigenmodes, the plastification modes and the plastic restoring forces. Additional transformations are applied to arrive at a set of unknowns optimally adapted to the nonlinear system. In complex structures this can reduce calulation times considerably. After this treatment the nonlinear equations of material are transformed using statistical linearisation to get a completely linear system, which can easiliy be solved. As only few local plastifications are considered, only a few equations have to be transformed. To proof the adventage of this method, a numerical example of a chainlike MDOF-system is presented and compaired to conventional solution methods without reduced solution space.

MODELING OF RANDOM COMPOSITE MATERIALS USING STOCHASTIC FIELD REPRESENTATION

L. Graham and S. Baxter
(1) - Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Virginia. E-mail : graham@virginia.edu (2) - Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of South Carolina

ABSTRACT
Using moving-window GMC, fields are generated that account for small-scale spatial variability in the mechanical properties associated with a given composite microstructure. In many engineering applications, it is assumed that small-scale fluctuations in material properties are averaged when evaluating macroscopic structural behavior. This assumption is generally valid when evaluating quantities such as displacements, average strains, or average stress, but the assumption is less valid when considering local stress concentrations that are linked to local variations in material properties. In order to calculate
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critical responses such as local stresses, the material is modelled using finite element techniques that incorporate the calculated spatial fields of elastic and inelastic properties. The moving-window GMC methodology provides a link between microscale geometry and global material properties, while it also allows a probabilistic material description, in the form of probability density functions and correlation functions for a variety of thermal and elastic properties. This probabilistic information will be used in stochastic finite element-based research to simulate the material and develop statistics on the stress concentrations. An important first step in this process is the establishment of appropriate deterministic finite element models that reflect the spatial variability in material properties calculated using moving-window GMC. A comparison between the midpoint, local average, and direct stiffness matrix integration methods is made with respect to efficiency and accuracy. This research focuses on fiber-reinforced composites and cellular materials; however, the techniques are applicable to all composite materials, including 3D particulate composite materials, such as concrete, soils and asphalt, and functionally graded materials. Further, because both GMC and finite element methods can be used to analyze nonlinear materials, the moving window-GMC technique is used to establish statistics on random fields which describe nonlinear material properties, such as yield stress.

PREDICTION AND THE QUANTIFICATION OF UNCERTAINTY

J. Glimm
(1) - Department Of Applied Mathematics & Statistics University at Stony Brook. E-mail : glimm@ams.sunysb,edu

ABSTRACT
Prediction is a two step process. It involves forward prediction, which typically requires the solution of partial differential equations, given the equations and their initial and boundary conditions. Prediction also requires the inverse problem, which is to determine, or limit, the possible degrees of freedom within the equations and their data, given partial information concerning the solution. Prediction thus depends on a blending of simulation studies with data analysis. This talk will develop a general stochastic framework for prediction, illustrated by problems of flow in porous media, jet breakup, and solid deformation. The framework will impose requirements on both the forward (simulation) problem and the inverse problem. For example, an efficient approximate solution method with quantified error analysis is needed for the forward problem, within a prediction framework. This requirement leads to subgrid models and scale up to allow use of underresolved simulations. We also distinguish between degrees of freedom which possess a high degree of uncertainty from those in which the inherent uncertainty does not change the solution to a significant degree. The statistical methods and the nature of the error analysis will be different in these two cases. Recent results of the speaker and collaborators will be presented.

NUMERICAL ASPECTS OF WICK AND USUAL PRODUCT IN STOCHASTIC UNCERTAINTY MODELING AND SIMULATION
H. Matthies and A. Keese
(1) - Institute of Scientific Computing. Technical University Braunschweig. E-mail : H.Matthies@tu-bs.de (2) - Institute of Scientific Computing. Technical University Braunschweig

ABSTRACT
For stochastic models of uncertainty in systems that are described by partial differential equations, the uncertain component is often a spatial stochastic field which enters the equation in a multiplicative way (multiplying the solution process). There are at least twoy ways to extend the usual

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multiplication of two deterministic fields into the stochastic realm, namely the "usual" product and the Wick product. For the sake of simplicity, we will look only at the "stochastic" part of the discretization, i.e. we will assume a fixed spatial discretization via spectral finite elements, utilising a truncated Karhunen-Loeve expansion. The question of which extension of the usual product is the "right" one will depend on the application and interpretation of the results. To exemplify this, several limiting numerical experiments are performed for both products. The numerical methods used are Monte-Carlo simulations and homogeneous chaos expansions. The numerical problems to be solved in these experiments are much larger than in the deterministic case, hence the need for efficient numerical procedures is even more pronounced. The equations have a special structure though, which has to be exploited for an effective solution process; resulting from the stochastic structure. We investigate for both products the numerical behaviour of the solution process with preconditioned Krylov subspace methods, looking at different preconditioners which are inspired by the stochastic simulation.

COMPUTATIONALLY EFFICIENT REPRESENTATION OF NON-GAUSSIAN STOCHASTIC FIELDS

S. Sakamoto and R. Ghanem
(1) - Taisei Corporation. E-mail : sakamoto@venus.ce.jhu.edu (2) - The Johns Hopkins University. E-mail : ghanem@jhu.edu

ABSTRACT
Invariant Gaussian processes have traditionally been the most widely used stochastic processes for modeling physical processes. This is mainly due to the difficulties associated with characterizing nongaussian processes in a useful fashion that permits their simulation for implementation in numerical models. A procedure is developed in this paper for simulating non-gaussian and stochastic processes. These processes are specificed by their first order marginal distributions and a correlation function. The marginal distributions can vary along the indexing set (e.g. time or space), and the correlation function is not required to be stationary. The procedure relies on the Karhunen-Loeve expansion of a second-order stochastic process with respect to the eigenfunctions of its covariance function. This function being symmetric and positive definite, its eigenfunctions form a complete set in the space of second order integrable functions. The polynomial chaos representation is then used to represent the non-gaussian coefficients of the Karhunen-Loeve expansion as polynomials in an underlying gaussian set. The final form of the representation is a multidimensional polynomial in independent gaussian variables that permits the simulation of the processes through a small number of algebraic operations.

SENSITIVITY COMPUTATIONS FOR THERMAL PROBLEMS

K.J. Dowding, B.F. Blackwell and R.J. Cochran
(1) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : kjdowdi@sandia.gov (2) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : bfblack@sandia.gov (3) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : rjcochr@sandia.gov

ABSTRACT
Considerable insight can be provided by examining sensitivity coefficients in a thermal analysis. Sensitivity coefficients are the partial derivative of the field variable (temperature) with respect to the model parameters (for example, thermal conductivity, volumetric heat capacity, or boundary condition coefficients). Sensitivity coefficients are useful in many applications. They are used in parameter
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estimation, optimization, optimal experimental design, and uncertainty or error analysis. In this talk we'll describe how sensitivity coefficients can be computed in an unstructured grid numerical analysis code. Cases when thermal properties/boundary conditions are constant and temperature dependent are considered. In the latter case, even though the temperature problem is nonlinear, the sensitivity coefficient problems are linear. This important result extends to other describing equations as well, for example fluid mechanics. The approach discussed is to differentiate the describing equations to derive sensitivity equations; sensitivity equations are numerically solved in addition to the field equation. The benefit of this approach is that physical insight is available from the describing sensitivity coefficient equations. The equations can be studied like conservation equations to better understand sensitivity. Alternatively, the discretized equations can be differentiated. Physical insight is more difficult to obtain at this level. Procedures to derive sensitivity coefficient equations and implement them in an unstructured grid analysis code are given. Issues to address boundary conditions, multiple materials, and multiple boundary conditions of the same type are also discussed. Verification and demonstration calculations are presented.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

STATISTICAL METHODS FOR EVALUATING PREDICTION UNCERTAINTY IN COMPUTER MODELS

M. McKay
(1) - Los Alamos National Laboratory. E-mail : mdm@lanl.gov

ABSTRACT
Suppose that the prediction y from a model m() is determined by a vector of input variables x. The input variables might define initial conditions of a system being modeled as well as parameter values in the rules determining y from the initial conditions. We associate the term "input uncertainty" with a lack of knowledge about appropiate precise input values from which to calculate y. Therefore, we treat x as a random variable with a probability density function that quantifies input uncertainty. The "prediction distribution" is the corresponding probability distribution induced on y by way of the model m(). The objective of our analysis is to investigate the relationship between the input variables x and the prediction distribution.In particular, we would like to identify small "important" subsets xs of inputs that "drive" prediction uncertainty. Two common approaches for investigation are differential sensitivity and methods based on (linear) regression and correlation coefficients. Generally, these approaches are valid only in the neighborhood of a nominal value or they require that y be aproximately linear in x. furthermore, validity of associated importance measures usually requires that the components of x be statistically independent. We present a complementary methodology that does not assume linearity or statistical independence. Because many computers runs may be required to use the methodology, it will not be a practical alternative in some cases. "Variance - based" methodology is so called because of the prominent role played by the variance of te prediction distribution. When the methodology does not depend on the functional form of m(), as in this case, it is said to be "nonparametric". Our aim is to find a subset xs of the input vector x that accounts for a significant part of the variance of the prediction distribution. The prediction variance can be written as V(y) = V(yv) + E(L), where yv is a function of only the subset xs and E(L) = E(y - yv)**2 is the average of the expected squared difference between the full model predictor y(x) and the restricted predictor yv(xs). If, on average, yv is close to y then E(L) will be small and we would say the subset xs is important because it drives the prediction variance. With the "correlation ratio" n**2 = V(yv)/V(y) as a measure of importance, we now have the problem of how to find the subsets. Selection of an important subset xs has two aspects: the size of the subset and its composition. The problem for us is similar to the variable subset selection problem in regression. Therefore, we follow that direction and use an Analisys of Variance (ANOVA) decomposition for variance. However, our decomposition is not based on the usual linear model and does not require statistical independence of the components of x. The correlation ratio and the ANOVA "multiple correlation coefficient" R2 emerge as a
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natural measures of importance. It should be realized that (1) the number of possible different subsets of input variables might be astronomical, and (2) suitable estimation of "variance components" might require a large number of computer runs. The methodology is demonstrated in two examples.

BOUNDING MEDIA ANALYSIS FOR STATISTICALLY VARYING ELASTOPLASTIC BODY

M. Hori, M. Andres and T. Mizutani
(1) - Earthquake Research Institute University of Tokyo. E-mail : hori@eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp (2) - Earthquake Research Institute University of Tokyo (3) - Earthquake Research Institute University of Tokyo

ABSTRACT
For the prediction of earthquakes, it is essentially important to simulate the initiation and development processes of a fault in ground or crust. The key issue is modeling of uncertain ground or geological structure. We assume that the materials are statistically varying heterogeneous elasto-plastic materials, That is, material parameters such as yield stress change place to place, and their average and variance are given. We also assume that a fault, or a plane of displacement discontinuity, is modeled by a shear band in which the plastic deformation is localized. Due to the non-linearity and the localization, the numerical simulation requires large computation for one realization of the statistically varying elastoplastic body. Hence, the Monte-Carlo simulation is not feasible. Instead, we propose a bounding media analysis [1] that provides upper and lower bounds for the expected behavior. This analysis is the extension of the Hashin-Shtrikman variational principles [2] which give bounds for the effective modulus of heterogeneous materials; two deterministic media are defined rigorously when statistically varying bodies are given. The bounding media can be defined for the present elasto-plastic cases. The behavior of the media is computed by using a standard finite element method. Some modification must be made to the constitutive relations such that the variances of the material parameters are accounted for. This modification enables us to compute the localization phenomena, as it smoothes the abrupt change from plastic loading to elastic unloading. Three example problems are solved. The first is a simple two-dimensional problem [1]. It is shown that the bounding media analysis provide bounds for the expectation which is computed by using the Monte-Carlo simulation. The second is to reproduce a fault model experiment. The formation process of en-echelon faults due to uniform sliding is satisfactorily simulated. As the third problem, we seek to compute the statistical characteristics for a two-dimensional statistically varying body [3]. Applying the Karhunen-Loeve expansion and the polynomial chaos expansion to the bounding media, we can approximately compute such characteristics, which agree well with those computed by using the MonteCarlo simulation. These results support the validity of the proposed method, as an efficient analysis method for statistically varying heterogeneous body.

REFERENCES
[1] M. Hori and S. Munasinghe, Generalized Hashin-Shtrikman variational principle for boundary-value problem of linear and non-linear heterogeneous body, Mechanics of Materials}, (in print). [2] S. Nemat-Nasser and M. Hori, Micromechanics: Overall Properties of Heterogeneous Materials (second edition), Elsevier, New York (1998). [3] M. Anders and M. Hori, Stochastic finite element method for elasto-plastic body, (in reviewing process).

CAPTURING THE PROPAGATION OF UNCERTAINTIES IN BRIDGE LIFECYCLE SAFETY MANAGEMENT

D. Frangopol, E. Gharaibeh and J. Kong

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(1) - Dept. of Civil, Env. and Architectural. Engineering, Univ. of Colorado. E-mail : dan.frangopol@colorado.edu (2) - Dept. of Civil, Env. and Architectural. Engineering, Univ. of Colorado (3) - Dept. of Civil, Env. and Architectural. Engineering, Univ. of Colorado

ABSTRACT
The need for bridge life-cycle safety management is well established worldwide. The purpose is to find the optimum balance between life-cycle cost and lifetime reliability. As shown in recent studies at the University of Colorado, the optimization method has to incorporate the damage detection capabilities of all inspection techniques considered, all repair possibilities based on an event tree, the effects of aging, deterioration, and subsequent repair on structural reliability, and the time value of money. The overall cost to be minimized includes the initial cost and the costs of preventative maintenance, inspection, repair, and failure. There are many uncertainties associated with randomness and prediction error in the bridge lifecycle safety management process. These uncertainties propagate during the predicted service life of the bridge. The purpose of this paper is to try to capture the propagation of these uncertainties using concepts and methods that are embodied in the theories of probability, reliability, and life-cycle management. Use of the proposed approach in optimal bridge life-cycle safety management is discussed.

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Computational Biomechanics
Gerhard A. Holzapfel
SESSION 1: COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MECHANICS
CONSTITUTIVE FORMULATION AND COMPUTATIONAL ASPECTS OF SOFT TISSUES G.A. Holzapfel, C.A.J. Schulze-Bauer and T.C. Gasser..................................................................................................282 A METHOD FOR INVESTIGATING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF INTRACORONARY STENTS USING FINITE ELEMENT NUMERICAL SIMULATION D.C. Webb, K. Kormi, L.B. Tan and S.T.S. Al-Hassani...................................................................................................283 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN STENT AND A STENOTIC ARTERY F. Auricchio, M. Di Loreto and E. Sacco........................................................................................................................283 INVERSE FINITE ELEMENT CHARACTERIZATION OF SOFT TISSUES P. Seshaiyer and J.D. Humphrey ....................................................................................................................................284 MULTISCALE MODELING OF THE TRABECULATED MYOCARDIUM W. Xie and R. Perucchio.................................................................................................................................................285 MECHANICAL AND GLUCOSE DIFFUSION ANALYSIS OF THE HUMAN CORNEA WITH INTRASTROMAL RINGS P.M. Pinsky, D.V. Datye and S. Chang...........................................................................................................................286

SESSION 2: COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN NON-CARDIOVASCULAR MECHANICS

FETAL JOINT MORPHOGENESIS AS A DYNAMICAL PROCESS J.H. Heegaard ................................................................................................................................................................287 FINITE-ELEMENT-ANALYSES OF INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS, A REVIEW IN CONSTITUTIVE MODELING R. Eberlein......................................................................................................................................................................288 THREE DIMENSIONAL ORTHOTROPIC VISCOELASTIC FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF A HUMAN LIGAMENT W.J.T. Daniel..................................................................................................................................................................288 BONE REMODELING AROUND TIBIAL COMPONENTS OF TKR INCORPORATING 3D FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSES W. Krach, F.G. Rammerstorfer, M. Buergi and V. Patella .............................................................................................289 ON THE CHARACTER OF REMODELING G. Faust..........................................................................................................................................................................290 TOTAL HOURGLASS CONTROL-A ROBUST FE METHOD FOR THE CALCULATION OF ORGAN DEFORMATIONS R. Hutter and P. Niederer...............................................................................................................................................291

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CONSTITUTIVE FORMULATION AND COMPUTATIONAL ASPECTS OF SOFT TISSUES

G.A. Holzapfel, C.A.J. Schulze-Bauer and T.C. Gasser
(1) - Institute for Structural Analysis Computational Biomechanics. E-mail : gerhard.holzapfel@biomech.tu-graz.ac.at (2) - Inst. for Structural Analysis and Comp. Biomech., Tech. University Graz. E-mail : csb@biomech.tu-graz.ac.at (3) - Inst. for Struct. Analysis and Comp. Biomech., Tech. University Graz. E-mail : Christian.Gasser@biomech.tugraz.ac.at

ABSTRACT
In biomechanics, the term soft tissue stands for a composite structure which possesses very low bending stiffness when compared with hard tissues such as, e.g., bones. The structure of many soft tissues is composed mainly by elastin (isotropic matrix) and collagen fibers (anisotropic behavior) with distinct fiber orientations.They are fairly complex inhomogeneous composites exhibiting nonlinear (visco)elastic, isochoric and highly anisotropic stress response under applied loads. The internal constituents and the micro structure suffer often irreversible changes when applied to loads which are beyond the physiological range. In many applications damage mechanisms of soft tissues have to be considered and play a fundamental role in finding a realistic stress and strain response. These complex mechanical properties need to be treated with computational methods. One example of a soft tissue organ in the focus of clinical interest is the artery [1]. A nondiseased artery is - from the mechanical point of view - roughly a two-layered (media and adventitia) composite structure. Each layer is composed of an isotropic matrix material (i.e. elastin) which is reinforced by collagen fibers with two major orientations systematically arranged in the matrix material. Whenever a stenotic artery is dilated by introducing and inflating a balloon catheter (balloon angioplasty) the artery exhibits large strain behavior. A very important effect then is that the media gets damaged primarily due to the induced stresses in the arterial wall (this mechanism is called "controlled injury" by clinicians). In order to achieve clinical relevant results realistic constitutive models and adequate process simulations are essential prerequisites. Quite often, however, biological soft tissues are characterized by too simplified models. In this paper we classify and quantify the major biomechanical characteristica of soft tissues with a representative example, i.e. the biomechanical behavior of a human artery. The combination of a meaningful theoretical concept, a detailed experimental investigation, suitable constitutive formulations and efficient numerical implementations is the only guarantor to identify and understand the complex biomechanical behavior of soft tissues. This paper will embrace all these cornerstones and emphasize, in particular, on the constitutive formulation and on aspects of the numerical implementation and analysis [2].

REFERENCES
[1] J.D. Humphrey , [1995], "Arterial wall mechanics: Review and directions", Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 23, 1-162. [2] G.A. Holzapfel and H.W. Weizsacker, [1998], "Biomechanical behavior of the arterial wall and its numerical characterization", Computers in Biology and Medicine 28, 377-392.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Acknowledgement: Financial support by the Austrian Science Foundation (START-Award Y74-TEC) is gratefully acknowledged.

A METHOD FOR INVESTIGATING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF INTRACORONARY STENTS USING FINITE ELEMENT NUMERICAL SIMULATION
D.C. Webb, K. Kormi, L.B. Tan and S.T.S. Al-Hassani

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(1) - School of Engineering, Leeds Metropolitan University. E-mail : D.Webb@lmu-ac.uk (2) - Leeds Metropolitan University (3) - University of Leeds

ABSTRACT
The proliferation of stent designs poses difficult problems to clinicians, who have to learn the relative merits of all stents to ensure optimal selection for each lesion, and also to regulatory authorities who have the dilemma of preventing the inappropriate marketing of substandard stents while not denying patients the benefits of advanced technology. Of the major factors influencing long-term results, those of patency and restenosis are being actively studied whereas the mechanical characteristics of devices influencing the technical results of stenting remain under-investigated. Each different stent design has its own particular features. A robust method for the independent objective comparison of the mechanical performance of each design is required. To do this by experimental measurement alone may be prohibitively expensive. A less costly option is to combine computer analysis, employing the standard numerical technique of the Finite Element Method (FEM), with targeted experimental measurements of the specific mechanical behaviour of stents. In this paper the FEM technique is used to investigate the structural behaviour of two different generic stent geometries: Serpentine-H and Serpentine-A stents. The effects of altering the stent geometry, the stent wire diameter and contact with (and material properties of) a hard eccentric intravascular lesion (simulating a calcified plaque) on stent mechanical performance were investigated. Increasing the wire diameter and the arterial elastic modulus by 150% results in the need to increase the balloon pressure to expand the stent by 10 fold. Increasing the number of circumferential convolutions increases the pressure required to initiate radial expansion of mounted stents. An incompressible plaque impinging on the mid portion of a stent causes gross distortion of the Serpentine-H stent and an hour-glass deformity in the Serpentine-A stent. These findings are of relevance for future comparative studies of the mechanical performance of stents, in designing newer stents and also in clinical practice.

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN STENT AND A STENOTIC ARTERY
F. Auricchio, M. Di Loreto and E. Sacco
(1) - Dipartimento di Meccanica Strutturale - Universit di Pavia. E-mail : auricchio@ing.uniroma2.it (2) - Dip. Ingegneria Civile Universit di Roma. E-mail : di.loreto@flashnet.it (3) - Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale -Universit di Cassino. E-mail : sacco@ing.unicas.it

ABSTRACT
Within the context of Biomechanics, we have focused our attention on the so called stent technique, which is one of the most promising applications of the interventional non-invasive coronary surgery. In previous studies, very few mathematical-mechanical models have been developed. Hence, the aim of our long-term studies is to create an accurate Finite Element model to simulate the mechanical interaction between the stent and the plaque/artery. Due to the complexity of the problem, we decided to use the commercial finite element program Abaqus, version 5.7. We started simulating a balloon expandable stent (Palmaz-Schatz like stent), applied on a symmetric 53% stenosis (typical occlusion after a common PTCA pre-treatment) in a 3mm lesion-free artery. Due to the symmetry of the problem, we have simulated just a 30 three-dimensional segment of the artery and the stent. In particular, we have set: - the constitutive behavior of both the artery and the plaque to be described using isotropic, hyperelastic and incompressible models with polynomial strain energy density functions; - the material for the stent to be SS416L stainless steel, choosing standard 8-node elements; - contact to be simulated choosing a hard contact between deformable surfaces, finite sliding and no-friction models; - the balloon to be simulated by a constant pressure applied on the internal surface of the stent.

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In a first group of analyses, we have simulated the stent expansion. We have seen how the dilatation of a Palmaz-Schatz design stent is not uniform and the distal struts can hurt the artery. We have tried to overcome this problem in two ways: - changing the pressure distribution on the internal surface of the stent, which would correspond to the use of different balloons; - modifing the stent design, i.e. applying adjunctive appendixes to the distal struts. In a second group of analyses, we have simulated the balloon deflation (i.e the elastic spring back of the system stent/artery). We have verified how the modified stent succeeds in preventing the artery reopening. Then, we have computed the stresses and strains achieved inside the stent, the plaque, investigating also some typical so-called stenting parameters. In the next future, we wish to improve the simulation taking into account the complex, composite arterial behaviour. In a longer term, we also want to simulate innovative auto-expandable stents made of Shape Memory Alloys, performing a comparison with the balloon expandable ones.

INVERSE FINITE ELEMENT CHARACTERIZATION OF SOFT TISSUES

P. Seshaiyer and J.D. Humphrey
(1) - Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University (2) - Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University. E-mail : JDH@acs.tomu.edu

ABSTRACT
Estimation of material properties is a key step in any constitutive formulation. This step depends, of course, on the existence of solutions that correspond to boundary and initial value problems that model useful experiments. Most soft tissues have complex geometry, are heterogeneous, and exhibit nonlinear behavior under finite deformations; together this renders such problems often difficult to solve. An aneurysm (i.e., focal dilatation of the arterial wall) is an example of such a soft-tissue that is often irregularly shaped. Whereas most experiments and analyses on aneurysms have been based on a perfectly spherical geometry, this clearly does not describe the associated membrane mechanics completely. There is a need, therefore, to quantify much more carefully the mechanical behavior of such tissues. This can be done using inverse finite elements [ 1 ], but this too is very challenging given the complex domains and boundary conditions. An alternate approach to solve such problems would be to estimate the material properties over a subdomain, not the entire domain, of the tissue. The potential advantage of this method is that one can assume homogeneity of the material as well as the local stress and strain fields; this is the situation often sought by experimentalists anyway when they design the experimental boundary value problem. In this paper, we present a sub-domain characterization technique that employs a displacement-based inverse finite element method. This model is illustrated for nonlinear hyperelastic membranes and utilizes linear triangular elements, the principle of virtual work, a large deformation theory, and Newton-Raphson solution. Various strain energy functions are studied. Finally, the finite element solution is combined with a Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm that minimizes the error between experimentally measurable and theoretically determined quantities. Our numerical results suggest that sub-domain inverse finite element characterization can be a very useful technique for quantifying material properties of soft-tissues and for describing the associated membrane mechanics.

REFERENCES
[l] Kyriacou SK, A Shah and JD Humphrey (1997), "Inverse finite element characterization of nonlinear hyperelastic membranes", J Appl Mech 64:257-262.

MULTISCALE MODELING OF THE TRABECULATED MYOCARDIUM

W. Xie and R. Perucchio
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(1) - Department of Mech. Engineering. University of Rochester. E-mail : rlp@me.rochester.edu (2) - Department of Mech. Engineering. University of Rochester

ABSTRACT
During early cardiac morphogenesis, the structure of the inner cardiac wall changes from smooth to trabeculated with the cardiac jelly gradually disappearing from the primitive ventricle. Previous researchers have speculated that the trabecular architecture reflects the directions of the main stresses. We use nonlinear finite element analysis to investigate how stresses and strains resulting from ventricular activation and blood pressure modulate the growth and remodeling of the trabeculated wall and of the ventricle. Our modeling is based on voxel reconstructions of con-focal microscopy serial sections and a nonlinear hyperelastic formulation incorporating activation and growth (Srinivasan, 1998). We use a multiscale approach, consisting of several local voxel meshes and a global mesh. Each voxel mesh defines a Representative Volume Element (RVE) which accurately models the trabecular architecture in a specific volume of the cardiac wall. In contrast, the global mesh represents a smooth solid model of the entire ventricle. The mechanical response of a RVE is used to determine local apparent strain energy functions and fiber orientations. These are in turn used by the global mesh for computing the mechanical response of the entire ventricle. We construct each RVE by filtering stacks of con-focal microscopy images of the select myocardial tissue to obtain a raw voxel model. We then operate on this model to find the skeleton of the structure. The orientation of the actin fibers - needed to formulate the material constitutive relations - are assumed to be parallel to the skeleton. Nonlinear FE analyses is performed to obtain the apparent active and passive material properties of the RVE based on computed fiber orientations and trabecular architecture. Local apparent material properties are then transferred to the higher level FE mesh (smooth model) for the analysis of the entire heart. We apply both standard mechanics and homogenization approaches (Hollister, 1992) to compute the apparent material properties and the equivalent local fiber orientation and strength.

REFERENCES
[1] Srinivasan, V., Perucchio, R., Srinivasan R., and Taber L.A. 1998, "A nonlinear finite element formulation for modeling volumetric growth", in Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering - 2, Eds. J. Middleton, M.L. Jones, and G.N. Pande, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp. 271-278. [2] Hollister, S. J., and Kikuchi, N., 1992, "A comparison of homogenization and standard mechanics analysis for periodic porous composites", Computational Mechanics, Vol. 10, pp. 73-95.

MECHANICAL AND GLUCOSE DIFFUSION ANALYSIS OF THE HUMAN CORNEA WITH INTRASTROMAL RINGS
P.M. Pinsky, D.V. Datye and S. Chang
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. Stanford University, Stanford. E-mail : pinsky@stanford.edu (2) - Div. of Mech. and Comp. Department of Mech. Engineering Stanford University. (3) - Div. of Mech. and Comp. Department of Mech. Engineering. Stanford University.

ABSTRACT
Intrastromal rings and ring segments are implantable devices developed for the correction of refractive defects including myopia and astigmatism. The devices are made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and are inserted at about two-thirds depth into the stroma. Clinical trials indicate that these devices alter corneal power by modifying the corneal shape. The corneal stroma, which is the principle load-bearing layer of the cornea, is comprised of many collagenous lamellae placed one upon the other. A hyperelastic constitutive equation for an individual lamella is based on simple mixture theory and an averaging procedure is used to obtain the form of the transversely isotropic model for the whole stroma. However, damage or incisions can profoundly change the load carrying capacity of individual lamellae producing an anisotropy in the corneal membrane rigidity. A model for the anisotropy is developed which is dependent on the geometric configuration of the damage.

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In order to obtain the values of moduli that appear in the model, we have developed an optomechanical testing device which can measure the contour of a cornea deformed in situ by a mechanical probe. Using inverse estimation techniques we have successfully obtained the mechanical properties of the in vivo tissue for the first time. The finite element model employs 27-node specialpurpose corneal finite elements and general sliding contact conditions for the stroma-device interface. Shifts in corneal power are assessed using a least-squares matching to spherical surfaces. Optical aberrations in the ocular system are obtained using Zernike fits to anterior surface deformations of the cornea. The model has been used to simulate the response of the cornea to implantation of intrastromal rings and segments of varying arc length, in order to correlate alterations in corneal topography to the device configuration. Three important parameters governing shifts in corneal power have been identified: thickness, cone angle, and elastic modulus. The finite element model has produced results that correlate well with clinical measurements. A study of radial keratotomy is also described. In addition to supporting load, the cornea transports glucose by diffusion to various cell lines, such a keratocytes and epithelial cells, which consume the nutrient. Implanted devices will alter the diffusion path and concentration levels. A finite element analysis based on a nonlinear diffusionconsumption model is described which can be used for the prediction of possible glucose deficiency and the concomitant health risk to cells.

FETAL JOINT MORPHOGENESIS AS A DYNAMICAL PROCESS

J.H. Heegaard
(1) - Division of Biomechanical Engineering. Stanford University. E-mail : heegaard@bonechip.stanford.edu

ABSTRACT
Early contractions of fetal muscles generate physical forces in the growing joints that contribute to the morphogenesis of the adult articular surfaces. Although these forces are small and act intermittently over short periods of time, they are believed to have a strong and permanent influence on the shape of the future adult joint. The mechanisms controlling the early development of limb buds have been partially explained in terms of intrinsic genetic cues such as Hox genes. Intrinsic genetic factors may also play an important role during the early stages of joint formation by controlling cell division rate, cell hypertrophy or extracellular matrix biosynthesis. The normal development of a joint requires limb motion and physiological loading. The forces acting on the growing rudiments near a developing joint include traction in the tendon, restraint tension in the soft tissue, and articular contact forces. Experimental observations suggest that in the absence of these forces, the anlagen continue to grow but fail to develop normal joint cavities. Conversely, the shape of the articulating surfaces greatly influences the amount of pressure borne by the nearby tissues and does play an essential role in guiding the relative motion of the adjacent limb segments. Congruence of the articular surfaces is a determining factor controlling the pressure distribution and the stability of a diarthrodial joint. The objective of the present research is to use a mechanically driven growth model to study the stability of the pattern formation process during joint morphogenesis and to study how mechanical forces may influence joint congruence. The underlying growth model is based on the assumption that mechanical loads can modulate the growth rate of the anlagen. A nonlinear dynamics formalism is adopted to examine how variations of the morphogenic stimuli affected the shape of the epiphyses. Growth of the rudiments is considered as a dynamical process during which the shape of the articular surfaces undergo changes dictated by preset factors (i.e. genetic) and by mechanobiological stimuli (i.e. epigenetic). We consider growth of the tissue at the continuum level. To account for the effects of growth we define a multiplicative decomposition of the tissue deformation involving three contributions: - a deformation gradient resulting from growth and which expresses the change of length of fibers between stress free configurations, - a deformation gradient that enforces compatibility in the grown tissue, and - a deformation gradient accounting for the deformation due to applied load. Computing the deformation can become difficult due to the lack of invariant metric. Here, we use an approximate expression for the metric tensor based on the large difference in the time scales used to
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measure deformation resulting from growth (e.g. weeks or months) and deformation induced by load (e.g. seconds). We define an intrinsic biological baseline stimulus assumed to be proportional to local chondrocyte density. The influence of mechanobiological factors on growth is modeled by a stimulus assumed to depend on the usual stress invariants. The shape of the growing articular surfaces are numerically described by their local radii of curvature. We further define the ratio between the radii of curvature in the contact region to characterize the extent of joint congruence. The stability of the model is assessed by perturbing the initial shape of the growing joints or the flexor/extensor force magnitudes and by comparing the corresponding final shapes. The present model suggests that loading applied to a growing joint is a more important epigenetic factor guiding the evolution of the joint shape than initial shape geometry. This could indicate that the final shape of a joint does not depend on a precise initial layout of the cartilage anlagen during cavitation, as variations in the initial shape did not produce large differences in the grown up joint shape.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Partly supported through grants from the Powell Foundation and the Office of Technology Licensing, Stanford University.

FINITE-ELEMENT-ANALYSES OF INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS, A REVIEW IN CONSTITUTIVE MODELING

R. Eberlein
(1) - SULZER INNOTEC AG, Structural Mechanics. E-mail : robert.eberlein@sulzer.ch

ABSTRACT
The presentation addresses state of the art Finite-Element (FE) investigations of intervertebral discs. These basically consist of a fluid filled cavity (nucleus pulposus) at the disc center and surrounding tissue reinforced by collagen fibers (anulus fibrosus). The upper and lower disc surfaces are covered by artilaginous endplates. In literature constitutive models for the anulus fibrosus are mostly based on linear elasticity, although intervertebral discs may exhibit large strains under physiological loading conditions. The major problem behind this fact is the complexity of experimental investigations. To provide a better understanding a brief review covers current approaches in constitutive modeling of intervertebral discs. Unfortunately an overall prediction of the deformation behaviour of various disc specimen is not possible with these "classical" linear elastic models. Actually all models underlying these theories can therefore be applied to conforming geometries only. But disc specimen vary very much in shape and physical properties depending on a manifold of parameters. As a consequence two major deficiencies are described in detail. They become dominant for the prediction of endplate bulge and failure. From the Finite-Element (FE) analysis axial stress concentrations at the endplate edges become obvious. However, these contradict experimental data obtained under physiological loading conditions. In state of the art FE models endplate geometry is assumed to be plane, but vertebrae surfaces are concave in fact. The current investigation pays attention to this geometric refinement and resolves the above mentioned contradiction. This is very important, because only a realistic stress distribution in the endplates allows a reliable bulge and failure prediction. When it comes to an accurate modeling of stresses and strains in anulus fibrosus, however, a geometric refinement does not suffice anymore. For a compressive load of 3000N, the strains in the collagen fibers are always tensile and exhibit a continuous decrease from the innermost layer to the outer ones. Large strains occur, up to 8%, in the current FE model. The situation is more complicated for the annulus ground substance, though. From an engineering point of view occurring strains in a range of 50% and more can absolutely not be covered by a linear elastic model. On the other hand obtaining nonlinear experimental constitutive data is rather impossible, since the so called ground substance can hardly be considered as a medium on its own. Its physical properties primarily result from fluid particles acting on the collagen fiber bundles in radial direction. Therefore a solution strategy resulting in an anisotropic composite macro material is outlined with special emphasis of its general applicability. Thus it will also be possible to address the error range of purely linear elastic FE models for the anulus fibrosus.

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THREE DIMENSIONAL ORTHOTROPIC VISCOELASTIC FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF A HUMAN LIGAMENT

W.J.T. Daniel
(1) - Mechanical Engineering Department. University of Queensland. E-mail : bill@mech.uq.edu.au

ABSTRACT
Ligaments undergo finite strain displaying hyperelastic behaviour as the initially tangled fibres present straighten out, combined with viscoelastic behaviour (strain rate sensitivity). In the present study the anterior cruciate ligament is modelled in three dimensions to gain an understanding of the stress distribution over the ligament due to motion imposed on the ends, determined from experimental studies. A three dimensional, finite strain material model of ligaments has recently been proposed by Pioletti in reference 1. It is attactive as it separates out elastic stress from that due to the present strain rate and that due to the past history of deformation. However, it treats the ligament as isotropic and incompressible. While the second assumption is reasonable, the first is clearly untrue. In the present study an alternative model of the elastic behaviour due to Bonet and Burton (reference 2) is generalized. Bonet and Burton consider finite strain with constant modulii for the fibres and for the matrix of a transversely isotropic composite. In the present work, the fibre modulus is first made to increase exponentially from zero with an invarient that provides a measure of the stretch in the fibre direction. At around 2% strain in the fibre direction, a new reference state is then adopted, after which the material modulus is made constant, as in Bonet and Burton's model. The strain rate dependence can be added, either using Pioletti's isotropic approximation, or by making the effect depend on the strain rate in the fibre direction only. A solid model of a ligament is constructed, based on experimentally measured sections, and the deformation predicted using explicit integration in time. Deformation of one end of the ligament is imposed as a ramp over time. This approach simplifies the coding of the material model, but has a limitation due to the detrimental effect on stability of integration of the substantial damping implied by the nonlinear dependence of stress on strain rate. At present, an artificially high density is being used to provide stability, while the dynamics are being removed from the solution using artificial viscosity. The result is a quasi-static solution incorporating the effect of strain rate.

REFERENCES
[1] D.P. Pioletti, "Viscoelastic properties of soft tissues: application to knee ligaments and tendons". Thesis for Doctor of Science, presented at Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 1997. Also, Journal of Biomechanics, 31(1998), 753-757. [2] J. Bonet, A.J. Burton, "A simple orthotropic, transversely isotropic hyperelastic constitutive equation for large strain computations", Computer Methods in applied Mechanics and Engineering, 162(1998), 151-164.

BONE REMODELING AROUND TIBIAL COMPONENTS OF TKR INCORPORATING 3D FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSES
W. Krach, F.G. Rammerstorfer, M. Buergi and V. Patella
(1) - Inst. of Lightweight Structures and Aerospace Engineering, Vienna Univ. of Tech. E-mail : krach@ilfb.tuwien.ac.at (2) - Inst. of Lightweight Structures and Aerospace Engineering, Vienna Univ. of Tech. E-mail : ra@ilfb.tuwien.ac.at (3) - Sulzer Orthopedics Ltd.

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The ability of bone to change its shape and internal architecture according to the loading environment it is exposed to is well known. Changes in the actual strain (or stress) state pattern within the one tend to stimulate pronounced cell activity resulting in a resorption of bone material in regions of low loading levels and vice versa in a deposition of bone tissue in highly stressed zones. METHODS: The bone remodeling algorithm used in this study gives a phenomenological description of some aspects of the functional adaptation of bone. Based on the local cyclic stress and strain
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fields within the bone tissue which are coupled with the actual loading conditions and locally changing bone's properties, the algorithm allows an approximative calculation of the changes in the bone. More precisely, changes in bone's apparent density, anisotropy and material orientation at any position within the bone can be simulated. Due to the complex geometry and the material inhomogeneities that arise in biomechanical problems the Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to calculate the stress and strain fields within the bone tissue. The geometry as well as the material data of the used models are based on patientspecific CT data. The internal remodeling within the proximal part of a human tibia around three different tibial components of total knee replacements (TKR) is predicted in this study. These are, the APS knee, a three post design with a dowel-like anchoring, a central stem (CS) knee with a massive central stem and press-fit anchoring as well as the OMEGA knee, a design which is fixed in the bone with an 'omegashaped' blade. RESULTS: All analyses assume a perfect bonding (100% bone ongrowth) between the implant and the surrounding bone. Therefore, the imposed loads (joint and ligament loads) are transferred along the whole bone/implant interface. The results are shown in terms of a graphical representation of the adapted density distribution which is certainly influenced by the adapted anisotropic material properties. The simulations for the APS knee predict areas with increased bone density especially around the dowels (compression of the spongy bone during implantation) and from the distal dowel endings downwards to the cortical crest. For the CS knee a pronounced density increase can be observed underneath the massive central stem downwards towards the bone cortex. The OMEGA knee shows density increases along the descending edge of the anchoring and at the implant endings. Low density cancellous bone due to stress shielding is predicted within the resection plane in areas which are not loaded by the implant for all designs. In addition, a so-called 'cortical bridging' can be observed at the bottom of any implant downwards toward the cortical crest. The smallest changes in comparison to the natural density pattern are achieved with the OMEGA design. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the implant design as well as the implantation procedure and hence the resulting stress field due to implantation of a specific prosthesis determine the changes in bone density. Accordingly a proper implant design is necessary to avoid bone resorption and hence to ensure long-term stability of the implant device. 3D FE simulations offer a suitable tool to gain a better understanding of bone remodeling and to develop suitable implant devices and implantation procedures which help to decrease loosening rates.

ON THE CHARACTER OF REMODELING

G. Faust
(1) - Institute for Computer Applications. University of Stuttgart. E-mail : faust@ica.uni-stuttgart.de

ABSTRACT
The long-term stability of statically and dynamically loaded hip prosthesesis still a central problem of endoprostheses. The loosening and possible loss of the endoprosthesis is a consequence of bone retrogression. In order to be able to make reliable prognoses on bone adaptation or on the internal remodelling rate of the solid matrix, and thus on the stability of endoprostheses, model computations on the macroscale as a result of mechanical stimuli are indispensable. Internal bone remodelling is characterised by its complexity. For the simulation of such complex dynamical behaviour, the following assumptions are made: 1. Bone is a porous, incompressible/incompressible, liquid-saturated biphasic medium (incompressible, elastic solid, the pore structure being filled with a incompressible, non-viscous liquid); 2. Bone adaptation takes place on the macroscale as a result of mechanical stimuli; 3. The theoretical background for the elasto-mechanical formulation of finite deformations and the internal remodelling rate is the mixture theory extended by the volume fraction concept (theory of porous media); 4. Bone remodelling is a process of mass supply which is caused by phase exchanges or by changes of the aggregate state of the individual constituents (solid, liquid)[1],[2]. Our model equations are the local balance of mass, the local balance of momentum, the local balance of energy and the saturation condition. The problem is closed with 27 constitutive equations. Within the framework of the constitutive theory (material frame indifference etc.), the saturation condition or its material time derivative is taken into account in the entropy inequality for the mixture by means of
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the Lagrangian multiplier. With the aid of the second law of thermodynamics, the thermodynamic restrictions are derived for the postulated constitutive variables of the balance equations. The discussion makes it clear that a mass supply can only take place if the chemical potential and/or the temperatures of the individual constituents are different. The process variables actually responsible for bone remodelling are the partial densities and the temperatures of the individual components. The spatial velocity gradients of the both constituents are the control parameters of remodelling equations. The temporal changes of these 4 variables are described by a system of four partial non-linear differential equations which are developed in the context of the theory of porous media and are discussed according to the theory of dynamical systems [3]. The non-linear strain-energy function according to Ogden is chosen for the nonlinear elastic material behaviour of the bone matrix. The advantage of the Ogden material model is its formulation in the principal stretches or in the eigenvales. The material parameters in the principal axes of the deformation can be determined experimentally much more reliably than the Poisson ratio or the shear modulus, particularly when the material is spongious. The unknown field variables are the displacement of the solid (3), the velocity of the solid (3), the difference velocity of the liquid and the solid (3), both partial densities (2), the pore liquid pressure (1) and the local temperatures (2). The non-linear partial differential equations are solved numerically according to the Finite Element Method or the 14 unknowns.

REFERENCES
[1] Cowin,S.C., Hegedus,D.H. (1976); "Bone remodeling I: theory of adaptive elasticity", J.Elast. 6(3), 313 - 226. [2] Bluhm,J., de Boer,R., Kempa,W., Whling,M. (1998); "Phasenbergnge - ein kurzer Abri", Mech-Bericht 98/2, Fachbereich 10 Mechanik, Universitt-GH Essen. [3] Argyris,J., Faust,G., Haase,M. (1994); "Die Erforschung des Chaos: Eine Einfhrung fr Naturwissenschaftler und Ingenieure", Vieweg, Wiesbaden. [4] Argyris,J., Faust,G., Haase,M. (1994); "An Exploration of Chaos: An Introduction for Natural Scientists and Engineers", Text on Computational Mechanics, Vol. VII, North-Holland, Amsterdam.

TOTAL HOURGLASS CONTROL-A ROBUST FE METHOD FOR THE CALCULATION OF ORGAN DEFORMATIONS
R. Hutter and P. Niederer
(1) - Inst. of Biomedical Eng. and Medical Informatics. Swiss Federal Inst. of Tech. E-mail : hutter@biomed.ee.ethz.ch (2) - Inst. of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Informatics Swiss Federal Institute of Tech.

ABSTRACT
Within an interdisciplinary project a virtual reality based laparoscopic surgery simulator is in development. For this purpose a model of the female abdominal cavity has to be generated and application-specific Finite Element (FE) algorithms have to be formulated which are aimed towards the following goals: - Ability to calculate organ deformations and contact forces - Performance of the calculations in real time on a dedicated computer system - Robust calculations for the time range of a whole simulation The mechanical organ behaviour under externally applied forces is calculated with the nonlinear FE Method. Unfortunately, implicit FE schemes tend to convergence problems, especially in highly nonlinear cases like big deformations or complex contact interactions. These problems can be circumvented by performing a time integration with an explicit time integration scheme. As this integration scheme is only conditionally stable only time steps chosen sufficiently small lead to a stable solution. These short time steps increase the computational effort but lead to a stable contact formulation, furthermore, each time step is much less time consuming than in an implicit formulation. We assume that the organs behave like hyperelastic materials in static load cases. Because of the absolute strain formulations used for these materials no integration errors will remain after closed load cycles what is mandatory for robust simulations. Furthermore, viscoelastic damping has been included. Taking advantage of the reduced volume integration scheme introduced by Flanagan and Belytschko [1] the computational effort can dramatically be decreased (factor 5-7). In commonly used formulations, the stabilization forces (hourglass control) have to be calculated by a time integration,
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however this leads to accumulated integration errors and to incorrect results after a load cycle. Consequently we formulate these forces with respect to the initial configuration by taking the existence of the elastic potential into account. The resulting procedure is much faster than a full integration scheme without lost accuracy and robustness. We have implemented the total hourglass control for a quasi-linear viscoelastic material with hyperelastic static behaviour [2]. Thereby, the potential proposed by Veronda and Westmann [3] is preferred and a potential for transverse isotropic behaviour is added. The applicability of these formulations in nonlinear applications has been shown with the off-line simulation of the model of a uterus.

REFERENCES
[1] D.P. Flanagan and T. Belytschko , "A Uniform Strain Hexahedron and Quadrilateral with Orthogonal Hourglass Control", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17, 1981,pp. 679-706. [2] M.A. Puso and J.A. Weiss, "Finite Element Implementation of Anisotropic Quasi-Linear Viscoelasticity Using a Discrete Spectrum Approximation", Journal of Biomedical Engineering 120, 1998, pp. 62-70. [3] D.R. Veronda and R.A. Westmann, "Mechanical characterization of skin-finite deformation", Journal of Biomechanics 3, 1970, pp. 111-124.

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Applications in the Automotive Industry

Gregory M. Hulbert and Noboru Kikuchi
SESSION 1
FIRST ORDER ANALYSIS FOR AUTOMOTIVE SUSPENSION DESIGN H. Sugiura, S. Nishiwaki, Y. Kojima and N. Kikuchi ......................................................................................................294 A FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT BUSHING MODEL FOR DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES Z.D. Ma and G.M. Hulbert .............................................................................................................................................295 FUTURE TRENDS IN ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COMPOSITE ARMORED VEHICLES USING THE HOMOGENIZATION APPROACH F. Rostam-Abadi, N. Kikuchi and G.M. Hulbert .............................................................................................................295 MULTIPHYSICS SIMULATION IN AUTOMOTIVE AND AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS S.M. Rifai, W.P. Wang, E. Spyropoulos and T.J. Hughes ...............................................................................................296 MULTIPLE CRITERIA STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE BODY STRUCTURE DESIGN F. Saleem, N. Kikuchi and G.M. Hulbert ........................................................................................................................297 ANALYSIS OF LIGHT TRUCK RIDE USING A SYMBOLIC MULTIBODY DYNAMICS SIMULATION PROGRAM C.W. Mousseau and S.M. Karamihas .............................................................................................................................298

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FIRST ORDER ANALYSIS FOR AUTOMOTIVE SUSPENSION DESIGN

H. Sugiura, S. Nishiwaki, Y. Kojima and N. Kikuchi
(1) - Structural Dynamics Lab, Toyota Central R&D Labs. E-mail : shinji@stansy.tytlabs.co.jp (2) - Structural Dynamics Lab, Toyota Central R&D Labs. (3) - Structural Dynamics Lab, Toyota Central R&D Labs.

ABSTRACT
Trailing twist axle type suspension [1] has been successfully used as a rear suspension of a FF (Front-Engine-Front-Drive) type automobile because of the simplicity of its configuration. A trailing twist axle consists of two trailing arms interconnected by a crossbeam attached to the arms in a rigid manner. The performance of this suspension depends on the elastic deformation of the crossbeam. To obtain the high performance, structural flexibility must be appropriately implemented in the crossbeam. Moreover, geometric requirements such as the locus of the shear center and the second moment of inertia must also be considered in the design phase since these physical values determine the dynamic performance of the suspension. The concept of first order analysis has been discussed by GM and was first organized by Kikuchi[2]. The basic ideas include 1) the use of sophisticated formulations based on solid mechanics theory, 2) the optimization method based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), and 3) the topology optimization method. The structural analysis is performed by matrix methods based on discrete structural elements such as beams and constant shear flow panels. Formulas obtained by experimental data also are effectively employed to estimate some performance criteria. An advantage of first order analysis is that we can evaluate the basic performance criteria without detailed FE models at the fundamental design phase. In this study, we develop a new integrated design method of the trailing twist axle type suspension based on first order analysis. First, the performance criteria are formulated based on solid mechanics theory and are estimated by analysis using the matrix method. Second, a multi-objective optimization problem that incorporates all design criteria is formulated. A new multi-objective function is constructed to determine an unique optimal configuration on the Pareto optima using the Nash barraging model in game theory. Parametric studies are performed using Design of Experiments to construct a response surface for each performance criterion. The optimal configurations are obtained by RSM. Finally, we confirm that the optimal configurations satisfy the suspension requirements using the commercial multibody dynamics program, ADAMS.

REFERENCES
[1] T.L. Satchell, "The design of trailing twist axles", SAE paper 810420, 1981. [2] N. Kikuchi , "Automotive body structures", ME99-02 Course Pak at the University of Michigan, 1998.

A FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT BUSHING MODEL FOR DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES

Z.D. Ma and G.M. Hulbert
(1) - Dept. of Mech. Engineering and Appl. Mech., University of Michigan. E-mail : mazd@umich.edu (2) - Computational Mechanics Laboratory. University of Michigan. E-mail : hulbert@engin.umich.edu

ABSTRACT
Modeling and simulation techniques have rapidly developed for satisfying the increased needs in developing a high quality vehicle. However, models for several critical components in the vehicle structures still need to be improved for conducting high fidelity simulations of the vehicle system. On e of these critical components is the bushing. Bushings, which are composed of rubber, steel, and composite materials, exist througout the automotive suspension system, playing a very important role in connecting
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the components in the vehicle system, distributing the forces among the components, and reducing the shock and vibration of the vehicle. The fidelity of the bushing model affects significantly the fidelity of the dynamic simulation of a vehicle system. Bushings used in automotive structures have the characteristics of nonlinear viscoelastic material, whose stiffness and damping factors are nonlinear and frequency dependent. A traditional bushing model used in the automotive industry for dynamic simulation assumes viscous response of the bushing, which can capture the nonlinearity of the bushing, but not the frequency dependency. This model, in fact, is only accurate for the fully relaxed state of the bushing. Another approach taken in the automotive industry is to measure the force-deformation relationship for the bushing in the frequency domain, and then use it in the dynamic simulation. However, such models have to be transformed into the time domain for using in a multibody dynamics code, and it can not capture the deformation-amplitude dependency of the bushing response. An enhanced bushing model is presented, which can capture both the nonlinearity and frequency dependency of the bushing, but it still is a time domain model, which can be easily implemented into a multibody dynamics code.

FUTURE TRENDS IN ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COMPOSITE ARMORED VEHICLES USING THE HOMOGENIZATION APPROACH
F. Rostam-Abadi, N. Kikuchi and G.M. Hulbert
(1) - US. ARMY TACOM Survivability Area. E-mail : rostamf@cc.tacom.army.mil (2) - Comp. Mech. Laboratory. University of Michigan. E-mail : kikuchi@engin.umich.edu (3) - Computational Mechanics Laboratory. University of Michigan. E-mail : hulbert@engin.umich.edu

ABSTRACT
In the last two decades the military analyst and design engineers have been motivated to introduce advanced composite materials as substitutes for traditional all metal structural vehicles. The application of composites in ground and combat vehicles are increasing due to the desired properties of high strength to weight ratios, low thermal expansion, good corrosion resistance, favorable damping and desired signature detection characteristics. Additionally , composites can have tailored structural properties which holds great promise for many military applications. The first prototype all Composite Armored Vehicle (CAV) was built by the US. Army TACOM to explore the structural integrity and performance of composite materials and to gain confidence with composites as the building block for future military ground combat vehicles. The advent of analytical tools and methodologies have substantially enhanced the capabilities of engineers beyond the classical lamination theory realms to address larger array of complex problems. The difficulties in the analyses of periodic media are attributed to the potential mismatch of spatial scales because the characteristic length of the inhomogeneities are sufficiently large. The global-local analysis concept was introduced to address this discrepancy by separating the spatial scale into micro and macro phases with global analysis focusing on the average behavior of composite structure and local analysis concentrating on the response of microstructure characterizing the heterogeneous material. To address this problem, understanding the relationship between macro and micro mechanics is essential. The homogenization method is a global-local-micro theory based on the fundamental hypothesis of periodicity, scaling factors and asymptotic expansion of variable fields. While analysis tools have been developed to study the behavior of heterogeneous materials under static and quasi-static loading, no adequate engineering approach is available to study complex composite microstructures undergoing dynamic or impact loading. Typical approaches to this class of problems generate results contradicting known physical phenomena. McDevitt, Hulbert and Kikuchi employed the fundamental principles of homogenization theory as an analytical approach to study the dispersive elastodynamic behavior of linear elastic periodic structures in the context of global- local modeling methodology. Results show that the presence of additional higher-order terms provides good approximation to the elastodynamic solutions for wavelengths spanning six to seven base microstructures. In this work, a three stage development of an anti-mine structural panel will be addressed, and a broader class of composite microstructure design methodology is proposed. The methodology extends from the two phase solid-void material design to accommodate composite materials with three constituents phases so that richer set of material properties can be achieved Special efforts have been made
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to design materials with unusual thermal-elastic properties, in particular, negative poisson's ratio and near zero thermal expansion materials.

MULTIPHYSICS SIMULATION IN AUTOMOTIVE AND AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS

S.M. Rifai, W.P. Wang, E. Spyropoulos and T.J. Hughes
(1) - Centric Engineering Systems, Inc. E-mail : Steve.Rifai@centric.com (2) - Centric Engineering Systems Inc. (4) - Stanford University Div. of Mechanics and Computation. E-mail : hughes@am-sun2.stanford.edu

ABSTRACT
The competitive nature of the automotive and aerospace industries has driven manufacturers and suppliers to push the boundaries of simulation methods. This evolution is driven by the need to shorten design cycles, reduce cost, meet increasingly stringent government regulations, improve quality and safety, and reduce environmental impact. An increased need for accurate product and component simulation has pressed analysts for simulations of unprecedented scale and complexity. Multiphysics simulation of coupled fluid, structural and thermal problems has emerged as an important area of analysis in industrial applications. In particular, aeroelasticity, flow-induced vibrations, thermal management and flow within deformable components represent mission-critical coupled problems. For example, flow separations and shock wave oscillations often lead to buffeting on wings and excessive flutter has been responsible for numerous fighter plane crashes. Flow-induced vibrations in submarine power generation components are a significant noise source. In advanced aero - propulsion systems, aerodynamics-induced vibration, turbofan/blade flutter or stall can lead to reduced life-cycle or even premature component failure resulting in potential disaster. For many automotive components, such as exhaust and braking systems, the fluid flow in and around the component affects its temperature distribution. This results in a thermal stress field and over time, potential fatigue and warping. For flows within compr essors, hydromounts and around flexible fans, the fluid, structural and thermal behaviors can significantly affect each other. For example, in shock absorber valves with deformable disks, the movement of the valve piston causes oil to flow within the cylinder. This flow impacts the deformable disks and results in large deformations which, in turn, significantly change the flow. This article describes the use of the Spectrum multiphysics solver in automotive and aerospace applications. The methods described in this paper are based on a single computational framework for modeling multiple interacting physical phenomena. Interaction constraints are enforced in a fully-coupled manner using the augmented-Lagrangian method. Within the multiphysics framework, the finite element treatment of fluid flow is based on the Galerkin-Least-Squares (GLS) method. The arbitrary-LagrangianEulerian (ALE) method is utilized to account for deformable fluid domains. The finite element treatment of solids and structures is based on the Hu-Washizu variational principle. Automatically generated tetrahedral grids are used to ease and expedite the analysis process. The multiphysics architecture lends itself naturally to high-performance parallel computing. Several applications are presented including: fixed wing aeroelasticity, aeroelastic simulation of cascades, flows within deformable valves and compressors, thermal management of automotive components, and flow within engine cylinders.

MULTIPLE CRITERIA STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE BODY STRUCTURE DESIGN

F. Saleem, N. Kikuchi and G.M. Hulbert
(1) - Body & Chassis Test Department, Ford Motor Company. E-mail : fsaleem@ford.com (2) - Comp. Mech. Laboratory. University of Michigan. E-mail : kikuchi@engin.umich.edu
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(3) - Computational Mechanics Laboratory. University of Michigan. E-mail : hulbert@engin.umich.edu

ABSTRACT
Practical structural design problems, involving the layout of material and or stiffeners in a given design space while meeting certain static and dynamic constraints, are among the most challenging tasks for automotive design engineers. Today, car body structural design engineers use their past knowledge along with very little structural topology/shape/size optimization to design car bodies. This problem is also encountered at the sign-off stage of product development cycle, when automotive chassis components prove out dictates a need for a surrogate body structure. This surrogate body is required to meet the static and dynamic target stiffness of the actual prototype body structure. The key to developing a dedicated prototype structure lies in the development of an optimization method, which can be applied to the design and manufacture of a surrogate body structure with some target static and dynamic characteristics of the actual prototype body structure. Based on the Modified Optimality Criteria (MOC) technique proposed by Kikuchi and Ma for a frequency response problem, a new method is developed for structural topology optimization to predict the optimal layout of a surrogate body structure with target static and dynamic characteristics of the actual body structure. The basic idea is the use of a convex approximation, employing a shift parameter. Since the approximated Lagrangian function is convex for any zero or positive Lagrange multiplier, we can use the dual method to solve the problem. It has been shown that this new method is suitable for eigenvalue problems with associated static displacement constraints. The optimization problem is posed using weighted objective function approach using both static displacement and eigenvalues as the targets. This new method is applied to a shape and topology optimization problem requiring a surrogate structure for a shock tower body mount structure. A multiple criteria discrete structural optimization problem is posed in terms of a truss ground structure with the design variables as the cross sectional areas of the individual truss members. Target static displacement and dynamic eigenvalues are expressed as a weighted objective function. It is shown that this modified optimality criteria based algorithm is very efficient and convergent for this type of problem. By examining the convergence history of the objective function and the associated gradient information, it is readily concluded that this modified optimality criteria is reduced to the ordinary optimality criteria when the sensitivity of the objective function is a negative quantity (shift parameter is set to zero). Thus, this new optimization algorithm is a generalization of previous optimality criteria and can be applied to more general problems.

ANALYSIS OF LIGHT TRUCK RIDE USING A SYMBOLIC MULTIBODY DYNAMICS SIMULATION PROGRAM
C.W. Mousseau and S.M. Karamihas
(1) - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. E-mail : mousseau@umich.edu (2) - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. E-mail : stevemk@umich.edu

ABSTRACT
An easy-to-use computer simulation program for ride analysis was recently developed using the symbolic AUTOSIM multibody dynamics program. The simulation predicts time history responses, power spectral density (PSD) functions, and a driver oriented measure of ride comfort. It employs a graphical user interface (called SGUI, for simulation graphical user interface) to control data preparation, simulation execution, animation, and data analysis. The SGUI allows the user to operate the program by pointing and clicking with a mouse, rather than by using cumbersome text commands. It also manages the vehicle dynamics parameters, the resulting simulation output, and results of post-processing analyses (i.e., PSD analysis). The vehicle dynamics model was generated with the AUTOSIM multibody dynamics program. This program uses Kane's Method and computer algebra to create a parametric dynamics simulation that can be easily linked to the SGUI. The dynamics model is tailored to a specific application and constructed with a minimal set of parameters. All these features enable RideSim to execute very quickly and to be effectively used by a ride engineers who are not necessarily experts in simulation technology. This presentation describes the SGUI, the vehicle dynamics model, the experimental procedure, and a critical look at how well the model agrees with experiment.

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Very Large Eigenvalue Problems

Andrew Knyazev
SESSION 1
Keynote : TOWARDS COMPUTING EIGENVALUES OF A PROBLEM OF ORDER 10,000,000 R. Grimes........................................................................................................................................................................300 PARALLEL SOLUTION OF EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS IN ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE CALCULATIONS Y. Saad............................................................................................................................................................................300 MODERN ITERATIVE SOLVERS FOR LARGE SYMMETRIC EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS A. Knyazev......................................................................................................................................................................301 AN INTEGRATED MULTI-GRID AND RAYLEIGH QUOTIENT/DAVIDSON SOLUTION STRATEGY FOR VERY LARGE SYMMETRIC EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS Y.T. Feng ........................................................................................................................................................................301 THE ROLE OF HARMONIC RITZ VECTORS IN RESTARTING ARNOLDI-LIKE METHODS A. Stathopoulos...............................................................................................................................................................302

SESSION 2
Keynote : COMPUTING POLES OF PHYSICAL SYSTEMS DESCRIBABLE BY LARGE SYSTEMS OF DELAYDIFFERENTIAL EQUATION J. Cullum ........................................................................................................................................................................303 COMPUTATIONAL LINEAR STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR FLUID FLOW MODELED BY MPSALSA R. Lehoucq, A. Salinger and L. Romero..........................................................................................................................304 NEWTON-KRYLOV ACCELERATION TECHNIQUES FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS ON UNSTRUCTURED GRIDS P. Geuzaine and J.A. Essers ...........................................................................................................................................304 CACHE BASED MULTIGRID PROCEDURES FOR STRUCTURED AND UNSTRUCTURED MESHES M.L. Bittencourt, J. Hu and C.C. Douglas......................................................................................................................305 ON FAST ITERATIVE SOLVERS FOR IMAGE-BASED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD T. Yamada and G. Nagai ................................................................................................................................................306

SESSION 3
A STUDY OF MATRIX-VECTOR PRODUCT ALGORITHMS FOR THE ITERATIVE SOLUTION OF FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS A.L. Coutinho, M.A. Martins, I.D. Parsons and A. Namazifard......................................................................................307 PARALLEL DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION METHODS FOR OPTIMAL CONTROL OF VISCOUS INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS G. Biros and O. Ghattas .................................................................................................................................................308 BAND STRUCTURE CALCULATIONS FOR 3D PHOTONIC CRYSTALS BASED ON A MIXED FINITE ELEMENT APPROXIMATION J.E. Pasciak ....................................................................................................................................................................309 ON THE EFFICIENCY OF PARALLEL SUBSTRUCTURE FINITE ELEMENT COMPUTATIONS S.H. Hsieh and Y.S. Yang................................................................................................................................................309 PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS OF MASSIVELY PARALLEL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSES OF NON-LINEAR PIEZOELECTRIC VISCOELASTIC BEAMS C.E. Beldica, H.H. Hilton and S. Koric ..........................................................................................................................310 THE ITERATIVE GROUP-IMPLICIT ALGORITHM FOR PARALLEL TRANSIENT ANALYSIS S. Modak and E.D. Sotelino............................................................................................................................................311

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Keynote : TOWARDS COMPUTING EIGENVALUES OF A PROBLEM OF ORDER 10,000,000

R. Grimes
(1) - Boeing

ABSTRACT
Our group at Boeing has been providing sparse matrix software to the vendors of finite element analysis programs for 14 years. Our product, BCSLIB-EXT, is used to directly solve sparse systems of linear equations and real symmetric sparse generalized eigenvalue problems. Over the years the target problem size has increased from 10,000 to problems approaching 10,000,000. Our current target problem is to compute 1000 eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a real symmetric gneralized eigenvalue problem of order 10,000,000 such as would arise in a vibration analysis. We will discuss the problem characteristics that make this a challenging problem. We will discuss some algorithmic issues that we think narrow the choices of algorithms available. We will then discuss the technology advances that we have made that are necessary to solve larger and larger problems with our Block Shifted and Inverted Lanczos eigensolver and our implementation of the multifrontal direct solution technology. Finally we will present statistics from our software package, BCSLIB-EXT, for a sequence of large eigenproblems.

PARALLEL SOLUTION OF EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS IN ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE CALCULATIONS

Y. Saad
(1) - Dept. of Comp. Science and Engineering. University of Minnesota. E-mail : saad@cs.umn.edu

ABSTRACT
All physical properties of matter can be determined by a coupled system involving Schrdinger's equation coupled with Poisson's equation. This coupling is nonlinear and rather complex. It involves a charge density which can be computed from the wave functions for all occupied states. However, the wavefunctions are the solution of the eigenvalue problem resulting from Schrdinger's equation whose coefficients depend nonlinearly on the charge density. This gives rise to a non-linear eigenvalue problem which is solved by a so-called Self Consistent Field (SCF) iteration. The challenge comes from the large number of eigenfunctions to be computed for realistic systems which consist of hundreds or thousands of atoms. We will discuss a parallel implementation of a finite difference approach for this problem and report on some results on the T3E and an SP2. We will also explore the fundamental underlying linear algebra which can be viewed as a problem of determining the diagonal of a projector associated with an invariant subspace. Methods that avoid completely the computation of eigenvectors will be briefly discussed.

MODERN ITERATIVE SOLVERS FOR LARGE SYMMETRIC EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS

A. Knyazev
(1) - CU Denver. E-mail : andrew.knyazev@cudenver.edu
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ABSTRACT
We describe modern precondition-based iterative solvers for generalized symmetric eigenproblems. Those methods are specially designed for very large and ill-conditioned problems. Neither the stiffness matrix, nor the mass matrix needs to be inverted. The methods do not require storing any large matrices, or a large number of vectors. To accelerate convergence, a preconditioner can be used. In many engineering applications, preconditioned iterative solvers for linear systems are already available, and efficient preconditioners for stiffness matrices are constructed. The same preconditioner can and should be used to solve the corresponding eigenvalue problem. Moreover, preconditioned solvers for linear systems are are quite similar to suggested preconditioned eigensolvers. Therefore, existing codes of preconditioned solvers for linear systems would require only a slight modification to solve eigenvalue problems. We introduce our favorite method, the Optimal Block Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Method, and discuss its advantages. A MATLAB code of the method is available at http://wwwmath.cudenver.edu/~aknyazev/software/CG/ We show that computing the extreme eigenvalue and the corresponding eigenvector costs about the same as solving a linear system with the stiffness matrix.

REFERENCES
[1] Knyazev, Andrew V. , "Preconditioned eigensolvers - an oxymoron?", ETNA 7 (1998), 104-123, see http://etna.mcs.kent.edu/vol.7.1998/pp104-123.dir/pp104-123.pdf [2] Bramble, James H.; Pasciak, Joseph E.; Knyazev, Andrew V., "A subspace preconditioning Algorithm for eigenvector/eigenvalue computation", Adv. Comput. Math. 6 (1996), no. 2, 159-189, see http://ns.baltzer.nl/adcom/articles/1996/6-2/aco611.pdf

AN INTEGRATED MULTI-GRID AND RAYLEIGH QUOTIENT/DAVIDSON SOLUTION STRATEGY FOR VERY LARGE SYMMETRIC EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS
Y.T. Feng
(1) - Department of Civil Engineering. E-mail : feng@swansea.ac.uk

ABSTRACT
The present work addresses computational issues related to employing Multi-Grid (MG) techniques in the context of the (modified) Rayleigh Quotient (RQ) and Davidson methods for the solution of a few smallest eigenpairs of very large symmetric systems arising in finite element simulation of 3D structural dynamic problems. The MG approach concerned plays two roles in this integrated solution method: Firstly, at each grid, a local solution is sought first and then adopted as an initial guess for the next finer grid. This can be achieved by recursively applying the current solution method to the next coarser grid until the coarsest grid is reached or at some grid where the solution can be effectively found by using conventional techniques such as the Lanczos method. Secondly, the MG approach also acts as a linear equation solver in the inner loops of RQ/Davidson methods. The MG solver considered here has the following features: (1) the grids can be totally non-nested and unstructured; (2) the coarse grid equation can be derived independently or in a Galerkin manner; (3) any (preconditioned) iterative solver can be employed as preand post-smoothers; (4) each MG iteration cycle is further accelerated and stabilized by the (Flexible) GMRES algorithm, which is equivalent to a MG preconditioned (F)GMRES method. The key to the success of this integrated solution approach lies in the proper selection of correction equations associated with RQ/Davidson methods. The Jacobi-Davidson equation and the socalled inflated Newton recurrence have been chosen as two candidates for further investigation. As the correction equation is solved only approximately, the convergence properties of the original RQ method are no longer valid. In this situation, a local 2 X 2 Ritz-Galerkin analysis is performed at each RQ iteration, which turns out to be vital for achieving a high performance. Finally, a set of very large eigenvalue problems (over 100,000 DOF) is presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed solution, in particular, with two different correction equations. In addition,
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the effects of some parameters associated with the method on the overall performance are also investigated.

THE ROLE OF HARMONIC RITZ VECTORS IN RESTARTING ARNOLDI-LIKE METHODS

A. Stathopoulos
(1) - Department of Computer Science College of William and Mary. E-mail : andreas@cs.wm.edu

ABSTRACT
Restarting and preconditioning are probably the two most important open problems in iterative methods today. The Jacobi-Davidson method is a popular extension of the Arnoldi method that can use preconditioning to solve large eigenvalue problems. Because of theoretical and practical reasons, the two methods are often used with restarting. This has significant performance shortcomings, since important components of the invariant subspace may be discarded. One way of saving more information at restart, is the idea of "thick" restarting which keeps more Ritz vectors than needed. Our previously proposed dynamic thick restarting has proved very efficient for symmetric non-preconditioned cases, and a competitive technique for preconditioned and nonsymmetric cases. However, a lot of vectors are retained at every restart, hence increasing the orthogonalization cost per step. To address this problem we have combined thick restarting with a technique based on the three term recurrence of the Conjugate Gradient algorithm. This approach has matched the efficiency of the dynamic technique, but with fewer vectors. However, the question remains whether Ritz vectors are the most appropriate for restarting an iteration. Indeed, the optimality of the Ritz pairs does not carry over to eigenpairs other than the two extreme ones. It is interesting to see whether other choices of vectors could benefit more thick restarting. Recently, there has been a lot of discussion about harmonic Ritz pairs. These are simply extreme Ritz pairs for the shifted and inverted operator but on a carefully chosen subspace. The choice of the subspace facilitates the computation of the harmonic pairs without inverting the matrix. Therefore, they extend the Ritz optimality to eigenvalues close to the shift. One would expect that restarting with harmonic Ritz vectors would provide better approximations to interior eigenpairs, and thus it would improve convergence. We present strong numerical evidence that harmonic Ritz vectors do not provide a good restarting choice for eigenvalue problems that solve for a few extreme eigenpairs. We explain our results based on the properties of the Rayleigh-Ritz procedure. For highly interior eigenpairs however, harmonic Ritz vectors may be the only reasonable choice.

Keynote : COMPUTING POLES OF PHYSICAL SYSTEMS DESCRIBABLE BY LARGE SYSTEMS OF DELAY-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
J. Cullum
(1) - Los Alamos National Laboratory. E-mail : cullumj@lanl.gov

ABSTRACT
A system of linear, delay-differential equations will be said to be stable if all of the system poles are in the closure of the left half complex plane and any poles which are on the imaginary axis are simple. If we apply the Laplace Transform to such a system, we obtain a matrix formulation, A(s) x = Bu, y=Ex, where A(s) is a matrix function of the complex variable s which contains exponential terms of the form exp(- s t ) and s exp(-s t ) corresponding to various time delays t. Such systems have an infinite number of poles and poles correspond to solutions lambda of the nonlinear eigenvalue problem A(lambda) z = 0. Such systems can arise, for example, as models of electromagnetic field interference which can delay or distort voltages or currents in conductors. Partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) models,
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obtained by applying Maxwell's equation to each conductor and then discretizing the boundary integral formulation of the solution, yield systems of this form. Time delays in these equations correspond to geometric travel times from one point in a conductor to some other point in the same or a different conductor. Time delays can destabilize or stabilize linear systems and procedures are needed to study the stability of such systems. This is equivalent to constructing methods for solving the large nonlinear eigenvalue problem, A(lambda) z = 0. We would like to be able to apply an iterative Lanczos or Arnoldi method to this nonlinear eigenvalue problem. Such methods do not explicitly modify the system matrix. However, they require a matrix C which is independent of the complex variable s, and this is equivalent to requiring that A(s) is linear in s. We overcome this difficulty by generating sequentially, associated linear systems which locally have the same poles as the poles of the original system, and for which the corresponding system matrix is independent of s. We apply an iterative eigenvalue method to each local system to obtain poles locally, and the combine the results of this sequence of computations to obtain approximations to poles of the original, large, delay-differential system. This procedure provides, for the first time, a practical method for studying the stability of nontrivial systems of delay-differential equations. Some of the open questions associated with this procedure will be indicated, and the use of the procedure on a VLSI circuit interconnect problem will be demonstrated. The underlying approximations and iterative methods can be used to construct reducedorder models for simulating the behavior of physical systems which are describable by delay-differential equations such as large sets of VLSI interconnect circuits (wires, planes).

REFERENCES
[1] Jane Cullum and A.E.Ruehli, "An extension of pseudospectral analysis to nonlinear eigenvalue problems and its use in studying systems with time delays", IBM Research Report, RC21016, November 1997, IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY. Submitted. [2] Jane Cullum, A.E. Ruehli, Tong Zhang, "Model Reduction for PEEC Models Including Retardation", IBM Research Report, October 1998. Presented at EPEP '98, October 26-28, 1998, West Point, New York. Submitted.

COMPUTATIONAL LINEAR STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR FLUID FLOW MODELED BY MPSALSA

R. Lehoucq, A. Salinger and L. Romero
(1) - Sandia National Labs. E-mail : rblehou@sandia.gov

ABSTRACT
Our interest is in the stability of steady two- and three-dimensional fluid flow to small disturbances. One computational approach is to solve a sequence of large sparse generalized eigenvalue problems that arise from discretizating the differential equations modeling the flow for the leading modes. The modes of interest are the eigenvalues of largest real part and their associated eigenvectors. We discuss our work to develop an efficient and reliable eigensolver for use by the massively parallel simulation code MPSalsa. MPSalsa allows simulation of complex 3D fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer with complex bulk fluid and surface chemical reaction kinetics.

NEWTON-KRYLOV ACCELERATION TECHNIQUES FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS ON UNSTRUCTURED GRIDS

P. Geuzaine and J.A. Essers

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(1) - Aerodynamics group, University of Liege. E-mail : philippe.geuzaine@ulg.ac.be

ABSTRACT
For the past few years unstructured grid methods have become more and more widespread. Such methods provide great flexibility in generating meshes around complex geometries and offer a natural framework for adaptive mesh refinement. These methods should therefore become the standard for more and more engineering CFD applications. However, the relatively large time per mesh point required to obtain converged solutions remains a major impediment to their use. In order to avoid the poor convergence properties of explicit methods, implicit schemes based on Newton's method are considered [1]. The success of Newton-like methods depends heavily on how efficiently the linear system is solved. The approach followed in this study is to use matrix-free Krylov subspace based methods, namely GMRES and BiCGSTAB, for the solution of the large sparse linear system. Matrix-free Newton-Krylov methods are very attractive since they retain a Newton-type convergence without having to compute and to store the higher order Jacobian matrix. A Jacobian matrix is however often required for preconditioning purposes. Since such a matrix influences only the convergence of the iterative linear solver, it can be based on a lower order discretization so that acceptable memory requirements are maintained. As Newton's method generally converges to a solution only if the initial approximation is sufficiently close to it, a continuation method and a mesh sequencing procedure are considered as attempts to widen the domain of convergence of the method or, alternatively, as a procedure to obtain a sufficiently close starting point. A continuation method allows to compute the solution of the steady-state equations through a pseudo-transient form where the time derivative is approximated by backward differencing, with a timestep that ultimately approaches infinity. In a mesh sequencing technique the solution on a coarse grid is interpolated up and used as an initial guess on a finer grid. In order to improve further the convergence for inviscid flow computations, a linear multigrid algorithm is implemented and used as a preconditioner for the Krylov solver [2]. In fact, it has turned out from our numerical experiments that the performances of classical single grid preconditioners, such as ILU factorizations, deteriorate when the grid is refined so that the number of Krylov iterations per Newton step increases. The study of multigrid preconditioners is motivated by the fact that multigrid methods are optimal in the sense that the required number of operations is theoretically proportional to the number of grid points. The spatial discretization of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations is obtained by a higher order cell-centered finite volume technique. The discretization of the advective term is performed by an upwind scheme based on Roe's approximate Riemann solver. A piecewise discontinuous polynomial reconstruction of the flow variables is employed in each control volume. For inviscid flow simulations a quadratic reconstruction is employed, while for turbulent flow computations a linear reconstruction is used for the mean flow variables and a constant reconstruction is selected for the turbulence variables. The viscous term of the Navier-Stokes equations is discretized by a compact linearity preserving scheme based on the diamond path stencil. For turbulent flow simulations the one-equation Spalart-Allmaras model and the two-equation k - omega model are solved in a form fully coupled with the mean flow equations. Numerical results [1,2] demonstrate that Newton-like convergence can be achieved for the computation of inviscid, laminar and turbulent flows over two-dimensional single and multi-element airfoils.

REFERENCES
[1] P. Geuzaine, M. Delanaye, and J.-A. Essers, "Computations of high Reynolds number flows with an implicit quadratic reconstruction scheme on unstructured grids", AIAA paper 97-1947, July 1997. [2] P. Geuzaine, I. Lepot, F. Meers and J.-A. Essers, "Multilevel Newton-Krylov algorithms for computing compressible flows on unstructured meshes", AIAA paper 99-3341, June 1999.

CACHE BASED MULTIGRID PROCEDURES FOR STRUCTURED AND UNSTRUCTURED MESHES

M.L. Bittencourt, J. Hu and C.C. Douglas
(1) - Dept. de Projeto Mecanico Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica. E-mail : mlb@fem.unicamp.br
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(2) - Mathematics Department. University of Kentucky. E-mail : jhu@ms.uky.edu (3) - Mathematics Department. University of Kentucky. E-mail : douglas@ccs.uky.edu

ABSTRACT
High speed cache memory is commonly used to address the disparity between the speed of a computer's central processing unit and the speed of a computer's main memory. It is advantageous to maximize the amount of time that data spends in cache. Tiling is a software technique which is often used to do just this. Tiling is not able, however, to handle dynamically changing data structures, such as those encountered in adaptively chosen, unstructured grids. We develop variants of the Gauss-Seidel method for second order elliptic partial differential equations with variable coefficients. These variants keep data in cache memory for much longer than non-cache implementations. As a result, our methods are significantly faster than non-cache implementations. The first variant depends on the concept of mesh layers. The layers are built based on the nodal numbering of the mesh or the graph of the system matrix. The maximum number of layers fitting into cache can be determined for a given cache size. Based on that and the number of relaxations, a cache Gauss-Seidel with residual calculation can be implemented. A fundamental point to improve cache efficiency is to store the matrix coefficients locally by renumbering the nodes of the mesh. In this work, the reverse Cuthill-Mckee renumbering procedure was used to reduce the matrix bandwidth. The previous variant encounters problems when the renumbering procedure is unable to reduce the bandwidth significantly, such as with complex or very large domains. For this case, another cache aware Gauss-Seidel variant is developed which does not depend on the matrix bandwidth. A publicly available load balancing package is used to decompose the grid into blocks of nodes which fit into cache. An order n algorithm is introduced that provides a one-time reordering of the nodes in each block. This new ordering permits significantly more Gauss-Seidel updates and residual calculation to be done in cache than in standard implementations. The cache aware Gauss-Seidel variants are incorporated into multigrid codes and tested by solving two dimensional linear elastic problems. These experiments demonstrate the speedups, cache hit rates, and cache line reuse possible with a multigrid code that incorporates the new variants.

ON FAST ITERATIVE SOLVERS FOR IMAGE-BASED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

T. Yamada and G. Nagai
(1) - Department of Architecture. Science University of Tokyo. E-mail : tyamada@rs.kagu.sut.ac.jp

ABSTRACT
Recently the image-based approach was developed by Holister and Kikuchi [1] to analyze structures with complex geometry. The basic idea of this approach is to convert the bit-map information of the digital image of structures into geometry model for the finite element analysis. Finite element analysis is performed by recognizing each volume element (voxcel) in an image as a finite element in the uniform rectangular grid. We have been applying this approach to the stress analysis in the meso-scale structure of concrete materials [2] [3], which consisting of aggregates with complicated shapes. In the image-based approach, very fine grids should be used to capture the complex geometry of the structure and hence very large large linear systems should be solved by iterative methods. However, the image-based approach offers the feature of uniform rectangular grid. Using this property, sophisticated procedures that are difficult to apply to the conventional finite element method using unstructured meshes can be applied to solve the linear system arising in the imagebased approach. One of them is a conjugate gradient (CG) method using signal processing techniques such as fast Fourier transform (FFT) or wavelet transform to precondition the matrix. Signal processing techniques are widely used and various efficient algorithms have been developed in the field of the computer science. Thus a fast iterative solver for the image-based FEM can be developed by using such techniques. Another approach is the multigrid technique. For the uniform rectangular grid, a sequence of nested finite element spaces for the multigrid method can be constructed easily.

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In this work, the efficiency of fast iterative solvers for image-based FEM is evaluated by numerical experiments. In this work, CG method with FFT preconditioner is considered for a method using signal processing technique. For a multigrid method, the cascadic conjugate gradient (CCG) method [4], which is a simple but attractive algorithm, is considered. The performance in the parallel processing is also evaluated.

REFERENCES
[1] S.J. Holister and N. Kikuchi , "Homogenization theory and digital imaging: a basis for studying the mechanics and design principles of one tissue", Biotech. Bioeng. 43, 586-596 1994. [2] G.Nagai, T.Yamada and A.Wada, "Stress analysis of concrete material based on geometrically accurate finite element method", Proc. Conf. Comp. Engng. Sci., Vol. 2, No.3, 1103-1106, 1997, Japan (in Japanese). [3] G.Nagai, T.Yamada and A.Wada, "Finite element analysis of concrete material based on the image data", Proc. FRAMCOS 3, Vol. 2, 1077-1086, 1998. [4] P. Deuflhard, "Cascadic conjugate gradient methods for elliptic partial differential Equation. Algorithm and numerical results", In D. Keyes and J. Xu, editors, Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Domain Decomposition Methods 1993, 29-42, 1994.

A STUDY OF MATRIX-VECTOR PRODUCT ALGORITHMS FOR THE ITERATIVE SOLUTION OF FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS
A.L. Coutinho, M.A. Martins, I.D. Parsons and A. Namazifard
(3) - Center for the Sim. of Adv. Rockets. Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. University of Illinois. E-mail : idp@uiuc.edu (4) - Center for the Sim. of Adv. Rockets. Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. University of Illinois.

ABSTRACT
Iterative equation solvers are becoming increasingly popular for finite element analysis, particularly when it is necessary to solve large scale systems of equations, with millions of unknowns. Krylov subspace methods, such as preconditioned conjugate gradients or GMRES are usually preferred. Multigrid methods are also very appealing, mainly due to the property of proportionality between computational work and grid size. The potential bottlenecks of iterative methods are the preconditioning step and the matrix -vector product. Many preconditioners can be found in the literature, ranging from simple diagonal scaling to complex multilevel preconditioners. The most important inner kernel of any iterative method is the matrix - vector product. Its computational efficiency is a function of the data structure employed to store the coefficient matrix and the target computer architecture. In many finite element applications element-byelement (EBE) data structures are the natural choice to implement the matrix-vector product. In the EBE scheme the unassembled nonzero entries of the coefficient matrix are stored elementwise. Mesh coloring and domain decomposition techniques are usually used to parallelize the computations on different computer architectures. However, for large-scale problems, EBE schemes may be very memory intensive. Matrix-free EBE methods, which in principle can be more time consuming, may alleviate the memory burden. Edge-based data structures, introduced for explicit compressible flow computations, have become an interesting alternative for computing matrix-vector products. Edge - based schemes store the assembled non-zero off-diagonal entries of the coefficient matrix. Impressive gains in computer time have been reported for edge-based strategies when compared with EBE schemes in the solution of large scale problems discretized with tetrahedra. We present a comparative study of EBE, matrix-free EBE and edge-based schemes for computing matrix-vector products for 3D elasticity problems discretized with hexahedra. The target machine is the SGI/Origin 2000. In particular, we study the influence of cache size and special orderings of elements and nodes on the performance of the different approaches.

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PARALLEL DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION METHODS FOR OPTIMAL CONTROL OF VISCOUS INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS
G. Biros and O. Ghattas
(2) - Computational Mech. Lab. Carnegie Mellon University. E-mail : omar.ghattas@cs.cmu.edu

ABSTRACT
Recently, interest has increased in optimal flow control of viscous fluids, that is the determination of optimal values of controls based on the Navier-Stokes equations. For example, the objective could be minimizing drag on a solid body, and the controls might consist of tractions or velocities on some part of the boundary. Such problems are among the most computationally challenging optimization problems. They owe their complexity to their being constrained by numerical approximations of the Navier-Stokes equations. These constraints are highly nonlinear and can number in the millions. The current state-of-the-art for solving such flow-constrained optimization problems is reduced sequential programming methods (RSQP), e.g. [1]. These methods essentially project the optimization problem onto the space of control variables (thereby eliminating the flow variables), and then solve the resulting reduced system using a quasi-Newton method. The advantage of such an approach is that only two linearized flow problems need to be solved at each iteration. However, the convergence rate of quasiNewton methods deteriorates as the number of control variables increase, rendering large-scale problems intractable. The convergence can be made independent of the number of control variables m by using a reduced Newton (as opposed to quasi-Newton) method. However, this requires m linearized flow solves "per iteration", which is unacceptable. The need for flow solutions results from the decomposition into flow and control spaces (range and null spaces of the flow equations), and this can be avoided by remaining in the full space of combined flow and control variables. However, this is also problematic: it is not clear how to precondition the resulting ``Karush-Kuhn-Tucker'' full space matrix, which is crucial for large-scale full space optimization methods to be effective. In this talk we propose a new optimal flow control method that uses a Krylov method to converge the KKT matrix, but invokes a preconditioner inspired by reduced space quasi-Newton algorithms. Like reduced quasi-Newton algorithms, this approach requires just two linearized flow solves per iteration; but it exhibits the fast convergence associated with Newton methods. Furthermore, the two flow solves can be approximate, for example using any appropriate flow preconditioner. Finally, the method parallelizes and scales as well as the flow solver itself. We term this method a "domain decomposition" method out of analogy with domain-decomposed Schur complement algorithms. In such techniques, decomposition into the interface space requires exact subdomain solves, so one often prefers to iterate within the full space while using a preconditioner based on approximate subdomain solution. We discuss such issues as approximate vs.\ exact flow solution within the preconditioner, appropriate Krylov solvers for the KKT matrix, and robustness and globalization of the method. We will also provide results of experiments assessing scalability and performance on the Cray T3E at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, and comparisons with current optimal control methods. Our implementation is based on the PETSc environment for PDE solution [2], and makes use of PETSc domain-decomposition preconditioners for the approximate flow solves.

REFERENCES
[1] O. Ghattas and J. Bark, "Optimal control of two- and three-dimensional incompressible Navier Stokes flows", Journal of Computational Physics, Vol.136, p.231-244, 1997. [2] S. Balay, W.D. Gropp, L.C. McInnes, and B.F. Smith, "PETSc home page", http://www.mcs.anl.gov/ petsc, 1999.

BAND STRUCTURE CALCULATIONS FOR 3D PHOTONIC CRYSTALS BASED ON A MIXED FINITE ELEMENT APPROXIMATION
J.E. Pasciak

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(1) - Mathematics Department. Texas A&M University. E-mail : pasciak@math.tamu.edu

ABSTRACT
In this talk, I will consider an eigenvalue problem associated with 3d periodic photonic crystals. The electromagnetic behavior of the material is determined by Maxwell's equations. In particular, materials with gaps in the band (eigenvalue) structure have useful optical properties. Because of the periodicity of the material, the solution can be expanded in terms of Bloch eigenfunctions. There is a family of eigenfunctions for each point a in the Brillion zone [p,p]3. Each member of this family is an eigenvector for an a-dependent variant of Maxwell's equation on the (periodic) unit cube. In this talk, I will consider, first, discretization of the a-dependent Maxwell's equation by mixed methods. The discretization will be in terms of spaces which are related to the Nedelec elements for approximating H(curl). Next, I will consider iterative methods for the resulting eigenvalue problems. Although the problem is mixed form, it is positive definite restricted to the subspace of "divergence" free functions. Even though a basis for this subspace is not known, effective iterative techniques can be constructed in terms of a preconditioner whose range is the subspace. For our application, such a preconditioner can be developed in terms of the fast Fourier transform. I will conclude the talk with some numerical results illustrating the effectiveness of the proposed techniques.

ON THE EFFICIENCY OF PARALLEL SUBSTRUCTURE FINITE ELEMENT COMPUTATIONS

S.H. Hsieh and Y.S. Yang
(1) - Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University. E-mail : shhsieh@ce.ntu.edu.tw

ABSTRACT
In the past two decades, finite element method has become a common computational approach for solving complicated engineering problems. In recent years, the scale and complexity of engineering computations have increased significantly. Therefore, considerable research efforts have been devoted to the area of parallel finite element computations for better concurrent utilization of computing powers and resources. Among many domain decomposition approaches used for parallel finite element computations, a very popular approach is the parallel substructure method that employs the traditional substructure condensation technique in the field of structural engineering. However, several issues still need to be addressed before the parallel substructure method can be efficiently used for solving general large-scale, computation-intensive engineering problems. In this work, the focus is placed on investigating and improving the efficiency of the parallel substructure method. Several issues related to the efficiency of the parallel substructure method are carefully studied and strategies for improving its efficiency are proposed. These issues include (1) mesh partitioning for balancing computational loads among processors and for minimizing interprocess communication, (2) matrix storage scheme for minimizing memory requirement and for improving loadbalancing among processors, and (3) substructure nodal renumbering for minimizing condensation computations within each substructure. In addition, several finite element meshes of different types are used in this work to study and demonstrate the efficiency of the improved parallel substructure method in a personal computer network.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work is sponsored by the National Science Council of Republic of China under the Grant No. NSC88-2211-E002-018.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS OF MASSIVELY PARALLEL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSES OF NON-LINEAR PIEZOELECTRIC VISCOELASTIC BEAMS
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C.E. Beldica, H.H. Hilton and S. Koric

(1) - Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University. E-mail : shhsieh@ce.ntu.edu.tw

ABSTRACT
The previously developed analytical formulations [4, 5] are extended to a study of nonlinear viscoelastic beam bending with large deformations under piezoelectric control to retard delaminations. Spatial finite element and temporal finite difference viscoelastic algorithms formulated in [1, 2, 3] are modified and extended to massively parallel computational analyses in real time. NCSA's 128 processor SGI-CRAY Origin 2000 machines are used. Accuracy dependence on time increments and mesh size is studied. Speed up, CPU and inter-processor communication times are examined in detail and evaluated for quasi-static and dynamic loadings. Since viscoelastic material properties are nonlinearly dependent on strains as well as time, iterative protocols must be used which, because of their inherent repetitive nature, unavoidably serve to increase computational times. The most computer intensive areas in any FEA are those which calculate the element stiffness matrices and those which factorize and solve global system matrices. Viscoelastic problem computations, of course, require much larger computational times than do corresponding elastic ones. Due to the nature of hereditary integrals representing viscoelastic linear or nonlinear material behavior, even quasi-static viscoelastic computations call for much larger CPU times than elastic ones, because multiple viscoelastic time solutions must be generated, compared to only one such solution for the corresponding equivalent steady state elastic problem. Using variational principles, analytical formulations and their numerical algorithms have been deve-loped [1-3] for analyzing dynamic responses of anisotropic hygrothermoviscoelastic laminated composites and/or viscoelastically damped composite structures in the real time domain. For transient (dynamic) analyses, recursion formulae have been obtained [2] which reduce CPU operational times requiring only two previous time solutions to evaluate succeeding time solutions. These protocols are used here for massively parallel computations.

REFERENCES
[1] H.H. Hilton and S. Yi, "Anisotropic viscoelastic finite element analysis of mechanically and hygrothermally loaded composites", International Journal of Composites Engineering, 3:123-135, 1992. [2] S, Yi and H.H. Hilton, "Dynamic finite element analysis of viscoelastic composite plates in the time domain", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 37:4081-4096, 1994. [3] S. Yi, H.H. Hilton and M.F. Ahmad, "Nonlinear thermoviscoelastic analysis of interlaminar stresses in laminated composites", ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, 63:218-224, 1996. [4] H.H. Hilton, J.R. Vinson and S. Yi, "Anisotropic piezo-electro-thermo-viscoelastic theory with applications to composites", Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM-11), VI:48814890, Gold Coast, Australia, 1997. [5] C.E. Beldica, H.H. Hilton and S. Yi, "A sensitivity study of viscoelastic, structural and piezoelectric damping for flutter control", Proceedings 39th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, AIAA Paper 98-1848, 2:1304-1314, 1998.

THE ITERATIVE GROUP-IMPLICIT ALGORITHM FOR PARALLEL TRANSIENT ANALYSIS

S. Modak and E.D. Sotelino
(1) - Computers and Structures Inc. E-mail : sukomal@csiberkeley.com (2) - School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University. E-mail : sotelino@ecn.purdue.edu

ABSTRACT
The advent of parallel computers has stimulated the research of algorithms for transient finite element analysis. The main goal of the research in this field has been on how to take advantage of parallel (distributed) computer architectures for simulating dynamic response. The Iterative Group Implicit (IGI) algorithm is presented for the parallel solution of transient dynamic problems. In this method the original structure is partitioned into a number of a subdomains. Each subdomain is solved independently and therefore concurrently, using any traditional direct solution method. The IGI algorithm is an extension of the Group Implicit (GI) algorithm, and similarly to that method compatibility of the interface degrees of freedom is restored using a mass averaging rule. However, unlike the GI algorithm, in the IGI algorithm
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an iterative procedure is devised to restore equilibrium at the interface degrees of freedom. The solution obtained by this method, once the iteration converges within a given tolerance, is the same as the one obtained if the subdomain solution method is used to solve the whole structure. The IGI method has the same algorithmic characteristics as the underlying solution method used to solve each subdomain. Numerical studies are presented which demonstrate that the performance of the IGI algorithm improves upon the GI algorithm both in terms of accuracy and efficiency. Furthermore, the IGI method is highly modular and scalable, and therefore very well suited for distributed and parallel computing.

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Minisymposium

Contact-Impact Problems and Nonlinear Mechanics

Tod Laursen
SESSION 1
A METHOD FOR CONNECTING DISSIMILAR FINITE ELEMENT MESHES USING CONSTRAINT EQUATIONS C.R. Dohrmann, M.W. Heinstein and S.W. Key ..............................................................................................................314 EXPLICIT VERSUS IMPLICIT FORMULATION FOR CONTACT-IMPACT ANALYSIS IN THE LARGE DEFORMATION DOMAIN J.P. Ponthot, D. Graillet and M. Hogge .........................................................................................................................314 A DYNAMIC CONTACT ALGORITHM FOR ENERGY AND MOMENTUM CONSERVATION P. Papadopoulos and J.M. Solberg.................................................................................................................................315 FINITE ELEMENT CONTACT-IMPACT PROBLEMS WITH THE PINBALL TECHNIQUE AND EXPLICIT TYPE CODES F. Quaranta and J.L.D. Alves.........................................................................................................................................315 NEWTON ALGORITHM AND DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION METHODS FOR NON-CLASSICAL FRICTIONAL CONTACT PROBLEMS P. Alart and M. Barboteu ...............................................................................................................................................316

SESSION 2
DEVELOPMENT OF SOME ERROR INDICATORS AND ADAPTIVE METHODS FOR LAGRANGIAN SIMULATIONS OF HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT A.K. Patra.......................................................................................................................................................................317 A LAGRANGE MULTIPLIER ALGORITHM FOR THE CONTACT OF THREE DIMENSIONAL BODIES R. Jones and P. Papadopoulos .......................................................................................................................................318 CONTACT AND IMPACT BETWEEN MULTIBODY SYSTEMS WITH ARBITRARY SHAPES J.H. Heegaard and M.L. Kaplan.....................................................................................................................................319 A MORTAR FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION FOR THE DYNAMIC SOLUTION OF FRICTIONAL CONTACT PROBLEMS T.W. McDevitt and T.A. Laursen ....................................................................................................................................319 NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF FRICTIONAL CONTACT IN THICK SHELL STRUCTURES N. El-Abbasi and S.A. Meguid ........................................................................................................................................320 NON-LINEAR COMPLEMENTARITY PROBLEM FORMULATION FOR ANALYSIS OF FRICTIONAL DYNAMIC CONTACT PROBLEMS Y.H. Kim and B.M. Kwak................................................................................................................................................321

SESSION 3
CONTACT/IMPACT PROBLEMS, ENERGY CONSERVATION AND PLANETARY GEARS L. Demkowicz and A. Bajer ............................................................................................................................................321 IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTIVE MESH REFINEMENT INTO AN EULERIAN IMPACT MECHANICS CODE D.L. Littlefield and J.T. Oden .........................................................................................................................................322 SIMULATION OF ELASTIC-PLASTIC IMPACT WITH A CONVEX ENO SCHEME K.J. Vanden, D.M. Belk, H.S. Udaykumar and W. Shyy..................................................................................................323 AN ANALYSIS OF ERROR ESTIMATORS FOR MODELING IMPACT PROBLEMS USING AN H-ADAPTIVE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD G.C. Bessette, D.L. Littlefield and E.B. Becker...............................................................................................................323 MESHFREE METHODS FOR LARGE DEFORMATION AND CONTACT-IMPACT PROBLEMS J.S. Chen and H.P. Wang ...............................................................................................................................................324

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A METHOD FOR CONNECTING DISSIMILAR FINITE ELEMENT MESHES USING CONSTRAINT EQUATIONS
C.R. Dohrmann, M.W. Heinstein and S.W. Key
(1) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : crdohrm@sandia.gov (2) - Sandia National Laboratories. (3) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : swkey@sandia.gov

ABSTRACT
A method is presented for connecting dissimilar finite element meshes using constraint equations. The constraint equations are obtained from the requirement that the virtual work of internal forces at the mesh interface is zero. The method leads to satisfaction of patch tests when the meshes are joined along a planar surface. In the general case of curved boundaries, only a weaker form of the patch test is passed. Nevertheless, results obtained from the method are more accurate than others based on standard maste rslave constraints. The method can be used to connect meshes which use different element types. In addition, master and slave surfaces can be designated independently of relative mesh resolutions. Example problems in solid mechanics are presented to demonstrate the performance of the method.

EXPLICIT VERSUS IMPLICIT FORMULATION FOR CONTACT-IMPACT ANALYSIS IN THE LARGE DEFORMATION DOMAIN
J.P. Ponthot, D. Graillet and M. Hogge
(1) - University of Liege - LTAS-Thermomechanics. E-mail : jp.ponthot@ulg.ac.be (2) - University of Liege - LTAS-Thermomechanics (3) - University of Liege - LTAS-Thermomechanics

ABSTRACT
When dealing with dynamic problems for highly non linear situations (i.e. problems with coupled material and geometrical non linearities as encountered in crashworthiness), one is often faced with the choice of a time stepping algorithm (explicit or implicit). For those problems, the current trend in Computational Mechanics is as follows. For structural dynamics where low frequencies dominate the response, implicit algorithms of the Newmark family are generally felt to be more appropriate. On the contrary, wave propagation problems (shock response from impact and explosions, for example) are commonly -supposed to be- best solved by explicit techniques. However these assertions are mainly based on linear mathematical analyses. For example stability and/or accuracy properties are determined from a linearized problem (in the spatial neighborhood of a given configuration) and for vanishingly small time steps. If the properties of the time-stepping algorithms predicted by this technique are reliable for explicit problems (where time steps are effectively very small), it is not the case for implicit algorithms where, thanks to the numerical damping that can be introduced without killing the solution, the time steps can be much larger and the assertions predicted can be completely false for general problems though they are true for linear problems. As an illustration of this phenomenon, we present different benchmarks dealing with dynamic loading and buckling of shock absorber devices designed for vehicle safety. Other situations such as impact between a turbine blade and a casing, impact between a plate and a cylinder, buckling of a cylinder with self-contact will also be investigated.

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A DYNAMIC CONTACT ALGORITHM FOR ENERGY AND MOMENTUM CONSERVATION

P. Papadopoulos and J.M. Solberg
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of California. E-mail : panos@archimedes.ME.Berkeley.EDU (2) - University of California, Berkeley. E-mail : solberg@me.berkeley.edu

ABSTRACT
A new algorithm for dynamic contact between deformable bodies is proposed, which exploits the differential/algebraic structure of the underlying equations of motion. In the smooth part of the motion, the algorithm makes use of an energy- and momentum-conserving scheme proposed in [1]. During contact, a Lagrange multiplier method is employed to strongly enforce the discrete constraints on displacements and velocities, in a manner that guarantees momentum-conservation throughout time. In addition, the algorithm conserves energy during persistent contact, while, upon initial impact, it is designed to dissipate a small amount of energy in order to preserve long-term stability. Selected two-dimensional examples are presented to demonstrate the features of the proposed method. The performance of the algorithm is also compared with that of a Newmark-based integrator proposed by the authors in [2], as well as with other recently proposed algorithms.

REFERENCES
[1] J.C. Simo and N. Tarnow. "The discrete energy-momentum method. Conserving algorithms for nonlinear elastodynamics", Z. Angew. Math. Phys., v.43, pp. 757-792, (1992). [2] J.M. Solberg and P. Papadopoulos , "A finite element method for Contact/impact", Fin. Elem. Anal. Des., v. 30, pp. 297-311, (1998).

FINITE ELEMENT CONTACT-IMPACT PROBLEMS WITH THE PINBALL TECHNIQUE AND EXPLICIT TYPE CODES
F. Quaranta and J.L.D. Alves
(1) - Department Of Civil Enginnering. Federal University Of Rio De Janeiro. E-mail : chico@coc.ufrj.br (2) - Department Of Civil Enginnering. Federal University Of Rio De Janeiro. E-mail : jalves@coc.ufrj.br

ABSTRACT
In this work we address the contact-impact problem using a penalty formulation through the pinball technique and the internal forces evaluation with a parameter free reduced integration for axissimetric and3-d brick elements. The nonlinear behavior considering both kinematics and constitutive equations is dealt with the well established radial return algorithm in the framework of an updated lagrangean jaumann (ulj) formulation. The temporal discretization uses the central difference operator with variable time stepping. For the quasi-static problems the selected driver is an adaptive dynamic relaxation scheme. The resulting code is fully vectorizable and the computational platform for the implementation was a Cray j-90 shared memory vector / multiprocessor. problems addressed encompass usual benchmark tests and a 3-d model for areal world application, showing the feasibility of the implementation. The observed performance of the code is also reported.

REFERENCES
[1] F. Quaranta and J.L.D. Alves, "Assesment of a Finite Element Implementation for Contact - Impact Analysis", Sixth Pan American Congress of Applied Mechanics - PACAM VI - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, (1999). [2] Luiz A.G. Costa, Francisco Quaranta Neto and Jose L.D. Alves, "An Implementation for the Analysis of Tridimensional Contact-Impact Problems by the Pinball Algorithm", XVIII CILAMCE - Congresso Ibero Latino Americano sobre Metodos Computacionais em Engenharia, Brasilia / DF, (1997). [3] Jose Luis Drummond Alves and Francisco Quaranta Neto, "Penalized Techniques for Finite Element Contactimpact Analysis", Joint Conference of Computational Machanics and Ibero Latin American Association of Computational Methods in Engineering, Padova / Italy (1996).
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[4] F. Quaranta e J.L.D. Alves,"Avaliacao de Estrategias para o Tratamento de Problemas de Contato-Impacto no Computador CRAY Y-MP", XVI CILAMCE, Congresso Ibero Latino Americano sobre Metodos Computacionais em Engenharia, Curitiba/PR, (1995). [5] Z. H. Zhong, "Finite Element Procedures for Contact-Impact Problems", Oxford University Press, Oxford, (1993). [6] I. S. Yeh, "Adaptivity and Splitting Pinball Method in Nonlinear Structural Dynamics with Contact-Impact", Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, (1992). [7] M. O. Neal, "Contact-Impact by The Pinball ALgorithm with Penalty, Projection and Augmented Lagrangean Methods", Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, (1989).

NEWTON ALGORITHM AND DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION METHODS FOR NON-CLASSICAL FRICTIONAL CONTACT PROBLEMS
P. Alart and M. Barboteu
(1) - Laboratoire de Mcanique et Gnie Civil. Universit Montpellier 2. E-mail : alart@lmgc.univ-montp2.fr (2) - Laboratoire de Mcanique et Gnie Civil. Universit Montpellier 2. E-mail : mikael@lmgc.univ-montp2.fr

ABSTRACT
The aim of this lecture is to present a strategy to solve large-scale frictional contact problems by using domain decomposition methods adapted to parallels computers. The motivation is given by the study of the static and dynamic behaviour of rolling shutters. The rolling shutters for shops, stores and hangars are formed by a succession of slats jointed by a hinge. In a first approach, the rolling shutters behave like an anisotropic plate. But homogenization procedures which replace the structure with a great number of articulations by an equivalent homogeneous plate are not pertinent from a mathematical point of view. Moreover there exist a gap between the slats in the hinge which is necessary to assure the opening of the shutters. We have then defined a non classical contact element to modelize a "hinge with gap and friction". Therefore the discretized problem becomes a drastically non linear large-scale problem with a large ratio of degrees of freedom involving contact condition (up to 90 percents). The properties of this example explain the choices made to define our parallel strategy. At first we retain the mixed formulation of frictional contact conditions introduced by Alart and Curnier [1] and the generalized Newton method as the non linear standard solver (which has proved its efficiency [2]). Contrary to current approaches we propose to treat the (physical) contact interfaces inside the subdomains and to distinguish them from the (numerical) interfaces between subdomains. Then with some adaptations, we gain by the efficient preconditioners developped for linear problems. Howeover, the tangent matrices are non symmetric and ill-conditionned. Then to solve the interface problem, the conjugate gradient algorithm is replaced by a GMRes algorithm. Moreover the Neumann-Neumann preconditioner with coarse grid [3] must be modified to account for new rigid body motions in "floating" subdomains (with no Dirichlet conditions) according to the global contact status on the contact areas inside subdomains. Numerical tests show the efficiency of this method for parallel computers as for sequential ones. Some problems introduced above with rolling shutters may be only solved by this method. Such a strategy is compared to others partially parallel techniques as Element By Element preconditioners for example [4].

REFERENCES
[1] Alart P., Curnier A. , "A Mixed Formulation for Frictional Contact Problems Prone to Newton Like Solution Methods", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 92, N 3, pp. 353-375, 1991. [2] Alart P., "Mthode de Newton gnralise en mcanique du contact", Journal de Mathmatiques Pures et Appliques, Srie 9, Tome 76, pp.83-108, 1997. [3] Le Tallec P., "Domain decomposition methods in computational mechanics", Computational Mechanics Advances 1, pp.121-220, 1994. [4] Alart P., Barboteu M., Lebon F., "Solution of Frictional Contact Problems Using EBE Preconditionner", Computational Mechanics, Vol. 20, n 4, pp 370-378, 1997.

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DEVELOPMENT OF SOME ERROR INDICATORS AND ADAPTIVE METHODS FOR LAGRANGIAN SIMULATIONS OF HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT
A.K. Patra
(1) - Dept. Mech. Engg., SUNY at Buffalo. E-mail : abani@eng.buffalo.edu

ABSTRACT
Hypervelocity impact simulations present very unique and formidable computational challenges due to the close coupling that occurs between the transport processes and material constitutive behavior. Traditional approaches to solving these types of problems, including Eulerian and Lagrangian methods, have not proven to be entirely successful. It is believed that adaptive refinement of the finite element meshes will improve the quality of the simulations as the mesh deforms. Central to effective use of this technique will be the use of good refinement indicators. We present here three such error indicators. The first is a simple measure of the absolute relative velocity of the nodes of an element with respect to one another. This indicator is designed to predict large mesh distortion that eventually causes all Lagrangian simulations to break down. This indicator is also similar in spirit to indicators used by Ortiz et al [2] and Batra et al. [3]. The second class of indicators is based on the element residual methods (Ainsworth and Oden [4]). Appropriately distributed jumps in the normal traction around inter-element boundaries are used as error indicators. This indicator correlates well with the finite element approximation error but it does not predict large mesh deformation very well. To improve on these indicators we combine them to develop a third class of hybrid indicators. Appropriately scaled and weighted additive and mulitiplicative combinations of the above two methods are used to derive new indictors. For our initial investigations we have used the EPIC [1] code and simulations of the benchmark Taylor anvil test.

REFERENCES
[1] G. R. Johnson and R. A. Stryk, "User Instructions for the EPIC-3 code" Air Force Armament Laboratory. [2] G T. Camacho and M. Ortiz , "Adaptive Lagrangian Modelling of ballistic penetration of Metallic Targets", preprint, ( to appear in Comput. Methods. Appl. Mech. and Engg.) [3]R. C. Batra and K. I. Ko, "An adaptive mesh refinement techn ique for the analysis of shear bands in plain strain compression of a thermoviscoplastic solid" Comp. Mech. Vol 10, 1992, pp. 369-379. [4] M. Ainsworth , J. T. Oden," A Posteriori Error Estimators, Computational Mechanics Advances, Computer Methods in Appl. Mech. and Engg. , to appear.

A LAGRANGE MULTIPLIER ALGORITHM FOR THE CONTACT OF THREE DIMENSIONAL BODIES

R. Jones and P. Papadopoulos
(1) - Sandia National Laboratories (2) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of California. E-mail : panos@archimedes.ME.Berkeley.EDU

ABSTRACT
Fundamental to the finite element treatment of contact is the need for independently discretized bodies to satisfy the contact conditions in an unbiased fashion without over-constraining the kinematics of the contacting surfaces. This condition requires specialized choices of the admissible fields that differ from those used in the traditional one- and two-pass node-on-surface methodologies and must account for the fact that the piece-wise smooth contacting surfaces, in general, do not conform to each other. In the three dimensional case, the construction of these fields is greatly complicated by the increased complexity of the discrete region of contact and its boundary. A systematic means of handling all potential interactions of the contacting meshes must be developed in order to produce a robust algorithm. This work concentrates on the development of continuous contact traction fields that are capable of passing the quasi-static patch test [1]. The general methodology is based on the selective enforcement of the contact conditions and is an outgrowth of earlier work by Papadopoulos and Solberg [2] in twoUSNCCM99 Page 283

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dimensional contact. Stable and accurate solutions of the discrete contact problem are attained by the use of admissible Lagrange multiplier (pressure) fields on each surface which weakly satisfy the momentum balance on the interface and the impenetrability constraint. The details of the construction of suitable contact elements arising from solid bodies discretized by 8-noded isoparametric bricks will be given and their validity will be demonstrated using the patch test and various punch and Hertzian problems as test cases.

REFERENCES
[1] P. Papadopoulos and R.L. Taylor , "On a patch test for contact problems in two dimensions", Nonlinear Computational Mechanics, P. Wriggers and W. Wagner editors, pp. 690-702, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (1991). [2] P. Papadopoulos and J.M. Solberg , "Lagrange multiplier method for the finite element solution of frictionless contact problems", Math. Comp. Model., 28:373-384, (1998).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was performed at Sandia National Laboratories. Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed-Martin company, for the United States Department of Energy under contract DE-ACO494AL85000.

CONTACT AND IMPACT BETWEEN MULTIBODY SYSTEMS WITH ARBITRARY SHAPES

J.H. Heegaard and M.L. Kaplan
(1) - Division of Biomechanical Engineering. Stanford University. E-mail : heegaard@bonechip.stanford.edu (2) - Mechanical Engineering Department. Stanford University.

ABSTRACT
Contact and impact problems are characterized by unilateral constraints reflecting non penetrability of the interacting bodies and friction at the interface. When the bodies are rigid the dimension of the system's configuration space is reduced whenever such constraints become active. For large multibody systems delimited by arbitrary shapes, detecting contact can become a complex task and expressing contact constraints in a computationally efficient manner becomes an important problem. Contact constraints have been extensively studied in the framework of the finite element method for discretized deformable bodies. Paradoxically, efficient formulations for contact constraints between rigid bodies have received less attention. One reason might be that unlike discretized boundaries typically encountered in finite element. meshes, rigid body boundaries are usually described by continuous surfaces for which no privileged points (i.e. nodal points) are available to express contact constraints. The objective of this contribution is to formulate the contact/impact problem between a pair of planar rigid bodies with arbitrary shapes by introducing an efficient parametrization of the configuration space. Using this parametrization, the contact conditions become trivial to express, avoiding thus costly contact and slip detection computations. The relative kinematics of the interacting bodies is expressed by three parameters representing the two curvilinear coordinates of the pair of closest points on each boundary and the gap distance between these two points. In this way the impenetrability constraint between the striker and target expresses as a trivially simple inequality on the third generalized coordinate (gap distance). Furthermore, searching for closest points on the contacting surfaces is no more necessary. Similarly, slip velocity expresses simply as the difference between the time derivatives of the first two generalized coordinates (curvilinear coordinates of closest points). This parametrization considerably reduces the computational cost associated with the contact and slip detection as the otherwise nonlinear contact constraints are transformed into simple linear ones. The gap distance and the normal contact force are related through Signorini's duality and complementarity relations which are compactly expressed using a single subdifferential inclusion. Similarly slip velocity and frictional forces are related through a single subdifferential inclusion. Gauss principle of "least constraint" is invoked to derive Gibbs-Apell equations of motion. The most relevant feature of these equations, in contrast to other equations of motion is that the solution extremizes a constraint function expressing the contact and frictional constraints. The resulting inequality constrained dynamical problem is regularized using an augmented Lagrangian method. A consistent linearization of
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the augmented equations of motion is then derived for the purpose of integrating them using implicit schemes. The effectiveness of the proposed parametrization is exemplified with numerical examples in the fields of human joint biomechanics and elliptic bouncing balls.

A MORTAR FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION FOR THE DYNAMIC SOLUTION OF FRICTIONAL CONTACT PROBLEMS
T.W. McDevitt and T.A. Laursen
(1) - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University (2) - Duke University Department of Civil and Environmental Engng. E-mail : laursen@mazama.egr.duke.edu

ABSTRACT
Paramount to the finite element solution of mechanical contact problems is the discretization of contact constraints and pressures. Typically the unilateral contact constraints are evaluated along a pair of a priori defined boundaries using a nodal based "master-slave" closest point projection scheme. Difficulties arise when the contact interface inherits two non-conforming meshes from the contacting continua. In this case typical displacement based finite element formulations engender variationally inconsistent contact pressures. Mixed formulations have been proposed which recover variationally consistent contact pressures; however, these formulations do not address all the difficulties of evaluating the contact surface integrals. For the case of non-conforming meshes, the formulation must assure that the integrand is a polynomial, so that the contact integral can be evaluated exactly with a finite number of quadrature points. In this paper a finite element formulation is developed for the solution of frictional contact problems. The novelty of the proposed formulation involves discretizing the contact interface with mortar elements, originally proposed for domain decomposition problems. The mortar element method provides a linear transformation of the displacement field for each boundary of the contacting continua to the intermediate mortar surface. The transformation is optimal in the sense that the error is bounded by the sum of the discrete approximations made in each body. On the mortar surface, contact kinematics are easily evaluated on a single discretized space. The procedure provides variationally consistent contact pressures and assures the contact surface integrals can be evaluated exactly. For the general case in which node-to-node contact does not occur, the formulation passes a contact patch test. Other numerical examples illustrate the applicability and accuracy of the proposed procedure.

NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF FRICTIONAL CONTACT IN THICK SHELL STRUCTURES

N. El-Abbasi and S.A. Meguid
(1) - Eng. Mech. and Design Lab. Dept of Mech. and Ind. Engineering. University of Toronto (2) - Eng. Mech. and Design Lab. Dept of Mech. and Ind. Engineering. University of Toronto. E-mail : meguid@mie.utoronto.ca
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ABSTRACT
A new variational inequality based formulation is presented for the large deformation analysis of frictional contact in elastic shell structures. The formulations are based on a 7-parameter continuum shell model, which account for the normal stress and strain through the shell thickness and accommodate double-sided shell contact. The kinematic contact conditions are enforced accurately in terms of the physical contacting surfaces of the shell. Large deformations and rotations are accounted for by invoking the appropriate stress and strain measures. Lagrange multipliers are used to ensure that the kinematic contact constraints are accurately satisfied and that the solution is free from user defined parameters. Three numerical examples are used to verify the developed formulations and algorithms, and test the various aspects of the solution technique.

NON-LINEAR COMPLEMENTARITY PROBLEM FORMULATION FOR ANALYSIS OF FRICTIONAL DYNAMIC CONTACT PROBLEMS
Y.H. Kim and B.M. Kwak
(1) - Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology. E-mail : kyh@khp.kaist.ac.kr (2) - Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology. E-mail : bmkwak@khp.kaist.ac.kr

ABSTRACT
The difficulty of three-dimensional dynamic contact problem involving friction is that the direction of tangential contact force is not known as contact forces and contact area. The researchers in the literature have mainly dealt with two-dimensional problems and no precise natural formulation for threedimensional frictional dynamic contact problems seems available recently except the author[1, 2]. Early approaches for solving fictional dynamic contact problems are trial-and-error method. Recently, mathematical programming approaches such as variational inequality, quadratic programming and complementarity problem have been studied to describe the natural contact phenomena precisely. In this paper, a nonlinear complementarity problem formulation, developed by Kwak [1] for static contact problem, is extended to solve the three dimensional frictional dynamic contact problem for deformable multi-bodies. The contact condition and the friction condition at each time step are formulated as nonlinear complementarity problems. These nonlinear complementarity problems are discretized spatially using the finite element method, and the second order direct time integration is adopted [2]. A general node-to-surface contact is used and implemented for a linear element of the target body to describe contact gap and relative slip of a potential contact pair. A natural scheme of considering velocity discontinuities from the impact condition is presented. To solve the resulting nonlinear complementarity problems, a path-search Newton's method[3] is utilized. A two-body impact between an elastic block and a rigid surface is solved to show the applicability of the present formulation.

REFERENCES
[1] B. M. Kwak, "Complementarity problem formulation of three-dimensional frictional contact", J. Appl. Mech., 113, 134-140, 1991. [2] J. O. Kim and B. M. Kwak, "Dynamic analysis of two-dimensional frictional contact by linear complementarity problem formulation", Int. J. Solids Struct. 33, 4605-4624, 1996. [3] S. P. Dirkse and M. C. Ferris, "The PATH: A non-monotone stabilization scheme for mixed complementarity problems", Opt. Meth. Software 19, 123-156, 1995.

CONTACT/IMPACT PROBLEMS, ENERGY CONSERVATION AND PLANETARY GEARS

L. Demkowicz and A. Bajer
(1) - The Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics. E-mail : leszek@ticam.utexas.edu

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(2) - The Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics.

ABSTRACT
A new, implicit, time discretization scheme for contact/impact problems related to modeling of planetary gears is proposed. The body undergoes an arbitrary rigid body motion superimposed with a small elastic deformation. The scheme conserves total energy, linear, and angular momentum (when applicable), and it is combined with h-adaptive FE discretization in space variables. For Young modulus converging to infinity the discretization reduces to a well defined scheme for modeling a rigid body motion. A number of one- and two-dimensional model problems leading to the analysis of the dynamic contact/impact problem for planetary gears is presented and illustrated with numerical experiments.

REFERENCES
[1] L. Demkowicz , A. Bajer , "Contact/impact roblems, energy conservation and planetary gears", TICAM Report 99-13, The University of Texas at Austin.

IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTIVE MESH REFINEMENT INTO AN EULERIAN IMPACT MECHANICS CODE

D.L. Littlefield and J.T. Oden
(1) - The University of Texas at Austin. USA. E-mail : dlittlefield@iat.utexas.edu (2) - The Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics. E-mail : oden@ticam.utexas.edu

ABSTRACT
The simulation of problems in impact mechanics with hydrocodes presents significant challenges in many aspects of computational mechanics. A hydrocode may be loosely defined as a code for solving large strain, large deformation transient problems on short time scales. In the past decade, Eulerian approaches for hydrocodes have gained popularity since they are free from the mesh distortion difficulties associated with Lagrangian codes. One of the drawbacks associated with Eulerian codes, however, is the size of the meshes required - a large number of elements may be necessary to achieve resolved solutions since regions of strong interaction between materials may be evolving both in space and time. Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) is an alternative that may alleviate some of the mesh size difficulties associated with these calculations. The focus of this work is on the issues involved in the implementation of AMR into an Eulerian hydrocode. In this adaptive scheme the mesh is changed dynamically over time, and strategies for efficient transfer of variables upon refinement and unrefinement are described. This involves special treatment of mixed material elements so that interfaces are preserved. Algorithms for advection across elements involving mismatched edge lengths are outlined. An error indicator used for adaptive triggering is developed, based on element residual methods developed for linear elliptic equations, applied here to these hyperbolic equations. Special integration techniques required to estimate residuals in mixedmaterial elements are formulated. Results from some three dimensional sample problems are shown.

SIMULATION OF ELASTIC-PLASTIC IMPACT WITH A CONVEX ENO SCHEME

K.J. Vanden, D.M. Belk, H.S. Udaykumar and W. Shyy
(1) - U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory. Muntitions Directorate. E-mail : vanden@eglin.af.mil (2) - U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory. Muntitions Directorate (3) - Dept of Aerospace Eng., Mechanics, and Engineering Science. Univ. of Florida

ABSTRACT
Accurate and efficient techniques for capturing interfaces between interacting bodies presents challenges in numerical calculations of high speed impact events. In this talk we present a finite-volume
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high resolution Local Lax-Friedrichs essentially non-oscillatory (LLF-ENO) scheme with an explicit interface tracking algorithm that can track interfaces on a fixed underlying grid. We solve the governing equations for elastic/plastic material deformation in the presence of immersed interfaces. Our approach involves an interface technique that is fully conservative and maintains the accuracy, convergence, consistency, and stability of the interior scheme. Mixed material cells are not allowed in this approach, since these unavoidably introduce error and smearing of the interface. In our approach the interface is treated as a discontinuity and boundary conditions are imposed exactly on the sharp interface using a simple readjustment of the ENO stencils in the vicinity of the interface. Material boundaries are explicitly tracked, and the numerical interface conditions become equivalent to the continuity/jump conditions as the mesh size is reduced to zero. We present results for both 1D and 2D problems that demonstrate globally second-order accuracy in space and third-order accuracy in time. The sample problems will demonstrate the sharp resolution and tracking of solid-solid and solid-void interfaces in high speed impact events. We will also briefly discuss the ability of this approach to handle other types of interfaces such as phase boundaries and fluid-fluid interfaces [1].

REFERENCES
[1] Shyy, Udaykumar, Rao, and Smith, "Computational Fluid Dynamics with Moving Boundaries", Series in Computational and Physical Processes in Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, Taylor & Francis, Washington D.C., 1996.

AN ANALYSIS OF ERROR ESTIMATORS FOR MODELING IMPACT PROBLEMS USING AN H-ADAPTIVE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
G.C. Bessette, D.L. Littlefield and E.B. Becker
(1) - Institute for Advanced Technology. E-mail : Greg_Bessette@iat.utexas.edu (2) - The University of Texas at Austin. USA. E-mail : dlittlefield@iat.utexas.edu (3) - The University of Texas at Austin

ABSTRACT
An h-adaptive scheme has been implemented into PRONTO3D [1] and applied to the problem of a steel cylinder impacting a rigid surface. PRONTO3D is a three-dimensional explicit Lagrangian finite element solid mechanics code designed to handle large deformations and nonlinear material behavior. Hadaptivity, coupled with a suitable choice of error indicator, can provide a means for improving mesh resolution in the contact region. As impact problems are dynamic, the contact region evolves over time, requiring that the adaptive scheme be capable of dynamic modification of the mesh. Such a strategy can lead to significant computational savings. The h-adaptive strategy discussed herein allows for the isotropic (or uniform) refinement of the 8-node bricks utilized by PRONTO and is carried out subject to a 1-irregular rule. In this scheme, two distinct measures for adaptivity are utilized, an adaptivity indicator and an error measure. The adaptivity indicator is the controlling parameter for when refinement will occur, while the error measure controls where the mesh will be refined. A time-based strategy is utilized for the adaptivity indicator, where adaptivity occurs at user-prescribed time increments. When this indicator is triggered, the error measure is used to determine the distribution of error on the current mesh. Elements are refined so as to "equidistribute" the error over the mesh [2]. The choice of the error measure is guided by the physical nature of the problem. For impact problems, better resolution is desired along the contact boundary. This suggests a deformation-based error measure as the region of plastic response is generally localized. The suitability of various error measures applied to a Taylor impact problem have been investigated and are discussed herein.

REFERENCES
[1] Taylor, L.M., and Flanagan, D.P.,"PRONTO3D: A Three-Dimensional Transient Solid Dynamics Program", SAND87-1912, March 1989 [2] Devloo, P., Oden, J.T., and Strouboulis, T., "Implementation of an Adaptive Refinement Technique for the SUPG Algorithm", Comp Meth Appl Mech, 61, 339-358 (1987)

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MESHFREE METHODS FOR LARGE DEFORMATION AND CONTACT-IMPACT PROBLEMS

J.S. Chen and H.P. Wang
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of Iowa. E-mail : jschen@icaen.uiowa.edu (2) - Dept. of Mech. Engineering & Center for Comp.-Aided Design. University of Iowa

ABSTRACT
Finite element methods usually encounter mesh distortion difficulties in contact-impact problems involving large material distortion. In this work, a meshfree method is introduced in which the shape functions are constructed based on a reproducing kernel approximation that does not require an explicit mesh connectivity. The kernel function in the reproducing kernel approximation controls the regularity and nonlocality of the meshfree shape functions, and the order of polynomial basis functions in the enrichment determines the order of consistency in the numerical approximation. In large deformation problems, the reproducing kernel shape function are formulated using a material coordinate for both path dependent and path independent materials. The spatial derivative of the material shape functions in plasticity problems is performed by using an inverse mapping. In contact problems the contact constraints are imposed by a penalty method with collocation on the contact points. Since the reproducing kernel shape functions do not bare Kronecker delta properties, the essential boundary conditions are imposed by a mixed transformation method and a boundary singular kernel method. A stabilized nodal integration method is developed to significantly reduce the computational effort in the domain integration, and the approach also eliminates the need of the background integration zones that are required when Gauss integration is employed. With meshfree method, adaptivity in contact problems can be performed by a direct node insertion in the contact areas for desired accuracy. Several large deformation and contact problems in engineering elastomers, metal forming processes, and earth moving processes are analyzed using the proposed methods.

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Meshfree Methods
Wing Kam Liu, J.-S Chen, Ted Belytschko and Leonard Schwer
SESSION 1
Keynote : NEW CONCEPTS IN MESHLESS METHODS IN COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS S.N. Atluri.......................................................................................................................................................................327 STABILIZED NODAL INTEGRATION METHODS FOR GALERKIN-BASED MESHFREE METHODS J.S. Chen, S. Yoon and C.T. Wu......................................................................................................................................327 MESHLESS SIMULATIONS OF EXTREMELY LARGE DEFORMATION PROBLEMS IN SOLIDS S. Li and W. Hao.............................................................................................................................................................328 INTERFACE ALGORITHMS FOR PARTICLE NODE INTERACTION WITH FINITE ELEMENTS G.R. Johnson, S.R. Beissel and R.A. Stryk ......................................................................................................................328 THE MATERIAL-POINT METHOD FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS S. Bardenhagen, J. Brackbill and D. Sulsky....................................................................................................................329

SESSION 2
Keynote : MULTI-SCALE MULTI-PHYSICS METHODS W.K. Liu .........................................................................................................................................................................330 THE STRESS POINT TECHNIQUE AS A MESHLESS METHOD L.D. Libersky and P.W. Randles .....................................................................................................................................330 PARALLEL COMPUTATION OF DYNAMIC ANALYSIS BY MESHLESS METHODS K.T. Danielson, A. Uras, S. Li and S. Hao......................................................................................................................331 THE ELEMENT PARTITION METHOD FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL DYNAMIC CRACK PROPAGATION C.A. Duarte, O.N. Hamzeh, T.J. Liszka and W.W. Tworzydlo.........................................................................................331

SESSION 3
ADVANCES IN THE STABILIZED FINITE POINT METHOD IN FLUID DYNAMICS C. Sacco, E. Onate and S. Idelsohn ................................................................................................................................332 A MULTIPLE SCALE APPROACH TO LARGE EDDY SIMULATION VIA RKPM G.J. Wagner....................................................................................................................................................................333 SMOOTHED PARTICLE HYDRODYNAMICS SIMULATION OF DISK-SHAPED PENETRATOR IMPACT S.J. Schraml and K.D. Kimsey ........................................................................................................................................334 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID ANALYSIS BY ADAPTIVE FREE MESH METHOD ON PARALLEL ENVIRONMENT M. Shirazaki and G. Yagawa ..........................................................................................................................................335 EFFECTIVE PROPERTIES OF MICROCRACKED SOLIDS VIA MESHFREE METHOD K.K.H. Tseng and S. Hao................................................................................................................................................335 THE USE OF REPRODUCING KERNEL FUNCTIONS FOR DISCRETE FILTERING IN LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION T.E. Voth and M.A. Christon ..........................................................................................................................................336

SESSION 4
A ROBUST INTEGRATION STRATEGY FOR MESHLESS METHODS BASED ON MOVING LEAS SQUARES APPROXIMATION P. Breitkopf, G. Touzot and P. Villon .............................................................................................................................337 SHAPE DESIGN SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF MULTIBODY CONTACT PROBLEM USING MESHFREE METHOD K.K. Choi, N.H. Kim and J.S. Chen ................................................................................................................................337 SHEARING OF UNIFORM AND POLYDISPERSE DISTRIBUTION OF GRAINS S. Bardenhagen, J. Brackbill and D. Sulsky....................................................................................................................338 A TRULY MESHFREE METHOD WITH DOMAIN SMOOTHING S. Hao.............................................................................................................................................................................339 STUDY ON TENSION SOFTENING ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE USING FREE MESH METHOD J. Tomiyama, S. Iraha and G. Yagawa ...........................................................................................................................339

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ELEMENT-FREE GALERKIN CALCULATIONS FOR CONCRETE FAILURE IN A DYNAMIC UNIAXIAL TENSION TEST L.E. Schwer, T. Belytschko and C. Gerlach ....................................................................................................................340

SESSION 5
A OCTREE BASED PARTITION OF UNITY METHOD FOR THREE DIMENSIONAL DOMAINS O. Klaas and M.S. Shephard...........................................................................................................................................341 PROCEDURES FOR THE MULTI-TIME STEP INTEGRATION OF ELEMENT-FREE GALERKIN METHODS P. Smolinski and T.A. Palmer .........................................................................................................................................342 ANALYSES ON THE STABILITY OF SPH AND MESHFREE METHODS C.J. Hayhurst..................................................................................................................................................................342 ELEMENT FREE ANALYSES OF MEMBRANE AND CABLE STRUCTURES WITH DISCONTINUOUS SLOPES H. Noguchi and T. Kawashima .......................................................................................................................................343 COMPLETENESS OF CORRECTIVE SMOOTHED PARTICLE METHOD FOR LINEAR ELASTODYNAMICS J.K. Chen, J.E. Beraun and C.J. Jih ...............................................................................................................................344 EXACT IMPLEMENTATION OF BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR MESHFREE METHODS V. Shapiro and I. Tsukanov.............................................................................................................................................345

SESSION 6
SHAPE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND SHAPE OPTIMIZATION BY THE ELEMENT FREE GALERKIN METHOD F. Bobaru and S. Mukherjee...........................................................................................................................................345 LARGE DEFORMATION ANALYSIS OF SOLID USING MULTISCALE VOXEL DATA K. Suzuki, H. Ohtsubo, K. Nakanishi and S. Min ............................................................................................................346 A FINITE CLOUD MESHLESS METHOD FOR MEMS N.R. Aluru.......................................................................................................................................................................347 THE GENERALIZED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD: NUMERICALLY GENERATED APPROXIMATION FUNCTIONS AND ERROR ESTIMATION T. Strouboulis, K. Copps and I. Babuska ........................................................................................................................348 ELEMENT-FREE IMPLEMENTATION IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELASTO-PLASTIC ANALYSIS O. Hazama and H. Okuda...............................................................................................................................................349

SESSION 7
AN ADAPTIVE FINITE-ELEMENT / ELEMENT-FREE GALERKIN APPROACH FOR CRACK-INITIATION PROBLEMS H. Karutz and W.B. Kratzig............................................................................................................................................349 EFGM FOR SATURATED SOIL H. Kawabata, A. Murakami and S. Aoyama ...................................................................................................................350 A HYBRID (COUPLED SPH-FE) METHOD FOR IMPACT COMPUTATIONS M. Sauer .........................................................................................................................................................................351 NODE GENERATION SCHEME FOR THE MESHFREE METHOD BY VORONOI DIAGRAM AND WEIGHTED BUBBLE PACKING Y.J. Choi and S.J. Kim ....................................................................................................................................................352 ELASTO-PLASTIC LARGE DEFORMATION ANALYSIS USING FREE MESH METHOD O. Watanabe and F. Segawa ..........................................................................................................................................353

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Keynote : NEW CONCEPTS IN MESHLESS METHODS IN COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS

S.N. Atluri
(1) - University of California at Los Angeles. E-mail : atluri@seas.ucla.edu

ABSTRACT
This talk discusses the state-of-science in the area of meshless methods, and briefly reviews the tremondous strides made by a number of researchers world-wide . Two meshless approaches that do not involve a mesh either for interpolation purposes, or for the purpose of performing numerical integrations to form the system of algebraic equations , are discussed. One is based on a "Local Boundary Integral Equation (LBIE)" approach , and the other is based on a "Meshless Local Petrov-Galerkin(MLPG)" approach. Linear as well as nonlinear problems, as may arise in plane elasticity, and beam-bending, are used for illustrative purposes.

STABILIZED NODAL INTEGRATION METHODS FOR GALERKIN-BASED MESHFREE METHODS

J.S. Chen, S. Yoon and C.T. Wu
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of Iowa. E-mail : jschen@icaen.uiowa.edu (2) - Dept. of Mech. Engineering & Center for Comp. Aided Design. University of Iowa. (3) - Dept. of Mech. Engineering & Center for Comp. Aided Design. University of Iowa.

ABSTRACT
The major bottleneck in the Galerkin based meshfree method is the high computational cost resulting from the employment of higher order quadrature rules in the domain and boundary integration. The use of quadrature rules also requires a domain partitioning that degrades a meshfree method to a semi-meshfree method, and the approach is difficult to model excessive material separation such as those involved in penetration and fragmentation. Nodal integration methods for Galerkin based meshfree methods are proposed and investigated. The error of nodal integration in meshfree methods is identified by the violation of vanishing requirement of the gradient matrix integration. An enhanced nodal integration method is proposed by introducing correction of error in the vanishing requirement of the gradient matrix integration. Several correction methods such as Taylor series expansion and high - scale reproducing kernel methods are introduced, and the accuracy and convergence properties of the proposed methods are investigated.

REFERENCES
[1] Chen, J. S. and Wang, H. P., "New Boundary Condition Treatments for Meshless Computation of Contact Problems", in press, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 1999. [2] Chen, J. S., Pan, C., Roque, C. M. O. L., and Wang, H. P., "A Lagrangian Reproducing Kernel Particle Method for Metal Forming Analysis", Computational Mechanics, Vol. 22, pp. 289-307, 1998. [3] Chen, J. S., Pan, C., and Wu, C. T., "Large Deformation Analysis of Rubber Based on a Reproducing Kernel Particle Method", Computational Mechanics, Vol. 19, pp. 211-227, 1997. [4] Chen, J. S., Pan, C., Wu, C. T., and Liu, W. K., "Reproducing Kernel Particle Methods for Large Deformation Analysis of Nonlinear Structures", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 139, pp. 195-227, 1996.

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MESHLESS SIMULATIONS OF EXTREMELY LARGE DEFORMATION PROBLEMS IN SOLIDS

S. Li and W. Hao
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. Northwestern University. E-mail : shaofan@tam4.mech.nwu.edu (2) - Northwestern University. E-mail : haowei@nwu.edu

ABSTRACT
In this work, a reproducing kernel particle dynamics is being developed, in which the configuration of particle distribution is set on an intermediate (convective) configuration, a meshfree analogy of Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) frame. The newly developed RKPM-ALE dynamics possesses certain R-adaptive capacity, and it relieves notorious tensile instability that is suffered by SPH. The conservation properties of RKPM - ALE formulation have been studied and examined in detail. As applications, we have implemented this newly developed meshfree algorithm in computations of large deformation problems in solids, as well as fluid-structure interaction problems. The numerical results presented in the paper fall into the following three categories: (1) extremely large deformation problems of nearly-incompressible material, such as large deformation of rubber tires, and various rubber shell structures; (2) sheet-metal forming problems, and other large deformation problems of ductile material (such as squash problem of thick metal tube); (3) impact/penetration and localization problems of ductile material. Other technical issues of the presentation include meshfree contact algorithms, treatment of essential boundary condition, and meshfree domain decomposition for parallel computation.

INTERFACE ALGORITHMS FOR PARTICLE NODE INTERACTION WITH FINITE ELEMENTS

G.R. Johnson, S.R. Beissel and R.A. Stryk
(1) - Alliant Techsystems. E-mail : Gordon_Johnson@ATK.COM (2) - Alliant Techsystems. E-mail : Stephen_Beissel@ATK.COM (3) - Alliant Techsystems. E-mail : Robert_Stryk@ATK.COM

ABSTRACT
For some commonly used particle (meshfree) algorithms, such as Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and the Generalized Particle Algorithm (GPA), the current algorithms introduce errors at material interfaces and boundaries. This paper provides an assessment of these errors, and then presents improved interface algorithms that reduce the errors significantly. The two cases addressed in this paper are for GPA nodes in sliding contact with a finite element grid and GPA nodes attached to a finite element grid. Examples are included to demonstrate the improvements.

THE MATERIAL-POINT METHOD FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS

S. Bardenhagen, J. Brackbill and D. Sulsky
(1) - Los Alamos National Laboratory. E-mail : bard@lanl.gov (2) - Los Alamos National Laboratory. E-mail : jub@lanl.gov (3) - Dept. of Mech. Eng., Math. and Statistics. University of New Mexico. E-mail : sulsky@math.unm.edu

ABSTRACT
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Granular materials are collections of discrete macroscopic particles that have properties in common with both solids and liquids. Granular materials have received substantial attention from experimentalists investigating the nature of these properties. One characteristic that has been studied extensively is the stress distribution in granular material under various loadings. In both compression and shear it is found that the distribution of stress among grains is very non-uniform. A small fraction of the grains carry the majority of the load in "force chains", whose presence causes distributions of particle forces and stresses that are characterized by long tails, with a small amount of material subject to extreme stress. Numerical, micro-mechanical simulations of the shearing of granular material are presented. The shearing of a non-uniform or polydisperse distribution of cylinders is examined and the results compared with experimental results for similar systems. Qualitative agreement is found in the dynamic evolution of force chain networks. More quantitative agreement is found in comparisons of boundary force measurements and the distribution of stress throughout the medium[1,2]. The shearing of a uniform distribution of grains is examined next to investigate the importance of variation in grain size on the results. The initial packing is a regular hexagonal array. Initially the solution is perfectly periodic, but numerical roundoff seeds imperfections within 50 % shear. It is found that disorder in packing creeps in slowly from the boundaries, requiring over 300 % shear to encompass the entire domain. Throughout the deformation pockets of grains briefly re - pack into hexagonal arrays. The resultant maintenance of some regularity in the packing manifests itself in structure of the dynamic force chain network. Despite this regularity, strong similarities to the non - uniform distribution of grains quickly develop. Both boundary forces and stress within the domain are distributed similarly for the uniform and polydisperse samples.

REFERENCES
[1] B. Miller, C. O'Hern, R. P. Behringer, "Stress Fluctuations for Continuously Sheared Granular Materials", Phys. Rev. Lttrs., 77, pp. 3110 - 3113, 1996. [2] G. W. Baxter, "Stress Distributions in a Two Dimensional Granular Material", in Powder and Grains 97., ed.s Behringer and Jenkins, pp. 345 - 348, 1997.

Keynote : MULTI-SCALE MULTI-PHYSICS METHODS

W.K. Liu
(1) - Northwestern University Department of Mechanical Engineering. E-mail : w-liu@nwu.edu

ABSTRACT
We will develop, test, and demonstrate a new class of cutting edge methods for the large deformation of solids and structures with the capabilities to treat multi-scale phenomena and the arbitrary evolution of fracture and fragmentation. These capabilities are essential for the simulation of failure phenomena such as cracks and shear bands. The attributes of meshfree methods endow these methods with great promise for multiresolution analysis of solids, which allows a solution to be interpreted as the sum of details that appear at different scales. Methodologies such as micro-macro material length-scale bridging models and the associated computational algorithms, will be developed for treating problems involving widely varying scales, such as shear band formation and localized deformations, which are important in the prediction of failure. The proposed method is able to embed higher resolutions (scales) within the framework of wavelet packets and multi-physics solution enrichment without any additional nodes. In this manner, a micro - scale discretized crack initiation, micro - scale crack growth (order of the material length scale) and ultimate growth to fracture and fragmentation sequence can be predicted from a first principle.

REFERENCES
[1] S. Li and W. K. Liu, "Synchronized Reproducing Kernel Interpolant via Multiple Wavelet Expansion", Computational Mechanics, Vol. 21, pp. 28-47, 1998 [2] W. K. Liu, Y. Chen, R. A. Uras and C. T. Chang, "Generalized Multiple Scale Reproducing Kernel Particle Methods", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 139, pp. 91-158, 1996

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[3] W. K. Liu, Y. Chen, S. Jun, J. S. Chen , T. Belytschko , C. Pan, R. A. Uras , and C. T. Chang, "Overview and Applications of the Reproducing Kernel Particle Methods", Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering: State of the art reviews, Vol. 3, pp. 3-80, 1996 [4] W. K. Liu, S. Jun and Y. F. Zhang, "Reproducing Kernel Particle Methods", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, Vol. 20, pp., 1081-1106, 1995 [5] W. K. Liu, S. Jun, S. Li , J. Adee and T. Belytschko , "Reproducing Kernel Particle Methods for Structural Dynamics", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 38, pp.1655-1679, 1995

THE STRESS POINT TECHNIQUE AS A MESHLESS METHOD

L.D. Libersky and P.W. Randles
(1) - Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA. E-mail : libersky@lanl.gov

ABSTRACT
A new meshless method based on the use of two sets of particles, one set carrying the stress and the companion set carrying velocity, is presented. This technique is an attempt to eliminate some of the undesirable effects of colocation while retaining as much of the robustness and conceptual simplicity of SPH as possible. Other new and important aspects of our method that will be discussed including a tensor artificial viscosity, a neighbor search algorithm that gives a robust and minimal neighborhood in regions of large anisotropy in the particle spacing, and our implementation of generalized boundary conditions including contact. Several 2D test problems will be presented which show improved behavior of the solutions over previous colocational calculations where a scalar viscosity was used and boundary conditions omitted.

PARALLEL COMPUTATION OF DYNAMIC ANALYSIS BY MESHLESS METHODS

K.T. Danielson, A. Uras, S. Li and S. Hao
(1) - U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. E-mail : danielk@mail.wes.army.mil (2) - Reactor Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory (3) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. Northwestern University. E-mail : shaofan@tam4.mech.nwu.edu

ABSTRACT
A variety of new meshless modeling methods have recently emerged. Particle, Element Free Galerkin (EFG), cloud, and other kernel and partition of unity methods are examples that compete, for various applications, with finite elements, boundary elements, and classical meshless methods (e.g., Rayleigh-Ritz). These methods may be attractive for certain cases, since they possess various characteristics that overcome some of the shortcomings of more traditional methods. Large parallel computing systems have also become commonly available. Effective utilization of such systems generally involves explicit message passing statements in conjunction with elaborate load balancing - communication minimizing schemes. Parallel computing is especially attractive for modern meshless methods, since they frequently require more computations than other competitive techniques. In addition, the applications where the new meshless methods can be advantageous are usually highly complex and thus computationally intensive. Parallel computational issues are described for explicit dynamic analysis with common modern meshless modeling methods. The procedures are demonstrated by application of the Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM). Aspects of a coarse grain paradigm are detailed using model partitioning and explicit message passing statements (MPI) among partitions on different processors. A reduced graph based partitioning scheme is described and issues regarding essential boundary condition enforcement are discussed. An algorithm to overlap communications and computations is also presented and evaluated. The procedures

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are demonstrated for several two and three dimensional large strain inelastic example problems on up to hundreds of processors.

THE ELEMENT PARTITION METHOD FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL DYNAMIC CRACK PROPAGATION

C.A. Duarte, O.N. Hamzeh, T.J. Liszka and W.W. Tworzydlo
(1) - Computational Mechanics Company, Inc. E-mail : armando@comco.com (2) - Computational Mechanics Company, Inc. (3) - Computational Mechanics Company, Inc. E-mail : liszka@comco.com

ABSTRACT
Several new computational methods have been proposed in recent years for the analysis of dynamic crack propagation. The key feature of these methods is the ability to model dynamic crack propagation without remeshing the domain at every time step as in the finite element method. A review of some of these so-called meshless methods can be found in [1]. In that study, it was observed that the integration of the stiffness matrix in these methods can be considerably more expensive than in traditional hp finite element methods. The present paper presents a partition of unity method for three - dimensional dynamic crack propagation. The method, called the Element Partition Method (EPM), is a variation of the generalized finite element method [2,5] and hp - Clouds [3]. In the context of crack simulation, this method allows for modeling of arbitrary dynamic crack propagation without any remeshing of the domain. The key feature of the EPM is the use of a partition of unity to build the approximation spaces. This partition of unity framework has several powerful properties such as the ability to produce seamless hp approximations, the ability to develop customized approximations for specific applications like dynamic crack propagation, etc. In the EPM, the partition of unity is provided by a combination of Shepard [4] and finite element partitions of unity. This partition of unity allows the inclusion of arbitrary crack geometry in a model without any modification of the initial discretization. This choice of partition of unity also avoids the problem of integration associated with the use of moving least square or conventional Shepard partitions of unity which are used in several meshless methods. The performance of the EPM and FEM in the solution of fracture mechanics problems is compared. The analysis shows that, in general, the EPM can obtain the solution of three-dimensional problems with higher accuracy and less computational effort than the FEM while being flexible enough to allow the modeling of dynamic crack propagation in complex three dimensional structures without any remeshing. Several numerical examples demonstrating the main features of the EPM and involving complex three-dimensional representative problems are presented.

REFERENCES
[1] C. A. Duarte, "The hp Cloud Method", PhD dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, December 1996. Austin, TX, USA. [2] C. A. Duarte, I. Babuska and J. T. Oden, "Generalized Finite Element Methods for Three Dimensional Structural Mechanics Problems", In S. N. Atluri and P. E. O'Donoghue, editors, Modeling and Simulation Based Engineering, Tech Science Press, 1998. [3] C. A. Duarte and J. T. Oden. "Hp clouds - an hp meshless method", Numerical Methods for PDEs, 12:673-705, 1996. [4] P. Lancaster and K. Salkauskas, "Surfaces generated by moving least squares methods", Mathematics of Computation, 37(155):141 - 158, 1981. [5] T. Strouboulis , Babuska I. and K. Copps , "The design and analysis of the generalized finite element method", To appear in Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering

ADVANCES IN THE STABILIZED FINITE POINT METHOD IN FLUID DYNAMICS

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C. Sacco, E. Onate and S. Idelsohn

(2) - International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE). E-mail : onate@cimne.upc.es (3) - International Centre for Comp. Meth. in Eng. (CIMEC). E-mail : rnsergio@arcride.edu.ar

ABSTRACT
A key element of the large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent flows is the separation of flow variables into large and small scales through a filtering operation. The large scales are computed directly, while the effects of the small scales are modeled through subgrid-scale (SGS) stress models. Recently, a class of SGS techniques known as dynamic subgrid stress models have been developed [1], in which a second coarse filter is applied to the resolved scales and the highest resolved scales are used to estimate the subgrid stress. However, a consistent method of applying this filter, which allows for the commutation of the filtering operation with differentiation, is required. The Reproducing Kernel Particle method (RKPM) [2] is presented and proposed as a class of filters for large eddy simulation of turbulent inhomogeneous flows. Important properties of the method are discussed, including a Fourier analysis of the RKPM reproduction. In particular, it is shown that the reproduction does indeed act as a low-pass filter, and similarities are drawn between RKPM and the filtering convolution assumed in large eddy simulation. The characteristic length of this filter can be divorced from the computational grid size, giving a flexibility not attained using other computational methods. The commutation of the filtering operation with differentiation is then demonstrated, showing that the commutation error can be made arbitrarily small. This important property is shared by only a small class of filters for non-homogeneous flows [3], yet is a requirement for the accurate development of the large eddy simulation equations. A one-dimensional non-linear example problem is solved using a Galerkin method, in which a subgrid scale model is implemented using a bi-level RKPM filtering. This model is inferred from a highly refined solution of the equation, akin to the analysis of direct numerical simulations in CFD. The extension of the method to the three-dimensional equations of fluid dynamics is then outlined, where the method is used as a filter in a dynamic subgrid stress model; examples of the model's use in simple three dimensional flow simulations are given. We believe that this approach can be used to increase the accuracy of turbulent flow and turbulent-structure interaction simulations. Furthermore, the technique should be applicable to other multiple-scale phenomena in both fluid and solid dynamics.

REFERENCES
[1] M. Germano, U. Piomelli, P. Moin and W. Cabot, "A dynamic subgrid-scale eddy viscosity model", Phys. Fluids A, 3:1760-1765, 1991. [2] W.K. Liu , Y. Chen, R.A. Uras and C.T. Chang, "Generalized multiple scale reproducing kernel particle methods", Comp. Meth. In App. Mech. and Eng., 139:91-157, 1996. [3] O.V. Vasilyev, T.S. Lu nd and P. Moin, "A general class of commutative filters for LES in complex geometries", J. Comp. Phys., 146:82-104, 1998.

A MULTIPLE SCALE APPROACH TO LARGE EDDY SIMULATION VIA RKPM

G.J. Wagner
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. Northwestern University. E-mail : g-wagner@nwu.edu

ABSTRACT
A key element of the large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent flows is the separation of flow variables into large and small scales through a filtering operation. The large scales are computed directly, while the effects of the small scales are modeled through subgrid-scale (SGS) stress models. Recently, a class of SGS techniques known as dynamic subgrid stress models have been developed [1], in which a second coarse filter is applied to the resolved scales and the highest resolved scales are used to estimate the subgrid stress. However, a consistent method of applying this filter, which allows for the commutation of the filtering operation with differentiation, is required.
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The Reproducing Kernel Particle method (RKPM) [2] is presented and proposed as a class of filters for large eddy simulation of turbulent inhomogeneous flows. Important properties of the method are discussed, including a Fourier analysis of the RKPM reproduction. In particular, it is shown that the reproduction does indeed act as a low-pass filter, and similarities are drawn between RKPM and the filtering convolution assumed in large eddy simulation. The characteristic length of this filter can be divorced from the computational grid size, giving a flexibility not attained using other computational methods. The commutation of the filtering operation with differentiation is then demonstrated, showing that the commutation error can be made arbitrarily small. This important property is shared by only a small class of filters for non-homogeneous flows [3], yet is a requirement for the accurate development of the large eddy simulation equations. A one-dimensional non-linear example problem is solved using a Galerkin method, in which a subgrid scale model is implemented using a bi-level RKPM filtering. This model is inferred from a highly refined solution of the equation, akin to the analysis of direct numerical simulations in CFD. The extension of the method to the three-dimensional equations of fluid dynamics is then outlined, where the method is used as a filter in a dynamic subgrid stress model; examples of the model's use in simple three dimensional flow simulations are given. We believe that this approach can be used to increase the accuracy of turbulent flow and turbulent-structure interaction simulations. Furthermore, the technique should be applicable to other multiple-scale phenomena in both fluid and solid dynamics.

REFERENCES
[1] M. Germano, U. Piomelli, P. Moin, and W. Cabot, "A dynamic subgrid-scale eddy viscosity model", Phys. Fluids A, 3:1760-1765, 1991. [2] W.K. Liu , Y. Chen, R.A. Uras , and C.T. Chang, "Generalized multiple scale reproducing kernel particle methods", Comp. Meth. In App. Mech. and Eng., 139:91-157, 1996. [3] O.V. Vasilyev, T.S. Lu nd, and P. Moin. "A general class of commutative filters for LES in complex geometries", J. Comp. Phys., 146:82-104, 1998.

SMOOTHED PARTICLE HYDRODYNAMICS SIMULATION OF DISK-SHAPED PENETRATOR IMPACT

S.J. Schraml and K.D. Kimsey
(1) - U.S. Army Research Laboratory. E-mail : stephen@arl.mil (2) - Weapons and Materials Research Directorate U.S. Army Research Laboratory. E-mail : kimsey@arl.mil

ABSTRACT
Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a method of continuum mechanics analysis in which materials are modeled by a discrete set of particles. The SPH code Magi has been used to simulate the penetration of a semi-infinite steel target by tungsten alloy disks traveling at an initial impact velocity of 2 km/s. Calculations were performed to simulate experimental configurations using one, two, and four disks. All disks had a constant length-to-diameter ratio of 0.125. The computed penetration depth into the target material is compared to the experimental data for each case. The study included a set of calculations in which the problem resolution was varied to determine the ability of the method to converge on a penetration depth as the number of particles in the problem was increased. Advantages and limitations observed in the application of SPH to the field of penetration mechanics are discussed.

INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID ANALYSIS BY ADAPTIVE FREE MESH METHOD ON PARALLEL ENVIRONMENT

M. Shirazaki and G. Yagawa

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(1) - School of Engineering, University of Tokyo. E-mail : shirazak@q.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp (2) - Dept. of Quantum Engineering and Systems Science. University of Tokyo. E-mail : yagawa@q.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

ABSTRACT
In this paper, adaptive flow analysis based on a kind of meshfree method named "free-mesh method" on distributed-memory parallel computer is discussed. The free-mesh method [1] is well compatible with the parallel environment because the global matrices of the traditional finite element method, the mass, advection, diffusion and gradient matrices, are independently computed with node-bynode processing. The node-element connectivity information as input data is unnecessary, and furthermore the process from computation of the matrices to the solution of the system equations can be done seamlessly on the parallel environment.[2] [3] These advantages cause the compatibility with the parallel adaptive analysis. A global h-method, in which the number of nodes and the node distribution are globally updated according to the a-posteriori error estimation, is selected, and the matrices for the updated nodedistribution are computed by the free-mesh method. To achieve high parallel efficiency, the workload balancing among processors and the reduction of the interprocessor communication after the adaptation are very important. In the free-mesh method, the workload of a processor depends on the number of nodes processed by the processor. For effective redistribution of the updated nodes to processors, techniques based on the recursive coordinate bisection (RCB) are presented, and parallel efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method are discussed.

REFERENCES
[1] G. Yagawa and T. Yamada , "Free mesh method: A new meshless method", Computational Mechanics 18 (1996) 383-386. [2] G. Yagawa and M. Shirazaki , "Parallel computing for incompressible flow using a nodal - based method", Computational Mechanics, to appear. [3] M. Shirazaki and G. Yagawa , "Large - scale parallel flow analysis based on Free Mesh Method", Computational Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, to appear.

EFFECTIVE PROPERTIES OF MICROCRACKED SOLIDS VIA MESHFREE METHOD

K.K.H. Tseng and S. Hao
(1) - School of Civil and Structural Engineering. Nanyang Tech. University. E-mail : ckhtseng@ntu.edu.sg (2) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. Northwestern University. E-mail : suhao@tam8.mech.nwu.edu

ABSTRACT
This paper will present the application of the meshfree method to the formulation of the effective macroscopic properties for elastic solids containing many randomly dispersed microcracks. The microcracks are assumed to be randomly distributed and oriented among the elastic solid. Ideally, to obtain an accurate statistically representative estimate on the effective properties, a large number of realizations of microcrack configurations will need to be generated by the Monte Carlo simulation. However, this approach is impractical due to the massive computational work required. Therefore, in this study, the effect of interaction among microcracks will be accounted for by considering pair-wise interaction. The fundamental solution of a pair of microcracks embedded in an elastic solid will be solved via the meshfree method. Local fracture behaviors on the microcracks will be investigated with the results from the meshfree method. According to the statistical distribution function for the microcracks, a statistical ensemble average will be performed on the solution of pair-wise microcrack interaction problem. Further volume average will be taken over the representative volume element of the microcracked solid to arrive at the global effective elastic properties. Effective macroscopic elastic moduli will be presented as a function of the concentration of the microcracks. The meshfree method will be employed to solve the problem of two microcracks embedded in an elastic solid. Based on the solution, stress intensity factors at the tips of the microcracks will be calculated to study the shielding/amplification effects for various relative configurations of the two microcracks. The results from the meshfree method will be compared to a number of predictions based on other existing approaches.
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THE USE OF REPRODUCING KERNEL FUNCTIONS FOR DISCRETE FILTERING IN LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION
T.E. Voth and M.A. Christon
(1) - Comp. Physics Res. & Development, Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : tevoth@sandia.gov (2) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : machris@sandia.gov

ABSTRACT
In large-eddy simulation (LES) large-scale turbulent structures are computed and the subgrid effects are modeled. The equations that describe the evolution of these large eddies are obtained by applying a low pass filter to the Navier-Stokes equations. The resulting LES equations describe the evolution of large scale structures while the non-linear terms introduce a sub-grid scale stress tensor that is approximated by a closure model. For the LES equations to have the same structure as the Navier Stokes equations, the filtering and differentiation operators must commute. Generally commutivity errors do not arise when constant filter widths are employed and filtering is applied on infinite domains. However, filtering of inhomogeneous flows requires that different scales be resolved in different regions of the flow, necessitating the use of variable filter widths. Further, real engineering calculations incorporate finite domains and discrete representations of field variables on unstructured computational grids. Variable filter widths, finite domains and discrete filtering all act to introduce commutivity errors into the LES formulation. Recently, filters have been developed which quantify and allow control of these errors. Although these filters successfully control commutivity errors on structured meshes, their applicability to unstructured grids is not clear. Further, commutivity errors for newly developed unstructured grid filters have apparently not been quantified. Recently, as part of LES research efforts at Sandia National Laboratory, work has begun to develop unstructured grid, discrete filters that allow for control of commutivity errors. These filter kernels are directly related to the corrected kernel functions developed by Liu and coworkers for the Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM). It can be shown that the conditions necessary for the reproducing conditions of RKPM lead directly to the conditions needed to control and quantify commutivity errors. In this talk, a brief survey of LES filters is presented. Details concerning the quantification of commutivity errors for RKPM filters are examined. Finally, spectral behavior and realizability issues related to the RKPM filters are discussed

A ROBUST INTEGRATION STRATEGY FOR MESHLESS METHODS BASED ON MOVING LEAS SQUARES APPROXIMATION
P. Breitkopf, G. Touzot and P. Villon
(1) - CNRS, France (2) - INSA de Rouen, France (3) - Universite de Technologie de Compiegne. E-mail : Pierre.Villon@utc.fr

ABSTRACT
The Moving Least Squares approximation was introduced in the field of meshless methods by [1] under the name of Diffuse Approximation. The resulting Diffuse Element Method (DEM) did not satisfy the patch test on an irregular grid. The Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method introduced in [2] proposed several improvements to the DEM. It consisted primarily in the use of the full derivation instead of the diffuse derivative and in a modified treatment of boundary conditions by Lagrange multipliers. The resulting numerical integration scheme presents however some efficiency and stability drawbacks. In the actual work we propose a new resolution algorithm based on domain decomposition and on a special numerical integration scheme. The shape functions are constructed over rectangular supports
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associated with a predefined tessellation of the domain. Instead of using the Gauss-Legendre quadrature we use an original method verifying the linear patch test condition. In the obtained numerical results the patch test is therefore exactly satisfied. In the other test problems the convergence rate and the numerical precision is increased when comparing with EFG.

REFERENCES
[1] Nayroles B., Touzot G., Villon P., "Generalizing the Finite Element Method: Diffuse Approximation and Diffuse Elements", Computational Mechanics, 10, 1992, 307-318 [2] Belytschko T, Lu Y.Y., Gu L.,"Element-Free Galerkin Methods", IJNME, 37, 1994, 229 -256

SHAPE DESIGN SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF MULTIBODY CONTACT PROBLEM USING MESHFREE METHOD
K.K. Choi, N.H. Kim and J.S. Chen
(1) - Center for Computer Aided Design. The University of Iowa. E-mail : kkchoi@ccad.uiowa.edu (2) - College of Engineering, The University of Iowa. E-mail : nkim@icaen.uiowa.edu (3) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of Iowa. E-mail : jschen@icaen.uiowa.edu

ABSTRACT
A continuum-based nonlinear shape design sensitivity analysis (DSA) and optimization for multibody contact problem is developed using reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM). Using the variational principle of the pressure projection method for the nearly incompressible hyper-elastic material, the finite deformation formulation is developed for the hyper-elastic material. The total Lagrangian formulation is used since the constitutive relation is given with respect to the undeformed configuration for the hyper-elastic material and the reference of design is coincide with that of response analysis. The continuum - based variational form of frictional contact constraints is developed by taking the first variation of the penalty function, which is constructed from a normal gap function and tangential slip function. The RKPM is used in response analysis to relieve mesh distortion problem and in DSA to obtain stable results for large shape perturbation. The RKPM uses modified kernel functions that are constructed by enforcing reproducing conditions so that the kernel estimates of displacement variables exactly reproduce certain classes of polynomials. The material derivative of variational form is obtained using the design velocity field concept to describe shape design changes of a structural system. The sensitivity expression of the structural variational form depends on the domain design velocity, whereas that of the contact variational form depends on the boundary design velocity field. It turns out that DSA uses the same tangent stiffness matrix as response analysis with different fictitious load terms. By solving this linear system of the sensitivity equation, the design sensitivity of the displacement is obtained. For numerical implementation of the frictionless contact problem with the hyper -elastic material, the results of the response analysis including displacement, pressure, and the tangential stiffness matrix at the final converged configuration, are stored and used for sensitivity analysis external to the response analysis code. On the other hand, frictional contact sensitivity analysis with inelastic material is implemented within the analysis code because of path dependency and the large amount of storage space required to store the tangent stiffness matrix at each load step. Even though the structural analysis employs the incremental solution procedures, the sensitivity analysis problem is a linear problem so the CPU time is much less than the original response analysis CPU time. The feasibility of proposed methods is demonstrated through a shape design optimization of windshield blade contact problem. Design sensitivity results are compared with the finite difference results, and excellent agreements are observed.

SHEARING OF UNIFORM AND POLYDISPERSE DISTRIBUTION OF GRAINS

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S. Bardenhagen, J. Brackbill and D. Sulsky

(1) - Los Alamos National Laboratory. E-mail : bard@lanl.gov (2) - Los Alamos National Laboratory. E-mail : jub@lanl.gov (3) - Dept. of Mech. Eng., Math. and Statistics. University of New Mexico. E-mail : sulsky@math.unm.edu

ABSTRACT
Granular materials are collections of discrete macroscopic particles that have properties in common with both solids and liquids. Granular materials have received substantial attention from experimentalists investigating the nature of these properties. One characteristic that has been studied extensively is the stress distribution in granular material under various loadings. In both compression and shear it is found that the distribution of stress among grains is very non-uniform. A small fraction of the grains carry the majority of the load in ``force chains'', whose presence causes distributions of particle forces and stresses that are characterized by long tails, with a small amount of material subject to extreme stress. Numerical, micro - mechanical simulations of the shearing of granular material are presented. The shearing of a non-uniform or polydisperse distribution of cylinders is examined and the results compared with experimental results for similar systems. Qualitative agreement is found in the dynamic evolution of force chain networks. More quantitative agreement is found in comparisons of boundary force measurements and the distribution of stress throughout the medium[1,2]. The shearing of a uniform distribution of grains is examined next to investigate the importance of variation in grain size on the results. The initial packing is a regular hexagonal array. Initially the solution is perfectly periodic, but numerical roundoff seeds imperfections within 50 % shear. It is found that disorder in packing creeps in slowly from the boundaries, requiring over 300 % shear to encompass the entire domain. Throughout the deformation pockets of grains briefly re-pack into hexagonal arrays. The resultant maintenance of some regularity in the packing manifests itself in structure of the dynamic force chain network. Despite this regularity, strong similarities to the non-uniform distribution of grains quickly develop. Both boundary forces and stress within the domain are distributed similarly for the uniform and polydisperse samples.

REFERENCES
[1] B. Miller, C. O'Hern, R. P. Behringer, "Stress Fluctuations for Continuously Sheared Granular Materials", Phys. Rev. Lttrs., 77, pp. 3110 - 3113, 1996. [2] G. W. Baxter, "Stress Distributions in a Two Dimensional Granular Material", in Powder and Grains 97., ed.s Behringer and Jenkins, pp. 345 - 348, 1997.

A TRULY MESHFREE METHOD WITH DOMAIN SMOOTHING

S. Hao
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. Northwestern University. E-mail : suhao@tam8.mech.nwu.edu

ABSTRACT
A criticism on the currently used meshfree methods is that they are in fact "mesh-based" since the Gauss quadrature integral on the back ground mesh is applied. Whereas the classical SPH method, that does not need Gauss quadrature, brings some obvious spouse singular models when it applies to some solid mechanical problems, so it is numerically "unstable" for many application cases. The proposed meshfree method, that is based on the RKPM with corrected window function, uses nodal integration. Thus it is "truly meshfree". By applying domain smoothing technique, the idea borrowed from the "nonlocal theory" in material science, the solution has been stabilized and several advantages in numerical analysis are demonstrated by this method. Examples on dynamical fracture and failure analysis are presented.

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STUDY ON TENSION SOFTENING ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE USING FREE MESH METHOD

J. Tomiyama, S. Iraha and G. Yagawa
(1) - Dept. of Civil Engineering and Architecture University of the Ryukyus. E-mail : k957334@tec.u-ryukyu.ac.jp (2) - Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture University of the Ryukyus. E-mail : iraha@tec.u-ryukyu.ac.jp (3) - Dept. of Quantum Engineering and Systems Science. University of Tokyo. E-mail : yagawa@q.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a new incremental analysis for tension fracture of concrete using a meshless method, namely Free Mesh Method(FMM)[1]. This meshless method does not require any connectivity between nodes and elements for an input information and assign a this temporary element which creates a local triangular element at each node without considering global meshing. A total stiffness matrix is obtained by adding these temporary element matrices. In this new incremental analysis, the stiffness equation is obtained using the dynamic equilibrium equations, where a step-by-step integration method is used, and this stiffness equation can be treated as the simulated crack model. When one simulates the crack model of concrete, the equation of normal stresscrack width relation can be applied as the constitutive equation of tension softening model[2]. The crack model applied in this method is Crack Band Model proposed by Bazant[3]. As numerical examples, simulations of the direct tensile tests by Cornelissen and Rots on two type of double-notched concrete bars [4] [5] and the three-point bending test by Rokugo on notched concrete beam [6] are shown. The results are in good agreement with the experimental test results.

REFERENCES
[1] G.Yagawa, T.Yamada, "Free mesh method: A new meshless method", Comput. pp 383 - 386 Mech., 18, 1996 [2] JCI, "Applications of fracture mechanics to concrete structures (In Japanese)", October, 1993 [3] Bazant, Z.P. and Oh, B.H "Crack band theory for fracture of concrete", Materials and Structures,Vol.16, No.13, pp. 155 - 177, 1983 [4] Cornelissen. H. A. W, Hordijk. D. A and Reinhardt. H. W., "Experiments and theory for the application of fracture mechanics to normal and lightweight concrete", F.H.Wittman, Elsevier, pp55-575,1986 [5] J. G. Rots, "Computational modeling of concrete Fracture", pp 66 - 74, 1988 [6] Rokugo, K., Iwasa, M., Suzuki, T. and Koyanagi, W., "Testing methods to determine tensile softening curve and fracture energy of concrete", Fracture Toughness and Fracture Energy, -Test Methods for Concrete and Rock-, 1988, pp.128-138

ELEMENT-FREE GALERKIN CALCULATIONS FOR CONCRETE FAILURE IN A DYNAMIC UNIAXIAL TENSION TEST
L.E. Schwer, T. Belytschko and C. Gerlach
(1) - Schwer Engineering & Consulting Services. E-mail : lschwer@sonic.net (2) - Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Northwestern University. E-mail : t-belytschko@nwu.edu

ABSTRACT
Dynamic tensile failure of concrete is an important, if not the most important, critical mechanism of catastrophic failure of reinforced concrete structures subjected to extreme loading, e.g. blast and earthquake loading. Traditional finite element based methods typically use a damage model type of material strength degradation to simulate tensile failure in concrete. These damage based techniques are of practical importance since they are capable of modeling overall structural response, but they are not intended nor capable of modeling the propagation of isolated tensile cracks, through structured grids, that eventually evolve into what is observed as dynamic tensile failure. Recently a new class of numerical methods, referred to as meshfree methods, has been developed that are free of the traditional finite element node-and-element data structure and are thus well suited to modeling the propagation of isolated tensile cracks. One of these meshfree methods, Element-Free Galerkin (EFG) developed by Belytschko and coworkers at Northwestern University, incorporates a linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) approach
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that accounts for the initiation and propagation, both speed and direction, of random tensile cracks in a mesh-free continuum representation [Belytschko and Tabbara, 1996]. The Defense Threat Reduction Agency, formerly the Defense Special Weapons Agency, has recognized the potential of meshfree methods to enhance and improve the numerical simulation of conventional weapons effects on military and civilian structures. To explore and develop these methods further the Defense Threat Reduction Agency awarded a research and development contract entitled "Advanced Numerical Prediction of Target Response" to a team consisting of meshfree methods developers from Northwestern University, traditional finite element method code (DYNA3D) developers from TransMotive Technologies, and the defense related numerical methods application experience of Schwer Engineering & Consulting Services. The team's research goal is to advance the development of meshfree methods, especially as they apply to predicting target response, and integrate these new techniques with existing advanced finite element techniques to provide a unique and comprehensive analysis and predictive tool. As part of the assessment and validation phase of this meshfree methods research and development effort, a series of numerical simulations are being performed. The basis of these validation simulations are well defined laboratory experiments involving the failure of concrete. The goal of the calculations described in this manuscript are to estimate the tensile strength of the specimens used in the dynamic tensile experiments of Gran et al. (1987) which take a novel approach to introducing tensile stresses into the test specimen. Rather than trying to deal with the experimental difficulties associated with directly applying tensile loads to the rod, they preloaded the rod in compression and then suddenly released the preload allowing rarefaction waves to propagate along the rod. In addition to providing numerical method validation, the objective of the calculations is to provide further insight into dynamic tensile failure of concrete and its numerical simulation. A series of preliminary calculations were performed to demonstrate the subtleties in the experimental strain histories, assess the applicability of two-dimensional plane strain analysis to the three-dimensional experiments, and to investigate alternative techniques for imposing the static preload on the computational model. As will be explained, some of the analysis features needed to perform the preliminary calculations are not available in the two dimensional version of the EFG code. Thus, to perform some of the preliminary calculations, DYNA3D [Whirley and Engelmann, 1993] which uses a conventional nonlinear explicit finite element algorithm, but lacks a LEFM capability, was used as an alternate analysis tool.

A OCTREE BASED PARTITION OF UNITY METHOD FOR THREE DIMENSIONAL DOMAINS

O. Klaas and M.S. Shephard
(1) - Scientific Comp. Res. Center.Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. E-mail : oklaas@scorec.rpi.edu (2) - Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst. Scientific Comp. Research Center. E-mail : shephard@scorec.rpi.edu

ABSTRACT
The Partition of Unity Method (PUM) represents a powerful tool for the numerical solution of partial differential equations over general domains. The method is based on the definition of overlapping patches comprising a cover of the domain. A partition of unity subordinate to the cover is constructed in addition to local function space on each patch. So far one shortcoming of the method has been the significantly longer solution time needed to achieve the same accuracy when the method was compared to usual finite element methods. There are two main reasons causing that behavior. First, implementations based on nodes placed arbitrarily over the domain are lacking the needed structure to support the effective construction of the PUM discretization and the treatment of the boundary. In a recent paper [1] we presented one approach to address those issues. Second, the partition of unity based on an arbitrarily scattered set of nodes, where the moving least square methods is used to create the shape functions, tends to create non polynomial shape functions that require more integration points to achieve a reasonable accuracy during numerical integration than conventional finite element methods, where the shape functions are strictly polynomial. This paper will present progress to date on the development of a partition of unity based on topological entities of the octree. Corner nodes of the octants are the center of the patches, where each patch is defined by the sum of all octants sharing a particular node. Clearly, individual patches overlap
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exactly octant wise. The strict definition of the patches allows to define a partition of unity consisting of piecewise linear functions resulting in shape functions that are polynomial and therefore exactly integrable with standard numerical integration schemes. The partition of unity can be built on refined octrees as long as it is a level one adjusted octree, i.e. the level difference of terminal octants and their face and edge neighbors is no more than one. In the interior the octants themselves serve as integration cells, while a tetrahedral mesh on the boundary is used to define the integration cells where curved boundaries have to be captured.

REFERENCES
[1] O. Klaas and M.S. Shephard , "Automatic Generation of Octree based Three Dimensional Discretizations for Partition of Unity Methods", submitted to Comp. Mech.

PROCEDURES FOR THE MULTI-TIME STEP INTEGRATION OF ELEMENTFREE GALERKIN METHODS

P. Smolinski and T.A. Palmer
(1) - Mechanical Engineering Department. University of Pittsburgh. E-mail : patsmol@vms.cis.pitt.edu (2) - Mechanical Engineering Department. University of Pittsburgh.

ABSTRACT
Element-free Galerkin methods [1] are meshless methods used to numerically solve partial differential equations. Unlike the finite element method, the element-free Galerkin method solution is based only on nodal data. In the absence of elements, data between nodes is approximated using a moving least squares interpolation. In the finite element analysis of transient diffusion problems, multi-time step or subcycling integration is method that has been used to increase efficiency of the analysis [2]. With this approach different spatial subdomains of the mesh are integrated with different time steps for reasons of either stability or accuracy. different methods such as element and nodal partitions have been used partition the finite element mesh into subdomains for the subcycling integration. In this study a multi-time step integration is applied to the solution of transient diffusion problems using the EFGM. The explicit, forward-Euler time integration method is used to develop the subcycling algorithm for the solution of the semi-discretized equations. Two different types of spatial partitions are consider: a nodal point partition and an integration point partition. The stability criterion for the different partitions is examined and the influence of such factors as nodal point spacing, the size of the domain of influence and the number of integration points on the stable time step is studied. Numerical examples are used to evaluate the accuracy and convergence of the different partitions.

REFERENCES
[1] T. Belytschko , Y.Y. Lu and L. Gu, "Element Free Galerkin Methods", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 37, pp. 229-256, 1994. [2] P. Smolinski , T. Belytschko and W.K. Liu , "Stability of Multi-Time Step Partitioned Transient Analysis for FirstOrder Systems of Equations", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol 65, pp. 115-125, 1987.

ANALYSES ON THE STABILITY OF SPH AND MESHFREE METHODS

C.J. Hayhurst
(1) - Century Dynamics Ltd. E-mail : all@centdyn.demon.co.uk

ABSTRACT
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Results of stability analyses and tests on SPH and other meshfree methods of a consistent form will be presented. The objective behind the work has been to establish unambiguously the true status on the stability of these new numerical methods, at least for methodologies employing nodal integration. Stability has been analyzed, for a linear system of hyperbolic equations, mathematically using symbolic and numerical techniques. Particular interest was taken in irregular point/particle spacing and the effect of boundary conditions. The mathematical stability analyses give very clear indications as to the global numerical stability of existing methods. The following meshfree techniques for computational mechanics have been analyzed: - "Standard SPH" (as developed originally for astrophysics by Monaghan) but with strength included and as pioneered by Libersky. - "Normalized SPH" (Randles and Johnson) which are first order consistent - RKPM techniques originated by Liu - MLS techniques originated by Nayroles in his DEM methodology and as extended more recently by many workers including Belytschko - The FKM (Finite Kernel Method) technique as developed by the author Most of these meshfree techniques have been implemented in a working 2D hydrocode by the author and subjected to numerical tests designed to study stability. The tests include those developed by Swegle, which were used to illustrate the so-called "tensile instability" of Standard SPH, and further tests designed to exercise other deformation and stress states. The stability test results and mathematical stability analyses give conclusions which are not in disagreement. It is hoped that the clear indications given by these stability studies will promote further the progress of meshfree methods and contribute to the realization of their obvious potential.

ELEMENT FREE ANALYSES OF MEMBRANE AND CABLE STRUCTURES WITH DISCONTINUOUS SLOPES
H. Noguchi and T. Kawashima
(1) - Department of System Design Engineering. Keio University. E-mail : noguchi@sd.keio.ac.jp (2) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. Keio University. E-mail : m971857@msr.st.keio.ac.jp

ABSTRACT
In order to reduce cost and period of constructing large-scale membrane structures, an accurate and efficient system for designing membrane structures is anticipated. With this in background, authors have been developing element free system for analyses of membrane structures. The reason why the element free system was adopted rather than the conventional finite element system are as follows. It requires no generating meshes of complicated structures. Accurate and continuous stress and strain distributions are obtained by using the moving least square interpolation. And the geodesic lines on the surface for cutting patterns, which constitute the whole membrane, can easily determined due to the C1 continuity condition of displacement field, which are hardly defined in the finite element meshes. In this paper, adding to the above characteristics, the analysis method for sliding cables on membrane is proposed. Large membrane structures are often tensed by cables to reinforce their strength. In order to analyze cable-reinforced membrane structures, folding membrane at cable, which yields discontinuity of slope, has to be taken into account. Furthermore, these cables are often attached in a way which allow them to slide over the membrane surface so that the cables could find equilibrium form under the applied gravity load, wind load and so on. In the conventional finite element method, discontinuity of slope can exists only at the boundary of elements, so re-meshing or special development of folding element is necessary to model this moving discontinuity. In the element free method, it is not necessary to subdivide analysis model into elements, therefore, folding can be modeled at arbitrary points on membrane surface and it can move freely on the surface by redefining the nodal arrangement. In the proposed model, a patch is defined to model the part surrounded by cables and the moving least squares interpolation is only defined in each patch and C0 continuity condition is imposed at patch boundary by the penalty method. In this paper, first, the formulation of element free method to analyze membrane structures with cable reinforcement is presented and then the numerical examples of three dimensional membrane
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structure with a moving cable is demonstrated to validate the proposed method and satisfactory results are obtained.

COMPLETENESS OF CORRECTIVE SMOOTHED PARTICLE METHOD FOR LINEAR ELASTODYNAMICS

J.K. Chen, J.E. Beraun and C.J. Jih
(1) - Air Force Research Laboratory. E-mail : chenj@smtpgw1.plk.af.mil (2) - Air Force Research Laboratory (3) - CAE Department, Ford Research Laboratory

ABSTRACT
Because of being truly meshfree, SPH could be a useful tool for solving time - dependent boundary value problems. It was pioneered in 1977 for modeling astrophysics problems, and since the early 90s the application has been extended to numerous areas of computational mechanics. The advantage of this method is that it is easy to work with and can give reasonable accuracy. However, in spite of the SPHs attraction to computational mechanics, it could result in a loss of accuracy, and more importantly instability from the lack of nodal completeness and/or integrability of the approximations for functions and derivatives. Belytschko et al. (1998) examined several correction techniques for first derivative approximations by satisfying reproducing conditions. They concluded that the corrected derivative approximations investigated are not truly complete due to the lack of integrability. As pointed out by Krongauz and Belytschko (1997) in the study of linear elastostatics, use of a non-integrable test function would lead to divergence in Galerkin methods. In another test of forced vibration for a beam-type medium, Belytschko et al. (1998) found that even using an integrable test function, the element-free Galerkin calculations of nodal quadrature exhibited marked instability. They also found that the instability could be prevented by the conservative moothing technique of Randles and Libersky (1996). Most of the corrected derivative approximations proposed for SPH and other meshless methods are confined to the first-order derivatives. Recently, Chen et al. (1998) have developed a corrective smoothed particle method (CSPM) which is capable of modeling spatial derivatives of any order. They reported that use of the corrective second derivative approximations to directly solve the second-order partial differential equations for transient heat conduction and Burgers equations respectively results in stable and accurate solutions. In this work, two different solution algorithms of CSPM are presented for modeling the problems of linear elastodynamics. One is stress/strain based, in which the corrective first derivative approximations are used to solve the equilibrium equations with stresses calculated from strains. The other is displacement-based, in which the corrective second derivative approximations are employed to directly solves Navier equations. The conditions of nodal completeness and integrability are investigated. Several 2-D examples are examined for checking the stability and accuracy of the two approaches. To demonstrate the simplicity of enforcing boundary conditions in CSPM, both of the essential and natural boundary conditions are considered. The results show that the displacement-based algorithm outperforms the stress/strain - based algorithm and other existing SPH methods.

EXACT IMPLEMENTATION OF BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR MESHFREE METHODS

V. Shapiro and I. Tsukanov
(1) - Spatial Automation Laboratory University of Wisconsin. E-mail : vshapiro@engr.wisc.edu (2) - Spatial Automation Laboratory University of Wisconsin. E-mail : igor@sal-cnc.me.wisc.edu

ABSTRACT

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The real function method (RFM) for solving boundary value problems is based on the fact that it is possible to construct a single real-valued function that satisfies all prescribed boundary conditions exactly. The method was originally proposed by Kantorovich [1] for simple problems with homogeneous boundary conditions, and fully developed by Rvachev [2,3] for arbitrary geometric domains and boundary conditions using theory of R-functions. RFM relies on the concept of solution structure that includes two types of information: (1) the implicit shape function (that completely describes all geometric information of this particular boundary value problem), and (2) unknown (usually piecewise) function whose sole purpose is to satisfy the differential equation of the boundary value problem - exactly or approximately. The main advantage of the RFM is clean and modular separation of analytical and geometrical constraints leading to essential meshfree, although computationally more expensive, procedure. We will demonstrate first fully automatic implementation of the RFM for two dimensional domains using SAGE (Semi-Analytic Geometry Engine) developed by the authors, which automatically constructs, differentiates, and intergrates the required implicit functions for specified geometric domains and boundary conditions. The power of the method is illustrated via thermal conduction problems. The method generalizes to three-dimensions. We will discuss required computational utilities (geometric, differentiation, and intergration), as well computational properties of RFM including its completeness and convergence.

REFERENCES
[1] Kantorovich LV, and Krylov VI (1964), "Approximate methods in higher analysis". New York: Interscience publishers [2] Rvachev VL, and Sheiko TI, "R-functions in boundary value problems in mechanics", Appl. Mech. Rev., vol 48, no 4, April 1995 [3] Rvachev VL (1982), "Theory of R-functions and its some applications", Kiev:Nauk. Dumka, 551 pp. (In Russian) [4] V.Shapiro, and I.Tsukanov, "Meshfree Simulation of Deforming Domains", SAL Technical Report SAL 1998-2, June 1998, (http://sal-cnc.me.wisc.edu/publications/meshless.html) [5] V.Shapiro, and I.Tsukanov, "Implicit Functions with Guaranteed Differential Properties", SAL Technical Report SAL 1998-3, November 1998, (http://sal-cnc.me.wisc.edu/publications/sm99_implicit.html)

SHAPE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND SHAPE OPTIMIZATION BY THE ELEMENT FREE GALERKIN METHOD
F. Bobaru and S. Mukherjee
(1) - Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Cornell University. E-mail : fb21@cornell.edu (2) - Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. Cornell University. E-mail : sm85@cornell.edu

ABSTRACT
The regular Finite Element Method (FEM) is marked by some shortcomings such as: discontinuous secondary variables that require a costly and not always satisfactory smoothing procedure, need of remeshing in case of severe distortion of the mesh, locking for nearly incompressible materials, inaccurate results near the boundary, etc. In sensitivity analysis, and implicitly in shape sensitivity, it is essential to obtain accurate primary and secondary variables on the boundary of the domain. In an iterative process for improving the design, the need of re-meshing to avoid loss of accuracy due to distortion is a necessity and represents a burden in terms of computational effort. The Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method [1] only uses information at some nodes scattered in the domain for representing the solution. The EFG has been shown to overcome most of the difficulties of the FEM. The EFG method provides higher rates of convergence than the FEM and smooth secondary variables at no additional cost. Moreover, locking is avoided and re-meshing is eliminated since the mesh(cells) used in the EFG is only for integration purposes. Also, there is no loss of accuracy near the boundary of the domain under consideration. For all the reasons presented above, the EFG seems to constitute a very appealing method for use in sensitivity analysis, shape optimization, etc.. Another feature of the EFG with significant impact on shape sensitivity analysis is that the solution is rather insensitive with respect to the arrangement of the nodes (see [1]), therefore, an optimization procedure for the position of odes, for some fixed number of nodes, seems unnecessary.

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In this paper we employ the EFG method for shape sensitivity problems in 2-D linear elasticity. We first present a new variational formulation for calculating sensitivities in the setting of the EFG method with the essential boundary conditions imposed via a penalty method. Within the context of the material derivative approach, both the direct differentiation and adjoint variable methods (see e.g. [2],[3] and references therein) are presented here. We avoid differentiating the rather complicated EFG shape functions with respect to the shape design parameter. An interesting feature of the present approach is that, due to the smoothness of the secondary variables obtained with the EFG, the shape sensitivity of a response functional that depends on derivatives of stresses does not require special treatment like the one developed in [4] for the FEM. Several demonstrative examples are worked out and the characteristics of this new sensitivity analysis are compared with previous results obtained using the FEM or the Boundary Element Method (see e.g. [5],[6]). Next, some numerical examples for shape optimization are carried out using the sensitivities discussed above, together with an available optimization code.

REFERENCES
[1] T. Belytschko , Y.Y. Lu and L. Gu, "Element-free Galerkin methods", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engrg., Vol. 36, pp. 229-256, 1994. [2] J.S. Arora, "An exposition of the material derivative approach for structural shape sensitivity analysis", Comput. Met. Appl. Mech. Engrg., Vol. 105, pp. 41-62, 1993. [3] D.A. Tortorelli and P. Michaleris , "Design sensitivity analysis: overview and review", Inv. Probls. Engrg., Vol. 1, pp.71-105, 1994. [4] J.W. Hou, J.L. Chen , and J.S. Sheen, "Computational method for optimization of structural shapes", AIAA J., Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 1005-1012, 1986. [5] Q. Zhang and S. Mukherjee , "Design sensitivity coefficients for linear elastic bodies with zones and corners by the derivative boundary element method", Int. J. Sol. Struct., Vol. 27, No. 8, pp. 983-998, 1991. [6] H.G. Seong and K.K. Choi , "Boundary-layer approach to shape design sensitivity analysis", Mech. Struct. Mach., Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 241-263, 1987.

LARGE DEFORMATION ANALYSIS OF SOLID USING MULTISCALE VOXEL DATA

K. Suzuki, H. Ohtsubo, K. Nakanishi and S. Min
(1) - Dept. of Env. and Ocean Engng. Faculty of Engineering. Univ. of Tokyo. E-mail : katsu@nasl.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp (2) - Dept. of Env. and Ocean Engng. Faculty of Engineering. Univ. of Tokyo (3) - Dept. of Env. and Ocean Engng. Faculty of Engineering. Univ. of Tokyo

ABSTRACT
In the analysis of 3 dimensional solid structure, the mesh generation is always the most time consuming task and sometimes it make the analysis impossible. The analysis method using voxel proposed by Kikuchi et. al. enables analysis of solid with complicated configuration quite easy. However, big disadvantage of voxel analysis method is the increase of the degree of freedom in the analysis. Authors introduced multi-scale voxel cover into manifold method and defined resolution for analysis and resolution for geometric definition separately, which makes relatively accurate analysis without increasing the computational cost too much. In this paper, the authors extended the multi-scale voxel analysis to the large deformation analysis of 3D solid structure. In the traditional FEM analysis large deformation analysis often fails due to too much mesh distortion, and rezoning technique is used to re-mesh the structure. However, applying rezoning to 3D solid is quite difficult and almost impossible to automate this process. In the voxel analysis, the generation of voxel data is quite simple and frequent update of voxel data is possible. The Lagrange type formulation is used, which is convenient in dealing with moving boundary and examining contact conditions, while frequent update of voxel data prevents the distortion of the mesh, which is similar to Euler formulation. The geometry before deformation and after deformation is defined by STL format, which is kind of polygon representation of the boundary, and contact of the structure is examined polygon-wise, instead of element-wise, which reduce the computational cost a lot. Also boundary condition is given polygon-wise. The whole system from voxel generation to post processing is integrated into one seamless environment, and users only handle polygon data, and no need to consider the voxel or mesh.
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A FINITE CLOUD MESHLESS METHOD FOR MEMS

N.R. Aluru
(1) - Department of General Engineering. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. E-mail : aluru@uiuc.edu

ABSTRACT
The development of efficient computer-aided design (CAD) tools for modeling and design of microelectromechanical systems is complicated because of the mixed technology nature of EMS. Several microelectromechanical designs are geometrically complicated, electromechanically coupled and inherently three-dimensional in nature. Mesh based approaches for the simulation of MEMS require sophisticated mesh generators and mesh compatibility between the different energy domains. A very attractive alternative is to employ meshless techniques for mixed-energy domain simulation of MEMS. A reproducing kernel particle method is an attractive meshfree method because of its builtin multiresolution features. In this paper we present a finite cloud method based on reproducing kernel approximations. The key steps in the finite cloud method are to construct interpolation functions by using a reproducing kernel approximation and to use a point collocation technique to solve the governing partial differential equation(s). In the construction of interpolation function for a point, we consider a cloud of points which are in the vicinity of the point. The cloud size determines the vicinity of the point. The attractive features of the method are it is a true meshless method in the sense that arbitrary nodal volumes can be assigned for each point and the implementation of boundary conditions is straight-forward. The method, however, requires the calculation of higher-order derivatives that are typically not required in a Galerkin implementation. We will show results for two applications in MEMS addressing convergence of the finite cloud method. The first application is electroosmotic transport of a fluid through small capillaries under the application of an electric field. Electroosmotic transport is a fundamental step in bioMEMS devices for separation of DNA, mixing of fluids and other important phenomena. The second application is the design of microscale sensors and actuators using piezoelectric materials.

THE GENERALIZED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD: NUMERICALLY GENERATED APPROXIMATION FUNCTIONS AND ERROR ESTIMATION
T. Strouboulis, K. Copps and I. Babuska
(1) - Texas A&M University. Department of Aerospace Engineering. E-mail : strouboulis@aero.tamu.edu (2) - Texas A&M University. Department of Aerospace Engineering. E-mail : kc@isc.tamu.edu (3) - TICAM. E-mail : babuska@ticam.utexas.edu

ABSTRACT
The Generalized Finite Element Method is a combination of the standard FEM and the Partition of Unity Method. The GFEM augments the standard mapped polynomial finite element spaces by adding special approximation functions that reflect the known information about the boundary value problem and the input data (the geometry of the domain, the loads, and the boundary conditions). The approximation functions are multiplied with the partition of unity corresponding to the standard linear vertex shape functions and are pasted to the existing finite element basis to construct a conforming approximation. In [1] we showed how the accuracy of the numerical integration of the entries of the stiffness matrix and load vector must be controlled so that the errors in integration of the special functions do not affect the accuracy of the constructed approximation. This integration issue has not been sufficiently addressed in other implementations of partition of unity or meshless methods. We also showed that any linear dependencies in the resulting system of equations are resolved by employing an small modifications to the direct linear solver, or by using existing solvers for sparse semipositive definite matrices. The GFEM has further been shown to obtain an advantages over the standard FEM; both because it uses a
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specialized basis and because it allows domain or material features to move or cross through element boundaries, see [2]. The GFEM avoids difficulties in applying essential boundary conditions exhibited by meshfree methods while retaining the structure and formulation of finite elements. This paper includes a demonstration, for specific domain geometries and boundary conditions, of the numerical construction of the special approximation functions. We create reference solutions for canonical handbook problems using FEM and then use the handbook solutions as the special approximation functions in the GFEM. The GFEM is shown to work equally well using known analytical approximation functions, using numerically generated functions, or a mixture of both. In extending the FEM, we also extend the major forms of a posteriori error estimation in the GFEM. Just as the GFEM uses special approximation functions in the solution of the problem, it also uses the special functions in error estimation. We show the proper formulation of an algorithm for estimating the error in the quantity of interest, e.g., estimating the error in the maximum stress in hot spots or estimating the error in the stress intensity factor. By making it possible to use previously generated handbook solutions for any local features in the approximation, along with a robust method of error estimation, the GFEM stands as a practical and useful generalization of the most widely used method for solving boundary value problems.

REFERENCES
[1] T. Strouboulis , I. Babuka, K. Copps , "The Design and Analysis of the Generalized Finite Element Method", (to be published in Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Engrg.). [2] T. Strouboulis , K. Copps , and I. Babuka, "The Generalized Finite Element Method: An Example of its Implementation and Illustration of its Performance", (submitted Int. J. Numer. Methods Engrg.).

ELEMENT-FREE IMPLEMENTATION IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELASTOPLASTIC ANALYSIS

O. Hazama and H. Okuda
(1) - Dept of Mechanical Engineering. Yokohama National University. E-mail : hazama@typhoon.cm.me.ynu.ac.jp (2) - Dept of Mechanical Engineering. Yokohama National University. E-mail : okuda@typhoon.cm.me.ynu.ac.jp

ABSTRACT
The meshless, or the meshfree, methods proposed during the last few years are expected to breakthrough for such problems that are hardly handled by FEM. Among the meshless methods, elementfree Galerkin method (EFGM) proposed by Belytschko et al. [1] is considered to be one of the promising methods. Moving least squares approximation scheme is introduced, which enables the aquisition of regular continuous derivative values at any point within the domain boundaries. The greatest advantage of the method is that no element-mesh data are necessary whatsoever, from the viewpoint of the user. The authors have applied EFGM to elasto-platic deformation problems. Von Mises yielding criterion, strain hardening, Prandtl-Reuss constitutive equation with traditional J2 flow theory were assumed. The solving of discretized equations were carried out statically and explicitly. Since the discretization process is carried out using moving least squares, the geometric boundary conditions were enforced by a penalty method.[2,3] The elastic-plastic judgement is carried out in two ways: background cell - wise and Gaussian quadrature point-wise, where the former maintains the physical values such as the equivalent stress values at each cell, and the latter carries those values at the quadrature points placed in each background cell. The definition of the domain will be carried out using a CAD/CAE seamless system [4], which will reduce the necessary data construction time even more. This paper will present several numerical studies and illustrate that EFGM is as capable as FEM and that processes of data construction, such as the element remeshing, often required in cases of large deformation, is unnecessary.

REFERENCES
[1] T. Belytschko et al., Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 113, 397 - 414, 1994. [2] H. Okuda et al., Trans. of the JSME Series A, 61-590, 2302 - 2308, 1995. (in Japanese) [3] T. Nagashima et al., Trans. of the JSME Series A, 62 - 599, 1746-1753, 1995. (in Japanese) [4] T. Okuda, O. Hazama and Y. Satoh, "MODELING AND SIMULATION BASED ENGINEERING", Proc. ICES'98, Vol. II, 1825 - 1830, October 1998, ICES'98, Atlanta, GA.

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AN ADAPTIVE FINITE-ELEMENT / ELEMENT-FREE GALERKIN APPROACH FOR CRACK-INITIATION PROBLEMS

H. Karutz and W.B. Kratzig
(1) - Inst. for Statics and Dynamics. Dept. of Civil Engineering. Ruhr-University. E-mail : holger.karutz@ruhr-unibochum.de (2) - Inst. for Statics and Dynamics Dept. of Civil Engineering Ruhr-University

ABSTRACT
The simulation of discrete cracks within the finite element method seems to demonstrate the appropriateness of this method. Because of the changing geometry of the problem by growing cracks, remeshing of the area around the crack tip is necessary after each crack increment. Meshfree methods appear to be more attractive for such situations. Since the middle of the 90s the development of meshfree methods and their capabilities grow rapidly. In the beginning, so called Smooth Particle Methods (SPH) were used for modeling astrophysical phenomena without boundaries only. Later the enlargement of the hydrostatic pressure p to the full stress tensor allowed the computation of manifold problems from the fields of fluid mechanics, hydromechanics, contact and impact problems [1], but the main disadvantage of these particle methods was the missing consistency. Another approach started with moving least square approximations in a Galerkin method. The actual state of the art of this kind of methods is represented by the element-free Galerkin method (EFG). This method has successfully been proved to compute arbitrary problems of structural mechanics and also of crack propagation simulations (see [2] and references therein). The disadvantage of this method is the expensive computation of the shape functions; therefore a coupling procedure with finite elements was developed [3]. In this present paper we apply this coupling procedure in an adaptive approach to 2D shell problems with generalization for 3D structures. The goal is to optimize the discretization of a structure independently of its essential boundary conditions to reduce the amount of computing time without loss of accuracy by using the advantages of both concepts of discretization in their individual domains of strength. Starting from a finite element computation the areas that are sensible for a crack initiation are automatically detected. Meshfree domains are created inside the finite element domains at expected crack-fields and coupled to the surrounding finite elements. Cracks can initiate and grow inside the meshfree area without necessary remeshing after each crack increment. The algorithm-oriented implementation of the simulation-algorithms into an adaptive finite element kernel will be demonstrated. Arbitrary combinations of basis-, weighing- and ramp-functions can be chosen within the treatment. Also different laws for crack initiation and propagation can be implemented with minimum effort. An extremely efficient datastructure for the creation and handling of the single nodes in the meshfree domains is presented.

REFERENCES
[1] S. Hiermaier,"Numerische Simulation von Impaktvorgangen mit einer Netzfreien Lagrangemethode (Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics)", Ph.D. Dissertation, Mitteilung des Instituts fur Mechanik und Statik Fakultat fur Bauingenieur - und Vermessungswesen der Universitat der Bundeswehr Munchen 8, 1996. [2] T. Belytschko , Y. Krongauz, D. Organ, M. Fleming and P. Krysl , "Meshless Methods: An Overview and Recent Developments", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 139, 3-47, 1996. [3] T. Belytschko , D. Organ and Y. Krongauz, "A coupled finite element - element-free Galerkin method", Computational Mechanics 17, 186-195, 1995.

EFGM FOR SATURATED SOIL

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H. Kawabata, A. Murakami and S. Aoyama

(1) - Science University of Tokyo Department of Electrical Engineering (2) - Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University. E-mail : murakami@emeu.kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp

ABSTRACT
A formulation of the Element Free Galerkin Method for saturated soil with pore water is presented. The equilibrium of stress and the continuity of pore water constitute a set of governing equations for two-phase media such as saturated soil. A weak form of the equation for stress equilibrium is derived and its discretization, based on the EFGM strategy[1], e.g., the moving least square method (MLSM), is presented under the elastic constitutive equation. The continuity equation for pore water, on the other hand, is discretized in two ways: 1) the MLSM in conjunction with its weak form, and 2) the difference scheme proposed by Akai and Tamura [2] utilizing the framework of background cells. The stiffness matrix is numerically evaluated by the fourth order of the Gauss Integration, and boundary conditions are treated with the help of the penalty method. Special focus is placed upon the formulation, including the automatic collocation of background cells based on nodal and boundary data. A numerical efficiency is demonstrated through several analyses. First, the accuracy of the numerical computation is examined through a one-dimensional consolidation problem by comparing closed and usual finite element solutions. The numerical results for the two-dimensional problems are then described and the feasibility of the current numerical scheme is emphasized. In the computation, both quadrilateral and triangular backgound cells are used for comparison in the neighboring area of the boundary. A fairly good agreement of the numerical performance can be found between EFGM and FEM solutions. The strain localization phenomenon is pointed out as an example of further applications.

REFERENCES
[1] T. Belytschko , Y.Y. Lu and L. Gu, "Element-Free Galerkin Methods", Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., 37, 229-256, 1994. [2] K. Akai and T. Tamura, "Numerical analysis of multi-dimensional consolidation accompanied with elasto-plastic constitutive equation", Proc. JSCE, 269, 1978 (in Japanese).

A HYBRID (COUPLED SPH-FE) METHOD FOR IMPACT COMPUTATIONS

M. Sauer
(1) - Federal Armed Forces University, Munich, Germany. E-mail : martin.sauer@unibw-muenchen.de

ABSTRACT
During the last years, meshfree computational methods have increasingly been studied and used in specific applications in structural mechanics. In the field of Impact Computations, the Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) Method has become a valuable tool beside the traditional meshbased Finite Element (FE) and Finite Difference schemes because it offers advantages in situations which involve highspeed loading, large deformations and material failure (see [1], for example). However, SPH and other meshfree computational methods are still far from reaching the numerical efficiency of meshbased methods. Therefore a hybrid method which combines the advantages of meshless and meshbased discretizations would be a desirable improvement. Here, the term hybrid stands for the possibility of choosing the best suited discretization (meshless or meshbased) in each part of the computational domain. Some approaches to this problem already exist (see [2], for example) but there is still a need for improvements. In this paper the implementation of a hybrid method for 2D Impact Computations is shown. It is based on SPH and FE, an explicit time integration scheme is used. Two aspects of the process of development of a hybrid method are dealt with: An efficient way of transferring data between meshless and mesh-based domains has to be developed, because SPH domains shall automatically be created from Elements in an adaptive way. An object-oriented data model is used for this purpose. Interaction of Particles and Elements has to be established. Some ways of coupling SPH with meshbased methods have already been proposed but they are not yet satisfying: they either introduce
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artificial lines of discontinuity or lead to non-symmetric domains of influence for Particles next to the interface of meshless and meshbased domains. A method based on the enrichment of the spatial integration for both Particles and Elements is proposed as a possible solution. A validation of the hybrid method is carried out by comparing exemplary calculations with pure meshbased- and meshless calculations. The exemplary calculations are also used for a discussion of the method and its possible further development.

REFERENCES
[1] Hiermaier, S. et al., "Computational Simulation of Hypervelocity Impact", Int. Journal of Impact Engineering 20, 1997 [2] Johnson, G.R.,Stryk, R.A., Beissel, S.R, "SPH for High Velocity Impact Computations" Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 139 (1996), p. 347-374

NODE GENERATION SCHEME FOR THE MESHFREE METHOD BY VORONOI DIAGRAM AND WEIGHTED BUBBLE PACKING
Y.J. Choi and S.J. Kim
(2) - Dept. of Aerospace Engineering. Seoul National University. E-mail : sjkim@gong.snu.ac.kr

ABSTRACT
The meshing of the domain has long been the major bottleneck in performing the finite element analysis of objects with complex geometric configuration. Research efforts which is so-called meshfree methods have recently been directed towards eliminating or at least easing the requirement for meshing of the domain. The meshfree discretization approach for various problems in computational mechanics has attracted much attention in the recent years. By focusing only on the points, instead of the meshed elements as in the conventional element -based finite element method, the meshfree approach provides certain advantages in handling problems with discontinuities and in numerical discretization of 3-D problems for which automatic mesh generations is still hard work. But, even though a various improving properties for meshfree methods, meshfree methods have some kind of major difficulties to apply widely. Especially, Consider the meshfree method using interpolation technique such as moving least squares approximations which is based on distance-based weights. The weight function is usually isotropic(circular in 2D and sphere in 3D), non-negative within a circle or ball of some fixed radius, and monotonically decreasing with distance from the point x. In meshfree method, most of which are based-on distance based weights, the handling of irregular arrangement of nodes is non-trivial since contributions at a point x tend to be disproportionately biased towards areas of higher nodal density. Thus irregular nodal arrangements in meshfree approximations such as EFG(Element Free Galerkin) do result in marked deterioration in the properties of the approximation space. Also the other major difficulties in the implementation of meshfree methods is the noninterpolatory character of the approximation, that is, the approximation does not pass through the nodal parameter. A new meshfree method of solving nonlinear boundary value problems, based on the Voronoi diagram and weighted bubble packing is proposed in the present paper. Voronoi diagram and its dual - the Delaunay triangulation - provide very useful data structures and a powerfull tool[1]. Using the largest interior angle property of the Voronoi nearest neighbors and the Delaunay triangulation in two dimensions, this paper deals with the problem of searching for the nearest neighbors of a node. Weighted bubble packing is used to determinate nodes spacing and size of influence domain continuously through the whole domain. The performance of the method is illustrated by numerical solutions obtained for two dimensional fluid flows in a square cavity with an impulsively starting lid.

REFERENCES
[1] D. F. Watson, "Computing the n - dimensional Delaunay tessellation with application to Voronoi polytopes", The Computer Journal 24(2), 1981, pp 167 - 172 [2] K. Shimada, D. C. Gossard, "Automatic triangular mesh generation of trimmed parametric surfaces for finite element analysis", Computer Aided Geometric Design, Vol.15(1998), pp 199 - 222

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ELASTO-PLASTIC LARGE DEFORMATION ANALYSIS USING FREE MESH METHOD

O. Watanabe and F. Segawa
(1) - Institute of Engineering Mechanics, University of Tsukuba. E-mail : watanabe@kz.tsukuba.ac.jp (2) - Research Institute, Sanyo Special Steel Co.

ABSTRACT
The present paper describes the formulation of the free mesh method (FMM), proposed by Yagawa and Yamada, applied to the elasto-plastic large deformation problem. FMM employs Node-byNode concept, which differs from Element-by Element concept used in the conventional finite element method. In FMM, the tentative triangular finite elements are created around the node, thus information between nodes and elements is not required as input data, leading to the reduction of efforts of preparing input data. The information of stress and strain necessary in evaluating stiffness matrix is transformed from elements to nodes and stored in the nodes in this FMM approach. The present paper shows the numerical feature of FMM analysis in elasto-plastic large deformation problem through shear loading problem to compare the FEM analysis using irregular and regular mesh subdivisions.

REFERENCES
[1] O. Watanabe and F. Segawa , "Application of Free Mesh Method to Elasto - Plastic Large Deformation Problem.", to be published in Trans. JSME, Ser.A., Vol.65, No. 630, 1999.

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Minisymposium

Computational Mechanics of Concrete

Herbert Mang and Gnther Meschke
SESSION 1
ON COUPLED GRADIENT PLASTIC-DAMAGE RELATIONS FOR STIFFNESS DEGRADATION IN CYCLIC LOADING OF CONCRETE J. Pamin and R. de Borst ................................................................................................................................................356 MATERIAL MODELING OF CONCRETE SUBJECTED TO LOCAL, LARGE TRIAXIAL PRESSURE: THEORY AND ALGORITHMIC FORMULATION P. Pivonka, G. Meschke and H.A. Mang.........................................................................................................................356 A CONSTITUTIVE DRIVER FOR CONCRETE DETERIORATION DUE TO ELASTIC DEGRADATION & PLASTIC SOFTENING E. Hansen and K.J. Willam.............................................................................................................................................357 EVALUATION OF TUBE-SQUASH TEST OF CONCRETE AT VERY LARGE STRAINS USING MICROPLANE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS M. Brocca and Z.P. Bazant.............................................................................................................................................358 CONCRETE IN MULTIAXIAL COMPRESSION - BASIC MECHANICS AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELING J.P.W. Bongers and H.S. Rutten .....................................................................................................................................359 THREE DIMENSIONAL FRACTURE-PLASTIC MATERIAL MODEL FOR CONCRETE J. Cervenka and V. Cervenka..........................................................................................................................................359

SESSION 2
MICROSTRUCTURAL FRACTURE ANALYSIS OF NORMAL AND HS CONCRETE USING INTERFACE ELEMENTS I. Carol and C.M. Lpez .................................................................................................................................................360 CONTINUOUS VERSUS DISCONTINUOUS MODELING OF CONCRETE FAILURE E. Kuhl, G.A. D'Addetta and E. Ramm ...........................................................................................................................361 ADAPTIVITY IN COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS OF CONCRETE PLATES AND SHELLS R. Lackner and H. Mang.................................................................................................................................................362 TOWARDS ADAPTIVE NON-LINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE CONSIDERING SMEARED CRACKING K.M. Mosalam and G.H. Paulino ...................................................................................................................................363 REMESHING TECHNIQUES FOR LOCALIZED FAILURE H. Askes and L.J. Sluys...................................................................................................................................................363 AN ELASTIC-PLASTIC COHESIVE INTERFACE MODEL FOR FRACTURE OF CONCRETE A. Salvadori and P.B. Shing ...........................................................................................................................................364

SESSION 3
ANALYSIS OF THE LOCALIZED FAILURE PHENOMENON IN REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS M.R. Salamy and T.A. Tanabe ........................................................................................................................................365 THREE-DIMENSIONAL COHESIVE CRACK SIMULATIONS OF CONCRETE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS TEST SPECIMENS J.H. Hanson and A.R. Ingraffea......................................................................................................................................365 COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS OF THE STEEL-CONCRETE INTERFACE B. Romdhane, F.J. Ulm and P. Rossi..............................................................................................................................366 ON THE DDA MODELING FRAMEWORK FOR CONCRETE FRACTURE N. Bicanic and C. Pearce ...............................................................................................................................................367 INFLUENCE OF DAMAGE ON THE FLUID-SOLID COUPLING IN NON-SATURATED CONCRETE J. Carmeliet ....................................................................................................................................................................368 EXPLICIT MICROMECHANICAL SIMULATION OF THE INELASTIC RESPONSE OF CONCRETE TO HIGH STRAIN RATE IMPACT LOADING S.W. Park, D.L. Grote and M. Zhou................................................................................................................................369

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ON COUPLED GRADIENT PLASTIC-DAMAGE RELATIONS FOR STIFFNESS DEGRADATION IN CYCLIC LOADING OF CONCRETE
J. Pamin and R. de Borst
(1) - Koiter Unstitute Delft. Delft University of Technology (2) - Delft University or Technology. E-mail : rdb@dutcg11.tudelft.nl

ABSTRACT
In a phenomenological constitutive framework, a combination of plasticity and damage theories is physically appealing, since a host of materials exhibit an interaction of inelastic mechanisms of microcrack growth and plastic flow. Coupled models make it possible to realistically reproduce the degradation of the elastic stiffness, which is crucial for cyclic loadings and extensive stress redistributions. In quasi-brittle materials the inelastic behavior is accompanied by localization of deformation and progressive fracture. Within a classical, local continuum formulation this phenomenon is associated with the loss of well-posedness of the governing partial differential equations. Therefore, discretization methods may give apparent mesh-dependent results. To overcome this problem, some form of nonlocal or rate-dependent enhancement of the constitutive model must be adopted. Put differently, the continuum formulation should be equipped with an internal length parameter. This paper investigates different possibilities of coupling of plasticity and damage within the framework of a gradient continuum. Invariably, the coupling is based on the effective stress concept and strain equivalence. Either a gradient enhancement of the damage part, or a gradient enhancement of the plasticity part is adopted. In the first case, two possibilities again arise, namely one in which the equivalent strain is made a function of the total strains, and one in which the equivalent strain is made a function of the elastic part of the strains only. Consistent numerical algorithms have been formulated for all four different models, including the derivation of a properly linearized tangential operator. Examples are given for monotonic and cyclic loadings. For the case of a one-dimensional bar careful comparisons between the performances of the various approaches are made, both for loading and for unloading. Some twodimensional examples are given to illustrate the generality of the derived algorithms.

MATERIAL MODELING OF CONCRETE SUBJECTED TO LOCAL, LARGE TRIAXIAL PRESSURE: THEORY AND ALGORITHMIC FORMULATION
P. Pivonka, G. Meschke and H.A. Mang
(1) - Vienna Univ. of Tech., Inst. for Strength of Materials. (2) - Institute for Structural Mechanics, Ruhr-University Bochum. E-mail : guenther.meschke@ruhr-uni-bochum.de (3) - Vienna University of Technology, Inst. for Strength of Materials. E-mail : mang@hooke.fest.tuwien.ac.at

ABSTRACT
For many applications in modern structural engineering realistic material models are needed. As far as modelling of concrete structures is concerned, the complex material behavior requires special considerations. Concrete failure is governed by different degradation processes within the cement matrix aggregate composite. In uniaxial tension experiments [4], the highly localized tensile cracks result in brittle failure. In the low confined compression regime, there is a region of transition from brittle to ductile fracture, separating brittle softening behavior from ductile failure regimes with little or no degradation of strength [5]. Local material failure of concrete subjected to high triaxial stress states, however, is a consequence of compaction of micropores [1]. The rapid development of efficient mathematical algorithms and the increasing availability of powerful computer resources in the last decades have facilitated the development of realistic constitutive material models. The bulk of existing constitutive models of concrete is designed and calibrated for the
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mathematical description of concrete under moderatly large stresses. Certain engineering applications, such as the anchorage of tendons in prestressed concrete structures and advanced anchor devices, however, are characterized by highly concentrated loads. In order to cover the whole response spectrum of concrete under large triaxial compression, the Leon model, previously formulated by [3] was extended. The model is formulated within the theory of elasto-plasticity. It accounts for the dependence of concrete strength on the Lode angle. A non-associative flow rule is used. The ductile behavior of concrete is modelled by a ductility function proposed by [2], which is reformulated to account for high compressive stress states. The model is formulated on the basis of the smeared-crack approach regularized by the fracture energy concept [4]. Consistent linearization leads to a quadratic rate of convergence of the equilibrium iteration as part of incremental-iterative Finite Element analysis. The predictive capabilities of the model are demonstrated numerically.

REFERENCES
[1] Bazant, Z., Bishop, F. and Chang, T.: "Confined compression tests of cement paste and concrete up to 300 ksi", ACI Journal, 108 (83-48), 553-560, 1986. [2] Etse, G., "Theoretische und numerische Untersuchung zum diffusen und lokalisierten Versagen in Beton", PhD thesis, Universitaet Karlsruhe, Germany, 1992 [3] Etse, G. and Willam, K., "Integration algorithms for concrete plasticity", Engineering Computations, 13(8), 38-65, 1996. [4] Hurlbutt, B., "Experimental and computational investigation of strain-softening in concrete", Master's thesis, University of Technology of Colorado, Department of Civil Engineering, 1985. [5] Imran, I. and Pantazopoulou, S., "Experimental study of plain concrete under triaxial stress", ACI Materials Journal, 93(6), 589-601, 1996.

A CONSTITUTIVE DRIVER FOR CONCRETE DETERIORATION DUE TO ELASTIC DEGRADATION & PLASTIC SOFTENING
E. Hansen and K.J. Willam
(1) - CEAE-Department. University of Colorado. (2) - CEAE Department. University of Colorado at Boulder. E-mail : willam@bechtel.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
The core of every finite element program is the constitutive driver. Its sole purpose is to determine stress and strain components under strain, stress, or mixed control conditions. As finite element models increasingly embrace three dimensions, so must the constitutive driver. Furthermore, when the elastic limit has been reached, then load paths into the plastic response regime and into damage mechanics must be analyzed. The authors have developed a constitutive driver software package for triaxial concrete deterioration due to elastic degradation and plastic softening. The driver includes failure diagnostics to determine loss of stability, to detect limit points, and to detect the formation of spatial discontinuities at the constitutive level. Load control is available in the forms of strain control and mixed stress-strain control. The deterioration formulations implemented in the driver include a parabolic extension of the Drucker - Prager plasticity model [1], the tensile strain-based scalar damage model of Mazars [2], and the three-invariant smooth cap model of Schwer and Murray [3]. The latter model includes coupling of plasticity and scalar damage. Failure diagnostics at the constitutive level include (a) loss of material stability in the form of the second order work exclusion functional, (b) limit point conditions characterized by singularities of the tangential material operator after partitioning for different control variables, and (c) localization conditions for detecting spatial discontinuities along singularity surfaces when the localization tensor turns singular, [4] [5] [6]. The driver applies these diagnostics to detect material failure when each concrete model is subjected to a given set of triaxial load histories including direct tension, compression, and simple shear.

REFERENCES
[1] Drucker, D.C. and Prager, W., "Soil mechanics and plastic analysis or limit design", Quarterly of applied mathematics 10, 157-165, 1952.

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[2] Mazars, Jacky, "Application de la Mechanique de L'Endommagement au Comportement Non Lineaire et a la Rupture du Beton de Structure", Ph.D. Dissertation, Ecole Normale Superieure de l'Enseignement Technique, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Cachan, France, May, 1984. [3] Schwer, L.E. and Murray, Y.D., "A three-invariant smooth cap model with mixed hardening", International Journal for numerical and analytical methods in geomechanics 18(10), 657-688, 1994. [4] Willam, K. and Dietsche, A., "Fundamental aspects of strain-softening descriptions", Proc. Conf. Framcos I: Computer Aided Analysis and Design of Concrete Structures, Elesevier Appl. Sci. London, Z. Bazant, Ed, 227 238, 1992. [5] Willam, K. and Munz, T. and Etse, G. and Menetrey, P., "Failure conditions and localization in concrete", Proc. Euro-C Conference, Pineridge Press Swansea, H. Mang, N. Bicanic , R. de Borst Eds., Pineridge Press Swansea, 263-282, 1994. [6] Willam, K. and Iordache, M.: "Fundamental aspects of failure modes in brittle solids", Fracture and Damage in Quasibrittle Materials, E&F Spon, Chapman and Hall, London, Z. Bazant, Z. Bittnar , J. Jirasek, J. Mazars, Eds., E&F SPON, Chapman and Hall, London, 35-67, 1994.

EVALUATION OF TUBE-SQUASH TEST OF CONCRETE AT VERY LARGE STRAINS USING MICROPLANE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
M. Brocca and Z.P. Bazant
(1) - Department of Civil Engineering. Northwestern University (2) - Northwestern University, Department of Civil Engineering. E-mail : z-bazant@nwu.edu

ABSTRACT
The tube-squash test is a new type of test in which a highly ductile steel alloy tube is filled with concrete or other material and squashed to about half of its original length. Very large shear angles, over 70B, can be achieved in this test while the material still maintains integrity, due to very large pressures. Accurate evaluation of the test requires inverse analysis by finite elements at very large strains. First, a material model for steel is calibrated by finite element fitting of the test of an empty tube. Subsequently, the specimen filled with concrete is analyzed using a finite-strain microplane model. Fitting of the test results then leads to calibration of the constitutive model for concrete at very large strains, especially at large shear angles. The results are of interest for simulation of large deformations of concrete in various structures in which large pressures develop, for example, the impact and penetration of missiles, effects of blasts, and large deformations of highly confined members or joints in earthquakes.

CONCRETE IN MULTIAXIAL COMPRESSION - BASIC MECHANICS AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELING

J.P.W. Bongers and H.S. Rutten
(1) - Eindhoven University of Technology. E-mail : j.p.w.bongers@bwk.tue.nl (2) - Eindhoven University of Technology

ABSTRACT
The macroscopic mechanical behaviour of normal strength concrete, observed in multiaxial compression tests, is classified according to four typical stages in crack formation. At these stages, the behaviour is analysed at three different scale levels: - micro-level (microstructure of hardened cement paste) - meso-level (concrete as a heterogeneous composite of aggregate grains, bulk cement paste, bond zone cement paste, large pores and pre-existing cracks) - macro-level (concrete as a homogeneous continuum) The typical stages in crack formation are easily identified by salient macroscopic features displayed in a typical multiaxial compression test. Stage I is characterised by a more or less linear branch
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in the loading diagram. No apparent damage is present and the classical theory of elasticity applies. Stage II is characterised by a less steep ascending branch. During this stAge large deformations are present and inelastic volume compaction occurs. Just before peak strength is reached (stage III) the volumetric behaviour changes from compaction into dilation. The peak strength depends on the level of confinement and the loading history of the specimen. The descending branch in the loading diagram (stage IV) is characterised by the formation of local macroscopic cracks, i.e. highly localised shearbands develop within the specimen. Based on the multilevel analysis of the mechanical behaviour of concrete in multiaxial compression classified by the four stages described above, a new computational model has been developed at Eindhoven University of Technology. In this model the heterogeneous mesostructure of the concrete is reduced to a heterogeneous composite of coarse aggregate grains embedded in a homogenised matrix of small aggregate grains, bulk cement paste and bond zone cement paste. For the homogenised matrix of small aggregate grains, bulk cement paste and bond zone cement paste, the heterogeneous mesostructure is taken into account implicitly by applying the concept of a Representative Volume Element (RVE). The constitutive equations are primarily based on mechanical processes active at the meso-level. As the separate stages identified at the macro-level also apply to indicate important distinct processes at the meso-level, the meso-level-based constitutive equations can be classified according to these four stages also.

THREE DIMENSIONAL FRACTURE-PLASTIC MATERIAL MODEL FOR CONCRETE

J. Cervenka and V. Cervenka
(1) - CERVENKA-Consulting. E-mail : Cervenka@cervenka.cz (2) - CERVENKA-Consulting. E-mail : Cervenka@cervenka.cz

ABSTRACT
The presented concrete material model is based on smeared crack model [1][3][9], which is combined with a non-associated plasticity based formulation for compressive behavior of concrete. This model is an extension of the model presented in [6] by considering a more suitable failure surface in compression and by enabling fixed crack option in the smeared crack model. Rankine criterion is employd in the smeared crack model and Willam-Menetrey surface [5] is used for the plasticity model. Willam-Menetrey failure function is pressure sensitive and not symmetrical in the deviatoric plan, and is suitable for concrete. Thus the combined model exhibits a non-smooth failure surface. Special attention is devoted to the development of a robust iterative algorithm for the combination of the two models [6]. The algorithm is based on a simple recursive substitution, which is extended by a line-search method. It is shown that it can handle both loading and unloading conditions in the failure surface apex region as well as full interaction of the two models including crack closure. The smeared crack model is based on the classical smeared crack formulation, and it is implemented using both rotated or fixed concept. Hordijk's softening law [2] is used in tension. The model is extended by including irreversible deformations in the smeared crack model. Variable shear retention factor based on Kolmar's formulas [8] is used to simulate shear stiffness degradation due to crack opening. In compression non-linear hardening/softening law is implemented to simulate pre-peak nonlinear behavior and post-peak softening. Softening laws in both models are based on crack band theory. The crack band is defined according to [7]. This method accounts for the element size as well as crack orientation. Basic experimental tests as well as complex practical problems from anchoring technology are used for model validation.

REFERENCES
[1] de Borst, R., "Non-linear analysis of frictional materials", Ph.D. thesis, Delft University of Technology, 1986. [2] Hordijk, D.A.: "Local Approach to Fatigue of Concrete", Ph.D. thesis, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, 1991, ISBN 90/9004519-8. [3] Rots, J.G. and Blaauwendraad, J., "Crack models for concrete: discrete or smeared? Fixed, multi-directional or rotating?" HERON 34(1), 1989.
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[4] Mier, J.G.M van, "Multiaxial Strain-softening of Concrete, Part I: fracture, Materials and Structures", RILEM, 19(111), 1986. [5] Menetrey, P. and Willam, K. J., "Triaxial failure criterion for concrete and its generalization",. ACI Structural Journal, 92(3), 311-318, 1995. [6] Cervenk, J., Cervenka, V., and Eligehausen, R., "Fracture-Plastic Material Model for Concrete, Application to Analysis of Powder Actuated Anchors", Proc. Fracture Mechanics of Concrete Structures, FRAMCOS-3, AEDIFICATIO Publishers, 1107-1117, 1998. [7] Cervenka, V., Pukl, R., Ozbolt, J., and Eligehausen, R., "Mesh Sensitivity Effects in Smeared Finite Element Analysis of Concrete Fracture", Proc. Fracture Mechanics of Concrete Structures, FRAMCOS-2, AEDIFICATIO Publishers, 1387-1406, 1995. [8] Kolmar, W.: "Beschreibung der Kraftuebertraegung ueber Risse in nichtlinearen Finite-Element Berechnungen von Stahlbetontragwerken", Dissertation, TU Darmstadt, 1985. [9] Cervenka, V., and Pukl., R.: "Computer Models for Concrete Structures", Structural Engineering International 2(2), 323-333, 1992. [10] Cervenka, J.: "Discrete Crack Modeling in Concrete Structures", PhD thesis, Dept. of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Eng., University of Colorado, Boulder, 1994.

MICROSTRUCTURAL FRACTURE ANALYSIS OF NORMAL AND HS CONCRETE USING INTERFACE ELEMENTS

I. Carol and C.M. Lpez
(1) - ETSECCPB-Universidad Polytechnica, De Catalunya. E-mail : carol@etseccpb.upc.es (2) - (ETSECCPB). Technical Univ. of Catalonia (UPC)

ABSTRACT
Despite its simplicity, Hillerborg's fictitious crack model has proven very successful in representing mode I fracture of concrete beams. In its original format (rigid-softening, uniaxial law with normal components exclusively) however, the model was not very practical for its systematic use in modern FE codes. Perhaps the most clear way to fully integrate the FCM into the standard numerical analysis of materials and structures is by using zero-thickness interface elements and a `cracking' constitutive law formulated in terms of normal and shear stress and the corresponding relative displacements on the interface plane. The `cracking' constitutive model exhibits an elastoplastic structure with hyperbolic loading surface, and plastic strains which have the meaning of crack opening and sliding. Two fracture energies in mode I and IIa (shear at high compression and no dilatancy) are parameters of the model, and worksoftening laws provide consistency with fracture mechanics principles. Elastic stiffnesses can be regarded as penalty coefficients which are set to high values, for which the formulation becomes asymptotically equivalent to the FCM. The material formulation is verified with some tests carried out by Hassanzadeh, featuring displacement-controlled tensile-shear loading, in which non-trivial tension-compression transitions due to impeded dilatancy are observed. The global formulation of interface+constitutive law is implemented in the general-purpose FE program DRAC, and is used in various numerical studies involving mixed-mode concrete fracture. In these studies, interfaces are inserted in between all finite elements in the mesh, providing freedom to a variety of crack patterns to develop depending on material properties and loading situation. Results obtained reproduce well-known experimental behavior of concrete, and allow to consider the model as a tool for general simulation of concrete fracture in cases for which experimental tests would be too difficult to preform.

CONTINUOUS VERSUS DISCONTINUOUS MODELING OF CONCRETE FAILURE

E. Kuhl, G.A. D'Addetta and E. Ramm
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(1) - Institute for Structural Mechanics University of Stuttgart. E-mail : kuhl@statik.uni-stuttgart.de (2) - Institute for Structural Mechanics. University of Stuttgart. (3) - Institute of Structural Mechanics, University of Stuttgart. E-mail : eramm@statik.uni-stuttgart.de

ABSTRACT
The failure mechanism of concrete is of complex nature. Different failure modes can be observed under tensile and compressive loading manifesting themselves in different tensile and compressive strengths. Moreover, due to the inhomogeneity of its microstructure, concrete fails in a highly anisotropic fashion. Microcracks generally develop at the interface between the stiff grains and the weak matrix of mortar. Their growth and coalescence leads to the formation of macroscopic crack patterns resulting in an overall stiffness degradation and a structural failure. A well-established approach to model the failure of concrete is based on continuum damage mechanics. In order to account for failure induced anisotropy, a continuum damage formulation in combination with the microplane concept will be applied, allowing for directional dependent stiffness degradation, see [1], [2] and [3]. Nonlocal effects such as microcrack interaction are simulated through the incorporation of higher order gradients of the strains in the constitutive equations as described in [4] and [5]. However, continuum damage models are only capable of reproducing material damage in a smeared fashion. An alternative approach is based on the discrete modelling of the microstructure as proposed in [6]. By representing each material particle individually, an internal length scale is incorporated intrinsically through the different grain sizes. An enhanced discrete element model as described in [7] and [8] will be presented. It is based on the ideas of particle dynamics combined with a lattice-type model accounting for cohesive effects. We do not aim at applying the discrete model to simulate failure of large structures. Nevertheless, the modelling concrete failure in a discrete fashion is believed to give further inside into the various effects taking place on the microstructural level. The discrete model will be used in order to derive and calibrate appropriate phenomenological models as for example the microplane model. The discrete and the continuum model will be compared by means of selected model examples.

REFERENCES
[1] Bazant, Z.P. and Prat, P.C., "Microplane model for brittle plastic material", J. Eng. Mech. 114, 1672 - 1702, 1988. [2] Carol, I. and Bazant, Z.P., "Damage and plasticity in microplane theory", Int. J. Solids & Structures 34, 3807 3835, 1997. [3] Kuhl, E. and Ramm, E., "On the linearization of the microplane model", Mech. Coh. Frict. Mat. 3, 343 -364, 1998. [4] Peerlings, R.H.J., de Borst, R., Brekelmans, W.A.M. and de Vree, J.H.P., "Gradient-enhanced damage for quasi brittle materials", Int. J. Num. Meth. Eng. 39, 3391-3403, 1996. [5] Kuhl, E., Ramm, E. and de Borst, R., "An anisotropic gradient damage model for quasi-brittle materials", Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. (accepted for publication 1998). [6] Cundall,P.A. and Strack, O.L.D., "A discrete numerical model for granular assemblages", Geotechnique 29, 47-65, 1979. [7] Kun, F. and Herrmann, H.J., "Fragmentation of colliding discs", Int. J. Mod. Phys. C7, 837-855, 1996. [8] Kun, F., D'Addetta, G.A., Herrmann, H.J. and Ramm, E., "Two-dimensional dynamic fracture and fragmentation of solids", Comp. Ass. Mech. Eng. (submitted for publication 1998).

ADAPTIVITY IN COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS OF CONCRETE PLATES AND SHELLS

R. Lackner and H. Mang
(1) - Institute for Strength of Materials. Vienna University of Technology. (2) - Vienna University of Technology, Inst. for Strength of Materials. E-mail : mang@hooke.fest.tuwien.ac.at

ABSTRACT
Sophisticated material models for concrete allow realistic simulations of concrete plates and shells by means of the finite element method (FEM). Nevertheless, inadequate discretizations might result in incorrect failure modes. This may lead to an overestimation of the load-carrying capacity of the structure. Uniform mesh refinement, which has been commonly used to study the rate of convergence of
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the obtained FE results, may fail in case of element-dependent deficiencies, such as element locking. Adaptive calculation schemes have been developed to reduce the aforementioned shortcomings by rearranging the finite elements on the basis of error estimation. [4] proposed an error estimator for linear problems using a stress recovery technique. [3] applied this technique to elastoplasticity for the purpose of defining incremental error measures. Its extension to problems encountering localization such as cracking of concrete is accomplished by relaxing the underlying constraint condition of continuous stresses to continuous tractions [1]. Mesh refinement and restart of the analysis at a certain load level require the transfer of physical data from the old to the new mesh. Changes of the structural stiffness in consequence of the transfer scheme should be as small as possible. This requirement is considered by transferring displacements, stresses and the regions of plastic loading to the new mesh [2]. The missing history variables are computed from the constitutive law and the yield criterion. The performance of the developed analysis scheme is demonstrated by means of investigations of reinforced concrete members, such as beams, plates and shells. All results are compared with results obtained from computations based on regularly refined FE meshes as well as from experiments. Finally, most recent research results from adaptive ultimate load analysis of a cooling tower will be presented.

REFERENCES
[1] Lackner, R. and Mang, H., "Adadptive FEM for the analysis of concrete structures", in: de Borst, R., Bicanic, N., Mang, H. and Meschke, G. (editors): Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Modelling of Concrete Structures, Volume 2, 897-919, Badgastein, Austria, Balkema Publishers, Freiburg, 1998. [2] Lackner, R. and Mang, H.: "Simulation of local failure of concrete plates on the basis of error control", in: Mihashi, H. and Rokugo, K. (editors): Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete Structures (FraMCoS), Volume 2, 861-876, Gifu, Japan, Aedificatio Publishers, Freiburg, 1998. [3] Peric, D., Yu, J. and Owen, D., "On error estimates and adaptivity in elastoplastic solids: Applications to the numerical simulation of strain localization in classical and Cosserat continua", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 37, 1351-1379, 1994. [4] Zienkiewicz, O. and Zhu, J.: "The superconvergent patch recovery and a posteriori error estimates. Part 1: The recovery technique", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 33, 1331-1364, 1992.

TOWARDS ADAPTIVE NON-LINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE CONSIDERING SMEARED CRACKING
K.M. Mosalam and G.H. Paulino
(1) - Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. University of California. (2) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. University of Illinois. E-mail : paulino@uiuc.edu

ABSTRACT
The fixed smeared crack concept with strain decomposition is employed to carry nonlinear finite element simulations of concrete structures. In general, such solutions suffer from loss of uniqueness, and a possible remedy for this problem consists of adapting the finite element mesh to the present level of damage (cracking) in space and (pseudo-)time. Thus, the element size is determined in a manner consistent with the nature of the localization of deformation process. Upon such automated adjustment of the finite element size, a crude rule for the crack bandwidth (e.g. proportional to the square root of the area of the element) suffices for accurately capturing the localization phenomenon. A simple and effective adaptive technique is presented, which relies on the "apparent fracture energy density" concept. This naturally leads to a physically-based error estimation method using the super convergent patch recovery (SPR) concept and a practical h-refinement procedure. Practical examples are presented, strengths and limitations of the approach are pointed out, and potential extensions of this ongoing research are discussed.

REMESHING TECHNIQUES FOR LOCALIZED FAILURE

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H. Askes and L.J. Sluys

(1) - Dept. of Civil Engineering and Geosciences. Delft Univ. of Technology (2) - Dept. of Civil Engineering and Geosciences. Delft Univ. of Technology. E-mail : L.J.Sluys@ct.TUDelft.nl

ABSTRACT
Computational analyses of strain localization must be carried out in a proper, accurate, and efficient manner. While a continuum material model with an intrinsic length scale parameter can guarantee mesh-objective results, the ratio between accuracy and efficiency can be improved through the application of mesh adaptivity. In this lecture, the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) technique is applied on strain localization phenomena. Nodes are detached from the material, so that they can be used optimally in the spatial discretization. A new remesh indicator is proposed that concentrates nodes in inelastic zones as well as in zones where strain localization is likely to occur. Thus, the formation of new cracks is anticipated, which is crucial for accurate remeshing. Two algorithms (elliptic or parabolic equidistribution equation) have been tested and compared to equidistribute this remesh indicator. The algorithms give similar results, but the parabolic formulation can be solved explicitly. Multi-dimensional examples are presented. The proposed strategies are able to capture complicated crack patterns with multiple curved cracks. Two and three-dimensional examples illustrate this. The coupling of the ALE method to an h-adaptive scheme to further optimize the analysis will also be discussed.

AN ELASTIC-PLASTIC COHESIVE INTERFACE MODEL FOR FRACTURE OF CONCRETE

A. Salvadori and P.B. Shing
(1) - Department of Structural Engineering, Politecnico of Milan (2) - Dept. of Civ., Envir. and Arch. Engrg. University of Colorado. E-mail : shing@colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
The modeling of the fracture of quasi-brittle materials has undergone rapid developments in recent years. Different researchers have proposed different interface crack models based on elastic-plastic constitutive relations. The basic property of such models is the capability of representing the pathdependency of the stress-normal displacement relation, which conforms to experimental evidences. One of such interface models was proposed by Lotfi and Shing. This model has three internal variables to model mode I and mode II fracture and the frictional resistance of a crack interface. However, the model requires a large amount of material parameters that have to be considered in the integration of the constitutive relations. Furthermore, no damage is introduced in the model under elastic unloading, which results in large residual crack opening. In this presentation, a modified version of the above model is presented. The new model optimizes the integration of the constitutive relations using the Generalized Midpoint Rule appropriately simplifying the softening rules. This modification leads to a formulation in which all the model parameters have well-understood physical meanings and can be calibrated with standard experiments. Numerical tests have shown that the model is able to reproduce experimental results with complex loading paths, such as the tests conducted by Hassanzadeh, without any "ad hoc" selection of the model parameters. Furthermore, in the new model, damage is introduced during unloading and reloading. To account for this, crack opening is divided into two parts. One is due to tension and the other is due to shear dilatation. The latter is modeled as a geometric effect, which is recoverable under shear reversal but not under tensile unloading. A damaged elastic stiffness is introduced for tensile unloading so that the cracking opening due to tension can be fully recovered.

ANALYSIS OF THE LOCALIZED FAILURE PHENOMENON IN REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

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M.R. Salamy and T.A. Tanabe

(1) - Department of Civil Engineering. Nagoya University (2) - Department of Civil Engineering. Nagoya University. E-mail : L46831A@nucc.cc.nagoya-u.ac.jp.

ABSTRACT
A method has been used to simulate shear failure in RC elements considering localization phenomenon. Experiments show that in the close vicinity to the peak point, before or after that, a localized damage band could often be observed in reinforced concrete structures. For some kind of structures like shear walls ( the localized failure phenomenon in reinforced concrete shear walls has been carried out in nagoya university), concrete cracks occurred firstly at the early stage of load, however as the external load increased to a certain extent a damage band would occur within a short interval of time along the direction which was entirely different from the initially formed crack direction. In the case of reinforced concrete beams, regarding to the amount of longitudinally bars and also web reinforcement, damage band direction usually is near to initial formed crack direction. Once this phenomenon occurred, the structure would fail with large strain localizing inside the damage band without affecting the other parts of the structure. This paper is dedicated to the modeling of the shear band localization in context of large strain accumulation in a narrow band without substantially affecting the strain in the surrounding material. This phenomenon frequently occurs accompanying inelastic deformation and material acoustic tensor looses its positive definiteness. The method is based on embedded elements formulation for reinforced concrete elements as a composite material. The physical mechanism for this phenomenon is that strain field across the damage band can be possibly takes a jump, while the equilibrium of the stress across the damage band remains to be satisfied. Furthermore, finite element method is used to simulate this phenomenon. In the numerical point of view ,material non linearity happens in the local region and due to the failure in the narrow band, usually snap back happens and the solution procedure fails to converge. To obtain convergence in this point, using an efficient method like arc length method is necessary. At the end, numerical examples are presented to show the ability of the method to solve the localized failure mode. In this paper, most of the analysis is concentrated to reinforced concrete beams with or without web reinforcement which all of them were failed in shear as reported in the experiments results and also shown in the analysis.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL COHESIVE CRACK SIMULATIONS OF CONCRETE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS TEST SPECIMENS

J.H. Hanson and A.R. Ingraffea
(1) - Cornell Fracture Group. E-mail : jim@stout.cfg.cornell.edu (2) - School of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Cornell University. E-mail : ari1@cornell.edu

ABSTRACT
Recent research in fracture toughness testing of concrete has produced load versus displacement data for several different sizes and geometries of fracture toughness test specimens made from the same concrete. To assist in the quantitative evaluation of the various specimens, we have performed threedimensional cohesive crack simulations. At the scale of laboratory specimens, the cohesive cracking behavior must be considered for accurate reproduction of the observed specimen behavior. To numerically simulate the observed behaviors, we used a boundary element analysis program, FRANC3D [1], with enhanced capabilities for cohesive crack modeling [2]. The program allows the user to define the softening parameters of a linear or bi-linear tension softening diagram. By solving the system for successive fictitious crack front limits, we were able to obtain points along the load-displacement curve to include any snap back behavior. Using the focal point model by Yankelevsky and Reinhardt [3], we were able to simulate the residual deformations and stresses observed during unload-reload cycles. We used splitting tension test results to determine the peak tensile stress of the tension softening curve. To obtain the rest of the diagram, we iteratively adjusted the curve to reproduce the behavior of one size and type of specimen. The specimens were cylindrical, chevron-notched round double beams and rectangular, single edge straight notched beams. With the tension softening curve, we attempted to reproduce the load versus displacement data for all of the sizes and geometries of specimens.

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This presentation summarizes the results of these simulations and provides a quantitative comparison of predicted and observed behavior to include residual deformations. In light of these comparisons, we will discuss the applicability of the tension softening curve to numerical simulation of cohesive cracking behavior in arbitrary geometry specimens.

REFERENCES
[1] Carter, B.J., Chen, C-S., Ingraffea, A.R., and Wawrzynek, P.A., "A Topology-Based System for Modeling 3D Crack Growth in Solid and Shell Structures", Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress on Fracture, ICF9, Sydney, Australia, Elsevior Science Publishers, 1923-1934, 1997. [2] Bittencourt, T. and Ingraffea, A. R., "Three-Dimensional Cohesive Crack Analysis of Short-Rod Specimens", Fracture Mechanics: 25th Volume, ASTM-STP 1220, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 46-60, 1995. [3] Yankelevsky, D. Z. and Reinhardt, H. W., "Model for Cyclic Compressive Behavior of Concrete", Journal of Structural Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 113, No. 2, Feb., 228-240, 1987.

COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS OF THE STEEL-CONCRETE INTERFACE

B. Romdhane, F.J. Ulm and P. Rossi
(1) - Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chausses. E-mail : ramzi@lcpc.fr (2) - Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees. E-mail : ulm@lcpc.fr (3) - Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chausses. E-mail : ramzi@lcpc.fr

ABSTRACT
The overall response of RC-structures under monotonic, cyclic and environmental loading is strongly affected by the mechanical bond behavior. However, little consensus exists concerning method and model to account for bond-slip in FE-analysis. This paper presents a new macroscopic computational approach for the numerical investigation of the steel-concrete interface. A former work concerned with the numerical micro-mechanical analysis at the scale of the steelbar ribs [1], revealed the importance of considering both the tangential relative displacement between the steel and the concrete, and the bridging effects of a rebar crossing a crack. As for macroscopic constitutive modeling, using the probabilistic discrete crack approach [2], these discontinuous phenomena are described in the following way: - The identified interface zone between the steel and the concrete is considered as a surface of discontinuity. The tangential interface displacement is characterized by the relative displacement between steel and concrete. The bond force, dual to this relative displacement, is continuous on the two sides of this zone. Within a thermodynamic framework [3] the constitutive modeling of the interface behavior is set up. As for numerical modeling, an enriched truss element for the steel is developed, that incorporates the interface displacement as a supplementary degree of freedom. The basic idea is to consider the steel displacement as a sum of the concrete displacement and the interface displacement. Such an element allows the treatment of the behavior of the steel and the interface with separate constitutive laws. - The bridging effect of a steel bar crossing a (discrete) crack is taken into account by considering the crack with a crossing rebar also as a surface of discontinuity. The continuity of the rebar force over the crack is implemented in the contact elements used in the probabilistic crack approach. The model parameters are calibrated numerically by comparing the results obtained from the micro-mechanical analysis which considers explicitly the ribs of the steel with that of the macroscopic simulations using the enriched truss elements. By way of structural application, the model allowed us to determine the minimum reinforcement for a nuclear cooling tower, which ensures the structural durability performance in terms of deformation capacity, robustness and serviceability.

REFERENCES
[1] Ben Romdhane, M. R., Rossi, P. and Ulm, F.-J., "Micro-mechanical analysis of the steel-concrete interface behaviour", EURO-C 1998, Computational modelling of concrete structures, 731-741, A. A. BALKEMA Rotterdam, 1998. [2] Rossi, P. and Richer, S.: "Numerical modeling of concrete cracking based on a stochastic approach", Materials and Structures, RILEM, 27, 437-444, 1987.
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[3] Desir, J.-M., Ben Romdhane, M.R. and Ulm, F.-J., "Steel-concrete interface: Revisiting constitutive and numerical modeling" (Submitted for publication in Computers and Structures), 1998.

ON THE DDA MODELING FRAMEWORK FOR CONCRETE FRACTURE

N. Bicanic and C. Pearce
(1) - Department of Civil Engineering. University of Glasgow. E-mail : BICANIC@civil.gla.ac.uk (2) - Department of Civil Engineering. University of Glasgow.

ABSTRACT
Tracing of the concrete failure in a robust and stable manner is vital for a rational assessment of structural integrity of complex concrete structures, comprising damage and fracturing of an originally continuous medium, transition criteria from a continuum to discontinuum, followed by a total separation and possible interaction of fragmented structural parts. Discontinuous modelling frameworks are increasingly researched in that context, including the discrete element method, rigid-block-spring method, lattice modelling and, in particular, the discontinuous deformation analysis. The DDA has recently been recast in the context of the Manifold method, resembling very closely the recent trends in meshless methods, where the best practices of the continuum and the discontinuum based modelling are combined. Models adopted for the pre-fragmentation, i.e. continuum stage are usually based on concepts of damage mechanics, strain softening plasticity formulations or have been formulated using some higher order continuum theory. Some models attempt to simulate the post fracturing behaviour, again via continuum formulations.The continuum based approaches stretch their applicability by either enhancing the mathematical framework used for material models (higher order continua, gradient models, softening plasticity), or by an enrichment of the trial function space in the actual discretisation process (mesh adaptivity and alignment, discontinuous shape functions, internal bands). The distinct feature of discontinuous formulations is a reatment of a structure comprising a large number of interacting parts with a constantly changing problem geometry, contact conditions, while at the same time accounting for blocks deformability and fracturing. Improved model deformability is achieved by either increasing the number of block deformation variables (higher order DDA, where higher order strain fields are assumed for blocks of arbitrary shapes), or by different sub-block meshing concepts. Possibilities and limitations of the discontinuous deformation analysis in modelling concrete fracture are considered, in particular in tracing the transition from a continuum to a discontinuum behaviour. Several discontionuous modelling frameworks for fragmentation of concrete structures are discussed, comprising fracturing dicontinuities along block boundaries and the through-block fracturing. Computational issues related to a prescribed displacement formulation in the DDA (needed for the post peak behaviour) are identified and a linearised eigenvalue analysis is considered to provide a failure indicator and a means of monitoring progressively discontinuous behaviour. Illustrative examples, using an augmented Lagrangian approach to treat the contact constraints, include a plain concrete beam and the concrete pull-out benchmark problem.

INFLUENCE OF DAMAGE ON THE FLUID-SOLID COUPLING IN NONSATURATED CONCRETE

J. Carmeliet
(1) - Lab. of Building Phys., Dept. of Civil Engineering. Catholic Univ. of Leuven. E-mail : jan.carmeliet@bwk.kuleuven.ac.be

ABSTRACT
Porous materials like concrete are strongly hydrophilic materials whose pores have a large specific surface. As a result, such materials exhibit strong fluid-solid interaction due to molecular and
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surface forces. In cementitious materials, the following important microscopic fluid-solid interaction stresses are documented in literature: the capillary pressure due to capillary condensation in the capillary pores, disjoining pressures due to hindered adsorption in the micropores, and pressures due to the presence of interlayer hydrate water in the nanopores of CHS hydrate of the cement paste. The fluid-solid interaction pressures induce high microstresses in the skeleton. The level of microstress is highly dependent on the degree of saturation Therefore, changes in the degree of saturation can significantly affect the macroscopic poromechanical behaviour. The following phenomena can be distinguished: change of static and dynamic mechanical properties including damage and fracture, volumetric changes, timedependent behaviour. Quasi-brittle materials, such as concrete, rocks and ceramic composites are sensitive to microcrack initiation, growth and coalescence of microcracks, which finally leads to localisation in the form of macrocracks. The growth of microcracks not only induces a degradation of mechanical properties, but it also implies a change in the solid-fluid coupling coefficients. Advanced plasticity and damage models have been developed to model strain softening behaviour of damaged materials. However, moisture dependence is often included in a simple way by considering the model parameters to be dependent on moisture content. When dealing with the complex interaction of different phenomena, such as damage, time-dependence and moisture behaviour, new constitutive equations, which formulate the coupling in an explicit way are required. This necessity becomes predominant when nonlinear material models are used to identify and quantify the damage in materials and structures. In this paper a poro-visco-elastic damage model is proposed within the framework of damage mechanics theory and the theory of thermodynamics of open unsaturated porous continua [2]. The constitutive equations introduce coefficients coupling elastic-damageable, viscous and poromechanical behaviour [1]. The coupling coefficients are derived for the nonsaturated case from a micromechanical model describing the mechanical behaviour of the constituents of the porous medium. The identified coupling coefficients account for the following phenomena: elastic behaviour of the undamaged skeleton, elastic opening of the existing microcracks, damage growth due to microcrack development, permanent strains due to an imperfect closing of the microcracks and viscous behaviour of the undamaged skeleton. An incremental finite element model is formulated. The model is used to simulate the poromechanical response for standard experiments. In the uniaxial tensile test, the influence of drained and undrained boundary conditions on the damage behaviour is analysed. Also the influence of damage and viscous effects on the swelling behaviour of porous materials is studied.

REFERENCES
[1] J. Carmeliet , "On the poro-visco-elastic and damage coupling in nonsaturated porous media", Proc. of the Biot conference on poromechanics, Thimus et al. (eds), Rotterdam, 41-46, 1998. [2] O. Coussy , "Mechanics of porous continua", Wiley and sons, Chichester, 1995.

EXPLICIT MICROMECHANICAL SIMULATION OF THE INELASTIC RESPONSE OF CONCRETE TO HIGH STRAIN RATE IMPACT LOADING
S.W. Park, D.L. Grote and M. Zhou
(1) - G.W. Woodruff School of Mech. Engineering. Georgia Inst. of Technology (2) - G.W. Woodruff School of Mech. Engineering. Georgia Inst. of Technology (3) - G.W. Woodruff School of Mech. Engineering. Georgia Inst. of Technology. E-mail : min.zhou@me.gatech.edu}

ABSTRACT
Numerical simulations of the dynamic response of concrete and mortar under high-strain-rate impact loading are conducted within the framework of a nonlinear finite element analysis. The simulations focus on the response of specimens in a plate impact configuration for which experimental data are made available fo r comparison. The two-phase composite microstructure of concrete is explicitly modeled. Actual microstructural morphologies of concrete used in the experiments are digitized and used in the simulations. The behavior of each constituent of the concrete is characterized by an extended DruckerPrager model which accounts for pressure dependence, rate sensitivity and strain hardening/softening. Material model parameters are determined from fitting experimental measurements and from a parametric study in which the predictions of numerical simulation are matched with experimental observations. The
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dynamic load-carrying capacity and energy absorption characteristics of concrete under impact conditions are analyzed. The results show that significant hydrostatic pressures develop due to lateral inertial confinement during the impact loading. The inertial confinement effect together with strain-rate hardening allow a concrete specimen to sustain high compressive stresses during impact. Numerical simulations also indicate that both the stress-carrying and energy absorption capacities increase with increasing aggregate volume fraction in concrete but are rather insensitive to the distribution of the constituent phases.

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Minisymposium

Computational Modeling of Composites

Roberta Massabo and Brian Cox
SESSION 1
NUMERICAL MODELS FOR THE DEFORMATION AND FAILURE OF 3-DIMENSIONALLY REINFORCED TEXTILE COMPOSITES R.M. McMeeking and B. Cox..........................................................................................................................................372 EVALUATION OF COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF LAMINATED COMPOSITE STRUCTURES P. Ladeveze, O. Allix, B. Douchin and D. Leveque.........................................................................................................372 EVALUATION OF PROGRESSIVE FAILURE SIMULATION BASED ON CONTINUUM DAMAGE APPROXIMATIONS J. Whitcomb, J. Noh and C. Chapman ............................................................................................................................373 SIMULATIONS OF DAMAGE EVOLUTION AND THE ASSOCIATED NON-LINEAR RESPONSE OF PLAIN WEAVE CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES P.G. Charalambides .......................................................................................................................................................374 OOF: OBJECT-ORIENTED FINITE ELEMENT SOFTWARE FOR MATERIALS MICROSTRUCTURE S.A. Langer.....................................................................................................................................................................374 CORD-RUBBER COMPOSITES MICROMECHANICS USING THREE-DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENTS S. Kocak and R.M. Pidaparti ..........................................................................................................................................375

SESSION 2
Keynote : A COMPUTATIONALLY BASED DAMAGE MECHANICS APPROACH TO MODELING OF COMPOSITES R. Talreja........................................................................................................................................................................375 AN ACCURATE DETERMINATION OF INTERLAMINAR STRESSES IN COMPOSITE LAMINATES SUBJECTED TO TORSIONAL LOADING J.A. Mitchell and J.N. Reddy ..........................................................................................................................................376 SOFTENING PLASTICITY MODELS FOR STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE G. Baker .........................................................................................................................................................................377 NUMERICAL MODELING OF THE COMPRESSIVE FAILURE OF COMPOSITE PLATES WITH AN OPEN HOLE C. Soutis .........................................................................................................................................................................378 MULTISCALE FE^2 ELASTOVISCOPLASTIC AND DAMAGE ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITES STRUCTURES F. Feyel and J.L. Chaboche............................................................................................................................................378

SESSION 3
COHESIVE ZONE MODELS AND FINITE ELEMENTS FOR SIMULATION OF POLYMER FRACTURE A. Jagota, S. Saigal and S.J. Bennison............................................................................................................................379 CRACK GROWTH IN BRITTLE-MATRIX COMPOSITES WITH BRIDGING FIBERS H.Y. Liu, X. Zhang and Y.W. Mai ...................................................................................................................................380 MODELING OF THE CONSTITUTIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE CRACK WAKE OF UNIDIRECTIONAL COMPOSITES WITH FIBER CREEP AND LOSS OF CONTACT C. Argento ......................................................................................................................................................................381 INTERNAL RESIDUAL STRESSES IN ELASTICALLY HOMOGENEOUS SOLIDS: STRESS FLUCTUATIONS NEAR A CRACK TIP AND EFFECTIVE ENERGY RELEASE RATE V.A. Buryachenko ...........................................................................................................................................................382 CONSTITUTIVE LAWS FOR THROUGH-THICKNESS REINFORCEMENT IN LAMINATES R. Massabo and B.N. Cox...............................................................................................................................................382 IMPACT OF SANDWICH PLATES WITH AN ELASTIC FOUNDATION P.F. Pai and A.N. Palazotto............................................................................................................................................383

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NUMERICAL MODELS FOR THE DEFORMATION AND FAILURE OF 3DIMENSIONALLY REINFORCED TEXTILE COMPOSITES
R.M. McMeeking and B. Cox
(1) - Dept. of Mech. and Environmental Engineering University of California. E-mail :rmcm@engineering.ucsb.edu

ABSTRACT
Computational models used for the simulation of the mechanical behavior of textile reinforced composite materials are summarized. The models in use range from isostrain averaging methods to full scale finite element calculations. In the former, a uniform strain is imposed on a representative unit cell of the composite and the stress in individual fibers and the matrix is computed and averaged. Damage is simulated by identifying those components which have exceeded a failure criterion and removing them from the system. In the full scale finite element calculations, very refined meshes are used to represent the entire unit cell, but at the expense of massive computation. In between these approaches are a number of methods which are designed to retain significant details in the analysis but reduce the computational effort compared to full scale numerical implementations. This leads to global-local and homogenization methods among others. The approach favored by the author is one in which microstructural features are represented in a coarse grained fashion but with sufficient detail to capture deformation and failure phenomena of significance. The goal is to simulate behavior which can involve the cooperative response of many unit cells in the material over a length scale comparable to structural dimensions of a component. This approach has been incorporated into a special purpose computer program having the structure of a finite element code. Tows of fibers are represented by 1-dimensional elements having the topology, stiffness and strength of the textiles used for the reinforcing material. The matrix and some composite features are represented by space filling 3-dimensional elements which have elastic and inelastic properties enabling them to simulate stiffness and damage of the composite system. The tow elements interact with the space filling elements through their common connections at nodes of the system. These nodal connections have features to represent decohesion and slippage of tows relative to the matrix including the effects of the 3dimensional shape and thickness variations of the tows. The tows fail under tensile stress according to a stochastic process and pull out against friction. In addition, deformation and failure processes in the matrix and transverse failures in tows are simulated using the 3 dimensional continuum elements. The program is capable of simulating relatively large volumes of heterogeneous segments of the material and deformation and failure mechanisms observed and quantified in experiments are simulated in the computer program.

EVALUATION OF COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF LAMINATED COMPOSITE STRUCTURES

P. Ladeveze, O. Allix, B. Douchin and D. Leveque
(1) - LMt-Cachan. Gestionnaire Secteur Structures et Systemes. E-mail : ladeveze@lmt.ens-cachan.fr (2) - LTM-Cachan (ENS Cachan / CNRS / Univ. Paris 6) (3) - LTM-Cachan (ENS Cachan / CNRS / Univ. Paris 6)

ABSTRACT
One main challenge in composite design is to compute the damage state of a composite structure subjected to complex loading at any point and at any time until final fracture. Damage refers to the more or less gradual developments of microcracks which lead to macrocracks and then to rupture; macrocracks are simulated as completely damage zones. Our solution for composites and especially laminate composites is based on what we call a damage mesomodel. It is a semi-discrete modelling for which the damage state is locally uniform within the mesoconstituents. For laminates, it is uniform throughout the thickness of each single layer; as a complement, continuum damage models with delay effects are introduced. Attention is focused herein on

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damage computation and in particular on the localization phenomena description. Last comparison between simulations and tests for delamination tests are shown for quasi-static loadings.

EVALUATION OF PROGRESSIVE FAILURE SIMULATION BASED ON CONTINUUM DAMAGE APPROXIMATIONS

J. Whitcomb, J. Noh and C. Chapman
(1) - Aerospace Engineering Department, Texas A&M University. E-mail : whit@aero.tamu.edu (2) - Aerospace Engineering Department, Texas A&M University (3) - Aerospace Engineering Department, Texas A&M University

ABSTRACT
Damage in composite materials takes many forms. Some forms are fiber breaks, intralaminar matrix cracks, fiber debonding, and delamination. The damage is also diffuse. Consequently, it is not practical to model every crack discretely. An alternative is to determine effective properties for damaged material and use these degraded properties when integrating the various finite element equations. One of the major concerns with this strategy is whether such continuum damage approximations are reasonably accurate. The calculation of effective properties includes the assumption that the damage is periodic and the macroscopic strain gradients are constant throughout, which obviously is not the case in typical structures. Also, properties are often modified at only one or a few of the integration points in an element, so uniformity is not even maintained within a single element. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the effective properties of an element vary when modified properties are used at only a fraction of the quadrature points. These effects will be examined for elements of various orders. To facilitate comparisons, the same integration order will be used regardless of the order of the element. For simplicity, the presentation will begin with a 1D elastic rod element. Then 2D and 3D elastic elements will be considered.

SIMULATIONS OF DAMAGE EVOLUTION AND THE ASSOCIATED NONLINEAR RESPONSE OF PLAIN WEAVE CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES
P.G. Charalambides
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. The University of Maryland. E-mail : panos@engr.umbc.edu

ABSTRACT
A continuum stress induced microcracking non-linear model is employed as part of hierarchical modeling procedure aiming at studying the evolution of matrix damage and non-linear response of woven fabric ceramic matrix composites. Axial loading simulations are carried out with the aid of a woven unit cell geometry designed to incorporate microstructures often observed in ceramic matrix woven composites.Thus, the unit cell geometry incorporates discrete large voids in the matrix region between bundles, for a wide range of systems characterized by different woven bundle spacing, bundle crosssectional geometry and woven unit cell aspect rations. The stress induced matrix damage is monitored at several load increments within which it is upgraded using an iterative scheme that employs a semi-analytical model for stress analysis. Sub-critical as well as super-critical microcracking simulations are carried out for a comprehensive set of microcracking attributes. The model predicts robust macroscopic woven unit-cell non-linearities induced by well defined matrix damage zones. Damage induced unit cell orthotropies are also predicted. The super-critical cracking simulations give rise to intriguing stress-strain curves and matrix cracking predictions which are in close agreement with experimental observations reported elsewhere in the literature.

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OOF: OBJECT-ORIENTED FINITE ELEMENT SOFTWARE FOR MATERIALS MICROSTRUCTURE

S.A. Langer
(1) - NIST. E-mail : langer@cam.nist.gov

ABSTRACT
The structure of a material on a microscopic scale determines how it will behave on a macroscopic scale. This is especially true for composite materials with complicated microscopic geometries, but theoretical models for predicting the macroscopic behavior are limited to simple idealized geometries. Materials scientists in industry and academia have a need for software that can predict macroscopic behavior using the real microscopic material geometry as a starting point. OOF is a finite element program created at the National Institute of Standards and Technology to address this problem. With OOF, a user loads an image of a microstructure (either from a micrograph or a simulation), identifies features in the image, assigns material properties to them, and performs virtual experiments in plane stress or plane strain to determine the macroscopic properties of the specimen. The material properties and parameters can then be adjusted to determine their effect on the macroscopic behavior. In this talk I will describe the current capabilities of OOF and discuss plans for future development of the code.

CORD-RUBBER COMPOSITES MICROMECHANICS USING THREEDIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENTS

S. Kocak and R.M. Pidaparti
(1) - Department of Civil Engineering, Cukurova University (2) - Department of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University. E-mail : ramana@engr.iupui.edu

ABSTRACT
Cords reinforced with rubber material find applications in engineering products such as tires, airsprings, and belt structures. Several types of cords including steel, aramid, and nylon are being used to achieve certain performance in terms of mechanical and fatigue properties. Usually, cords exhibit axialtorsion coupling due to the twisted nature of the cords. Costello [1] showed that cord twist effects can be significant. Some of the cord rubber interactions in twisted cord reinforced rubber composites include axial and bending twistup of rubber material due to rotation of the cords, and bending of cord-rubber unit due to axial stress variation in cord and rubber [2]. There are situations when a tire or belt structure undergoes adverse environments (for example, tires under severe braking or when passing over pot holes), some of the above features may become significant. A three-dimensional micromechanical model was developed to investigate the load-deformation characteristics of cord-rubber composites. A solid rubber finite element was integrated with a twisted cord finite element which takes into account coupling effects of various deformations to investigate the influence of cord shape on the load-deformation characteristics. The developed finite element model was validated by comparing the results with those from a solid three-dimensional finite element analysis. Numerical results of deformations and stress distributions are presented to illustrate the influence of cord shape, cord-rubber anisotropy and rubber thickness. The presented results illustrate that the type of unit cell (either circular or square unit) has very little influence on the deformation results. It has been found that non-circular cord shape gives results 20-40% lower than the corresponding circular cord. The rubber thickness surrounding the cord has a strong effect on the values of maximum deformations and stress distributions. It was found that the nature of twisting for cord and rubber material deformations changes significantly under loadings. The results of deformations and stress distributions should help to improve

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the understanding of load-transfer behavior in cord-rubber composites for preliminary design of cordrubber belt structures.

REFERENCES
[1] G.A. Costello, "Theory of Wire Rope", Springer-Verlag, London, 1990. [2] J. Padovan, H. Parris and J. Ma, "Large Deformation Micropolar Theory for Cord-rubber Composites", Rubber Chemistry and Technology Journal, Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. 77-96, 1995.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Part of this work was supported by the NSF under the grant MSS-9109683.

Keynote : A COMPUTATIONALLY BASED DAMAGE MECHANICS APPROACH TO MODELING OF COMPOSITES

R. Talreja
(1) - School of Aerospace Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology. E-mail : ramesh.talreja@aerospace.gatech.edu

ABSTRACT
Fiber reinforced composite materials can be made in a variety of configurations ranging from the simplest unidirectional composites to more complex multidirectional laminates to highly complex woven fabric and braided composites. Under mechanical loading each composite configuration develops patterns of microcracks of geometric complexity dependent on the fiber architecture and loading mode. A micromechanics type damage mechanics approach requires explicit geometry of microstructure and damage entities (cracks, debonds, delaminations, etc.) as well as constituent properties in order to model macro level response. It is obvious that such approaches have little appeal to designers although their usefulness for materials developers cannot be understated. An alternative to micromechanics lies in continuum damage mechanics (CDM). A CDM approach can be formulated in a general framework to apply to a variety of composite material configurations mentioned above. However, for a given configuration and an associated damage mode, a number of material coefficients (phenomenological constants) must be determined experimentally. For many practical cases of composites, especially where orthotropic or transversely isotropic symmetries exist in the initial material state, the number of material coefficients have been shown to be manageable and practical procedures for determining these coefficients have been advanced [1,2]. It is, however, still desirable that the burden of experimental evaluation of the coefficients be reduced. To this end a synergistic damage mechanics (SDM) has been recently proposed [3]. In this approach computations using micromechanics at the scale of a damage entity are entered in a CDM framework to reduce the need of determining some of the material coefficients experimentally. This paper will discuss the application of SDM in the context of computational structural analysis for composite structures with damage. Recent results obtained for quasi-static and cyclic loading of crossply laminates will be described to illustrate this approach. Aspects related to durability assessment of composite structures will also be discussed.

REFERENCES
[1] Talreja, R., "Transverse Cracking and Stiffness Reduction in Composite Laminates", Journal of Composite Materials, 19(1985), 355-375. [2] Talreja, R., "Internal Variable Damage Mechanics of Composite Materials", Invited Paper, Yielding, Damage and Failure of Anisotropic Solids, J. P. Boehler, ed., Mechanical Engineering Publications, London, 1989, pp. 509533. [3] Talreja, R., "A Synergistic Damage Mechanics Approach to Durability of Composite Systems", Progress in Durability Analysis of Composite Systems, A. H. Cardon, et al., eds., A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1996, pp. 117129.

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AN ACCURATE DETERMINATION OF INTERLAMINAR STRESSES IN COMPOSITE LAMINATES SUBJECTED TO TORSIONAL LOADING

J.A. Mitchell and J.N. Reddy
(1) - Sandia National Laboratory (2) - Texas A & M University Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. E-mail : jnreddy@jnreddy20.tamu.edu

ABSTRACT
A computational procedure for accurate determination of interlaminar stresses in thick and thin composite laminates subjected to torsional loading is presented. A multilevel, recursively defined preconditioner in conjunction with the preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) algorithm is constructed from a sequence of hierarchical vector spaces arising from the p-version of the finite element method. The preconditioner was successfully tested in two dimensional problems up to p = 8, and in three dimensions up to p = 5 using the serindipity brick elements. In both cases, the number of iterations required for convergence was well within practical limits. The computational procedure is used to model stress fields in thick and thin laminates in torsion using 3D and quasi-3D models. The results obtained with the quasi-3D model compared well with those obtained with the 3D-elasticity model. The results indicate that the preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) algorithm is an efficient means for solving the algebraic equations arising from finite element discretizations of problems of laminated composite structures. The efficiency of the algorithm strongly depends upon the quality of the preconditioner used in the algorithm.

SOFTENING PLASTICITY MODELS FOR STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

G. Baker
(1) - School of Engineering The University of Warwick, UK. E-mail : g.baker@mailbox.uq.edu.au

ABSTRACT
This paper firstly describes the development of yield criteria for fibre reinforced materials, reinforced with a random distribution of short steel fibres, typical in the growing number of applications in steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC). The randomly distributed fibres contribute to the composite yield function though their uni-directional yield threshold. The basic approach is to write the composite capacity as a combination of those for the matrix and fibres, then rewrite this in terms of stress in the matrix. Then we apply yield criteria suitable for the behaviour of the matrix alone. For concrete, we describe the compressive behaviour though a Drucker-Prager surface, but for the tensile regimes, we adopt a Rankine flow theory as proposed by Feenstra \& de Borst ; this latter allows for rotation of principal stress and softening across the opening of a cohesive crack, being the common model for fracture in quasi-brittle materials. Relevant features of the model are discussed, such as the growth of inelastic strains in mode I which follow an associative flow rule. In the case of perfectly bonded fibres, we discuss the influence of fibre volume on capacity. For typical practical doses like 0.4 % by volume, we show that (as expected) yield strength and failure are insensitive to the distribution and orientation of fibres. However, in mode-I problems, a common failure mechanism involves fibre bond-slip and pull-out. Since this occurs typically across the process zone of an advancing crack, one faces the important issue of bond-slip across a cohesive crack. There the softening of the effective fibre yield strength by bond-slip, has a major influence on post-peak behaviour and hence apparent fracture toughness as measured either experimentally or numerically. We show that in this regime, slip of particular fibres, hence their location and orientation, is relevant to the computed loaddeformation response and hence fracture toughness. The paper presents the results of typical three point bending tests on notched SFRC beams, and these are compared with simulations using the model; for these classic mode I fracture problems, the Rankine flow is dominant and certain reductions of the model are possible for purposes of explanation. Again, we show that for these typical fibre volumes, yield strength in tension is not greatly affected by
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fibre volume and orientation. However, when softening due to bond slip is included, the influence on the growth of inelastic strain, and hence the energy consumed post-peak i.e. fracture toughness, is considerable.

REFERENCES
[1] Feenstra, P. and de Borst, R. (1995), "A plasticity model and algorithm for mode I cracking in concrete", Int. Jnl. Numer. Meths. Engrg., 38, 2509-2529.

NUMERICAL MODELING OF THE COMPRESSIVE FAILURE OF COMPOSITE PLATES WITH AN OPEN HOLE
C. Soutis
(1) - Department of Aeronautics. Imperial College. E-mail : c.soutis@ic.ac.uk

ABSTRACT
Composite materials are used mainly in laminated sheet form in the aerospace industry and are manufactured with successive layers in different orientations in order to meet the multiaxial stress requirements of aerospace components. Typical components contain many holes, introduced either intentionally as cut-outs and as fastener holes, or unintentionally due to damage events. Open holes reduce the compressive strength of composite panels by more than 50%, depending on lay-up [1] and this paper particularly addresses the failure of laminates at these stress raisers. However, the remote failure stress is generally well above the value one might predict from the elastic stress concentration factor, suggesting that the composite material is not ideally brittle and stress relief occurs around the hole. Penetrant X-ray radiography and scanning electron microscopy [1] reveal that fibre microbuckling surrounded by delamination is responsible for this stress redistribution and delay of fracture. The form of microbuckling under consideration here is an event in which the composite suffers buckling within a kink band. In multi-ply laminates this is commonly observed in plies with fibre axes that are parallel to the loading direction (0 plies). Microbuckling initiates at the hole edges at approximately 80% of the ultimate compressive strength sn and grows like a fatigue crack in metals into the interior of the specimen. The length of the damage zone increases with increasing applied load, propagating stably across the specimen section until it reaches a critical length of 2-4mm. Then unstable growth begins and the microbuckle transverses the specimen completely. Due to its crack-like appearance, Soutis et al. [2] compared the damage zone at the hole boundaries to a crack with a plastic zone. The microbuckled region is viewed as an equivalent crack, loaded on its faces by a normal traction, which decreases linearly with the closing displacement of the crack. In this paper, a more realistic constitutive stress-strain (s-e) relationship is assumed to describe the material response in the buckled region. A non-linear finite element code is developed to carry out the ply-by-ply stress analysis and predict the development of damage and notched strength of various multiply T800/924C carbon fibre-epoxy laminates loaded in uniaxial compression. The model consists of two parts, namely the stress analysis and the failure analysis. Stresses and strains in the notched panel are calculated on the basis of the classical laminate plate theory with the consideration of material nonlinearity. Damage accumulation in the laminate is estimated by strain based failure criteria combined with a recently developed property degradation model [3]. Numerical results are compared with existing experimental data.

REFERENCES
[1] Soutis, C., J. Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, 6(4), 309-330, 1996. [2] Soutis, C., Curtis, P.T. & Fleck, N.A., Proc. R. Soc. Lond.A, 440, 241-256, 1993. [3] Soutis, C. and Tenchev, R., Science & Engng of Comp. Mat., 4(1), 27-34, 1995.

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MULTISCALE FE^2 ELASTOVISCOPLASTIC AND DAMAGE ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITES STRUCTURES

F. Feyel and J.L. Chaboche
(1) - ONERA DMSE, LCME. E-mail : feyel@onera.fr (2) - ONERA. E-mail : jlc@onera.fr

ABSTRACT
Many industrial components are reinforced with composite materials inducing some difficulties for the numerical analysis. The complete caculation of the whole structure, involving each heterogeneity remains too expensive for an industrial purpose, however, the local stress field must be accurately estimated to be able to perform lifetime predictions, for example. A numerical methodology is presented allowing to determine the global stress and strain fields in the component taking into account the local stresses redistribution (at the scale of heterogeneities). This methodology is applied on Titanium components partly reinforced with long SiC fibers. The dissipative phenomena inside the structure are directly linked to the matrix viscoplasticity and the interface debond. The elasto-viscoplastic parameters of the constitutive equations of the matrix are deduced from experimental tests, the fibers are supposed to remain elastic and the debond parameters are determined from micromechanical push-out tests. The regular distribution of fibers inside the matrix allows the use of the homogenization of periodic media technique to perform the meso-macro analysis. For that purpose a numerical procedure was developped to determine the stress and strain concentration tensors linking the macroscopic and mesoscopic states. The finite element analysis of the component is performed on a massively parallel computer in the following way. Starting from the macroscopic strain field on each integration point, determined with the equilibrium equation, the local strain field in a corresponding cell is established using the so called "concentration rules" from the homogenization technique. Then, the local stress field and the interface debond are computed with their respective constitutive equations. The average procedure on the unit cell determines the macroscopic stress and plastic strain fields which take into account local damages. In fact, during the finite element analysis of the component, the stress field on each integration point is the result of a local finite element analysis performed on a unit cell loaded with the strain field of this integration point. This numerical procedure is applied first to simulate various hand-book or industrial structures made of a SiC/Ti composite.

COHESIVE ZONE MODELS AND FINITE ELEMENTS FOR SIMULATION OF POLYMER FRACTURE
A. Jagota, S. Saigal and S.J. Bennison
(1) - E. I. Dupont de Nemours & Co. E-mail : Anand.Jagota@usa.dupont.com (2) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. Carnegie Mellon University. E-mail : saigal+@cmu.edu (3) - E. I. Dupont de Nemours & Co.

ABSTRACT
Cohesive-zone models have been employed in the study of fracture in many ways, e.g., to cancel singularities as in the Barenblatt theory, as phenomenological element breaking rules for fracture, and as models for the process zone ahead of a crack-tip. There has been considerable recent interest in cohesive zone models as a description of the fracture process. When combined with conventional computational methods, they offer powerful new tools for the analysis of fracture of complex microstructures. This work describes cohesive zone models for adhesive and cohesive fracture of polymers. These include rate-independent models based on a potential that represents the work of separating an interface, and rate - dependent models that include part of the bulk deformation. Several two and three-dimensional cohesive finite elements have been developed for use with standard commercial finite element codes.
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When incorporated between element edges (or faces in three dimensions), these extend conventional finite element analysis into situations that involve arbitrary crack nucleation and growth. The formulation separates the bulk constitutive response from the fracture behavior. This allows independent specification of fracture and bulk constitutive behavior. In particular, it makes the development of cohesive elements applicable to any material that can be modeled with continuum finite elements. For rate-independent models, the two most important characteristics of the cohesive zone model are its peak (or nucleation) stress in tension, and the associated opening displacement. Other features of the models that are important for robust analysis will be discussed. The use of cohesive-zone elements will be illustrated by analyzing (a) peeling of partially crosslinked rubbers using both an idealized material, and data on poly-butadiene (Gent, 1996) (b) analysis of a compressive shear test for adhesion between a hyperelastic material and glass, and (c) analysis of a polymer bridge across cracked glass in a glass/polymer laminate. The first example, by assigning to the cohesive zone the measured intrinsic adhesion energy, and to the bulk the measured viscoelastic properties, tests whether the dependence of peel energy on peeling rate can be predicted based on these two properties alone. The second and third examples derive from a study of post-glass fracture properties of glass/polymer laminates. They show how cohesive element methods can be used to extract adhesion parameters from a complex mechanical test. The third example additionally shows the development of a macroscopic bridging model, a cohesive zone model in its own right, for the simulation of mechanical properties of cracked laminates.

CRACK GROWTH IN BRITTLE-MATRIX COMPOSITES WITH BRIDGING FIBERS

H.Y. Liu, X. Zhang and Y.W. Mai
(2) - Centre for Advanced Materials Tech., the University of Sydney (3) - Dept. of Mech. and Mechantronic Engineering J07, the University of Sydney. E-mail : apywmai@cityu.edu.hk

ABSTRACT
In fiber-reinforced brittle matrix composites, the embedded fibers enhance the fracture toughens although the matrix has low ductility. The source for inelastic strain comes from the frictional interface and the residual stress in the wake of the crack. Many different approaches have been applied to solve this problem and have revealed that the accurate prediction of toughness enhancement depends very much on the microstructural analysis of the steady-state fiber pullout process. Although it is acknowledged that there is a strong velocity dependency of the frictional sliding process, all these previous models did not consider the rate effect and were mainly concerned with stationary or steady state pullout. Hence, the transition from matrix crack initiation to stable crack growth cannot be fully studied. In this paper, a fracture-process-zone concept is incorporated into a finite element code for dynamic matrix cracking in uni-directional continuous fiber-reinforced ceramics. The effects of fiber bridging on toughness enhancement are investigated numerically. The fibers are well aligned with a fixed spacing; and a strain-hardening bridging law involving rate effect on the basis of microstructural analysis is used to characterize the fiber pullout process. On the other hand, a decreasing cohesive law is used to characterize the brittle matrix separation. A small crack growth is permitted along the crack-line to describe the initial stage of crack growth. The boundary-value problem under small scale bridging conditions can be well formulated by a dynamic remote mode I field in an orthotropic medium. However, the wave effect is not included in the model. Numerical results of toughness enhancement and stress distributions are reported following a detailed implementation of the numerical method. It is shown that there is an acceleration stage prior to the stable crack growth and a constant crack speed is achieved which depends on the loading rate, but independent of the fiber-bridging and matrix traction laws. The dynamic toughness decreases with loading rate and crack-tip speed, but it increases with the cohesive energy and the enhancement of interfacial properties, which results in a strong bridging force. Finally, the stress fields around the crack tip and in the wake are presented. There is a highly stressed region in the wake due to the bridging fibers and the stress relaxation is evident as the steady-state crack growth stage is reached.

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MODELING OF THE CONSTITUTIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE CRACK WAKE OF UNIDIRECTIONAL COMPOSITES WITH FIBER CREEP AND LOSS OF CONTACT
C. Argento
(1) - Rockwell Science Center. E-mail : crargento@rsc.rockwell.com

ABSTRACT
It has been shown [1] that the most critical creep failure in ceramic matrix composites is produced when the fiber creeps and the matrix remains elastic. The load transfer from the fiber to the matrix during the fiber relaxation causes the matrix to crack. This damage increases the load concentration on the fibers, ultimately causing rupture. It is therefore of great importance to determine precisely the kinetics of the fiber creep and the associated crack progression. It has been experimentally observed [2] that, in some CMCs, when the temperature is raised to the point where the fiber creeps, one single crack grows across the specimen, at the expense of other cracks. This is in contrast with what is observed at room temperature, where there is multiple crack growth. It is believed that this is caused by the reduction of the matrix stresses in the wake of the prevailing crack, shielding the other crack tips from the applied load. The determination of the size and progression of the shielding zone is essential to predict the onset of the growth of the dominant crack. It is especially important when there is fiber creep, since the constant volume deformation produces a large contraction of the fiber. In the elastic case, the fiber looses contact with the matrix because of the Poisson's contraction of the fiber, when it overwhelms the initial mismatches that produced residual radial stresses and the roughness along the interface. The constant volume deformation should increase the Poisson's contraction around three folds, increasing the size of the shielding zone and making its length time dependent. A model is proposed for the mechanics of debonding and pullout of fibers with linear creep embedded in a ceramic (elastic) matrix. The stress and strain states are described in the undamaged material and in the crack wake using closed form solutions. Following, a time dependent bridging law is presented. The solution proposed allow one to quantify the shielding effects of one crack over its neighbors, thus indicating under what circumstances one dominant crack will appear. The bridging and shielding laws are then simplified and some parameters are isolated that allow for easy experimental identification.

REFERENCES
[1]A.G. Evans and F.W. Zok, "The physics and mechanics of fiber-reinforced brittle matrix composites", J. Mater. Sci. 29, 3857-3896 (1994). [2] D.R. Mumm, W.L. Morris, M.S. Dadkhah and B.N. Cox , "High temperature crack growth in ceramic composites", Thermal and Mechanical Test Methods and Behavior of Continuous-Fiber Ceramic Composites, ASTM STP 1309

INTERNAL RESIDUAL STRESSES IN ELASTICALLY HOMOGENEOUS SOLIDS: STRESS FLUCTUATIONS NEAR A CRACK TIP AND EFFECTIVE ENERGY RELEASE RATE
V.A. Buryachenko
(1) - Air Force Research Laboratory. E-mail : buryach@aol.com

ABSTRACT
We consider a linearly elastic composite medium, which consists of a homogeneous matrix containing a crack and a homogeneous and statistically uniform random set of ellipsoidal inclusions; elastic properties of matrix and the inclusions are the same, but stress-free strains fluctuate. One obtains

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the estimation of both the statistical average and the conditional average of stress intensity factors. One shows that at least for an infinite statistically homogeneous field of transforming inclusions the proposed method leads to a valid result (average stress intensity factor equals zero), which can not be applied for practical purposes. One shows a fundamental difference between the estimations of statistical moments of stresses for an infinite inclusion field and for an arbitrary large (but finite) inclusion cloud. The relations for the second statistical moments of stresses (see e.g [1]) in the vicinity of crack tip averaged over the ensemble realization are proposed as well. A method for construction of the effective strength surface of matrix composites according to the properties of its components is developed. The expression for effective energy release rate is also derived. The fracture probability model based on the use of a random character of stresses within components is proposed; one shows the influence of random character of residual stresses on the probability of fracture of composites.

REFERENCES
[1] Buryachenko V. A., Rammerstorfer F. G., "Thermoelastic stress fluctuations in random structure composites with coated inclusions", Eur. J. Mech. A/Solids. 1998, 17, 763-788.

CONSTITUTIVE LAWS FOR THROUGH-THICKNESS REINFORCEMENT IN LAMINATES

R. Massabo and B.N. Cox
(1) - Dept. of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering DISEG, University of Genova. E-mail : massabocox@diseg.unige.it (2) - Engineering Dept. University of Cambridge. E-mail : massabo-cox@diseg.unige.it

ABSTRACT
Through-thickness reinforcement is a promising solution to the problem of delamination susceptibility in laminated composites, but its acceptance by the design community awaits dependable models of its design limits and failure. Detailed microscopic observations have revealed the essential mechanisms of damage in the through - thickness reinforcement when a delamination crack passes. As expected, the damage sequence depends quite strongly on whether the crack is loaded in Mode I or Mode II and, if loading is mixed mode, the order of loading. Micromechanical models show how geometry and constituent material properties affect the damage. From these models, the effective bridging law for a bridged crack model of the delamination can be derived. An analytical model will be presented that predicts the relationship between the crack displacement vector (mode I and Mode II displacements) and the bridging traction vector that acts on the fracture surfaces. From this traction law, the fracture behaviour of a part can be predicted. Engineering fracture predictions are made by embedding the traction law in a computational model of a specimen or part. New fracture tests are now being defined with reference to mechanisms so that the bridging law can be determined empirically without missing any of the essential physics. Such tests when standardised together with engineering fracture calculations will be the design approach sought for by field engineers. We will outline how the computational fracture calculations should proceed for a typical cracked structure, listing the output that is necessary to comprehend crack behavior in the presence of large scale bridging.

IMPACT OF SANDWICH PLATES WITH AN ELASTIC FOUNDATION

P.F. Pai and A.N. Palazotto
(1) - Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. E-mail : paip@missouri.edu (2) - Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

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ABSTRACT
It is well known that low-velocity impact on a composite laminate can cause significant internal matrix cracks, delamination, and reduction in strength and stiffness. Experimental results in the literature show that initial impact damage is primary associated with matrix cracking and delamination is always accompanied by a critical matrix crack. In the analysis many researchers use 3-D finite element modeling, which is computational expensive. Some other researchers use predictor-corrector approaches, which use classical laminate theories to predict the global response and then use 3-D elasticity equations to correct the predicted stresses for failure analysis. In this approach, the major questionable assumption is the rough modeling or negligence of interlaminar shear stresses. In this paper we extend a layerwise higher-order shear-deformation theory [1] to investigate the low-velocity impact of a 8'x8'x1.22" sandwich plate with an isotropic elastic foundation. The sandwich plate consists of a graphite-epoxy laminate (48 layers) on the top, a Nomax core, and a graphite-epoxy laminate (96 layers) at the bottom; and it is subjected to a compressive distributed load covering the 4'x4' central area of the top. The impact velocity studied ranges from 10 ft/sec to 50 ft/sec. The layerwise higher-order shear theory satisfies the continuity conditions of interlaminar shear stresses, accommodates the transverse normal stress and the free shear-stress conditions on the bonding surfaces, and accounts for non-uniform distributions of transverse shear stresses in each layer. A linear finite-element model based on this theory is derived and used to perform transient dynamic analysis using the Newmark direct integration method. Hashin's criterion is used to predict the initial failure mode, the initiation and location of the critical matrix crack, and the threshold of impact damage. For simulating the plate response after the initial damage and for predicting the initiation of delamination and micro-cracks, we use a post-failure model that assumes the cracked surface cannot sustain normal or shear forces and hence the corresponding Young's and shear moduli of that layer are reduced in constructing the stiffness matrix of the element that contains the crack Numerical results show that the critical matrix crack predicted is almost the same as that predicted by using 3-D finite elements. Hence, stresses obtained from the refined higher-order sheardeformation theory can be directly used to determine the impact energy threshold, which is determined by the initiation of the critical matrix crack.

REFERENCES
[1] P.F. Pai and A.N. Palazotto , "Nonlinear displacement-based finite-element analyses of composite shells - A new total Lagrangian formulation", Int. J. Solids and Structures 32, 3047-3073, 1995.

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Advances in Commercial Finite Element Software

Joop Nagtegaal and David Fox
SESSION 1: SOLID MECHANICS
Keynote : FUTURE SIMULATION HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE S.W. Key and L.M. Taylor...............................................................................................................................................386 PROGRESS IN MANUFACTURING SIMULATIONS T.B. Wertheimer, C. Gelten and A. Bout.........................................................................................................................386 BLOCK LANCZOS EIGENSOLVER FOR SOLVING LARGE EIGENVALUE EXTRACTION PROBLEMS WITH ABAQUS V. Belsky .........................................................................................................................................................................387 SOLVING LARGE SCALE CONTACT PROBLEMS IN ANSYS Y. Zhu .............................................................................................................................................................................387 3-D FORGING SIMULATION USING AN EULERIAN APPROACH W.J. Slagter, C.J.L Florie and A.C.J. Venis....................................................................................................................388

SESSION 2: FLUID MECHANICS, COUPLED-FIELD PROBLEMS, ADAPTIVITY

RELIABILITY AND EFFICIENCY IN FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS: SOLID MECHANICS AND FLUID FLOW WITH STRUCTURAL INTERACTIONS J. Walczak.......................................................................................................................................................................389 SIMULATIONS OF FLUID/STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS USING STAR-CD COUPLED TO COMMERCIAL STRESS ANALYSIS CODES R. Issa.............................................................................................................................................................................389 ON APPLICATIONS OF ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES FOR GENERAL SHELL STRUCTURES IN LARGE DEFORMATION ANALYSIS USING LS-DYNA K. Schweizerhof, T. Muenz, C. Tsay and J. Hallquist .....................................................................................................390 FEMVIEW: A GENERIC APPROACH FOR IMPLEMENTING THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD L. Penet, J.F. Remacle and F. Trochu ............................................................................................................................391

SESSION 3: DESIGN, SOLID MECHANICS, BIO MECHANICS

REDESIGN A PART TO IMPROVE ITS DURABILITY USING SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES C.S. Chen and C.W. Chang.............................................................................................................................................392 ARTICULATED AND DEFORMABLE HUMAN MODELS FOR OCCUPANT SAFETY AND REPLACEMENT SIMULATION E. Haug, M. Beaugonin and M. Trameon .....................................................................................................................392 LARGE DEFLECTION ANALYSIS OF MEMBRANES BY A USER-SUPPLIED PENALTY PARAMETER MODIFIED MATERIAL MODEL X. Liu, C.H. Jenkins and W.W. Schur .............................................................................................................................393 EVALUATING THE ACCURACY OF STRUCTURAL SOFTWARE A. Shuraim......................................................................................................................................................................394 AN EFFICIENT FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION FOR NON-LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF FLEXIBLE OFFSHORE STRUCTURES M. Gosz ..........................................................................................................................................................................394

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Keynote : FUTURE SIMULATION HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

S.W. Key and L.M. Taylor
(1) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : swkey@sandia.gov (2) - Sandia National Laboratories

ABSTRACT
I. History of FE Analysis Tools at SNL II. Change in Analysis Requirements at SNL A. Simulation Based Design B. New Computing Hardware III. Current Large Machine Configurations A. 1 TeraFLOPS: (ASCI Red) Intel 4536 MP 333MHz Dual-PII PC's B. 10 TeraFLOPS: (ASCI Blue Mountain) SCI Origin 10000 Cluster C. 100 TeraOPS: (ASCI White) IBM SP/2 D. Lesser C-Plants IV. Example Simulations Using MP-Adapted Legacy Software V. The Sierra Solution A. Typical FE Software Architecture B. Sierra Architecture C. Sierra Results VI. Concluding Remarks

PROGRESS IN MANUFACTURING SIMULATIONS

T.B. Wertheimer, C. Gelten and A. Bout
(1) - MARC Vice President of Engineering. E-mail : tbw@marc.com (2) - MARC Engineer, Zoetermeer, Netherlands (3) - MARC Engineer, Zoetermeer, Netherlands

ABSTRACT
Manufacturing simulation has made significant progress in the past two decades. This has been motivated by societies requirements to obtain higher quality parts at reduced costs. Manufacturing processes require sophisticated analysis because of the materials used and the complex contact boundary contitions. Recent improvements in numerical procedures to obtain efficient accurate solutions to these problems will be highlighted. These methods will then be applied to some typical manufacturing problems. Significant progress in the numerical simulation of manufacturing processes has been made in the past twenty years. This work has resulted in improved quality of finished products with a reduction in the cost of manufacturing. The manufacturing process is a complex endeavor covering areas as diverse as material handling, shaping of material, finishing, assembly, and packaging to name a few. Computer simulation has been applied to all of these processes from inventory control systems, to numerical control to kinematics modeling to finite element simulation. This paper focuses on the finite element simulation of selective manufacturing process. Before manufacturing begins, the part or assembly needs to be designed and, of course, CAD has played a critical role in automating this task. Numerical simulation has become more common because of the integration of CAD and finite element software. An important aspect of this is the utilization of geometric concepts into the finite element software as discussed in this paper.

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BLOCK LANCZOS EIGENSOLVER FOR SOLVING LARGE EIGENVALUE EXTRACTION PROBLEMS WITH ABAQUS
V. Belsky
(1) - Hibbitt, Karlsson & Sorensen. E-mail : belsky@hks.com

ABSTRACT
The objective of this presentation is to introduce new block Lanczos eigenvalue extraction solver which was first released with ABAQUS version 5.8. This eigensolver is available for both natural frequency extraction and eigenvalue buckling prediction analyses. For the Lanczos solver the computational cost depends linearly on the number of modes, when a large number of eigenvalues is required. This was achieved by applying of an efficient shifting strategy to the spectrally transformed eigenvalue problem. Partial orthogonalization technique in conjunction with a special monitoring procedure were used to maintain a safe level of mutual orthogonality between Lanczos vectors withing a run [1]. Blocked version of Lanczos algorithm allows for reduction of the disk I/O significantly. Furthermore, it allows for efficient implementation of Lanczos solver computational kernels in the RAM. Performance of the Lanczos solver is illustrated on large industrial eigenvalue extraction problems.

REFERENCES
[1] R.Grimes, J.Lewis, and H.Simon, "A Shifted Block Lanczos Algorithm for Solving Sparse Symmetric Generalized Eigenproblems", SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl., Vol. 15, 1994.

SOLVING LARGE SCALE CONTACT PROBLEMS IN ANSYS

Y. Zhu
(1) - ANSYS Inc. E-mail : Yongyi.Zhu@ansys.com

ABSTRACT
Contact problems are among the most challenging ones in nonlinear mechanics. With the advances in computer hardware, solving large scale contact problem with millions of degrees of freedom has become possible today. Real world contact problems often require higher order elements for accurate representation of curve surfaces. Fully automated free mesh generation with 10 nodes tetrahedron is becoming increasingly popular to support this purpose.The conventional contact inequalities are often described at nodal level. The corner nodes may have a negative or zero force under uniform displacement for quadratic order contact elements, making development of higher order contact largely impractical. For this reason, an alternative solution has been explored in ANSYS in which the contact inequalities are evaluated at contact element integration point level. Thanks to this new algorithm, 10 nodes tetrahedral solid element can be used for contact analysis with a high degree of reliability. Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient (PCG) solver is another alternative tool to solve large scale FEA models. The PCG solver in ANSYS has been recently enhanced to handle general nonlinear FE applications. This presentation discusses relevant aspects of the recent contact mechanics development in ANSYS: integration point based contact algorithm, augmented Lagrangian procedure, symmetrization of contact stiffness matrix, rigid-deformable and deformable-deformable contact, and the PCG solver. Numerical results indicate that the powerful combination of ANSYS latest technologies in meshing, contact, and the PCG solver for solving very large real world engineering problems.

3-D FORGING SIMULATION USING AN EULERIAN APPROACH

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W.J. Slagter, C.J.L Florie and A.C.J. Venis

(1) - MacNeal-Schwendler Corporation. E-mail : pjm@macsch.com

ABSTRACT
MSC/SuperForge is a new code developed for performing 3-D analysis of hot, warm and cold forging processes. Forging processes are highly nonlinear in material deformation, geometry and contact. Unlike traditional finite element based forging simulation codes, it employs a finite volume mesh for tracking material deformation in an Eulerian formulation, based on a Riemann solver. An automatically refined facet surface is used to accurately track the surface of the deforming material. In this approach, the deforming workpiece material simply flows through a (fixed) finite volume mesh. To keep track of the surface of the deforming material, the material flowing through the finite volume mesh is encapsulated by a geometric facet surface, which precisely tracks the exact material surface by automatically refining itself throughout the analysis. This faceted surface enables the correct application of boundary conditions at the free surface and the contact areas. The new approach is both fast and accurate since flow calculations are performed on an undeformed finite volume mesh and robust since remeshing techniques are completely eliminated. This presentation describes the development history and methodology of MSC/SuperForge, and outlines its advantages for simulating 3-D forging processes.

RELIABILITY AND EFFICIENCY IN FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS: SOLID MECHANICS AND FLUID FLOW WITH STRUCTURAL INTERACTIONS
J. Walczak
(1) - Adina R&D, Inc. E-mail : jan@adina.com

ABSTRACT
The objective of this presentation is to show some recent advances in nonlinear finite element analysis, in particular for the crush analysis of structures and fluid flows with structural interactions. Such analyses are difficult to perform and require state-of-the-art analysis procedures: efficient and reliable elements, an effective and general contact algorithm, efficient procedures to calculate the element stresses in elasto-plasticity, as well as incompressible Navier-Stokes and compressible Navier-Stokes or Euler fluid flow capabilities, the use of consistent tangent matrices, effective nonlinear incremental solution strategies and the efficient solution of the algebraic finite element equations. Moreover, the effectiveness of the complete analysis process can only be achieved by ensuring that each of the above solution procedures is, in an effective manner, integrated into the solution scheme. With these procedures, it is possible to model much more accurately and reliably the actual nonlinear physical behavior of complex structures, including unique features such as compressible (with shock fronts) or incompressible flows with structural interactions.

SIMULATIONS OF FLUID/STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS USING STAR-CD COUPLED TO COMMERCIAL STRESS ANALYSIS CODES
R. Issa
(1) - Computational Dynamics Ltd. E-mail : r.issa@ic.ac.uk

ABSTRACT
The paper presents the results of coupled CFD and Computational Stress Analysis simulations of fluid/structure interactions using STAR-CD for the fluid flow computations, coupled to two commercial Computational Mechanics codes. The coupled codes utilise heterogeneous solution methodologies, these being: implicit, pressure-based finite-volume in STAR-CD, linear implicit finite-element in the first stress
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analysis code and non-linear explicit finite-element in the second code. The coupling between the codes is accomplished via a generic interface library (called COCOLIB) designed to exchange the relevant data between the CFD and solid stress analyses in a transparent way. The library is written to run on both serial or parallel computers utilising the MPI protocol. The coupling between the codes is a loose one in which the data at the interface are exchanged at the beginning of selected time-steps/iterations and are held constant until the next data exchange step. Such data exchange is effected after every given number of time -steps / iterations and this number is specified to give optimum computational efficiency. The data provided by the CFD calculation consist of force projections (pressure and frictional stresses) as well as heat fluxes for heat transfer problems on each cell face coinciding with the interface. The data supplied by the Stress Analysis codes consist of displacement of the interface and the temperature for heat transfer problems. Interpolation between the data exchanged from one mesh to the other is effected by the coupling library, thus obviating the need for each analysis code to "know" the mesh topology and structure used by the partner code. Results of computations to be presented relate to several cases of industrial interest, and involve coupling with the two different solid stress analysis codes.

ON APPLICATIONS OF ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES FOR GENERAL SHELL STRUCTURES IN LARGE DEFORMATION ANALYSIS USING LS-DYNA
K. Schweizerhof, T. Muenz, C. Tsay and J. Hallquist
(1) - CAD-FEM GmbH Zentrale Grafing (2) - CAD-FEM GmbH Zentrale Grafing. E-mail : tmuenz@cadfem.de (3) - Livermore Software Technology Corporation

ABSTRACT
Adaptive strategies are nowadays applied in a rather standard fashion in linear static analyses where reliable global and local estimators are available for many problems [12], [13], [3]. Considerable progress has been achieved for nonlinear problems [6], [2], also involving contact [11], because fairly reliable estimators exist resulting in efficient procedures. However, for transient loading only limited success has been achieved so far [9], [10], [7], [5]. This is due to the fact that inertia effects and time integration schemes introduce additional complexity and approximations. As a result, no reliable error estimation is possible yet for large deformation dynamic problems such as metalforming and crashworthiness analyses. Adding to the difficulties is the complexity of the structures to be analyzed. Crashworthiness models violate at least in parts the continuum mechanics approximations such as multiple shell connections or shell-beam connections. Although proposals for the adaptive static analysis of composite shell connections exist [8], these cannot easily be applied to dynamic problems. Furthermore, there is - in mathematical terms - no reliable error estimation possible for the very efficient and simplified shell elements with reduced integration and hourglass control - the "work-horse" in crashworthiness analysis with explicit time integration. As a consequence, only adaptive procedures remain which use error indicators based on simple ideas such as geometrical relative deformations [1]. These methods have to be combined with adaptive meshing schemes which allow only a certain level of refinement due to efficiency reasons. Additionally, the refinement has to be restricted to various points in time. In particular for deep drawing applications, it often appeared to be very beneficial to step back in time and restart the analysis with an adapted mesh at a previous point in time. LS-DYNA [4] has been recently enhanced by the capability to allow adaptive schemes for certain type of shell connections. In addition, it was observed that it is very effective to refine the mesh in metalforming applications prior to contact with small radii. The introduction of these so-called look-ahead algorithms limits the number of back-steps in time to almost zero. The focus of this contribution is on a critical assessment of adaptive procedures in LS-DYNA. The numerical examples range from metalforming analyses, simple impact analyses of composite shell structures to complex crashworthiness models. The merits and the limits of the currently available methods are illustrated. This may lead to further insight on how future error estimators could be developed on a sound mathematical basis, even for large deformation problems with high complexity.

REFERENCES
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[1] T.Belytschko, B.L. Wong, and E.J. Plaskacz,. "Fission - fusion adaptivity in finite elements for nonlinear dynamics of shells", Computers & Structures, 33:1307 - 1323, 1989. [2] U.Brink and E.Stein, "A - posteriori error estimation in large-strain elasticity using equilibrated local Neumann problems", Comp.Meth.Appl.Mech.Eng., 161:77-101, 1998. [3] F.Cirak and E.Ramm "A posteriori estimation and adaptivity for linear elasticity using the reciprocal theorem", Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 156 : 351 - 362, 1998. [4] J.Hallquist and C.Tsay, "LS-DYNA Users manual: Nonlinear dynamic analysis of structures", Livermore Software Techn. Corp., Livermore, California, 1998. [5] J.Neumann, J.Riccius, K.Schweizerhof, "Adaptive analysis of dynamically loaded shell structures", In Computational Mechanics: New trends and applications, S.Idelsohn, E.Onate and E.Dvorkin (Eds.), CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain 1998. [6] R.Rannacher and F.-T.Suttmeier, "A posteriori error control in finite element methods via duality techniques: Applications to perfect plasticity", Comp. Mech., 21: 123 - 133, 1998. [7] J.Riccius, K.Schweizerhof, "Aspects of hierarchical h-adaptive dynamic analyses", Proceedings of 3rd Int. Conf. on Comput. Structures Techn. in Advances in Finite Element Techniques, ed. B.H.V.Topping, Civil -Comp Press Edinburgh, 1996. [8] J.Riccius, K.Schweizerhof, M.Baumann, "Combination of Adaptivity and Mesh Smoothing for the Finite Element Analysis of Shells with Intersections", Accepted for publication in Int. Journ. Num. Meth. Eng. 1997. [9] N.E. Wiberg and X.D.Li, "A postprocessed error estimation and adaptive procedure for the semidiscrete finite element method in dynamic analysis", 101:369 - 395, 1992. [10] N.E. Wiberg and X.D.Li, "Adaptive discontinuos Galerkin FE procedures for linear and nonlinear structural dynamics", in Computational Mechanics: New trends and applications, S.Idelsohn, E.Onate and E.Dvorkin (Eds.), CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain 1998. [11] P.Wriggers and O.Scherf, "Adaptive finite element techniques for frictional contact problems involving large elastic strains", Comp.Mech. 1998. [12] O.C. Zienkiewicz and J.Z. Zhu, "A simple error estimator and adaptive procedure for practical engineering analysis", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 24: 337 - 357, 1987. [13] O.C. Zienkiewicz and J.Z. Zhu, "The superconvergent patch recovery and a posteriori error estimates, part 1: The recovery technique", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 33: 1131 - 1364, 1992.

FEMVIEW: A GENERIC APPROACH FOR IMPLEMENTING THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

L. Penet, J.F. Remacle and F. Trochu
(2) - Center for Applied Research on Polymers Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal. E-mail : remacle@meca.polymtl.ca (3) - Center for Applied Research on Polymers Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal

ABSTRACT
Many ways of implementing finite elements in the past have been used, from old, procedural Fortran, to recent, object oriented Java. After identifying some of the major problems connected with using an object oriented approach, this paper presents a design using "Generic Programming" that provides smoother interaction between components, better extensibility than achieved with strictly object methods and also provides interesting features like the use of non polynomial interpolation functions. Object oriented methods have been conceived to design information processing systems and, by extension, so-called "enterprise applications". These methods are great in these fields. However, they are conceived to model real world "objects" and interaction between these objects, not to design an efficient calculation engine. A short example of inadequate use of these methods in scientific computing is the extensive use of inheritance, which usually produces hundreds of classes when modeling the data and algorithms of a finite element engine. "Generic Programming" is how M. Alexander Stepanov [1] named the philosophy he adopted when devising his well-known and widely used STL (Standart Template Library). STL, and by extension generic programming is useful for numerical analysis because it allows to express algorithms efficiently. Our implementation fully exploits this philosophy, providing an engine that can indifferently handle 1D, 2D, axisymmetric and 3D problems. This design is mostly based on the generic programming axiom of separation between data and algorithms. So we differentiate data classes, like geometrical element classes, from algorithmic classes, such as interpolation by the means of shape functions, integrators, elementary and global formulations.

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Interaction between data and algorithms is achieved by the means of iterators and by the definition of interfaces. Using iterators has the huge advantage to provide an increased flexibility at low cost: it is easy and fast to define a new integrator, a new shape function, or even a new formulation. Navier-Stokes problem, for instance, can be expressed in one page of code. This design provides low cost in this sense that we can drastically limit the number of classes needed to define the physical formulation and mathematics tools used to solve it. FEMVIEW has actually only 30 classes and should not grow significantly in the near future. Another advantage of this approach is that it enables easy permutation of manipulated data and applied algorithms. A recursive, adaptative algorithm has, for instance, been designed and implemented in order to integrate non-polynomial shape functions, for which usual integration methods (e.g. Gauss) are insufficient. Examples other than classic potential and Navier-Stokes problems will be discussed. We will examine implementation of discontinuous finite elements using non polynomial interpolation functions for solving transport problems.

REFERENCES
[1] http://www.sgi.com/Technology/STL/

REDESIGN A PART TO IMPROVE ITS DURABILITY USING SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

C.S. Chen and C.W. Chang
(1) - SDRC. E-mail : ching.chen@sdrc.com (2) - SDRC

ABSTRACT
Optimal design remains one of the top priorities for design engineers. When performing analysis for durability considerations, designers typically use testing or finite element tools to predict stresses, then apply durability programs to estimate life of the parts. However, when it comes to investigate the change of the design, for example, modifying a part dimension, the finite element model needs to be resolved, and results extracted to rerun the durability programs. Unless this process is highly automated and efficient, it would be very difficult to compare all the design possibilities. In this presentation, we will demonstrate that it is feasible to have a highly automated process to aid design engineers to achieve redesign for durability considerations. The process first requires performing a sensitivity analysis to generate stress sensitivity data. The sensitivity program is tightly integrated with a CAD package; hence, the part dimensions can be selected as design parameters. Designers can then perform durability redesign analysis by changing these design parameters. The durability program has direct access to the sensitivity data, so the required stress update is automatic and invisible to the users. Following this straightforward process, we believe that real world, "what-if" durability analysis can be efficiently accomplished

ARTICULATED AND DEFORMABLE HUMAN MODELS FOR OCCUPANT SAFETY AND REPLACEMENT SIMULATION
E. Haug, M. Beaugonin and M. Trameon
(1) - PAM Systems International S.A. ESI Group. E-mail : eh@esi.fr (2) - PAM Systems International S.A. ESI Group (3) - Engineering Systems International, ES

ABSTRACT

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An overview on biomechanical modelling and simulation of industrial problems such as occupant safety in the transport vehicle industry, human joint replacement (prostheses), ergonomy and protective gear design is given. The paper outlines the problems and their practical solution of geometry acquisition, meshing and biomaterial modelling, including the modelling of active and passive muscle response. The discussed biomechanical models comprise articulated multi-body models of the 50-th percentile male and the 5-th percentile female human body, and deformable finite element models of the human head and brain, neck, shoulder, upper extremities, thorax with organs (heart, lungs, aorta, diaphragm, etc.), the lower extremities with the foot/ankle complex, a deformable knee joint and a complete lower extremity model. The applications comprise car occupant safety scenarios, head impacts, neck whiplash, airbag inflation effects on the human body, chest impacts, total knee replacements, knee menisci replacements, foot impacts with breaking of the bones, pedestrian knee impacts, protective helmet impacts and muscle activation for ergonomics.

LARGE DEFLECTION ANALYSIS OF MEMBRANES BY A USER-SUPPLIED PENALTY PARAMETER MODIFIED MATERIAL MODEL
X. Liu, C.H. Jenkins and W.W. Schur
(1) - South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (2) - South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. E-mail : CJENKINS@taz.sdsmt.edu (3) - Physical Science Laboratory, New Mexico State University

ABSTRACT
During the last few decades, significant contributions to the analysis of large deformation, nonlinear structural problems have been made. Yet the analysis of membrane structures, structures that have zero or very small bending rigidity, and that undergo inherently large displacements during loading, remains a difficult problem for which even current finite element methods are challenged [Jenkins and Leonard (1991; 1993); Jenkins (1997)]. The primary difficulties lie in the fact that these particular structural system are underconstrained, and stable equilibrium conditions only exist for loading fields that are orthogonal to the set of unconstrained degrees of freedom. Underconstrained behavior leads to large displacements without concomitant strain energy; no-compression behavior leads to a degenerate, wrinkled state. Furthermore, configurations exist that are not in the vicinity of such an equilibrium state. Consequently, large rigid body motions with concomitant, large configuration changes, must take place before elastic response is obtained. We define true membranes as having identically zero bending rigidity, and define elastic sheets as having extremely small but finite bending rigidity. The displacement response to compressive stress in a thin sheet is a (possibly localized) buckling or wrinkling. True membranes cannot sustain compressive stresses; under uniaxial in-plane tension they respond to in-plane contraction, that is in excess of Poissons effect, by an alternating out-of-plane displacement, i.e., wrinkling. Over the last decade or so, several authors have incorporated algorithms within proprietary FEM codes to analyze such behavior. The authors know of no similar results from commercially available FEM codes, and this provides partial motivation for the present work . In this paper, we discuss a particular class of membrane structures, the pneumatic envelopes, of which balloons and parachutes are common examples. Next we discuss the phenomena of Tension Fields and wrinkling, and the associated computational difficulty imposed by the degenerate membrane state. We provide a method to analyze pneumatic envelopes through use of a penalty parameter- modified constitutive relation. Such an approach is adaptable to the user-provided material function port available with many commercial finite element codes, and we demonstrate this with a UMAT routine in ABAQUS. Finally, examples are presented: the inflated cantilever cylinder subjected separately to tip load and twisting moment and the cylindrical balloon.

REFERENCES
[1] Jenkins CH and Leonard JW (1991), "Nonlinear dynamic response of membranes: State of the art", Appl Mech Rev 44, 319-328 [2] Jenkins CH and Leonard JW (1993), "Dynamic wrinkling of viscoelastic membranes", J Appl Mech 60, 575-582.
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[3] Jenkins CH (1997), "Nonlinear dynamic response of membranes: State of the art - update", Appl Mech Rev 49, S41-S48.

EVALUATING THE ACCURACY OF STRUCTURAL SOFTWARE

A. Shuraim
(1) - Civil Engineering Dept. College of Engineering. King Saud University. E-mail : ashuraim@ksu.edu.sa

ABSTRACT
Today, structural software becomes essential part in many design offices. As programs facilitate speedy design, they have the potential of introducing substantial errors in the design that may prove to be of costly consequences. Errors can be a result of misuse by the engineer due to lack of understanding or due to insufficient or inaccurate documentation. They may also due to undetected error in the software. The need for checking and verifying structural software can not be overemphasized. The verification serves dual goal, checking the program and checking our understanding of the program. Programs can not be assumed error-free just because the producers provided a set of verification examples. Developers are less likely to anticipate all the uses of their program and verify its accuracy under all circumstances. Therefore, verification examples should not be expected to cover all cases. Even if the program produces accurate results to within the acceptable limits, it is important for the user to verify his interpretation of results. The user needs to realize that verification is a continuous process and a special customized example is required to be set whenever a new type of problem is introduced. This paper discusses some examples of computer misuses in some widely used commercial packages aggravated by the misconception of some young engineers who lack understanding of the engineering fundamentals and have a blind faith in computer results.

AN EFFICIENT FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION FOR NON-LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF FLEXIBLE OFFSHORE STRUCTURES
M. Gosz
(1) - Dept. of Mech., Mat., and Aerospace Engineering. Illinois Inst. of Tech. E-mail : gosz@mmae.iit.edu

ABSTRACT
An efficient finite element formulation for large - scale nonlinear dynamic analysis of flexible offshore structures is presented. The work was motivated by the need for robust computational procedures for analysis of net pens (fish cages) used by the offshore fish farming industry. The solution to the nonlinear dynamic equilibrium equations involves an incremental-iterative method based on an updated Lagrangian procedure. The resulting semi-discrete equations are integrated in time using the trapezoidal rule, and full Newton -Raphson equilibrium iteration is employed during each time step. Fluid loading on simple structural elements is implemented in a novel way using the Morison equation, along with Airy wave theory. The contributions to the element stiffness matrices that arise from the fluid loading are continually updated during the iterative process. To validate the finite element formulation, the motion of a test structure subjected to plane waves in a wave tank was monitored using optical measurement techniques. The experimental results were compared with finite element results and excellent agreement was obtained. Rendered animations illustrating the response of different classes of net pens under various wave conditions are also presented, and some issues regarding the software development are discussed.

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High-Performance Computing and Computational Structural Mechanics

Raju Namburu and P. Raboin
SESSION 1
HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING APPLICATIONS IN INTEGRATED MODELING AND TESTING WITHIN SIMULATION BASED ACQUISITION A. Mark, R. Mohan and D. Shires...................................................................................................................................398 APPLICATIONS IN COMPUTATIONAL TERMINAL BALLISTICS K.D. Kimsey and S.J. Schraml ........................................................................................................................................399 BALLISTIC SHOCK PROPAGATION IN A PLATE DUE TO A FRAGMENT IMPACT P.P. Papados and K. Bishnoi..........................................................................................................................................399 SIMULATIONS OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO BLAST LOADING T.L. Bevins and R.R. Namburu .......................................................................................................................................400 SIMULATION OF EQUIPMENT RESPONSE UNDER BLAST ENVIRONMENT C.E. Joachim, G.W. McMahon, S.B. Garner and B.J. Armstrong...................................................................................400 EXPLICIT ANALYSIS OF MASONRY WALL RESPONSE TO BLAST S.T. Dennis and J.T. Baylot ............................................................................................................................................401

SESSION 2
A PARALLEL CONTACT ALGORITHM WITH DYNAMIC LOAD BALANCING FOR EXPLICIT/IMPLICIT FINITE ELEMENT METHODS AND APPLICATIONS IN SOLID AND STRUCTURAL MECHANICS A.J. De Groot, V. Castillo, C.G. Hoover and R.J. Sherwood ..........................................................................................402 A STRONGLY COUPLED EULERIAN-FINITE ELEMENT FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION MODEL M.H. Emerya, F.F. Felkerb, A.M. Landsberga and V. Gamezoc ....................................................................................403 COMPUTATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSIENT ELASTO-PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA P.W. Chung and K.K. Tamma.........................................................................................................................................403 A MIG IMPLEMENTATION OF A SOIL MATERIAL MODEL IN THE PARALLEL CTH CODE R. Valisetty .....................................................................................................................................................................404 INFLUENCE OF AN ITERATIVE ADVANCED MATERIAL MODEL ON THE SCALABILITY OF PARADYN D.J. Grove and A.M. Rajendran .....................................................................................................................................405 MOVING NIKE3D TOWARDS PARALLELISM: EXPLORATORY EFFORTS WITH SPARSE DIRECT LINEAR SOLVERS R.M. Ferencz ..................................................................................................................................................................405

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HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING APPLICATIONS IN INTEGRATED MODELING AND TESTING WITHIN SIMULATION BASED ACQUISITION
A. Mark, R. Mohan and D. Shires
(1) - U.S. Army Research Laboratory. E-mail : amark@arl.mil (2) - Battelle Memorial Institute

ABSTRACT
The Department of Defense (DOD) current acquisition process deals with an antiquated, stodgy set of principles, guidelines and regulations resulting in costly materiel delivered in an untimely manner. Though with all its imperfections, the system has served the American fighting force rather well. However, as new materials form the basis of modern Army weapon systems, new philosophies and thinking are required to reform the acquisition of these weapon systems. Simulation-based design (SBD), simulation-based testing (SBT) and simulation-based acquisition (SBA) form such new philosophies. These philosophies can make effective use of high performance computing resources, permitting large scale, real life modeling and testing in simulation-based environment based on models involving underlying physical laws, constitutive relations and robust numerical methodologies for optimal performance on high performance supercomputing architectures. Integrated modeling and testing technology, with emphasis on simulation-based design, manufacturing, simulation based testing and acquisition provides the necessary technology and knowledge-based systems approach. High performance computing involving scalable, parallel supercomputing assets and the development of appropriate engineering tools will facilitate the simulation of large-scale physics-based models. These approaches provide the ability to streamline and reform the development and acquisition of such systems, and provide the new approaches to improve the associated research, development, testing and evaluation process. The paper will focus on the recent advances towards development of appropriate massively parallel engineering analysis capabilities for the integrated process modeling of net-shape composite structures. Issues related to computational algorithms, new computer architectures, programming methodologies, performance and efficiency of the massively parallel code developments will be discussed, with emphasis on large scale process modeling simulations for the manufacture of composite structures. Applications towards process modeling of large scale Army new weapon system developments will be presented to demonstrate the applicability of such technologies. Demonstrative applications correlating the present developments with the experimental prototype developments will also be discussed. The concurrent engineering environment for simulation based acquisition involves both the successful manufacture and subsequent testing of the part, all in a virtual environment, for the successful development and deployment of complete weapon systems. Issues related to application of high performance computing for virtual testing and in other real-life testing situations that involve processing of massive amount of data will be discussed. The discussions will thus provide a technical overview of the developments in computational mechanics and high performance computing towards providing solutions for simulation based acquisition.

APPLICATIONS IN COMPUTATIONAL TERMINAL BALLISTICS

K.D. Kimsey and S.J. Schraml
(1) - Weapons and Materials Research Directorate U.S. Army Research Laboratory. E-mail : kimsey@arl.mil (2) - U.S. Army Research Laboratory. E-mail : stephen@arl.mil

ABSTRACT
The mechanics of penetration and perforation of solids has long been of interest for military applications in terminal ballistics. Terminal ballistics simulations play a paramount role in concept evaluation as well as the research and development phase of enhancing the survivability and lethality of
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armored ground combat vehicles. Large-scale simulations of high-velocity impact phenomena continue to delineate the high- performance computing resources for Army applications in computational terminal ballistics. Current applications in high-velocity impact phenomena require that the simulation time increase from the microsecond to millisecond regime; complex geometries dictate a finer mesh resolution that mandates a smaller time integration increment to satisfy stability criteria and requires additional time integration cycles. Memory requirements for large-scale Eulerian finite volume simulations scale with the cube of the zone size (i.e., for a fixed computational domain). Doubling the number of zones in each coordinate direction by halving the characteristic zone length increases the memory requirement by a factor of 8 and halves the time step. These factors, when coupled with the requirement to model larger physical domains, are strong stimuli for exploiting scalable architectures. This paper discusses (1) highperformance computing aspects of computational terminal ballistics simulations, (2) scientific visualization environments for applications in computational terminal ballistics, and (3) recent simulations modeling solid-disk projectile impact. The penetration performance of high-density, low length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio solid-disk projectiles impacting steel targets has been a topic of considerable interest in penetration mechanics to evaluate the efficacy of segmented projectiles. This paper discusses 3D CTH simulations of multiple (3) solid-disk projectiles impacting semi-infinite rolled homogeneous armor (RHA) at 2.6 km/s. The separation between disks is 3.25 projectile diameters. The paper presents the results of a set of 3D CTH simulations to assess the effects of disk-offset or misalignment on penetration. Segment offsets of between 0 and 1.5 projectile diameters have been studied and the computations suggest that penetration is not significantly degraded for offsets of less than 0.25 projectile diameters. The accompanying video provides an example of the utility of computational terminal ballistics simulations for understanding complex penetration phenomena.

BALLISTIC SHOCK PROPAGATION IN A PLATE DUE TO A FRAGMENT IMPACT

P.P. Papados and K. Bishnoi
(1) - U.S Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (2) - US Army Tank-Automotive Research Development and Engineering Center. E-mail : bisonok@cc.tacom.army.mil

ABSTRACT
A myriad of experimental tests and analytical calculations were carried out in the mid-eighties in an effort to study ballistic shock produced by projectile impacts on flat plates. These efforts characterized the near field of the impact. In order to characterize the far field of such shocks a different set of experiments was conducted in the late eighties in order to supplement already existing limited investigations. Plates approximating the size of armored vehicles were chosen for these experiments. One of the objectives was to study the attenuation (or dissipation) characteristics of the very high frequency components of the shock as a function of distance from the impact point. The nomenclature Megaheartz (MHz) plate was, thus, coined. These experiments yielded fundamentally different results from earlier sets of experiments. This study focuses on the numerical simulations used to simulate one of the (MHz) plate experiments. The experimental outcome for this particular scenario evaluated the shock response spectra at five different measuring locations and for two different impacts (experimental repeats). The finite element analysis (FEA) provides output at all simulated locations and, thus, the response spectra at the five measuring locations can be extracted effortlessly. The loading conditions due to the fragment impact are also discussed and results from two different approaches are presented. In order to extract the high frequency response of the pulsating plate, a very fine discretization of the region represented by finite elements is required. This gives rise to an extremely large size finite element analysis mesh which dictates the need and use of parallel platforms and software (FEA code). In this case scalable large deformation nonlinear finite element software ParaDyn was the tool used on the scalable computers.

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SIMULATIONS OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO BLAST LOADING

T.L. Bevins and R.R. Namburu
(1) - U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. E-mail : bevinst@ex1.wes.army.mil (2) - U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

ABSTRACT
This paper examines the effect of fragment impacts, external blast loading, loading due to an imbedded detonation, and a combination of blast loading and fragment impacts on structural panels using nonlinear explicit finite volume analysis CHSSI (Common High-performance Computing Software Support Initiative) software on scalable computing platforms. The analysis methodology is validated against available controlled experimental results, namely, fragment impact loading and blast pressure loading. After providing sufficient confidence in the analysis tools with the experimental results, analyses are conducted showing the effects of the combined loading mechanisms. That is, structural response due to the combined effect of blast loading and fragment impact loading. The work will help determine the relative importance of the different loading mechanisms. The methodology was also extended to evaluate structural response due to an imbedded detonation. In this case, an internal detonation is an explosive charge detonating inside the structural element.

SIMULATION OF EQUIPMENT RESPONSE UNDER BLAST ENVIRONMENT

C.E. Joachim, G.W. McMahon, S.B. Garner and B.J. Armstrong
(1) - U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (2) - U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (3) - U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station recently conducted two underground detonations at the Linchburg Mine near Magdalena, NM. The objectives of these experiments were to define the underground blast environment and its effects on representative equipment found in underground facilities. A generic tank and pump/motor sets were modeled computationally using a nonlinear, parallel finite element code with input loads computed by the CTH hydrodynamic finite element code. This paper presents a discussion of the results of the equipment performance and the numerical simulations.

EXPLICIT ANALYSIS OF MASONRY WALL RESPONSE TO BLAST

S.T. Dennis and J.T. Baylot
(1) - AFRL Survivability and Protective Structures Program. E-mail : scottd@mail.wes.army.mil (2) - US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

ABSTRACT
Goal. Blast loads from an accidental explosion can cause failure of masonry in-fill walls of reinforced concrete frame structures creating a severe hazard to building occupants. An explicit finite element (FE) approach models the wall's response to the blast.
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Approach. A common exterior nonload-bearing wall is comprised of standard US hollow block (HB) concrete masonry units (CMU) in running bond. In the explicit FE analysis, each CMU is discretized into 8-noded solid elements. Each CMU has unique nodal points, i. e., contiguous CMU do not share nodes on those surfaces where they are in contact. Instead, the wall is held together by slide surfaces that represent the mortar. A tied slide surface with failure models a rigid mortar connection between contiguous CMUs. Upon mortar failure, arbitrary separation and contact of the CMUs may occur. CMU material failure is governed by the Drucker-Prager (DR) criterion. DR is a simple way to model different CMU material limits in tension and compression as well as capturing the strengthening construction materials exhibit under increasing confinement. Blast loads can cause strain rates in the wall components on the order of 1 - 100 s-1 resulting in significant strengthening of both the CMU and mortar. Assumed CMU strength factors conservatively range 1.0 - 1.4 for strain rates of 10-6 - 101 s-1. Strain rate strengthening cannot be applied to the slide surface mortar model. An expedient structural retrofit that mitigates the blast environment may be included in the wall model. The retrofit is a blanket anchored to the roof and floor slabs behind the wall that catches any debris, preventing injury to building occupants. The geofabric blanket is modelled with linear elastic isotropic membrane elements. A slide surface that allows separation and friction governs contact between the wall and the geofabric. Two-Way Wall with Geofabric Retrofit. A 10 x 9 ft unreinforced CMU wall was subjected to an air blast. Behind the wall, an aramid fiber geofabric was attached to the roof and floor slabs to prevent wall debris from entering the interior. Figure 1 gives the finite element results compared to test data taken from the center of the wall. The wall model has 84,000 solid elements (864 per CMU) and the retrofit is a 40x40 mesh of membrane elements.1/4 Scale CMU One-Way Wall. An unreinforced one-way wall is constructed of 1/4 scale standard 8x8x16 US HB. The top and bottom of the wall are fixed. Only one block width is modeled with plane-strain boundary conditions assumed along the vertical edges. The wall model has 29,000 solid elements (1632 per CMU). A parallelized version of the FE code was used for this analysis with the wall partitioned for 16 processors. A pressure/impulse diagram was constructed and will be compared to experimental results.

A PARALLEL CONTACT ALGORITHM WITH DYNAMIC LOAD BALANCING FOR EXPLICIT/IMPLICIT FINITE ELEMENT METHODS AND APPLICATIONS IN SOLID AND STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
A.J. De Groot, V. Castillo, C.G. Hoover and R.J. Sherwood
(1) - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (2) - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (3) - Methods Development Group Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. E-mail : hoover1@llnl.gov

ABSTRACT
The development of robust and efficient contact detection-enforcement methods for finite element discretizations of solid and structural mechanics applications is a multifaceted and challenging problem. Some examples of difficult contact detection problems include: 1) folding contact with thin shells where the inner and outer surface may be ambiguous, 2) tightly toleranced, nested surfaces, 3) multiple materials interacting in small localized regions, and 4) large deformation mechanics (or objects moving on the grid) where the surface motion becomes unpredictable and "arbitrary". A new method has been developed and implemented in the DYNA3D program [1] to extend the capabilities and improve the performance of the "arbitrary contact algorithm". This new technique involves ideas using patch-on-patch contact as well as an improved technique for sorting contact surface nodes and patches. The new sorting method embeds a local sort within the global sort and improves the performance of the arbitrary contact algorithm on single processor computers by a factor between five and ten. New capabilities in the arbitrary contact algorithm include a volume erosion method for the modeling of material damage and failure and the implementation of a LaGrange multiplier constraint method for contact [2]. A parallel implementation of arbitrary contact is based on subdividing the mesh and interfaces on a finite element grid using graph tree methods. The partitioning methods couple a partition for the mesh with a separate partition for the contact interface. The partition for the contact allows dynamic load balancing of the contact calculations as material surfaces evolve on the grid.
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We report on several recent developments and large-scale applications using parallel algorithms for arbitrary contact. The techniques for the parallel implementation of the "arbitrary contact" in the ParaDyn program will be described for penalty-based and Lagrange constraint forms of contact. The robustness of the algorithm will be reported using a model of a thin sheet of shell elements compressed by moving stonewall boundaries. The efficiency of the parallel algorithm will be described for this model. The parallel performance for other large-scale applications including models for material erosion will be discussed. Finally, initial efforts to incorporate a parallel version of the penalty-based contact algorithm into an implicit algorithm will be reported.

REFERENCES
[1] Edward Zywicz, private communication. [2] Edward Zywicz and Michael Puso, "A General Conjugate Gradient Predictor-Corrector Solver for Explicit FiniteElement Contact", (to appear in IJNUM)

A STRONGLY COUPLED EULERIAN-FINITE ELEMENT FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION MODEL

M.H. Emerya, F.F. Felkerb, A.M. Landsberga and V. Gamezoc
(1) - Naval Research Laboratory. (2) - Naval Research Laboratory. (3) - Naval Research Laboratory.

ABSTRACT
A scalable CFD model has been coupled to a scalable CSM model to provide the capability to compute unsteady blast and explosive bubble loading on submerged and surface vessels and the selfconsistent large deformation response to those loads. The Dynamic Virtual Cell Embedding (DVCE)1 technique is used to couple a finite difference hydrodynamics model (FAST3D)2 to a finite element structural mechanics model (LS-DYNA3D)3 DVCE models moving body boundaries with a high degree of accuracy by continuously subdividing the computational cells cut by the moving body boundary. This is a simple, easy-to-implement algorithm for modeling moving (or deforming), geometrically complex bodies through an orthogonal, Cartesian grid. The Eulerian fluid cell supplies a pressure boundary condition to the body boundary, while the body boundary supplies a time-varying velocity boundary condition to the fluid and modifies the volume of the Eulerian fluid cell. DVCE is the genesis of the algorithm that calculates the self-consistent loads resulting from momentum transfer between the moving, or deforming, body and the fluid; and, it couples the fluid calculation to the structural mechanics calculation. Presented here are the modeling test results of the FAST3D - DVCE - LS-DYNA3D coupled code as applied to unsteady blast and shock propagation and the self-consistent structural response of submerged cylinders and spheres. Variants include cases with and without internal structural supports and end enclosures on the cylinders. The simulation results are compared with experimental and theoretical data.

REFERENCES
[1] Emery, M. H. , A. M. Landsberg, F. F. Felker, and C. T. Dyka, "The dynamic virtual cell embedding technique (DVCE) for coupling hydrodynamic and structural mechanics codes" Proc. ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Division Conf. (Structures Under Extreme Loading Conditions), Orlando, FL (July, 1997). [2] Boris, J. P., A. M. Landsberg, E. S. Oran, and J. H. Gardner, 1993, "LCPFCT - A Flux-Corrected Transport Algorithm for Solving Generalized Continuity Equations," NRL Memorandum Report 93-7192. [3] Hallquist, John O., Douglas W. Stillman, and Tsung-Liang Lin, "LS-DYNA3D USER'S MANUAL: Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Structures in Three Dimensions", LSTC Report. 1082 (1994).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by the DoD CHSSI Program and by the Office of Naval Research.

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COMPUTATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSIENT ELASTO-PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA

P.W. Chung and K.K. Tamma
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Minnesota. E-mail : pwc2@umn.edu (2) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. 325E Mechanical. Engineering. University of Minnesota. E-mail : ktamma@sp.msi.umn.edu

ABSTRACT
Since the earliest work in the estimation of effective behavior of composite structures, it has been found that the simple volume average and rule-of-mixture approximations of mechanical stresses, strains or properties provide only a bounding estimate of the realistic structural behavior. The seminal works in elastic materials, such as those by Eshelby, Hashin, and numerous others, have shown that in addition to the volume averaged term, a so-called corrector must also be computed to accurately account for the presence of inclusions or heterogeneities. In the present work, the corrector stress is computed for the transient response of an heterogeneous elasto-plastic material to short-duration loads. The effective corrector stress is derived and computed in detail based on the classical asymptotic expansion homogenization approach (AEH). Based on the first three terms of the asymptotic series of the velocity, the microscopic and macroscopic elastoplastic dynamic equations of motion for a two-scale heterogeneous material are derived. The finite element method is employed with a second-order accurate velocity-based explicit time integration method. The microscopic finite element equations are non-linear due to plasticity and, consequently, a non-linear sparse system of equations must be solved for the microscale problem. The time-integration method is applied to the macro-level equations where explicit formulations eschews the solution of a system of equations. Through the proposed method, estimates of the micromechanical stresses are computed and differences between volume-averaged (no corrector) solutions and those containing the heterogeneous corrector stresses are confirmed and discussed. Additional parameter studies and numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the approach and illustrate with examples.

A MIG IMPLEMENTATION OF A SOIL MATERIAL MODEL IN THE PARALLEL CTH CODE

R. Valisetty
(1) - DOD HPC Major Shared Resource Center. Information Tech. Lab. E-mail : valiser@ex1.wes.army.mil

ABSTRACT
Hydrocodes are suitable for modeling material flows under high pressures that usually occur in explosion events. Cratering in the ground due to conventional explosion requires proper characterization of material response at both low pressures and high pressures. This paper describes implementation of a soil material model in shock physics software for modeling material response and structural behavior in low-pressure regime. These responses include the following: 1. Multi-linear hydrostatic vs. dilation rate with tensile pressure cut-off in unloading, 2. Kinematic and isotropic yield surfaces with dependency on the pressure, and 3. Hysteris in yield. The implementation was done using a set of "model interface guidelines", called MIG (Sandia National Laboratories). The guidelines were originally proposed to alleviate the difficulties involved in incorporating new material models into parent codes and for porting the already existing material models from one parent code to another one. In the present material model, the hydrostatic and deviatoric responses were represented separately. In representing the first response, the pressure vs. dilatation rate was modeled with a nine segment multi-linear curve. Unloading was modeled to occur at different unloading bulk modulii and was specified to continue until either a tensile pressure or a relaxation in compressive dilation strain is reached. Similarly, back stress parameters were used for modeling and switching between isotropic and kinematic hardening. The yield strength was chosen to be a quadratic function of the mechanical pressure. A capability was also installed for counting stress cycles based on the
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variation of the value of the second deviatoric stress invariant, and for changing the yield condition gradually to a residual yield condition. Two numerical simulations will be presented in the paper to illustrate the use of the model. The first one will be a 1-D simulation to verify the parameters of a material model to suit a cratering experiment. The second one is a detailed structural simulation of a bunker.

INFLUENCE OF AN ITERATIVE ADVANCED MATERIAL MODEL ON THE SCALABILITY OF PARADYN

D.J. Grove and A.M. Rajendran
(1) - U.S. Army Research Laboratory (2) - U.S. Army Research Laboratory. E-mail : arajend@arl.mil

ABSTRACT
The main objective of this paper is to report our recent findings on the scalability of a general purpose large deformation contact Lagrangian based finite element scalable ParaDyn code with respect to different material constitutive models. Many of the DOD application problems involve projectile penetration and perforation into layered target structures. Lagrangian codes handle the contacts/interactions between solids through complex slideline algorithms. In recent years, the scalability of the contact algorithm has been studied and reported in several papers. However, the influence of complex material model algorithms on the scalability has not been systematically studied. For this reason, we performed a series of calculations using material models of varying complexity in the analysis of a projectile penetration into a layered target configuration Several computations were performed using the serial version of ParaDyn (DYNA3D) code and the scalable ParaDyn code. The computational results are reported in this paper.

MOVING NIKE3D TOWARDS PARALLELISM: EXPLORATORY EFFORTS WITH SPARSE DIRECT LINEAR SOLVERS
R.M. Ferencz
(1) - Methods Development Group Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. E-mail : No e-mail

ABSTRACT
ParaDyn, the parallel version of the explicit solid mechanics code DYNA3D, has reached sufficient maturity to be utilized as a production tool at LLNL and other DOE/DoD sites. This effort has created substantial experience in the Methods Development Group regarding parallelization of residual formations and contact algorithms. While ParaDyn development is ongoing, efforts are being initiated to parallelize the companion implicit solid mechanics code NIKE3D. In particular, parallel methods for solving the coupled linear system arising from implicit methods are an important consideration. Due to the numerical sensitivities of some of the algorithms in, and applications of, NIKE3D, we consider it essential to maintain a direct linear equation solving capability to complement iterative methodologies. As an exploratory exercise we have prototyped a master-slave version of NIKE3D that utilizes a parallel sparse direct solver package. We summarize this effort, some of the lessons learned along the way, and consider future development activities.

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Advances in a Posteriori Error Estimators and Adaptive Error Analysis

Tinsley Oden
SESSION 1
Keynote : THE GUARANTEED UPPER AND LOWER BOUNDS FOR THE ACCURACY OF COMPUTED DATA OF INTEREST BY FEM T. Strouboulis .................................................................................................................................................................408 Keynote : THE STATE OF THE ART OF A-PRIOIRI ESTIMATION IN ENGINEERING COMPUTATIONS I. Babuska.......................................................................................................................................................................408 Keynote : GOAL-ORIENTED ERROR ESTIMATION AND ADAPTIVITY IN FEA J.T. Oden and S. Prudhomme .........................................................................................................................................408

SESSION 2
A POSTERIORI ERROR ESTIMATION FOR SINGULARLY PERTURBED PROBLEMS M. Ainsworth ..................................................................................................................................................................409 A NEW PARADIGM FOR PARALLEL ADAPTIVE MESHING ALGORITHMS R. Bank and M. Holst......................................................................................................................................................410 A POSTERIORI ERROR ESTIMATION FOR TRANSIENT PROBLEMS: LINEAR SECOND-ORDER HYPERBOLIC OPERATORS J.R. Stewart, R.R. Drake and W.R. Witkowski ................................................................................................................410 KNOWLEDGE-BASED ADAPTIVITY USING THE GENERALIZED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD C.A. Duarte and O.N. Hamzeh .......................................................................................................................................411 AN A POSTERIORI ERROR ESTIMATE FOR FINITE ELEMENT METHODS IN NON-LINEAR ELASTICITY J.G. Schmidt ...................................................................................................................................................................412 ADAPTIVE STRATEGY FOR THE COUPLED THERMOELASTICITY PROBLEM USING SPACE-TIME FINITE ELEMENTS P. Hansbo, F. Larsson and K. Runesson.........................................................................................................................412

SESSION 3
A POSTERIORI LOCAL ERROR BOUNDS FOR F.E. LINEAR ANALYSIS P. Ladeveze, P. Rougeot and P. Blanchard ....................................................................................................................413 A POSTERIORI ERROR ESTIMATION FOR HP-ADAPTIVE FE SIMULATIONS OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS L. Demkowicz, W. Rachowicz, S. Ohnimus and C. Kim ..................................................................................................414 AN ERROR ESTIMATOR AND MESH REFINEMENT PROCEDURE AND ITS APPLICATION TO 2D ELASTICITY AND PLATE BENDING PROBLEMS G. Gendron and M. Fortin..............................................................................................................................................414 ADAPTIVE ANALYSIS OF NON-LINEAR SHELL PROBLEMS I. Tiller, K.M. Mathisen and K.M. Okstad ......................................................................................................................415 POINTWISE ERROR ESTIMATES FOR STRESSES OBTAINED BY VARIATIONALLY CONSISTENT POSTPROCESSING T. Kvamsdal....................................................................................................................................................................416 A POSTERIORI FINITE ELEMENT OUTPUT BOUNDS FOR THE INCOMPRESSIBLE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS: LOCAL INDICATORS AND ADAPTIVE REFINEMENT L. Machiels, J. Peraire and A.T. Patera .........................................................................................................................417

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Keynote : THE GUARANTEED UPPER AND LOWER BOUNDS FOR THE ACCURACY OF COMPUTED DATA OF INTEREST BY FEM
T. Strouboulis
(1) - Texas A&M University. Department of Aerospace Engineering. E-mail : strouboulis@aero.tamu.edu

ABSTRACT
The talk will present the recent results on the computation of guaranteed upper and lower bounds, which can be arbitrarily close by a cheap iteration procedure. The bounds do not have an asymptotic character and are valid for an accuracy of say 20-30% of the FE solution and straight and Curvilinear elements.

Keynote : THE STATE OF THE ART OF A-PRIOIRI ESTIMATION IN ENGINEERING COMPUTATIONS

I. Babuska
(1) - TICAM. The University of Texas at Austin. E-mail : babuska@ticam.utexas.edu

ABSTRACT
This presentation reviews the state of the art of a posteriori estimation for finite element solutions of the problems of heat-conduction and elasticity, which often encountered in practical engineering computations. Examples of the various estimators, which are used in practice, are given, and the results of their asymptotic analysis are reviewed. Further, recent results on the a posteriori estimation of the error in the quantity of interest and the construction of guaranteed bounds for the error are presented. Finally, it is shown that these results can also be extended to the generalized finite element method.

Keynote : GOAL-ORIENTED ERROR ESTIMATION AND ADAPTIVITY IN FEA

J.T. Oden and S. Prudhomme
(1) - The Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics. E-mail : oden@ticam.utexas.edu (2) - Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics.

ABSTRACT
To date, most of the work on a-posteriori error estimation and adaptivity has been confined to construct estimates in the energy norm for linear elliptic boundary problems. Although these estimates have proven to be reliable and robust in many applications, the energy norm of the error brings little information to the engineers about the accuracy of the simulations, especially when these are run with a specific goal. In recent years, alternative methods have been proposed to estimate and control the approximation error with respect to measures other than the usual energy norm. These measures are expressed in terms of a linear functional of the solution and generally represent a physical quantity of practical interest to engineers and designers. Here, this new approach is referred to as goal - oriented error estimation and adaptivity. The quantities of interest include pointwise or averaged values of the stress, displacement, strain, velocity or pressure. The starting point in goal-oriented error estimation is the introduction of influence functions. The influence function indicates how the sources of error influence the numerical error in the quantity of interest. It is shown to be the solution of an adjoint problem to the solution problem. Then, estimates and
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bounds for the error in the quantity of interest are derived for various classes of boundary value problems. One remarkable property is that they only depend on the error estimates in the energy norm of the solution and influence function. We investigate here the accuracy of the estimates and bounds for selected linear functionals and boundary value problems in the framework of the finite element method. We also consider a strategy to adapt the mesh in order to control the approximation error with respect to the quantity of interest.

A POSTERIORI ERROR ESTIMATION FOR SINGULARLY PERTURBED PROBLEMS

M. Ainsworth
(1) - Mathematics Department, Leicester University. E-mail : ain@mcs.le.ac.uk

ABSTRACT
The talk will discuss a posteriori error estimation for finite element approximations of singularly perturbed problems such as Delta(u) + kappa(u)^2 = f and the associated elliptic system -A Delta( u) + kappa(B u)^2 = f. It is shown that the standard a posteriori error estimators are not robust in at least one of the limits, kappa tends to infinito or h tend to 0, where h is the mesh - size of the discretization. This means that the estimators are either overly pessimistic or unreliable. A technique is described that leads to a fully robust a posteriori error estimator that provides guaranteed upper bounds on the true error that do not degenerate in either limit.

A NEW PARADIGM FOR PARALLEL ADAPTIVE MESHING ALGORITHMS

R. Bank and M. Holst
(1) - University of California at San Diego Department of Mathematics. E-mail : rbank@ucsd.edu (2) - University of California at San Diego Department of Mathematics

ABSTRACT
One of the most difficult obstacles to overcome in making effective use of parallel computers for adaptive finite element codes such as PLTMG is the load-balancing problem. As an adaptive method adjusts the mesh according to the features of the solution, elements in some areas are refined, whereas others are not. If an initial mesh is distributed quite fairly among a number of processors, a very good error estimator (coupled with adaptive refinement) quickly produces a very bad work load imbalance among the processors. We propose an alternative approach, which addresses the load-balancing problem in a new way, requiring far less communication than current approaches. This approach allows existing sequential adaptive PDE codes such as PLTMG to run in a parallel environment without a large investment in recoding. Our approach has three main components: - We solve a small problem on a coarse mesh, and use a posteriori error estimates to partition the mesh. - Each processor is provided the complete coarse mesh and instructed to sequentially solve the "entire" problem, with the stipulation that its adaptive refinement should be limited largely to its own partition. - A final mesh is computed using the union of the refined partitions provided by each processor. This mesh is regularized and a final solution computed, using a standard domain decomposition or parallel multigrid technique.

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The above approach has several interesting features. First, the load-balancing problem (step 1) is reduced to the numerical solution of a small elliptic problem on a single processor, using a sequential adaptive solver such as PLTMG without requiring any modifications to the sequential solver. Second, the bulk of the calculation (step 2) takes place independently on each processor, and can also be performed with a sequential solver such as PLTMG with no modifications necessary for communication. The only parts of the calculation requiring communication are (1) the initial fan-out of the mesh distribution to the processors, once the decomposition is determined by the error estimator, (2) the mesh regularization, requiring local communication to produce a global conforming mesh, and (3) the final solution phase, which might require local communication (boundary exchanges). Note that a good initial guess for step 3 is provided in step 2 by taking the solution from each sub-region restricted to its partition.

A POSTERIORI ERROR ESTIMATION FOR TRANSIENT PROBLEMS: LINEAR SECOND-ORDER HYPERBOLIC OPERATORS
J.R. Stewart, R.R. Drake and W.R. Witkowski
(1) - Advanced Software Environments Dept. Sandia National Laboratories (2) - Computational Mechanics Company, Inc. E-mail : armando@comco.com (3) - Advanced Software Environments Dept. Sandia National Laboratories

ABSTRACT
We propose a general methodology for a posteriori error estimation for semidiscrete(finite elements in space, finite differences in time) representations of transient problems. The methodology is presented in the context of the linear second order hyperbolic wave equation, using Galerkin's method for discretization of the spatial term and the central difference method (both with and without mass lumping) for the time term. The idea is to reduce the transient operator into a pseudo-spatial operator by applying the difference stencil to the time term. This allows us to consider only a spatial problem in solving for the solution error. In addition, the effects of time integration error can be included in the (spatial) error equation in a straightforward manner. The main advantage of the method is that the complexities of the time term in estimating the solution error are eliminated, and the simpler spatial problem can be handled in the same manner as other steady state operators are handled. In this paper, the spatial error problem is handled using the element residual method. We refer to the pseudo-spatial operator as the "equivalent static problem". If weview this operator in an "a posteriori" sense, where the solution at time n+1 has already been computed, then the equivalent static problem can be posed as a Helmholtz problem for the solution at time n. Terms at all other timesteps become source terms. This allows us to form an equation for the error at time n, where the wave number is a function of the timestep. If we introduce mass lumping into the difference stencil, the error equation still maintains the form of a Helmholtz operator, but the wave number now contains a Dirac delta function. The cost of accounting for the time discretization error depends on the Accuracy with which one wants to capture this error. In general, the cost Increases because for more accurate representation of the time error, terms at more timesteps must be stored and included on the right hand side of the error equation. In this paper, we outline the theoretical development and show h-adaptive computations based on local error indicators obtained by solving the error equation on each element. The computations are carried out using ALEGRA, an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian code for solid dynamics developed in the Computational Physics Department at Sandia National Laboratories.

KNOWLEDGE-BASED ADAPTIVITY USING THE GENERALIZED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

C.A. Duarte and O.N. Hamzeh

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(1) - Computational Mechanics Company, Inc. E-mail : armando@comco.com (2) - Computational Mechanics Company, Inc.

ABSTRACT
The partition of unity (POU) framework used in the Generalized Finite Element Method [1,2] has the ability to considerably expand the scope of adaptivity as understood in, for example, the classical finite element method. In addition to being able to produce hp finite element approximations with non uniform h and p, this POU framework has the capability to develop customized approximations for specific applications. In the case of three dimensional crack modeling, for example, this knowledge-based adaptivity can be used not only to improve the underlying approximation but also to actually model the crack by introducing appropriate discontinuities and singularities in the displacement field without the need of any mesh modifications. In this paper, the use of customized approximations for specific applications, such as modeling of three-dimensional cracks and re-entrant corners, is presented. The construction of p-orthotropic approximations on three-dimensional tetrahedral finite element meshes is also discussed. Several numerical examples illustrating the techniques are presented.

REFERENCES
[1] C. A. Duarte, I. Babuska and J. T. Oden, "Generalized Finite Element Methods for Three Dimensional Structural Mechanics Problems", In S. N. Atluri and P. E. O'Donoghue, editors, Modeling and Simulation Based Engineering. Tech Science Press, 1998. [2] T. Strouboulis , Babuska I., and K. Copps , "The design and analysis of the generalized finite element method", To appear in Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering.

AN A POSTERIORI ERROR ESTIMATE FOR FINITE ELEMENT METHODS IN NON-LINEAR ELASTICITY

J.G. Schmidt
(1) - Institut fuer Praktische Mathematik, Universitaet Karlsruhe. E-mail : af10@rz.uni-karlsruhe.de

ABSTRACT
In this talk we deal with problems of geometrically nonlinear elasticity of finite deformations. Adaptive Finite Element Methods are often used to solve these problems. A crucial ingredient for these methods is a reliable and efficient error estimator. Starting from Verfuerth's analysis [1] we develop a new estimator, which is based on orthogonalization against a subspace corresponding to a coarse triangulation. This is motivated by the fact that the eigenfunctions belonging to the small and to the negative eigenvalues of the tangential stiffness matrix of the problem are very well approximated by the corresponding eigenfunctions of the tangential stiffness matrix belonging to a far coarser mesh. This observation can also be used for very efficient iterative solvers for the problems under observation. (See [2].) Another important ingredient of our estimator is a good approximation of the norm of the Frechet-derivative of the differential operator underlying the problem and of the norm of its inverse. Using these operator norms, we can show that the desired inequalities ( c * estimator <= || u - u_h || <= C * estimator ) are valid with constants c and C, which depends only weakly on the true solution u or the FEM-approximation u_h or the load level of the mechanical problem underlying the mathematical model. Our estimator is shown to be efficient, even in the presence of strong nonlinearities, e.g. simple limit points. Our approach can be easily combined with most of the well-known estimators (e.g. estimators based on the residuals or an the solution of local auxiliary problems). We demonstrate the listed features of our estimator by showing some numerical results for some test examples from planar elasticity. These results also show that our estimator can be used in the regime of mixed finite elements, e.g. EAS-Elements [3].

REFERENCES
[1] R. Verfuerth, "A Review of A-posteriori Error Estimation and Adaptive Mesh-Refinement Techniques", WileyTeubner, 1996

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[2] J.G. Schmidt , G. Starke, "Coarse Space Orthogonalization for Indefinite Linear Systems of Equations Arising in Geometrically Nonlinear Elasticity", to appear in Applied Numerical Mathematics [3] J.C. Simo, M.S. Rifai, "A Class of Mixed Assumed Strain Methods and the Method of incompatible Modes", Int. J. Num. Meth. Engng. 29 (pp 1595-1638), 1990

ADAPTIVE STRATEGY FOR THE COUPLED THERMOELASTICITY PROBLEM USING SPACE-TIME FINITE ELEMENTS
P. Hansbo, F. Larsson and K. Runesson
(1) - Chalmers University of Technology. E-mail : hansbo@solid.chalmers.se (3) - Department of Solid Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology. E-mail : keru@solid.chalmers.se

ABSTRACT
A quite new finite element method is proposed for the linear thermoelastic problem. The method employs space-time finite elements based on the standard Galerkin method in space (piecewise linear approximation for both the displacements and temperature fields) and the discontinuous Galerkin method in time (piecewise constant approximation). In this fashion it is possible to (a) achieve a stable discretization in space and (b) establish a residual-based a posteriori error estimate in L 2 -norm along the lines of the (now) well- established approach that use the appropriateley defined dual problem and strong stability estimates for the continuous problem, cf. Eriksson & al. (1996). It turns out that the natural choice of error measure is the L 2 -norm of a certain combination of the errors in displacement and temperature determined by the structure of the initial condition. Adaptive strategies are proposed that are based on the given error estimate(s). A proper control requires the complete solution of the dual problem in space - time up to the considered time level. However, it is possible to device simplifications in various respects, which are investigated in the paper. An obvious strategy is to consider the dual problem in space and the current timestep. Two simplified (extreme) approaches are also investigated: One approach is to compute the adaptive spatial mesh at t = 0 (corresponding to the adiabatic problem) and to keep this mesh fixed while adaptively computing the subsequent timesteps. In fact, this corresponds to the semi - continuous format with global control of a system of ODE's in time. Another approach is to fix the timestep and to compute a new adaptive spatial mesh in each timestep. The paper is concluded by computational results that demonstrate the performance of the various approaches.

REFERENCES
[1] Eriksson, K., Estep, D., Hansbo, P. and Johnson, C., "Computational Differential Equations", Studentlitteratur, Lund, Sweden

A POSTERIORI LOCAL ERROR BOUNDS FOR F.E. LINEAR ANALYSIS

P. Ladeveze, P. Rougeot and P. Blanchard
(1) - LMt-Cachan. Gestionnaire Secteur Structures et Systemes. E-mail : ladeveze@lmt.ens-cachan.fr (2) - ENS de Cachan/CNRS, Universite Paris 6 (3) - ENS de Cachan/CNRS, Universite Paris 6

ABSTRACT
In the field of mechanics, reliance upon modeling and simulation has been increasing significantly. Consequently, industrial methodologies have had to be heavily modified. This "revolution", which is in its nascent stage, corresponds to the extraordinary progress made in the field of computing and software. One crucial feature then is to master computational procedures and, in particular, the mesh. The main error estimators in existence have proved to be efficient, especially in enabling the optimisation of meshes at a required level of accuracy. However, these estimators do not meet the engineers need which is to obtain local errors, on the stresses for instance.
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Very little work have been devoted to local error estimation. We propose herein a new theory for assessing the local errors on stresses, displacement, etc., which is based on both the concept of constitutive relation error and related constructions techniques. The main property of these local estimators is to yield, in practice, a local effectivity index of greater than 1, i.e. an upper-bound of error. Numerical examples are given in linear elasticity for local error estimators applied to stresses and displacements.

A POSTERIORI ERROR ESTIMATION FOR HP-ADAPTIVE FE SIMULATIONS OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS

L. Demkowicz, W. Rachowicz, S. Ohnimus and C. Kim
(1) - The Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics. E-mail : leszek@ticam.utexas.edu (2) - The Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics. (3) - The University of Texas at Austin. TICAM

ABSTRACT
The paper describes recent advances in the a posteriori error estimation for the hp-adaptive, mixed, and FE discretizations of steady-state Maxwell's equations. The proposed technique includes a simultaneous estimate of two residual errors: the one corresponding to the actual equation (and related to the error in curl of the electric field), and the error in satisfying the continuity equation (divergence condition for non-lossy media). We demonstrate that it is essential to estimate both errors. The proposed method builds upon the techniques of equilibriated residuals of Ainsworth and Oden, and Ladeveze. In particular, we present an alternative approach for equilibriated residuals for one - irregular meshes. The general theory is illustrated with 2D examples of error estimation and related hp - adaptivity.

AN ERROR ESTIMATOR AND MESH REFINEMENT PROCEDURE AND ITS APPLICATION TO 2D ELASTICITY AND PLATE BENDING PROBLEMS
G. Gendron and M. Fortin
(1) - GIREF Research Center. Universite Laval. E-mail : guy.gendron@gci.ulaval.ca (2) - GIREF Research Center. Universite Laval. E-mail : mfortin@giref.ulaval.ca

ABSTRACT
The prediction of the structural behavior of complicated structures is a difficult problem that is compounded by the growing use of materials with complex constitutive laws, such as composite materials. Most of the time, finite element models are used. However, the time constraints imposed on the design cycle do not generally allow for the mesh refinement studies that would be required to guarantee that the model is adequate for the accurate prediction of the results. Thus, the responsibility of judging the adequacy of the final mesh rests on the shoulders of the analyst. The purpose of this work is to design an automated error estimation and mesh refinement process for such complex structures. This strategy would relieve the analyst from the burden of judging the adequacy of the mesh, as it would automatically be refined until a user-defined error is reached. In this paper, we describe the error estimator [1] as well as the error estimation-mesh refinement procedure. Then, we demonstrate its effectiveness for two-dimensional elasticity and plate bending problems. The goal of the proposed error estimation-mesh refinement process is to obtain a mesh (node position and connectivity) for which a user-defined error tolerance is met on every edge of the elements. To achieve this goal, an error estimator based on a metric obtained from the hessian of the displacement field is first calculated. The value of the metric is then integrated to provide a measure of the error over every edge of the mesh. Since this measure of the error is directional, it allows for the calculation of optimized meshes that can be highly anisotropic, if required. In the second step, the error estimate is used to adapt the mesh. The adaptation process includes mesh refinement and coarsening (h-method), change of
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connectivity (i.e. diagonal swapping), and re-localization of the nodes at the center, of their neighbors ( rmethod). Results for two-dimensional elasticity and plate bending problems will be presented. These results show that the proposed error estimation- mesh refinement procedure results in meshes for which the error is equidistributed. Moreover, considering a specific error level, the number of nodes resulting from the application of this procedure is much smaller than for uniformly refined meshes.

REFERENCES
[1] Habashi, W.G. et al., "Anisotropic Mesh Optimization : Towards a Solver - Independent and Mesh-Independent CFD", VKI Lecture Series, 1996.

ADAPTIVE ANALYSIS OF NON-LINEAR SHELL PROBLEMS

I. Tiller, K.M. Mathisen and K.M. Okstad
(1) - Dept. of Structural Mechanics Norwegian Univ. of Science and Tech. (2) - Dept. of Structural Mechanics Norwegian Univ. of Science and Tech. E-mail : Kjell.Mathisen@bygg.ntnu.no (3) - SINTEF Applied Mathematics. E-mail : Knut.M.Okstad@math.sintef.no

ABSTRACT
The main difference in performing adaptive mesh refinement procedures in non-linear analysis compared to linear analysis is that the solution variables have to be transferred from the old finite element mesh to the new finite element mesh in order for the solution variables to be transformed from one step to the next in the stepwise, nonlinear solution process. For elasticity problems involving two- and threedimensional continuum elements this solution transfer is straightforward, as only displacements are involved. However, for shell - type problems, transferring of state variables may be a crucial step, as explained in [1]. In problems involving nonlinear material behavior also history dependent variables have to be taken into account when constructing the error estimators and the adaptive strategy. Especially when it comes to the process of transferring the history dependent variables from the old element mesh to the new element mesh care must be stressed. The transfer of history dependent solution variables may result in a set of variables, which are not self - consistent. Another important issue when it comes to transferring of solution variables is that when dealing with unstructured meshes the transferring is far more difficult than when dealing with structured meshes. In this work projection-type error estimators are used to predict the discretization error in some norm of the difference between the Finite element solution and an improved C0 - continuous solution obtained by the superconvergent patch recovery (SPR) method [2]. This method is based on the assumption that the improved solution is closer to the exact solution than the Finite Element solution. Herein, we use the energy rate, energy norm error estimator and the error estimator based on the incremental plastic work. Further, special attention have been devoted the transferring of history variables in adaptive variables of problems involving nonlinear material behavior when dealing with unstructured meshes. The paper also addresses the problem of mapping the internal variables for enhanced assumed strain elements [3]. The error estimators and the adaptive schemes ability to guide an adaptive procedure is demonstrated on a nonlinear shell structure problem involving material as well as geometric nonlinearities.

REFERENCES
[1] K.M. Okstad and K.M. Mathisen , "Towards automatic adaptive geometrically nonlinear shell analysis. Part I: Implementation of an h-adaptive mesh refinement procedure.", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 37:2657-2678, 1994. [2] O.C. Zienkiewicz and J.Z. Zhu, "The superconvergent patch recovery and a posteriori error estimates. Part 1: The recovery technique.", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 33:1331-1364,1992. [3] J.C. Simo and M.S. Rifai, "A class of mixed assumed strain methods and the method of incompatible modes.", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 29:1595 -1638, 1990

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POINTWISE ERROR ESTIMATES FOR STRESSES OBTAINED BY VARIATIONALLY CONSISTENT POSTPROCESSING

T. Kvamsdal
(1) - SINTEF Applied Mathematics,. E-mail : Trond.Kvamsdal@math.sintef.no

ABSTRACT
Herein, we present a general concept for postprocessing of FE results, denoted Variationally Consistent Postprocessing (VCP), developed by Kvamsdal [1]. Special emphasis is paid to error estimation of recovered stresses. The presented concept fits into the very general postprocessing approach introduced by Babuska and Miller [2]. However, the specific choice of function space made herein for the extraction functions closely relates the postprocessing steps to the underlying FE method. This choice of extraction function space makes the presented approach unique. Furthermore, many interesting theoretical properties of practical interests follows immediately. A novelty of the presented approach compared to earlier investigations lies in the way virtual work consistent element boundary tractions [1] are used to make the recovery technique applicable without imposing a prior restrictions on the mesh. Furthermore, the way mesh dependent norms are used in the error estimation procedure is believed to be an original contribution compared to earlier developments. The theoretical justification for the error estimator is closely linked to the choice of function space for the extraction functions, and no approximations are introduced in order to achieve sufficient regularity in the `dual problem'. In the numerical studies we consider a finite quarter portion of an infinite membrane with a circular hole subjected to unidirectional unit tension. This is a popular benchmark example for which the analytical solution is known. The results confirms that we may achieve `optimal order' of convergence in the recovered stresses, i.e. the same order of convergence as the strain energy.

REFERENCES
[1] T. Kvamsdal , "Variationally consistent postprocessing (VCP)", In E. Onate and S. R. Idelsohn, editors, COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS, New Trends and Applications, CD -Rom. CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain, 1998. [2] I. Babuska and A. Miller, "The post - processing approach in the finite element method -Part 1: Calculation of displacements, stresses and other higher derivatives of the displacements.", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 20:1085 - 1109, 1984.

A POSTERIORI FINITE ELEMENT OUTPUT BOUNDS FOR THE INCOMPRESSIBLE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS: LOCAL INDICATORS AND ADAPTIVE REFINEMENT
L. Machiels, J. Peraire and A.T. Patera
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT. E-mail : machiel@mit.edu (2) - Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, MIT (3) - Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, MIT

ABSTRACT
In typical flow problems, engineers are rarely interested in the entire field solution; only some selected characteristic metrics - or outputs - of the system are relevant. We therefore propose a new finite element "a posteriori" error control strategy which provides lower and upper bounds for the output of interest. These bounds are inexpensive to compute, rigorous, quantitative, and sharp; furthermore, the bound gap permits a local (elemental) decomposition suitable for adaptive subsequent refinements. The method considerably generalizes earlier techniques in that we obtain quantitative constant-free bounds contrary to earlier explicit techniques - for the output of interest - contrary to earlier implicit techniques.

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The procedure may be viewed as an implicit Aubin-Nitsche construction. The computation is initiated by two global solves on a coarse mesh - one for the initial (primal) problem, and one for the adjoint (dual) problem; subsequent fine mesh "local" projections eliminate the indefinite terms associated with the incompressibility constraint. Finally, a "classical" hybridization technique permits to compute the estimators in terms of solutions of "local" Neumann subproblems. Under a weak hypothesis, related to the relative magnitude of the L2 and H1 errors of the solution, we can prove the convergence of the lower and upper estimators to the true output from below and above. To illustrate the capabilities of the technique, we consider several application problems such as the free thermal convection in a complex enclosure, and a barotropic ocean circulation model; the outputs of interest are the mean temperature over parts of the domain boundary, the kinetic energy of the flow, and the meridional heat flux. Finally, the methodology can be applied to a variety of other situations, including elasticity, the Helmholtz equation, eigenvalue problems, and time-dependent (parabolic) problems; examples of the latter are briefly described.

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Minisymposium

Computational Plasticity
Roger Owen, Djorje Peric and Eugenio Oate
SESSION 1
Keynote : VARIATIONAL METHODS AND ADAPTIVE PROCEDURES IN FINITE-DEFORMATION DYNAMIC PLASTICITY M. Ortiz, R. Radovitzky, E.A. Repetto and L. Stainier.....................................................................................................420 THE MICROMECHANICS OF POLYMER-BONDED ENERGETIC MATERIALS D.J. Benson and P.A. Conley..........................................................................................................................................420 FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF POLYCRYSTALS: SIMULATING RESIDUAL STRESSES FOLLOWING PLASTIC STRAINING P. Dawson and D. Boyce ................................................................................................................................................421 COMPUTATIONAL HOMOGENIZATION ANALYSIS OF MATERIALS WITH ELASTOPLASTIC MICROSTRUCTURES AT LARGE STRAINS C. Miehe and J. Schroder ...............................................................................................................................................422 ON THE NUMERICAL INTEGRATION OF THE RATE EQUATIONS OF ANISOTROPIC PLASTICITY P. Papadopoulos.............................................................................................................................................................422

SESSION 2
A METHODOLOGY FOR THE CONTINUUM-DISCRETE TRANSITION IN QUASI-BRITTLE MATERIALS P.A. Klerck and D.R.J. Owen .........................................................................................................................................423 VISCOPLASTICITY OF CONCRETE UNDER HIGH LOADING RATES H.D. Kang and K.J. Willam ............................................................................................................................................424 A NON-INCREMENTAL COMPUTATIONAL STRATEGY FOR VISCOPLASTIC STRUCTURES WITH UNILATERAL CONTACT L. Champaney, D. Dureisseix and P. Ladeveze ..............................................................................................................425 A MODEL FOR THE SIMULATION OF FINITE ELASTIC-VISCOELASTIC-PLASTOELASTIC STRESS RESPONSE WITH DAMAGE IN FILLED RUBBERY POLYMERS C. Miehe and J. Keck......................................................................................................................................................425 AN OBJECTIVE FORMULATION OF FINITE RIGID PLASTICITY P. Papadopoulos and J. Lu.............................................................................................................................................426 AN ITERATIVE LINEAR-ELASTIC F.E. PROCEDURE FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE SHAKEDOWN LIMIT STATE G. Borino, P. Fuschi and F. Parrinello ..........................................................................................................................427

SESSION 3
DEVELOPMENTS IN MULTIGRID STRATEGIES FOR FE SIMULATIONS IN NON-LINEAR SOLID MECHANICS D. Peric and Y.T. Feng ...................................................................................................................................................428 EXPLICIT FINITE ELEMENT DYNAMICS WITH NON-LOCAL CONSTITUTIVE MODELS ON PARALLEL COMPUTERS B. Patzak, D. Rypl, Z. Bittnar and P. Krysl.....................................................................................................................429 ACCURATE MODELING OF FRICTION AND THE PREDICTION OF PRODUCT SHAPE IN THE 3D ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSION B.J. van Rens, W.A. Brekelmans and F.P. Baaijens........................................................................................................429 A RETURN MAPPING ALGORITHM FOR CYCLIC VISCOPLASTIC CONSTITUTIVE MODELS P.K.V.V. Nukala .............................................................................................................................................................430 AN EXAMINATION OF RADIAL RETURN D. Littlefield ...................................................................................................................................................................431 DIFFERENTIAL QUADRATURE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSES OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC NON-LINEAR ELASTIC-PLASTIC PROBLEMS ADOPTING A GLOBAL SECANT RELAXATION-BASED ACCELERATED CONSTANT STIFFNESS EQUILIBRIUM ITERATION TECHNIQUE C.N. Chen .......................................................................................................................................................................431

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Keynote : VARIATIONAL METHODS AND ADAPTIVE PROCEDURES IN FINITEDEFORMATION DYNAMIC PLASTICITY

M. Ortiz, R. Radovitzky, E.A. Repetto and L. Stainier
(1) - Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories. E-mail : ortiz@aero.caltech.edu (2) - Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories. California Institute of Technology. (3) - Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories. California Institute of Technology

ABSTRACT
We present a general variational framework for mesh adaption in strongly nonlinear, possibly dynamic, problems. We begin by showing that the solutions of the incremental boundary value problem for a wide class of materials, including nonlinear elastic materials, compressible newtonian fluids, and viscoplastic solids, obey a minimum principle, provided that the constitutive updates are formulated appropriately. This minimum principle can be taken as a basis for asymptotic error estimation. In particular, we chose to monitor the error of a lower-order projection of the finite element solution. The optimal mesh size distribution then follows from a posteriori error indicators which are purely local, i.e., can be computed element-by-element. We demonstrate the robustness and versatility of the computational framework with the aid of convergence studies and selected examples of application.

THE MICROMECHANICS OF POLYMER-BONDED ENERGETIC MATERIALS

D.J. Benson and P.A. Conley
(1) - Division of Mechanical Engineering. University of California. E-mail : dbenson@ucsd.edu (2) - Division of Mechanical Engineering. University of California. E-mail : paul@damien.ucsd.edu

ABSTRACT
Polymer bonded energetic materials (PBX) are used in a variety of military and aerospace applications. Grains of crystalline high explosive (HE) are often suspended in from 4% to 10% polymer matrix for the purpose of desensitizing the explosive. This generally produces a material which is safe to transport and handle. However, the occurrence of accidental detonations of PBX highlights a need for a micromechanics based understanding of the ignition process. It is generally accepted that initiation of reaction in HE occurs at sites of thermal localizations which are due to some acute dissipative deformation mode. Examples include pore collapse, shear bands and friction. However, it is not clear how the contributions from these `hot-spot' mechanisms depend on various microstructural parameters, including particle size distribution, particle shape, initial porosity and binder content. Furthermore, the dependence of hot-spot formation upon gross material properties of both binder and HE is not well understood. In this paper we present the results of a preliminary study of hot-spot formation in granularbinder composite microstructures. Actual micrographic images of PBX are imported into an Eulerian finite element hydrocode as initial geometries. Representative volume elements contain over 200 particles so that we can approach statistically relevant particle distributions. A velocity jump of from 300 to 1000 m/s is applied at one boundary and the ensuing dynamic compaction process is simulated. A linear viscoplastic model is applied to the HE and a non-linear viscosplastic model is applied to the polymer binder. Several particle size distributions are considered and the effects of the mean and variance of the particle diameters are compared. The sensitivity of binder temperature distributions to material models and gross properties is investigated. Finally, the evolution of hot-spots near intra-granular voids is simulated and compared void collapse temperatures in binderless microstructures. It is hoped that the qualitative results of this investigation will aid in the development of new continuum level detonation models with more appropriate physical aspects.

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FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF POLYCRYSTALS: SIMULATING RESIDUAL STRESSES FOLLOWING PLASTIC STRAINING
P. Dawson and D. Boyce
(1) - Dept. of Theoretical & Applied Mechcs. Cornell University. E-mail : dawson@popeye.mae.cornell.edu (2) - Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. Cornell University

ABSTRACT
Residual stresses occur commonly in polycrystalline metals, arising after unloading if the elastic strains under load are not of themselves compatible. Such is often the case when the deformation field is not spatially uniform. In polycrystals, heterogeneity of deformation occurs from crystal to crystal as a consequence of the single crystal anisotropy and the nature of crystal interactions with each other. The interactions of crystals have a particularly strong bearing on the heterogeneity of deformations, so that there is considerable scatter in the stress and strain exhibited among crystals even with similar orientations. Using a finite element discretization, it is possible simulate the response of a polycrystal by modeling each crystal as a distinct element, and in doing so to capture the crystal interactions. In a parallel computing environment, the simulations may involve sufficient numbers of crystals to permit the gathering of meaningful statistics even in the presence of the strong variability in responses. In this presentation, we discuss the modeling of tensile specimens which were loaded and unloaded to progressively larger amounts of plastic strain. The simulations replicate experiments in which lattice strains were measured "in situ" by neutron diffraction. Detailed comparisons for both steel (HY100) and aluminum (AA5182) alloys indicate that the model shows good agreement in predicting the crystal stresses both in the loaded and unloaded states. Further, the simulations elucidate aspects of the distributions of residual stress that arise from the crystal interactions that cannot be extracted from the experimental data.

COMPUTATIONAL HOMOGENIZATION ANALYSIS OF MATERIALS WITH ELASTOPLASTIC MICRO-STRUCTURES AT LARGE STRAINS

C. Miehe and J. Schroder
(1) - Institute fur Mechanik (Bauwesen), Lehrstuhl I. E-mail : cm@mechbau.uni-stuttgart.de (2) - Institut fur Mechanik (Bauwesen) Lehrstuhl I Universitat Stuttgart

ABSTRACT
We present a framework for the treatment of a homogenized macro - continuum with locally attached micro-structure [3], which undergoes inelastic deformations at large strains. The proposed concept is applied to the analysis of general elastoplastic composites [2] and the simulation of texture evolution in polycrystalline metals, where the micro-structure consists of a representative assembly of single crystal grains [1]. The deformation of the micro-structure is coupled with the local deformation at a typical material point of the macro-continuum by three alternative constraints of the microscopic fluctuation field. In a deformation driven process, extensive macroscopic variables like the stresses are defined as volume averages of their microscopic counterparts in an accompanying local equilibrium state of the micro-structure. The proposed numerical procedure is based in the general setting on a finite element discretization of the macro-continuum which is locally coupled at each Gauss point with a further appropriate discretization of the attached micro-structure. In this context, we point out new closed form representations of the overall consistent elastoplastic tangent moduli which can be additively decomposed into a Taylor-type upper bound term and a softening term depending on the discretization of the micro-

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structure. This closed-form representation is of high importance for the implementation on Newton-type solvers and an accompanying stability analysis of the macro-structure. In the first part of the lecture we set up the two coupled nonlinear boundary value problems associated with the macro-continuum and the pointwise attached micro-structure and consider aspects of their finite element solutions. In this context we address some basic aspects of the proposed direct homogenization procedure such as (i) the closed-form representation of the overall moduli, (ii) the relation between macroscopic and microscopic stability problems and (iii) a possible application of the proposed concept to the simulation of localized failure. The second part summarizes a robust algorithmic model of finite plasticity which governs the response of the individual constituents of the micro-structure. The paper concludes with some representative numerical examples which demonstrate the performance of the proposed concept with regard to the prediction of the overall response of heterogeneous two-scale composite materials at finite elastoplastic strains.

REFERENCES
[1] Miehe, C. [1996], "Multisurface Thermoplasticity for Single Crystals at Large Strains in Terms of Eulerian Vector Updates" , International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 33, 1981-2004. [2] Miehe, C. [1998], "A Formulation of Finite Elastoplasticity Based on Dual Co- and Contra-Variant Eigenvector Triads Normalized with Respect to a Plastic Metric" , Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 159, 223-260. [3] Miehe, C., Schroder, J.; Schotte, J. [1997], "Computational Homogenization Analysis in Finite Plasticity. Simulation of Texture Development in Polycrystalline Materials" , Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, in press.

ON THE NUMERICAL INTEGRATION OF THE RATE EQUATIONS OF ANISOTROPIC PLASTICITY

P. Papadopoulos
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of California. E-mail : panos@archimedes.ME.Berkeley.EDU

ABSTRACT
This work concerns a general formulation of anisotropic rate-type plasticity theory and the numerical integration of the resulting local differential/algebraic equations of plastic flow. Here, the anisotropy is incorporated into the theory by introducing appropriate structural (anisotropic) tensors [1] as arguments in the flow rule, stress response and yield function. As a result, this theory is capable of modeling the elastic-plastic response of strongly anisotropic materials. In addition, the theory includes Hill's widely used anisotropic extension of J2 plasticity as a special case. The well-known return mapping algorithm [2] (as well as its higher-order variations) employed for the integration of the rate-type flow equations can be readily generalized to the anisotropic case. However, a direct implementation of this algorithm requires locally the solution of at least seven coupled non-linear algebraic equations. In this work, it is shown that by exploiting the mathematical structure of the constitutive equations it is possible to further reduce the above system of algebraic equations, depending on the specific nature of the anisotropy. The proposed development is discussed in connection with various anisotropic extensions of J2 plasticity, including the cases of transverse isotropy and orthotropy.

REFERENCES
[1] G.F. Smith and R.S. Rivlin., "The anisotropic tensors", Quart Appl. Math., 15:308-314, 1957. [2] J.C. Simo and R.L. Taylor , "Consistent tangent operators for rate-independent elastoplasticity", Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Engr., 48:101-118, 1985.

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A METHODOLOGY FOR THE CONTINUUM-DISCRETE TRANSITION IN QUASI-BRITTLE MATERIALS

P.A. Klerck and D.R.J. Owen
(1) - Department of. Civil Engineering. University of Wales. E-mail : paulk@swan.ml.org (2) - University College Swansea, Department of Civil Engineering. E-mail : d.r.j.owen@swansea.ac.uk

ABSTRACT
Pragmatism is required in the face of the pathological heterogeneity exhibited by many quasibrittle materials such as concrete and rock. The myriad of micro-mechanical processes and mechanisms engendering macroscopic fracture through a process of coalescence and growth are understood qualitatively, but present considerable difficulty in quantitative representation. As a first approximation material degradation as a global system response may be invoked constitutively, in an average sense, at scales far in excess of the micro-mechanical mechanisms. The ability of a finite element methodology to accommodate the continuum-discrete transition is of break paramount importance in the modeling of post failure interaction. A union of localisation and discrete element concepts is proposed whereby discrete fracture is initiated post localisation of damage. It is critical that discretisation objectivity is ensured, in a continuum sense, a priori to discrete fracture insertion. Fracture is considered in the form of a rotating smeared-crack model utilising tensile strainsoftening to represent material degradation. A non-local averaging of the damage measure in each orthotropic direction is adopted to ensure discretisation objectivity by introducing a length scale to govern the width of the localisation zone. The model accounts for size effect and considers crack shielding in the non-local averaging of damage variables. Discrete fracture is governed by an indicator calculated by the nodal averaging of the local damage measures and local re-meshing follows discrete crack insertion. The efficacy of the methodology is demonstrated by application to a single notched beam example. Also considered is a coupling of an isotropic Mohr-Coulomb yield surface with a threedimensional rotating smeared-crack model. The anisotropic rotating smeared-crack model deals with inadequacies of the Mohr-Coulomb model in tensile stress regimes. A simple relationship between material degradation in compression and tension is invoked permitting the insertion of discrete fracture in compressive fields. The crack band model is adopted to ensure discretisation objectivity with respect to energy dissipation. The efficacy of the coupled fracture model is demonstrated by considering practical examples which standard tensile models fail to solve effectively, including punch tests and borehole breakout.

VISCOPLASTICITY OF CONCRETE UNDER HIGH LOADING RATES

H.D. Kang and K.J. Willam
(1) - CEAE Department. University of Colorado at Boulder. E-mail : kang@bechtel.colorado.edu (2) - CEAE Department. University of Colorado at Boulder. E-mail : willam@bechtel.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
The viscous extension of inviscid material models is a key ingredient to introduce rate effects in the material description. In many structural materials, high loading rates have a minor effect on the elastic stiffness properties, but they significantly enhance the strength and reduce the ductility in support of viscoplasticity rather than nonlinear viscoelasticity. Under impact conditions the failure process ignores the effect of material texture and is dominated by the principal load trajectory rather than weakest link concept e.g. interface bond among grain boundaries. In concrete materials the rate enhancement of tensile strength is very different from the rate enhancement of compressive strength. Henceforth failure properties depend on both the load path and the loading rate especially at high speed impact. To explore the difference of strength enhancement we first adopt the linear Duvaut-Lions overstress formulation (1972) to study the response behavior of a representative concrete specimen subject to tension, compression and simple shear at different loading
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rates. In the second stage these results are compared with the predictions of the nonlinear Perzyna model (1966) of viscoplasticity. The study addresses rate sensitivity of the material response, the dynamic strength enhancement and the reduction of ductility, the localization properties (1998) to delay loss of ellipticity, and finally the location of initial loss of material stability. As a backbone of this investigation we adopt the triaxial elastoplastic concrete model by Kang (1997), which characterizes the cohesive-frictional material behavior under low loading rates in terms of a three-invariant nonassociated hardening /softening formulation. For completeness an overall finite element simulation of rate effects in direct tension, compression and simple shear will be performed to illustrate the difference of the two viscoplastic formulations and to demonstrate the viscous regularization of softening at the level of material test specimens.

REFERENCES
[1] Duvaut, G. and Lions, J.L. (1972), "Les Inequations en Mechanique et en Physique", Dunod, Paris, France. [2] Kang, H.D., (1997), "Triaxial Constitutive Model for Plain and Reinforced Concrete Behavior" , Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Colorado Boulder. [3] Kang, H.D. and Willam, K.J. (1998), "Localization Characteristics of A Triaxial Concrete Model", accepted for publication in ASCE J. Eng. Mech. [4] Perzyna, P. (1966), "Fundamental Problems in Viscoplasticity" , Advances in Applied Mechanics, Academic Press, New York, N.Y., 9, 244-368.

A NON-INCREMENTAL COMPUTATIONAL STRATEGY FOR VISCOPLASTIC STRUCTURES WITH UNILATERAL CONTACT

L. Champaney, D. Dureisseix and P. Ladeveze
(1) - ENS Cachan / CNRS / Universite Paris VI. E-mail : champane@lmt.ens-cachan.fr (2) - LMT Cachan, CNRS, Universit Paris 6. E-mail : David.Dureisseix@lmt.ens-cachan.fr (3) - LMt-Cachan. Gestionnaire Secteur Structures et Systemes. E-mail : ladeveze@lmt.ens-cachan.fr

ABSTRACT
The simulation of an assemblage of three-dimensional viscoplastic structures leads to many severe difficulties when many frictional contact conditions are also considered. The classical Finite Element (FE) techniques use an iterative process on the whole problem at each time increment. We present herein a non-incremental computational strategy which is dedicated to the analysis of such complicated situations of 3D nonlinear structures. It is based on a decomposition of the assemblage into substructures and interfaces as well as on an iterative resolution scheme developed form the LArge Time Increment method (LATIN method). In contrasts with the classical step-by-step method, it is a procedure that takes into account the whole loading process in a single time interval. The partition of the structure into mechanical entities - substructures and interfaces - provides a good description of the connections between the components of the assemblage. Interfaces are the key elements in this approach. They are bidimensional entities with their own variables and their own behaviour, which is written in a mixed manner on the velocity and force fields defined on both sides of the interface. This can be easily applied to model the local nonlinearities on the connections, such as unilateral contact and friction. Each substructure is considered as a nonlinear structure on its own that communicates only with its neighbouring interfaces. The nonlinear mechanical behaviour of a substructure (plasticity or viscoplasticity) is classically described by internal variables. Each iteration of the resolution scheme is composed of two stages which are linked by adapted linear search directions. The first one, called the "local stage", concerns the resolution of the local nonlinear equations (evolution laws and contact). The second one, called the "linear stage", leads to the resolution of independent linear global problems on each substructure. Each iteration gives an approximate solution to the problem. This strategy is thus well-suited to the use of parallel computers. But here, what is being sought by the use of this parallelism is, above all, a great modularity and flexibility in the description of the problem. We present the first examples that demonstrate the capabilities of this strategy in the analysis of nonlinear assemblages of viscoplastic structures which could hardly be treated with classical methods. The

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partition of the structure introduces a lot of modularity into the modelling process and allows a significant reduction in both the size and the cost of the problems. Convergence is reached after a few iterations.

A MODEL FOR THE SIMULATION OF FINITE ELASTIC-VISCOELASTICPLASTOELASTIC STRESS RESPONSE WITH DAMAGE IN FILLED RUBBERY POLYMERS
C. Miehe and J. Keck
(1) - Institute fur Mechanik (Bauwesen), Lehrstuhl I. E-mail : cm@mechbau.uni-stuttgart.de (2) - Institut fur Mechanik (Bauwesen) Lehrstuhl I. Universitat Stuttgart

ABSTRACT
We present a phenomenological material model for a superimposed elastic - viscoelastic plastoelastic stress response with damage at large strains and consider details of its numerical implementation. The formulation is suitable for the simulation of carbon - black filled rubbers in monotonous and cyclic deformation processes under isothermal conditions. The underlying key approach is an experimentally motivated a priori decomposition of the local stress response into three constitutive branches which act in parallel: a rubber- elastic ground - stress response, a rate - dependent viscoelastic overstress response and a rate - independent plastoelastic overstress response. The damage is assumed to act isotropically on all three branches. These three branches are represented in a completely analogous format within separate eigenvalue spaces, where we apply a recently proposed compact setting of finite inelasticity based on developing reference metric tensors. On the numerical side, we propose a time integration scheme which exploits intrinsically the modular structure of the proposed constitutive model. This is achieved on the basis of a convenient operator split of the local evolution system, which we decouple into a stress evolution problem and a parameter evolution problem. The constitutive functions involved in the proposed model are specified for a particular filled rubber on the basis of a parameter identification process. We conclude with some numerical examples which demonstrate the overall response of the proposed model by means of a representative set of numerical examples.

REFERENCES
[1] Miehe, C. [1998], "A Constitutive Frame of Elastoplasticity at Large Strains Based on the Notion of a Plastic Metric" , International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 35, 3859-3897. [2] Miehe, C. [1998], "A Formulation of Finite Elastoplasticity Based on Dual Co - and Contra -Variant Eigenvector Triads Normalized with Respect to a Plastic Metric", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 159, 223 - 260. [3] Miehe, C.; Keck, J. [1998], "Superimposed Finite Elastic - Viscoelastic -Plastoelastic Stress Response with Damage in Filled Rubbery Polymers. Experiments, Modelling and Algorithmic Implementation" , Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, in press.

AN OBJECTIVE FORMULATION OF FINITE RIGID PLASTICITY

P. Papadopoulos and J. Lu
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of California. E-mail : panos@archimedes.ME.Berkeley.EDU (2) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of California

ABSTRACT
Velocity-based formulations of rigid plasticity are widely employed in large-scale metal forming simulations [1], as well as in other applications where the elastic deformations are negligible when compared to the plastic deformations. Typically, these formulations suffer from two serious shortcomings:
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first, they are not fully invariant under superposed rigid-body motions and, second, they possess a singularity in the stress response at vanishing values of the rate-of-deformation tensor. This work presents an alternative formulation of finite rigid plasticity. Here, the Levy-Mises flow rule is recast by means of a consistent approximation of the rate-of-deformation tensor, which renders the formulation fully invariant under superposed rigid motions. Moreover, the constitutive equations are obtained in terms of the (relative) Eulerian strain and the Cauchy stress, therefore can be readily incorporated in a standard displacement-driven finite element code. In addition, in order to overcome the singularity in the stress response, a regularization method is employed, which amounts to introducing a restricted elastic region in strain space such that the stress response extends continuously across the yield surface. Both rate -independent and rate-dependent formulations are proposed in connection with J2plasticity. Representative numerical examples are included to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed formulations in the presence of large plastic deformations.

REFERENCES
[1] S. Kobayashi , S. I. Oh and T. Altan, "Metal Forming and the Finite Element Method", Oxford University Press, New York, 1989.

AN ITERATIVE LINEAR-ELASTIC F.E. PROCEDURE FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE SHAKEDOWN LIMIT STATE
G. Borino, P. Fuschi and F. Parrinello
(1) - Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica. Universita di Palermo. E-mail : borino@unipa.it (2) - Dipartimento Arte Scienza Tecnica del Costruire. Universita di Reggio Calabria (3) - Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica. Universita di Palermo

ABSTRACT
The assessment of the safety condition of elastic-plastic structures subjected to complex variable loads is directly related to the concept of shakedown, or elastic adaptation. Shakedown analysis is a classical topic of plasticity theory for structures subjected to variable loads above the elastic limit but below the instantaneous plastic collapse load. This kind of analysis is aimed to discriminate between the safe purely elastic steady response - following an initial elastic-plastic phase - and the unsafe elasticplastic steady response which exposes the structure to a (noninstantaneous) incremental or alternating plasticity collapse mode. Despite of the several contributions devoted to investigate fundamental aspects of the theory, quite few papers address computational aspects of shakedown analysis, expecially with respect to computational efficiency. In this paper a recent computational tecnique, see [1], [2] and references therein, is revisited and generalized. The latter tecnique requires a sequence of linear-elastic analyses of a fictitious nonhomogeneous isotropic material with space varying elastic properties which can be easily implemented in standard F.E. codes. In the proposed approach it is shown that as long as the structure is considered subjected to a variable load fixed in amplitude and to a permanent load, whose amplitude is governed by a scalar parameter, then a fully equivalence with classical limit analysis is recoverable. To this aim the concept of ``modified'' yield function, [3], is recalled taking advantage from the peculiar loading scheme which has a variable load of fixed amplitude. This implies that the "modified" yield function does not change with the loading parameter related to the permanent load. Basically the shakedown analysis reduce to a limit analysis for an elastic-plastic material prestressed by the elastic stresses induced by the variable loads. The proposed formulation appears to be suitable for covering a wide range of variable loading conditions, i.e. load paths which can vary arbitrarily inside a polyhedrical load domain whose vertices are defined "dominants" loads [4]. Finally algorithmic details of the procedure, implemented in the FEAP code [5], are shown and some numerical results obtained in case of von Mises plane-stress perfectplasticity are commented.

REFERENCES
[1] R. Hamilton, J. T. Boyle, J. Shi, D. Ma ckenzie, "Shakedown load bounds by elastic finite element analysis", in "Development, validation and application of inelastic methods for structural analysis and design", Eds. R. F.
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Sammataro, D. J. Ammerman, pp. 205-209, PVP, Vol 343, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. [2] A. R. S. Ponter, K. F. Carter, "Shakedown state simulation tecniques based on linear elastic solutions", Comp. Meths. Appl. Mech. Engrg., Vol 140, 259-279, 1997. [3] D. A. Gokhfeld, D. F. Cerniavski, Limit analysis of structures at thermal cycling, Sijthoff & Noordhoff, Alphen an Der Rijn, The Netherlands, 1980. [4] C. Polizzotto, G. Borino , S. Caddemi, P. Fuschi , "Shakedown problems for material models with internal variables", Eur. J. Mech. A / Solids, vol. 10, 621-639, 1991. [5] O. C. Zienkiewicz, R. L. Taylor, "The finite element method", Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1989.

DEVELOPMENTS IN MULTIGRID STRATEGIES FOR FE SIMULATIONS IN NON-LINEAR SOLID MECHANICS

D. Peric and Y.T. Feng
(1) - ETSECCB-Technical University of Catalonia. E-mail : d.peric@swansea.ac.uk (2) - Department of Civil Engineering. E-mail : feng@swansea.ac.uk

ABSTRACT
Current observations, obtained by extending iterative solutions to "nonlinear" large-scale problems confirm that iterative solutions offer significant savings both in terms of CPU time and memory requirements. However, for certain strongly "ill - conditioned nonlinear" problems, that include both geometric and material nonlinearities, together with frictional contact boundary conditions, the convergence of iterative methods based on standard preconditioners, "can not be guaranteed". The main objective of this work is to discuss aspects of "multigrid solutions" based on combination of "iterative methods" and "non-nested unstructured" meshes for "geometrically and materially nonlinear" large scale solid mechanics problems. The following important issues will be discussed: - Generation of a sequence of "coarse and fine" finite element meshes. - Development of intergrid transfer operators that transfer relevant information between finite element meshes. - The development of an "efficient multigrid strategy". Some possible options will be discussed depending on the type of: "iterative solvers" (conjugate gradients, GMRES, Bi-CGSTAB) and "coarse grid correction" (FE procedure or Galerkin strategy). - Coupling of the multigrid strategy with the "adaptive procedure". - Appraisal of the "efficiency" and "robustness" of such methods by the solution of illconditioned problems that arise in FE simulation of large scale non-linear problems. The distinct features of the adopted approach are: (i) the multigrid strategy employs hierarchical "non-nested unstructured meshes" with variable degrees of refinement generated taking into account details related to geometry and accuracy for a particular problem at hand; (ii) the coarse grid equations are constructed by directly "projecting" the fine mesh equations onto the space defined by the transfer operators. It will be shown that this approach, also known as the "Galerkin strategy", offers a simple and efficient "implementation". The benefits of the above computational development will be illustrated by the solution of a range of large scale nonlinear problems.

EXPLICIT FINITE ELEMENT DYNAMICS WITH NON-LOCAL CONSTITUTIVE MODELS ON PARALLEL COMPUTERS
B. Patzak, D. Rypl, Z. Bittnar and P. Krysl
(1) - Czech Technical University. E-mail : bp@power4.fsv.cvut.cz (2) - Czech Technical University
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(3) - CTU PRAGUE. E-mail : zdenek@power4.fsv.avut.cz

ABSTRACT
Non-local constitutive equations are often used as localization limiters in finite element models of solids composed of softening materials. An approach to parallelization of an explicit finite element solid dynamics code used with non-local constitutive equations has been explored. The parallelization is based on domain decomposition and the message passing MPI library. Non-local constitutive equations involve spatial averaging of some mechanical quantities, such as strain or damage energy release rate, and consequently, evaluating response in a finite element near the inter-partition boundary may involve elemental quantities residing on remote partitions. The concept of dual partitioning strategies of finite element meshes, and the inter-processor communication mechanism, described in Reference [1], are extended to accommodate the additional issues related to the use of nonlocal constitutive models. The system of equilibrium equations discretized both in the spatial domain (finite elements) and in time (central finite differences) is solved at each time step separately at each partition. Nodal forces are exchanged between pairs of partitions for all "shared" nodes according to the communication maps. Depending on the adopted non-local constitutive model, quantities to be averaged are also exchanged between the partitions for integration points residing on "remote" elements. The proposed approach has been successfully implemented into an existing object oriented finite element environment (See Reference [2]). Although MPI has been used for communication implementation, the code structure is independent of a particular message passing library. To enable overlapping of communication and computation, nonblocking data exchange with buffering by the finite element code has been used. The parallel performance of the approach is demonstrated on a set of numerical examples.

REFERENCES
[1] P. Krysl and Z. Bittnar , "Parallel Finite Element Solid Dynamics with Domain Decomposition and Message Passing", Acta Polytechnica, to appear, 1998. [2] B. Patzak , "Objected Oriented Finite Element Modeling", Acta Polytechnica, submitted 1999.

ACCURATE MODELING OF FRICTION AND THE PREDICTION OF PRODUCT SHAPE IN THE 3D ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM EXTRUSION
B.J. van Rens, W.A. Brekelmans and F.P. Baaijens
(1) - Dept. of Mech. Engineering. Eindhoven University of Technology. E-mail : basr@wfw.wtb.tue.nl (2) - Dept. of Mech. Engineering. Eindhoven University of Technology (3) - Dept. of Mech. Engineering. Eindhoven University of Technology

ABSTRACT
In aluminum extrusion shape of the extrudate depend largely on the process parameters such as die shape, extrusion speed and temperature. Especially for complex profiles, it is impossible to predict this dependence a priori. By performing 3D finite element analyses more insight can be obtained in how the process parameters influence the final shape. In the present study it is assumed that the aluminum is a liquid of which the elastic response can be neglected. This assumption, together with a steady state approach and the low Reynolds numbers that characterize extrusion, justifies the modeling of aluminum extrusion as a Stokes flow. This Stokes flow can be discretized in an Eulerian framework using the MINI-element. The resulting system of equations can subsequently be solved using an iterative solver. However, the accuracy of the solution is influenced considerably by the manner in which the interaction of the aluminum with the surroundings is modeled. This interaction is governed by friction and the deformation of the aluminum upon die exit. The accuracy of the friction modeling is mainly determined by the performance of the model near sharp edges. On a sharp edge the normal to the surface, which plays an important role in friction modeling, is not defined and has to be reconstructed from the normals of the adjoining surfaces. Through numerical experiments it can be proven that the existing methods for reconstruction require a relatively fine grid to obtain accurate results. A new method for reconstruction has been developed that renders the same results on coarser grids.
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The modeling of extrusion is further complicated by the fact that the shape of the extruded profile is not known a priori. As a result it is not possible to have the mesh of the domain coincide with the actual shape of the profile before hand. It is therefore necessary to solve a free boundary problem for that portion of the profile that has exited the die to determine the shape of the profile. Due to the steady state assumption the shape of the free surface can be computed exactly for the given velocity profile in one step. This makes it possible to determine the shape of the profile at little extra cost.

A RETURN MAPPING ALGORITHM FOR CYCLIC VISCOPLASTIC CONSTITUTIVE MODELS

P.K.V.V. Nukala
(1) - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore USA. E-mail : phani@supernova.llnl.gov

ABSTRACT
A return mapping algorithm for cyclic viscoplastic constitutive models that include material memory effects is presented. The constitutive model is based on multi-component forms of kinematic and isotropic hardening variables in conjunction with von Mises yield criterion. Armstrong-Frederick type rules are used to describe the nonlinear evolution of each of the multi-component kinematic hardening variables. A saturation type (exponential) rule is used to describe the nonlinear evolution of each of the isotropic hardening variables The concept of memory surface is used to describe the strain range dependent material memory effects that are induced by the prior strain histories. In this work, the above class of cyclic viscoplastic constitutive models is formulated within a consistent thermodynamic framework that encompasses the standard generalized materials framework. Furthermore, a complete algorithmic treatment of the above rate-dependent constitutive model is also presented for any desired stress or strain constrained configuration subspace That is, beam, shell, plane stress, plane strain and other stress- and strain-based kinematic constraints can be handled within a single framework. Several numerical examples representing the cyclic hardening and softening behavior, transient and stabilized hysteresis behavior, and the non-fading memory effects of the material are presented. These examples demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the present algorithmic framework for modeling the cyclic viscoplastic behavior of the material.

AN EXAMINATION OF RADIAL RETURN

D. Littlefield
(1) - The University of Texas at Austin. USA. E-mail : dlittlefield@iat.utexas.edu

ABSTRACT
Since it was first introduced by Wilkins in 1963 [1], the radial return method has become the standard for treatment of elastic-plastic flow in legacy codes for modeling large deformations, impact and strong shocks, such as the Eulerian code CTH [2] and the Lagrangian code PRONTO [3]. Wilkins's method is basically an algorithmic interpretation of Drucker's postulates for stable inelastic deformation; namely that (1) the work done during loading and unloading must be positive or zero (and zero only when purely elastic changes take place), and (2) the plastic strain increment must be normal to the yield surface describing the elastic and plastic states. However, Wilkins' method as it was originally outlined was algorithmic; i.e. an explicit mathematical statement relating the stress to the deformation was not proposed. One consequence of this is that plastic strain rates are inferred instead of directly calculated (the plastic strain rate being the difference between the total and elastic strain rates). An alternative technique for treatment of elastic-plastic flow, suitable for implementation into explicit codes, is described. The algorithms stem directly from the Prandtl-Reuss constitutive equations for elastic-plastic materials. It is demonstrated that these new algorithms satisfy fundamental constraints on
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elastic-plastic flow, that the plastic flow be incompressible and result in positive work being done. Using different integration techniques a family of relationships is derived; the radial return method turns out be a subset of this general family of algorithms. Using these new algorithms, results from a few example problems are shown. The best algorithm is somewhat dependent of the conditions of the problem; in many cases the radial return method does not yield the best possible results.

REFERENCES
[1] Wilkins, M. L., "Calculation of Elastic-Plastic Flow", Lawrence Radiation Laboratory Report No. UCRL 7322, April 19 (1963). [2] J. M McGlaun , S. L. Thompson and M. G. Elrick, "CTH: A three dimensional shock wave physics code", Int. J. Impact Engng., 10, pp. 351-360 (1990) [3] Taylor, L. M. And Flanagan, D. P., "PRONTO 2D - a Two-Dimensional Transient Solid Dynamics Program", Sandia National Laboratories Report No. SAND86-0594 (1986)

DIFFERENTIAL QUADRATURE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSES OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC NON-LINEAR ELASTIC-PLASTIC PROBLEMS ADOPTING A GLOBAL SECANT RELAXATION-BASED ACCELERATED CONSTANT STIFFNESS EQUILIBRIUM ITERATION TECHNIQUE
C.N. Chen
(1) - National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan. E-mail : cchen@mail.ncku.edu.tw

ABSTRACT
The author has used the differential quadrature (DQ) to develop a differential quadrature element method (DQEM) (Chen, 1995a). The DQ has also been generalized and extended to develop various other numerical techniques (Chen, 1998a). The differential quadrature finite element method (DQFEM) is one of the proposed numerical techniques. This method can reduce the arithmetic operations and computational cost in calculating the incremental equilibrium equations. Moreover, new elements can be developed by using this method. An efficient and reliable incremental/iterative solution procedure, based on using a global secant relaxation technique to adjust the constant stiffness prediction and improve the convergency, for nonlinear finite element problems which have geometric and/or material nonlinearities has been proposed by the author (Chen, 1990). This incremental equilibrium iteration solution technique has been successfully used to investigate various nonlinear elastic-plastic response behaviors of structural problems (Chen, 1998b). Efficient and reliable solution of a dynamic nonlinear finite element system with equilibrium iteration is also an important topic in the area of scientific and engineering computation since advanced design is a challengeable trend in current and future technology. The global secant relaxation-based accelerated constant stiffness iteration technique can also be incorporated into the dynamic nonlinear finite element solution procedure to construct an efficient and reliable algorithm. The equilibrium iteration can also be carried out by using a diagonal stiffness prediction based predictor-corrector procedure which can minimize the computer memory required (Chen, 1995b). The choice of an appropriate direct time integration scheme can also reduce the computational cost and increase the accuracy of the computed results. It is generally admitted in the computational mechanics community that implicit direct schemes are more economical in inertial problems, while explicit direct schemes are more economical in shock loading and wave propagation problems. However, for high speed dynamic problems certain implicit direct schemes can be more efficient if highly nonlinear response behaviors do exist. The DQFEM associated with the direct time integration approach and the global secant relaxation-based ccelerated constant stiffness equilibrium iteration or the diagonal stiffness prediction based predictor-corrector equilibrium iteration is used to solved the static and dynamic nonlinear elasticplastic problems. It is proved that the algorithm is efficient and reliable. It is also thought that the accuracy is high due to the adoption of equilibrium iteration.

REFERENCES
[1] Chen, C.N., 1990, "Improved Constant Stiffness Algorithms for the Finite Element Analysis", Proc. NUMETA 90, Swansea, UK, 566-573.

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[2] Chen, C.N., 1995a, "A Differential Quadrature Element Method", Proc. 1st Intl. Conf. Engr. Computation and Computer Simulation, Changsha, CHINA, 25-34. [3] Chen, C.N., 1995b, "A Global Secant Relaxation (GSR) Method-based Predictor-Corrector Procedure for the Iterative Solution of Finite Element Systems", Comput. Struct., Vol., 54, 513-526. [4] Chen, C.N., 1998a, "The Development of Numerical Solution Techniques Based on the Differential Quadrature", A. P. Publications. [5] Chen, C.N., 1998b, "Newton-Raphson Techniques in Finite Element Methods for Non-linear Structural Problems", One invited chapter in The Gordon and Breach International Series in Engineering, Technology and Applied Science, Volume on Structural Dynamic Systems Computational Techniques and Optimization, Gordon and Breach, USA.

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History of the Finite Element Method

K.C. Park and Ed Wilson
SESSION 1
Keynote : THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD ITS ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT O.C. Zienkiewicz.............................................................................................................................................................434 Keynote : FINITE ELEMENTS IN SCANDINAVIA: HOW IT STARTED. A. Samuelsson.................................................................................................................................................................434

SESSION 2
Keynote : EARLY FINITE ELEMENT RESEARCH AT BERKELEY R.W. Clough and E.L. Wilson .........................................................................................................................................435 Keynote : HYBRID ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS T.H.H. Pian ....................................................................................................................................................................435 Keynote : THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF NASTRAN AND OTHER LARGE FINITE ELEMENT SYSTEMS R.H. MacNeal .................................................................................................................................................................435

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Keynote : THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD ITS ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT

O.C. Zienkiewicz
(1) Institute for Numerical Methods in Engineering. University of Wales, Swansea, Sw SA2 8PP, U.K.

ABSTRACT
The paper starts with the general description of what the author considers to be the Finite Element Method. The definition is quite specific and given in engineering terms but in the presentation we show both the mathematical rules of the method and the important milestones of progress. It is shown in the paper that the Finite Element Method with the above general definition embraces all methods of approximation used for the solution of partial differential equations and other continuum problems. The author also gives some prominence to the progress achieved through the work of the Institute for Numerical Methods in Engineering at Swansea.

Keynote : FINITE ELEMENTS IN SCANDINAVIA: HOW IT STARTED.

A. Samuelsson
(1) Dept. of Structural Mechanics. Chalmers University of Technology. S-41296 Gteborg, Sweden

ABSTRACT
After the second world war there was a need in airplane industry to get a more correct and detailed stress analysis for the airplane structures. Beam or plate models were used for wings but the accuracy obtained in spite of large computational effort was not satisfactory. At the Swedish airplane company SAAB a young engineer, Brje Langefors, became responsible for the development of computational methods. His first technical note on so called matrix methods is from 1950. In Scandinavia I will mention two professors in Structural Mechanics whose successful work on matrix methods started up finite element schools of great importance. At Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden, Sven Olof Asplund gave such a good ground and at the Norwegian University of Technology in Trondheim, Norway, Ivar Holand had the same importance. The Norwegian engineers became well prepared for design of the coming large off-shore structures in the North Sea. Langefors, Asplund and Holand are pioneers for the Finite Element Method in Scandinavia.

Keynote : EARLY FINITE ELEMENT RESEARCH AT BERKELEY

R.W. Clough and E.L. Wilson
(1) - Nishkian Professor of Structural Engineering, Emeritus. Univ. of California, Berkeley (2) - T. Y. Lin Professor of Structural Engineering, Emeritus. Univ. of California, Berkeley. E-mail : csi@csiberkely.com

ABSTRACT
Significant finite element research was conducted at the University of California at Berkeley during the period 1957 to 1970. The initial research was a direct extension of classical methods of structural analysis which previously had been restricted to one-dimensional elements. The majority of the research conducted was motivated by the need to solve practical problems in Aerospace, Mechanical and
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Civil Engineering. During this short period the finite element method was extended to the solution of linear and nonlinear problems associated with creep, incremental construction or excavation, crack closing, heat transfer, flow of water in porous media, soil consolidation, dynamic response analysis and computer assisted learning of structural analysis. During the last six years of this period the fields of structural analysis and continuum mechanics were unified. The computer programs developed during this early period at Berkeley were freely distributed worldwide allowing practicing engineers to solve many new problems in structural mechanics. Hence, the research was rapidly transferred to the engineering profession. In many cases the research was used professionally prior to the publication of a formal paper.

Keynote : HYBRID ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

T.H.H. Pian
(1) - Massachusetts Instituteof Technology. E-mail : thhpian@aol.com

ABSTRACT
This paper is a review the origin of hybrid finite element methods and their development in later years based on different multifield variational principles in solid mechanics.

Keynote : THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF NASTRAN AND OTHER LARGE FINITE ELEMENT SYSTEMS
R.H. MacNeal
(1) - MSC Software. E-mail : richard.macneal@masch.com

ABSTRACT
The paper begins by summarizing the early history of NASTRAN. It then describes the context of the finite element revolution within which NASTRAN and several other major finite element systems were developed prior to 1970. It concludes with speculation on the reasons why these systems have lasted so long.

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Functionally Graded Materials

Glaucio Paulino
SESSION 1
Keynote : THE BUCKLING INSTABILITY OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED COATINGS F. Erdogan .....................................................................................................................................................................439 THE EFFECT OF MICROSTRUCTURE IN THE ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED CYLINDRICAL BODIES OF REVOLUTION M.J. Pindera, J. Aboudi and S.M. Arnold .......................................................................................................................440 ON THE BENDING AND VIBRATIONS OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED THROUGH-THICKNESS RECTANGULAR PLATES J.N. Reddy and F.R. Abadi .............................................................................................................................................440 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GRADED COMPOSITES: NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS AND AN EFFECTIVE MEDIUM APPROXIMATION P.M. Hui, X. Zhang, A.J. Markworth and D. Stroud .......................................................................................................441 GRADIENT ELASTICITY FOR MIXED-MODE FRACTURE IN FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS Y.S. Chan, A.C. Fannjiang and G.H. Paulino.................................................................................................................441

SESSION 2
A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR LARGE STRAIN ELASTOPLASTIC ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS D. Roehl..........................................................................................................................................................................442 DOMAIN INTEGRAL FOR CRACK PROBLEMS IN FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS P. Gu and R.J. Asaro ......................................................................................................................................................442 THE INFLUENCE OF A GRADIENT IN YIELD STRENGTH ON THE EFFECTIVE CRACK DRIVING FORCE O. Kolednik.....................................................................................................................................................................443 THERMO-ELASTOPLASTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED COMPOSITES J.R. Cho, B.G. Kim, D.Y. Ha and J.T. Oden ...................................................................................................................444 MODELING THERMALLY INDUCED RESIDUAL STRESSES IN BRITTLE FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS J.E. Bolander Jr. and M. Yip ..........................................................................................................................................445 IDENTIFICATION OF PROPERTIES OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS USING DYNAMIC OR THERMAL INVERSE METHODS S.A. Lukasiewicz and R. Babaei......................................................................................................................................445

SESSION 3
Keynote : FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS IN JAPAN T. Hirai and L. Chen.......................................................................................................................................................446 INTERFEROMETRIC EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS COMPARED TO FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS E.D. Steffler, A.N. Winter and W.E. Windes ...................................................................................................................447 FRACTURE TESTING AND ANALYSIS OF A LAYERED FUNCTIONALLY GRADED TI/TIB COMPOSITE BEAM R.D. Carpenter, J.C. Gibeling, W.W. Liang et al............................................................................................................447 STATISTICAL FRACTURE MODELING OF MIXED-MODE CRACKS IN BRITTLE FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS T.L. Becker Jr., R.M. Cannon and R.O. Ritchie ..............................................................................................................448 SELF-ASSEMBLY OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED PLASTICS BY A PARTICULAR PHASE SEPARATION OF POLYMER BLEND AND ITS APPLICATIONS K. Orihara ......................................................................................................................................................................448

SESSION 4
ON THE BENDING AND VIBRATIONS OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED THROUGH-THICKNESS RECTANGULAR PLATES J.N. Reddy and C.M. Wang.............................................................................................................................................449 COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN FOR FUNCTIONALLY GRADED THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS T. Hirano, J. Teraki and Y. Nishio ..................................................................................................................................450
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FRACTURE TESTING AND ANALYSIS OF A LAYERED FUNCTIONALLY GRADED TI/TIB COMPOSITE BEAM R.D. Carpenter, J.C. Gibeling, W.W. Liang, G.H. Paulino and Z.A. Munir....................................................................451 STRUCTURE TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADIENT MATERIALS B.C. Chen and N. Kikuchi...............................................................................................................................................451 OPTIMIZED DESIGN METHOD FOR FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS BASED ON GENETIC ALGORITHM AND FINITE ELEMENT METHOD K. Shimojima, Y. Yamada, M. Mabuchi, N. Saito, M. Nakanishi, I. Shigematsu, M. Nakamura and T. Asahina ............452 CRACK-TIP ASYMPTOTICS WITH STRAIN GRADIENT EFFECTS A.C. Fannjiang and G.H. Paulino ..................................................................................................................................452 LAYERED MOSI2/SIC FUNCTIONALLY GRADED COMPOSITED: SYNTHESIS TASTING AND MODELING E.C. Heian, R.D. Carpenter, W.W. Liang, Z.A. Munir, J.C. Gebeling and G.H. Paulino ...............................................453

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Keynote : THE BUCKLING INSTABILITY OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED COATINGS

F. Erdogan
(1) - Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics. Lehigh University. E-mail : fe00@lehigh.edu

ABSTRACT
A widely observed failure mode of coatings and thin films is known to be interface cracking that leads to spallation fracture. In most cases, the final stage of the failure process appears to be due to buckling instability under thermally or mechanically induced compressive stress. For example, in the case of thermal barrier coatings the medium generally consists of a top coat, a layer of thermally grown oxide, a bond coat and a substrate. The top coat may be a homogeneous ceramic layer or a smoothly graded metal/ceramic composite. The oxide layer develops as a result of sustained exposure to high temperature during the operation. The function of the bond coat is to prevent oxygen diffusion to the substrate. The substrate is the main structural component, the thickness of which is quite large compared to that of the top three layers. Stress concentrations due to interface asperities and voids and relatively low toughness of interfaces and the oxide eventually lead to the formation of (nominally) interface cracks or generally highly weakened interfacial zones. Buckling instability may then occur under sufficiently high compressive stresses. The objective of this study is to develop a solution to the buckling instability problem by using continuum elasticity rather than a plate approximation. The special emphasis in the solution will be on the investigation of the effect of material inhomogeneity in graded coatings on the instability load, the postbuckling behavior, the stress intensity factors and the strain energy release rate. In plane strain and axisymmetric problems for an interface crack, the linear elastic small deformation theory gives only a trivial solution and does not produce instability regardless of the the relative dimensions and the load amplitude. In this study, first by using a nonlinear continuum theory, the plane strain problem of a graded coating with an interface crack is reduced to an eigenvalue problem and the instability load is evaluated analytically. It is assumed that the applied load is a uniform in-plane compressive strain away from the crack region and the elastic constants of the coating are nu=0.3, mu(y) = mu0 exp(gamma y), 0<y<h, where gamma h is the measure of material inhomogeneity. Comparison of the results with that obtained from the plate approximation shows that because of the higher constraints the plate theory predicts greater instabilities strains. The more realistic axisymmetric problem for the medium consisting of four layers is then considered. In this case it is assumed that the applied load is a uniform temperature drop and the crack is located along the oxide/top coat or oxide/bond coat interface. A geometrically nonlinear finite element method with enriched crack tip elements is used to investigate the post-buckling behavior of the coating and to calculate the stress intensity factors and the strain energy release rate. The failure of the coating may be examined either by comparing the calculated strain energy release rate G with the mode-mixity dependent Gc or by using a maximum stress-based rupture theory in the debonded part of the coating.

THE EFFECT OF MICROSTRUCTURE IN THE ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED CYLINDRICAL BODIES OF REVOLUTION
M.J. Pindera, J. Aboudi and S.M. Arnold
(1) - Civil Engineering & Appl. Mech. Dept., University of Virginia. E-mail : marek@virginia.edu (2) - Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University (3) - Structural Fatigue Branch, NASA-Lewis Research Center

ABSTRACT

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It has been shown sometime ago that functionally graded structural components cannot be analyzed accurately using a local homogenization-based approach coupled with macrostructural analysis in a noninteractive manner because of potentially significant micro-macrostructural coupling [1]. Such coupling has been explicitly taken into account in the higher-order theory for functionally graded materials (HOTFGM) [2,3] originally developed for the analysis plate-like structural components with graded microstructures. Most recently, this theory has been extended to cylindrical coordinates in order to extend its range of technological applications, including the analysis, optimization and design of cylindrical functionally graded structural components such as combustor linings, rotor disks, heat shields, and disk blades [4]. The cylindrical higher-order theory is employed to investigate the response of metal matrix composite cylinders and homogeneous cylinders protected by functionally graded thermal barried coatings possessing different microstructural scales. The results are subsequently compared with those based on the standard micromechanical homogenization scheme commonly used for the analysis of FGMs. The examples presented illustrate the shortcomings of the standard micromechanics-based approach applied to the analysis of functionally graded cylindrical structural components, and suggest that the type of loading plays an important role in the observed discrepancies.

REFERENCES
[1] M.-J. Pindera, J. Aboudi and S. M. Arnold, "Limitations of the uncoupled, RVE-based micromechanical approach in the analysis of functionally graded composites", Mechanics of Materials, 20, 77-94, 1995. [2] J. Aboudi , M.-J. Pindera and S. M. Arnold, "Thermoelastic theory for the response of materials functionally graded in two directions", International Journal of Solids and Structures, 33, 931-966, 1996. [3] J. Aboudi , M.-J. Pindera and S. M. Arnold, "Thermoplasticity theory for bidirectionally functionally graded materials", Journal of Thermal Stresses, 19, pp.809-861, 1997. [4] M.-J. Pindera and J. Aboudi , "HOTCFGM-1D: A coupled higher-order theory for cylindrical structural components with through-thickness functionally graded microstructures", NASA CR-1998-207927, NASALewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, June, 1998.

ON THE BENDING AND VIBRATIONS OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED THROUGH-THICKNESS RECTANGULAR PLATES

J.N. Reddy and F.R. Abadi
(1) - Texas A & M University Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. E-mail : jnreddy@jnreddy20.tamu.edu

ABSTRACT
Axisymmetric bending and stretching of functionally graded solid and annular plates is studied using the first-order shear deformation plate theory. The solutions for deflections, force and moment resultants of the first-order theory are presented in terms of the corresponding quantities of isotropic plates based on the classical (Kirchhoff) plate theory. This gives the Mindlin solution of functionally graded circular plates whenever the Kirchhoff solution of the problem is known. Numerical results for displacements and stress resultants are presented for uniformly loaded circular plates of various percentage of ceramic-metal volume fractions.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GRADED COMPOSITES: NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS AND AN EFFECTIVE MEDIUM APPROXIMATION
P.M. Hui, X. Zhang, A.J. Markworth and D. Stroud
(1) - Dept. of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (2) - Dept. of Physics, The Ohio State University. (3) - Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University. E-mail : markworth@mse.eng.ohiostate.edu
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ABSTRACT
Two methods for modeling the thermal conductivity and temperature profile in a graded composite film are described. The film is a random binary composite, with composition that varies along a direction perpendicular to its surface. A fixed temperature difference is taken to exist across the film. The temperature profile is modeled directly, in the first method, using a finite element technique in which the film is described in terms of a discrete network of thermal conductances that are randomly distributed according to the assumed composition profile. The temperature at each node and the effective thermal conductance are determined using a transfer matrix technique. In the second method, the film is treated using an effective medium approximation that is appropriately generalized to account for the spatial variation of composition. Results obtained using the two methods are in rough agreement with each other, suggesting that thermophysical properties of spatially graded composite films can be described reasonably well using approaches that are generalizations of those which succeed for non-graded composites.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Acknowledgment is made for support of this work by the National Science Foundation, Grant DMR 97-31511 (DS and XZ), the Electric Power Research Institute, Contract WO9000-35 (AJM), with special thanks to EPRI's Dr. John Stringer, and the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong SAR Government, Grant CUHK4129/98P (PMH).

GRADIENT ELASTICITY FOR MIXED-MODE FRACTURE IN FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS

Y.S. Chan, A.C. Fannjiang and G.H. Paulino
(1) - Department of Mathematics. University of California (2) - Department of Mathematics. University of California. E-mail : fannjian@math.ucdavis.edu (3) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. University of Illinois. E-mail : paulino@uiuc.edu

ABSTRACT
A higher order gradient elasticity theory is developed and applied to mixed-mode crack problems in functionally graded materials (FGMs). Governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are derived and boundary conditions are investigated. The method of Fourier transform is used to reduce the governing PDEs to coupled hypersingular integrals of Fredholm type. The collocation method is implemented to solve the governing coupled Fredholm hypersingular integral equations. Potential applications include modeling of bridging mechanisms in graded composites and interfacial zones with graded properties. Numerical results include displacement profiles and stress intensity factors (SIFS) corresponding to various material parameters and crack configurations.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We acknowledge the support from the USA National Science Foundation (NSF) through grants CMS - 9713798 (Mechanics & Materials Program) and DMS-9600119.

A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR LARGE STRAIN ELASTOPLASTIC ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS
D. Roehl
(1) - Dept. of Civil Engineering. Pontificia Univ. Catolica do Rio de Janeiro. E-mail : droehl@civ.puc-rio.br

ABSTRACT
In this work the mechanics of elastoplastic deformation of layered materials with a compositionally graded interface is investigated. A finite element model is presented, which is suitable for any metal-FGM-ceramic multi-layered material. In this model large strain kinematics in the framework of multiplicative plasticity is assumed. For the metal layer J2 plasticity with isotropic hardening is

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considered. In the elastic region hyperelasticity is considered. The ceramic layer is generally considered to present an isotropic elastic response. Alternatively an elastic-damage model, based on a scalar damage function is employed here. The FGM layer undergoes a composite deformation response. The gradation of the composition and the material properties within the graded layers will be embedded in the model through a simple rule of mixture. Hence the FGM layers present elastic-damage and plastic behavior. For this model along with the extrapolation of the elastic and thermal properties, the flow strength, the hardening parameters and the damage threshold must be obtained by extrapolation. The spatial discretization is accomplished with hybrid hexahedral eight node elements based on the Enhanced Assumed Strain (EAS) concept. These elements have shown to be applicable to shell-like structures, and are well suited for the representation of the material layers.

DOMAIN INTEGRAL FOR CRACK PROBLEMS IN FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS

P. Gu and R.J. Asaro
(1) - Marc Analysis Research Corporation. E-mail : pei@marc.com (2) - Division of Structural Engineering. University of California at San Diego

ABSTRACT
A finite-element based method is proposed for calculating stress intensity factors of functionally graded materials (FGMs). We show that the standard domain integral is sufficiently accurate when applied to FGMs; the non-homogeneous term in the domain integral for non-homogeneous materials is very small compared to the first term (the standard domain integral). In order to obtain it, the domain integral is evaluated around the crack tip using sufficiently fine mesh. We have estimated the error in neglecting the second term in terms of the radius of the domain for the domain integration, the material properties and their gradients. The advantage of the proposed method is that, besides its accuracy, it does not require the input of material gradients, derivatives of material properties; and existing finite element codes can be used for FGMs without much additional work. The numerical examples show that it is accurate and efficient. Also, a discussion on the fracture of the FGM interlayer structure is given.

THE INFLUENCE OF A GRADIENT IN YIELD STRENGTH ON THE EFFECTIVE CRACK DRIVING FORCE
O. Kolednik
(1) - Erich Schmid Inst. of Materials Science. Austrian Academy of Sciences. E-mail : kolednik@unileoben.ac.at

ABSTRACT
In materials with local variations in yield strength, such as functionally graded materials or materials with interfaces or interlayers, the local near-tip crack driving force can become different from the nominally applied far-field value. This was shown in fatigue crack growth experiments by Suresh et al. [1] and in subsequent finite element studies by Sugimura et al. [2]. The effect is termed here as the plasticity gradient effect. While the effects of elastic modulus gradients in influencing the driving force and crack-tip fields for elastic fracture have received considerable theoretical considerations (see, e.g., the papers by Erdogan and co-workers [3,4]), theoretical investigations of the effects of yield strength gradients were not undertaken. In this presentation, we discuss an energy based analytical model to explain the plasticity gradient effect. It is demonstrated that in materials with a gradient in yield strength an additional crackdriving force term appears: the plasticity gradient term is positive, i.e., it enhances the effective crack driving force when the yield strength decreases in crack growth direction. On the contrary, an increase of
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the yield strength in the crack growth direction induces a negative plasticity gradient term that diminishes the effective crack driving force. The analytical model allows us to derive analytical expressions to quantify the effect and to evaluate the effective crack driving force for smooth and abrupt variations in yield strength. These expressions can be used to design graded materials and interface and interlayer transitions so that the fracture resistance is optimal. The predictions of the model agree well with the numerical results of Sugimura et al. [2]. Available experimental observations of the fatigue crack growth normal to interfaces and interlayers can be qualitatively explained. First results of the theoretical investigations have been recently presented in [4,5]. The plasticity gradient effect plays an important role for the fracture behavior in multiphase or composite materials, in functionally graded materials, as well as in materials with special surface treatments like nitrided or case-hardened steels, shot peened materials, or in ion implantation. Further applications are found in brazed or welded components, or in components where the yield strength changes due to high temperature gradients.

REFERENCES
[1] S. Suresh, Y. Sugimura and E.K. Tschegg, "The growth of a fatigue crack approaching a perpendicularly-oriented bimaterial interface", Scr. Metall. Mater., 27 (1992) 1189-1194. [2] Y. Sugimura, P.G. Lim, C.F. Shih and S. Suresh, "Fracture normal to a bimaterial interface: effects of plasticity on crack-tip shielding and amplification", Acta Metall. Mater., 43 (1995) 1157-1169. [3] F. Erdogan , "Fracture mechanics of functionally graded materials", Composites Engineering, 5 (1995) 753-770. [4] O. Kolednik and S. Suresh, "The influence of the yield strength gradient on the fracture resistance in FGMs", In: 5th International Symposium on Functionally Graded Materials, Proc. of FGM98, J. Rodel, B. Ilschner, W.A. Kaysser, Eds., Trans Tech Publications, in press. [5] O. Kolednik , "The plasticity gradient effect in inhomogeneous materials", submitted to International Journal of Solids and Structures

THERMO-ELASTOPLASTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED COMPOSITES

J.R. Cho, B.G. Kim, D.Y. Ha and J.T. Oden
(1) - School of Mechanical Engineering. Pusan National University. E-mail : jrcho@cam.me.pusan.ac.kr (2) - School of Mechanical Engineering. Pusan National University (3) - School of Mechanical Engineering. Pusan National University

ABSTRACT
For the high temperature engineering applications, materials are required to have superior thermomechanical properties, such as high temperature strength and creep resistance, excellent fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance. Since single-composed materials are almost impossible to meet such inherently conflicting properties, laminated composites composed of appropriately selected metallic and ceramic materials were introduced and, to some extent, have been successfully used for several decades. However, owing to their methodology, there exists one inevitable disadvantage in classical composites, a discontinuity in material composition (and hence, in thermomechanical parameters) at the interface between contacting layers. This material discontinuity leads to sharp change in thermal stress distributions that may bring stress concentration or cracking near interfaces. Therefore, those may be easily triggered for an initiation of plastification or cracking, and eventually they have a potential reaching at a fatal unexpected failure. To resolve this problem, a notion of functionally graded materials (FGM) was introduced in the late 1980's. In FGMs, a material composition varies continuously from one end to the other of two contacting layers. Due to development of advanced manufacturing techniques, extended active research is currently ongoing for various engineering applications to thermal parts of turbo-engines, high-speed tools, automobile engines, and so on. For a specific purpose goal, an elaborate tailoring of the material composition variation and the geometry dimension is essential to satisfy the desired functions. This is because the suitability of designed FGMs definitely depends on the combination of the material composition variation and the relative size of constitutional layers. In order to optimize the variation

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functions of material composition and the overall geometry, one needs to explore the elastoplastic characteristics along the two parameters. Here, first we address the parametric and material characteristics together with the fundamental theory on thermo-elastoplasticity of FGMs subjected to thermal loadings. As a next step, we formulate heat diffusion problem and elastoplastic deformation by means of the unconditionally stable CrankNicolson-Galerkin scheme and incremental numerical technique. Through the numerical results, we analyze and examine the effects of the variation of material composition and the geometry on the thermoelastoplastic characteristics.

REFERENCES
[1] J.R. Cho and J.T. Oden , "Functionally Graded Material: A Parametric Study on Thermal Stress Characteristics using the Crank-Nicolson-Galerkin Scheme", Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Engrg., (submitted). [2] S. Suresh, A. E. Giannakopoulos and M. Olson, "Elastoplastic Analysis of Thermal Cycling: Layered Materials with Sharp Interfaces", J. Mech. Phys. Solids, Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 978-1018, 1994. [3] R. L. Williamson, B. H. Rabin and J. T. Drake, "Finite Element Analysis of Thermal Residual Stresses at Graded Ceramic-Metal Interfaces, Part 1, Model Description and Geometrical Effects", J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 74, No. 2, pp. 1310-1320, 1993.

MODELING THERMALLY INDUCED RESIDUAL STRESSES IN BRITTLE FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS

J.E. Bolander Jr. and M. Yip
(1) - Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. University of California. E-mail : jebolander@ucdavis.edu (2) - Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. University of California

ABSTRACT
Numerous functionally graded materials (FGMs) are being developed to enhance the thermomechanical performance of structural components. While avoiding the problems associated with a macroscopic interface between dissimilar materials, significant stresses may still be produced local to the FGM constituent phases due to mismatches in elastic moduli and thermal expansion coefficients. Such local stress production may foster microcracking which adversely affects the fracture properties of the material. In this research, rigid-body-spring networks are used to analyze thermally induced residual stresses in ceramic-ceramic FGMs. Loadings are restricted to uniform temperature excursions from a stress-free reference temperature (such as that associated with material processing.) Network geometry is defined by a Voronoi diagram on randomly distributed points. The Voronoi cell partitioning of each ceramic phase mimics the morphological features seen in micrographs of material samples. Discretized samples are sufficiently large relative to the microstructural unit size, so as to minimize unnatural boundary effects. Outside of the material sample, the average cell size is graded to meet boundary conditions defined at the structural level. Over this transition region, the elastic modulus and thermal coefficient of the FGM are modeled via ordinary mixture rules. The influences of material parameters and discretization strategy on the local stress distributions are assessed using a novel method for computing tensorial stress measures within the rigid-body-spring network. The potential for analyzing thermomechanically driven fracture within the microstructural sample is demonstrated.

IDENTIFICATION OF PROPERTIES OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS USING DYNAMIC OR THERMAL INVERSE METHODS
S.A. Lukasiewicz and R. Babaei
(1) - Mechanical Engineering Department. The University of Calgary. E-mail : lukasiew@ucalgary.ca (2) - Mechanical Engineering Department. The University of Calgary
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ABSTRACT
The problem of non-destructive identification of parameters of functionally graded materials (FGM) is discussed. The identification can be made on the basis of observations of the response of the specimen or structure made of FGM which is subjected to temperature changes or to some dynamic, acoustic excitations. The authors presented in [1,2] a simple but effective approach to detection of the parameters that affect the thermal or dynamic behavior of the structure. The change of temperature or dynamic response is measured at the surface of the body. Then, the properties of the material are estimated using identification techniques. The direct response of the system is used as the source of information. The method utilizes finite difference approximations and the formalism of matrix calculus to minimize the numerical errors. Detailed considerations are given to devise matrix operators to formulate the problem in an easy manner. This approach permits the use of physically meaningful constraints and objective functions that often lead to a realistic identification. The regularization term provides the basis to adopt a linear iterative algorithm. The second approach consists in solving non-linear algorithms dependent on initial values of unknown state and parameter variables. The mixture of these two methods is effective in more advanced problems. The developed algorithms are effective and a good accuracy of the results is obtained. As an example, the properties of elastic layers in a two-dimensional problem are obtained using as the source of information the temperatures measured at the surface of the layer. A second example, which deals with dynamic problems, is in progress.

REFERENCES
[1] S. A. Lukasiewicz and R. Babaei , "On identification of dynamic systems", Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements VII, Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, Boston, Editors G. M. Carlomagno and C. A. Brebbia, 1995. [2] S. A. Lukasiewicz and R. Babaei , "Effects of dependent variables and instrumental errors in filtering of the experimental data", Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 12, 1996.

Keynote : FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS IN JAPAN

T. Hirai and L. Chen
(1) - Institute for Materials Research. Tohoku University (2) - Institute for Materials Research. Tohoku University. E-mail : cld@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

ABSTRACT
The concept of functionally graded materials (FGMs), originally developed for the purpose of reducing thermal stress, has now greatly expanded and is being applied to the development of electrical, optical, magnetic, and biochemical materials. Here in Japan, several FGM research projects have been promoted with the support of the government and other organizations. Many societies concerned with material science now include special sessions or symposia on FGMs at their annual conferences to promote FGM research, and FGM research in Japan has been increasing year by year. Many novel fabrication processes have been developed, and various new materials with unique properties have been prepared by introducing graded structures. For example, achievement of successful control of electrical properties of perovskite - type (La1-xCax)MnO3 has led to a new approach to the control electronic transport behavior by a graded structure, and the advanced optical filter characteristics of graded TiO2/SiO2 multilayer film provide a new avenue not only for application of FGMs but also for understanding their mechanisms. In this paper, some recent interesting findings on the design, process, and characteristics of FGMs are described. Future possibilities and trends in FGM research are also discussed.

INTERFEROMETRIC EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS COMPARED TO FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS
E.D. Steffler, A.N. Winter and W.E. Windes
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(1) - Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. E-mail : stefed@inel.gov (2) - Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory

ABSTRACT
Phase shifted Moir interferometry (PSMI) is used to measure the deformation of a discretely layered functionally graded material (FGM) loaded in compression. Finite element analysis (FEA) predicts fabrication induced residual stresses and subsequent mechanical loading displacements. Powder processing techniques have been used to fabricate a ceramic-metal-ceramic FGM. Discrete layers are sequentially stacked starting with 100 % Al2O3, transitioning to 100 % Ni in the center and transitioning back to 100 % Al2O3 with nine, 1 mm thick layers. After hot pressing, the final material is a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 3.5 cm and a height of 3.0 cm with material layers perpendicular to the height axis. FEA results predict high residual stress concentrations near the pure Al2O3 interface that cause extreme difficulty for fabrication and specimen sectioning. PSMI is used to measure the layer displacement evolution for increased compressive loads under the influence of an initial residual stress field. Direct comparison to numerical results and ongoing fabrication issues will be presented.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported in part by the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences.

FRACTURE TESTING AND ANALYSIS OF A LAYERED FUNCTIONALLY GRADED TI/TIB COMPOSITE BEAM
R.D. Carpenter, J.C. Gibeling, W.W. Liang et al
(1) - Dept. of Chemical Engnrng. and Materials Science. Univ. of California. (2) - Dept. of Chemical Engnrng. and Materials Science. Univ. of California. E-mail : jcgibeling@ucdavis.edu (3) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. University of California

ABSTRACT
A layered functionally graded plate composed of Ti and TiB phases was sectioned into beams, tested and analyzed. The composition of the plate varied in seven layers form 85 % TiB / 15 % Ti on the hard face to commercially pure (CP) Ti on the ductile face. The single edge notch bending (SENB) beams were oriented with the crack front parallel to the graded layers and growing across the layers from the TiB-rich side towards the Ti side (mode I). The beams were tested in three-point bending. Sharp crack initiation methods were explored including high cycle tension fatigue, low cycle compression and a combination of compression followed by tension fatigue. R-curve behavior of sharp cracked specimens is compared to specimens tested having a blunt, machine cut notch. Properties of monolithic materials having the same composition as layers in the beams were determined and compared to approximated values using a rule of mixtures approach. A large deviation from the rule of mixtures for some properties, most importantly, the critical value of J, are noted and discussed. The beam is modeled using twodimensional finite elements considering elastoplastic behavior. A static crack model and a crack propagation model are both presented. Crack mouth opening and load line displacements from the experiments were used to calibrate the models.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank CERCOM INC. and Jack A. Rubin (Director, R&D) for providing the FGM sample plate which was used in this research. We also acknowledge the support from the USA National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant No. CMS-9713798 (Mechanics & Materials Program).

STATISTICAL FRACTURE MODELING OF MIXED-MODE CRACKS IN BRITTLE FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS

T.L. Becker Jr., R.M. Cannon and R.O. Ritchie

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(1) - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. E-mail : tjbecker@uclink4.berkeley.edu (2) - Dept. of Material Science and Mineral Engineering. Univ. of California (3) - Dept. of Material Science and Mineral Engineering. Univ. of California

ABSTRACT
A statistical Ritchie-Knott-Rice (RKR) model for brittle fracture is considered for a functionally graded material (FGM) containing a slender notch. The FMG is modeled as linear elastic, with its Young's modulus varying smoothly with position and its strength described by two-parameter Weibull statistics. Mode I and mixed-mode fracture mechanics specimens are analyzed via the finite element method, considering the effect of modulus variation on the near-tip stress state. Results can be characterized by the stress intensity, K, with corrections based on the parallel stress factor, T. For spatially constant Weibull parameters, the RKR model is used to predict the measured fracture toughness, Kc, i.e., the K at which the first flaw failure occurs. For sufficiently high Weibull modulus, the failure occurs essentially at the notch tip, and the effect of modulus gradient is negligible. For sufficiently low Weibull modulus (m < 4), Kc for an FGM is found to vary up to 25 % from that of a homogeneous body. Effects of mode mixity and crack orientation on the direction of most probable crack advance are considered.

SELF-ASSEMBLY OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED PLASTICS BY A PARTICULAR PHASE SEPARATION OF POLYMER BLEND AND ITS APPLICATIONS
K. Orihara
(1) - Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University

ABSTRACT
Functionally graded structures in engineering plastics, films and fibers were fabricated by selfassembly using a particular phase separation found previously [1,2,3] in the polymer blend. Three basic structures of graded, step, and uniform sea-island structure were observed in the cross-section of the samples. Each structure was formed without any artificial controlling technique during casting process from the solution [4] or cooling from the melt [5] of the polymer blend. The above self-assembly occurs in every pair of crystalline and non-crystalline polymer, if they have a co-solvent, or they are co-melted at higher temperature than Tm [4,5]. The driving force of the selfassembly was suggested to be a grade of drying rate, i.e. grade of concentration at "casting process" and temperature grade in "melting process" along the thickness of the film or radius of the fiber [4,5]. Accordingly, the present self-assembly is considered to be non-equilibrium phenomenon. However, when the density of each polymer is largely different, such as a blend of polypropylene and polyethyleneoxide (PEO), gravity also become a useful driving force. From the above principles of self-assembly, also in three component polymer blend, same phenomena as above is expected to appear. Furthermore, same self-assembly from the melt is expected also in the metal alloy processing and in composite ceramics processing. Graded polymer blend structure is expected to be applied in many areas in the future. For example, the graded structure along the thickness of the polymer blend film of polymethylmethacrylate and PEO gave successfully super large area at the surface [6] with ``fractal like structure'' by way of dissolving the PEO component in water. Because such basic materials may have super density of functional groups, very high power of many functional behaviors is expected to appear.

REFERENCES
[1] K. Orihara , T. Nakazato, and M. Matsumoto, "Membrane structure and function of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) poly(vinyl alcohol) blend", Proceedings of The International Symposium on Fibre Science and Technology, p.309, (1985), Hakone, Japan. [2] K. Orihara , "Appearance of macro size phase separation structure in polymer blend", Proceedings of Macrolux'88, European Active Polymer Symposium, p.81 (1988).

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[3] K. Orihara , "Macro size phase separation structure in poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) - poly(vinyl alcohol) blend", International Symposium on Multiphase Macromolecular Systems at The Division of Polymer Chemistry, American Chemical Society, p.17 (1988), San-Diego, USA. [4] S. Takano, M. Endo and K. Orihara , "Self-organization of functional engineering plastics", Polymer Preprints, Japan, 46(11), 2691-2692 (1997). [5] K. Orihara , "Self-organization of functional plastics with gradient, step and micro structure", Polymer Preprints, Japan, 47(3), p.696 (1998). [6] S. Takano and K. Orihara , "Self-organization of functional engineering plastics", Polymer Preprints, Japan, 47(3), p.697 (1998)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The present work was partially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Specified Area of "Graded Functional Materials" from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan.

ON THE BENDING AND VIBRATIONS OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED THROUGH-THICKNESS RECTANGULAR PLATES

J.N. Reddy and C.M. Wang
(1) - Texas A & M University Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. E-mail : jnreddy@jnreddy20.tamu.edu (2) - Department of Civil Engineering. National University of Singapore

ABSTRACT
Axisymmetric bending and stretching of functionally graded solid and annular plates is studied using the first-order shear deformation plate theory. The solutions for deflections, force and moment resultants of the first-order theory are presented in terms of the corresponding quantities of isotropic plates based on the classical (Kirchhoff) plate theory. This gives the Mindlin solution of functionally graded circular plates whenever the Kirchhoff solution of the problem is known. Numerical results for displacements and stress resultants are presented for uniformly loaded circular plates of various percentage of ceramic-metal volume fractions.

COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN FOR FUNCTIONALLY GRADED THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS

T. Hirano, J. Teraki and Y. Nishio
(1) - Electronic Engineering Laboratory, Daikin Industries, Ltd. E-mail : hirano@elb.daikin.co.jp (2) - Electronic Engineering Laboratory, Daikin Industries, Ltd. (3) - Electronic Engineering Laboratory, Daikin Industries, Ltd.

ABSTRACT
In order to improve the conversion efficiency of thermoelectric (TE) materials and devices, a computational study was performed for two different concepts of functionally graded material (FGM) configuration. (1) TE FGM Power Device with Graded Dopant Density. In order to design optimum dopant density distribution, precise estimation of transport properties and optimization of the carrier conduction mechanism are required. A model of thermoelectric materials is presented for transport properties of heavily doped semiconductors, and electron/phonon transport coefficients are estimated using band theory. Then, optimum dopant distribution is calculated in view of maximizing energy conversion efficiency. Simultaneously, thermal stresses induced by the high temperature gradient within the TE device should be reduced. Since the internal physics is a coupled phenomena of heat flux and electric current, 2D Finite Element Method (FEM) is applied for the coupled analyses. The thermal stresses are calculated by 2D plane strain FEM for 3 stage cascade and segmented modules.
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(2) Multi-layered Thermoelectric Material with Graded Potential Barriers. A very different approach to increase the conversion efficiency is utilization of potential barriers. Since potential barriers act as carrier energy filters, elimination of lower energy carriers results in an improvement of the efficiency of thermoelectric energy conversion (energy filtering method). It has been shown that the characteristic energy range of carriers can be defined for thermoelectric energy conversion. From the knowledge of this characteristic energy range, the concept of graded control of microscopic physical quantities for optimizing the efficiency is clarified. The optimal height of potential barriers and the distance between the barriers are estimated within a semi-classical framework, i.e. using Boltzmann equation. The method of improving the efficiency by using the multi-layered materials is proposed and the graded design of barrier layers is presented.

FRACTURE TESTING AND ANALYSIS OF A LAYERED FUNCTIONALLY GRADED TI/TIB COMPOSITE BEAM
R.D. Carpenter, J.C. Gibeling, W.W. Liang, G.H. Paulino and Z.A. Munir
(1) - Dept. of Chemical Engnrng. and Materials Science. Univ. of California. (2) - Dept. of Chemical Engnrng. and Materials Science. Univ. of California. E-mail : jcgibeling@ucdavis.edu (3) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. University of California

ABSTRACT
A layered functionally graded plate composed of Ti and TiB phases was sectioned into beams, tested and analyzed. The composition of the plate varied in seven layers form 85 % TiB / 15 % Ti on the hard face to commercially pure (CP) Ti on the ductile face. The single edge notch bending (SENB) beams were oriented with the crack front parallel to the graded layers and growing across the layers from the TiB-rich side towards the Ti side (mode I). The beams were tested in three-point bending. Sharp crack initiation methods were explored including high cycle tension fatigue, low cycle compression and a combination of compression followed by tension fatigue. R-curve behavior of sharp cracked specimens is compared to specimens tested having a blunt, machine cut notch. Properties of monolithic materials having the same composition as layers in the beams were determined and compared to approximated values using a rule of mixtures approach. A large deviation from the rule of mixtures for some properties, most importantly, the critical value of J, are noted and discussed. The beam is modeled using twodimensional finite elements considering elastoplastic behavior. A static crack model and a crack propagation model are both presented. Crack mouth opening and load line displacements from the experiments were used to calibrate the models.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank CERCOM INC. and Jack A. Rubin (Director, R&D) for providing the FGM sample plate which was used in this research. We also acknowledge the support from the USA National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant No. CMS-9713798 (Mechanics & Materials Program).

STRUCTURE TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADIENT MATERIALS

B.C. Chen and N. Kikuchi
(1) - Comp. Mech. Lab. Dept. of Mech. Engineering and Appl. Mech. University of Michigan. E-mail : bcchen@engin.umich.edu (2) - Comp. Mech. Laboratory. University of Michigan. E-mail : kikuchi@engin.umich.edu

ABSTRACT
The concept of functionally gradient material (FGM) was originally proposed as means of designing thermal barrier materials. By building composites using heat-resistant ceramics on the high
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temperature side and high thermal conductivity metal on the low temperature side, with a gradual compositional variation from ceramics to metal without distinctive interfaces, one can tailor the structures to withstand severe thermal loadings. While there is substantial work devoted to the optimal design of FGM structures, most effort is concentrated on finding the optimal composition variation within the structures whose layout configuration are given. In this paper we present an optimization scheme to find both the optimal structural topology layout and composition variation of the FGM. This work extends the methodology widely practiced in the structural topology optimization to design structures with heterogeneous constituents, in particular threephase component structures. The critical point for this three-phase structure optimization is the establishment of the appropriate material model to parameterize among the two constituent solid phases and voids. By using information from the micro-mechanics and material properties bounds, one can conduct this optimization problem to find structures with gradient constituents. We consider the structures subject to thermoelastic loadings with different mixing characteristics. The results show that the gradation of the constituent phases is highly dependent on the underlying material models. In particular, the extreme case of a non-overlapping structure in which distinctive interfaces between two constituent solid phases has also been found. This work is conducted for designing structures for severe thermal loadings in mind. However, it may also be perceived as the first step for designing bimetallic actuators whose actuation action is carried out under the influence of different thermal expansion of the component phases.

OPTIMIZED DESIGN METHOD FOR FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS BASED ON GENETIC ALGORITHM AND FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
K. Shimojima, Y. Yamada, M. Mabuchi, N. Saito, M. Nakanishi, I. Shigematsu, M. Nakamura and T. Asahina
(1) - National Industrial Research Institute of Nagoya. E-mail : Shimojima.koji@nirin.go.jp (2) - National Industrial Research Institute of Nagoya (3) - National Industrial Research Institute of Nagoya

ABSTRACT
The progress of technology requires high performance materials. However, it is sometimes difficult to achieve the required high performance by a homogeneous material. Therefore composite materials have been studied and developed. Functionally Graded Material (FGM), which is a kind of composite material, can change the material property in each area for its objective such as heat transfer property, stiffness, and so on, by controlling a compositional distribution profile of materials. Therefore we can make a product which has two or more different material properties in one body. However, it is difficult to design a compositional distribution profile of an FGM as desired because material properties of one part relates to the other part, and its shape and surroundings also affect the properties. In this paper, we propose the compositional distribution profile design system for FGM. The proposed system optimizes the compositional distribution profile to satisfy requirements automatically. The design system consists of two parts: Analyzer and Optimizer. We employ the Finite Element Method as Analyzer for analysis of the state of the product and Genetic Algorithms as Optimizer for optimization of the compositional distribution profile. To show the effectiveness of the proposed design system, we apply the proposed system to a thermal stress relaxation problem.

CRACK-TIP ASYMPTOTICS WITH STRAIN GRADIENT EFFECTS

A.C. Fannjiang and G.H. Paulino
(1) - Department of Mathematics. University of California. E-mail : fannjian@math.ucdavis.edu
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(2) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. University of Illinois. E-mail : paulino@uiuc.edu

ABSTRACT
A growing body of experimental evidence points to the failure of classical elasticity/plasticity to describe atomistic fracture mechanisms on the micron/submicron scales where material size effects seem to be present. Within the scope of continuum mechanics, material size effects can be described in terms of strain gradients, along with associated material length parameters in the constitutive description of the material. In nonhomogeneous materials such as particulate composites, strain gradients are pronounced near to the particles; the result is enhanced size effects, which is particularly important near crack tips. To accurately capture crack-tip fields and their dependence on material gradation, one frequently resorts to numerical computation using, e.g., hypersingular integral equations formulation which has been well developed to tackle such problems. But, because of non-analyticity of crack-tip fields, crack-tip asymptotics must be first understood prior to numerical studies. In this presentation, we present theoretical analysis of crack-tip asymptotics in several models to show how various strain gradient terms affect the asymptotics.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We acknowledge the support from the USA National Science Foundation (NSF) through grants CMS-9713798 (Mechanics & Materials Program) and DMS-9600119.

LAYERED MOSI2/SIC FUNCTIONALLY GRADED COMPOSITED: SYNTHESIS TASTING AND MODELING

E.C. Heian, R.D. Carpenter, W.W. Liang, Z.A. Munir, J.C. Gebeling and G.H. Paulino
(1) - Dept. of Chemical Engnrng. and Materials Science. Univ. of California. (2) - Dept. of Chemical Engnrng. and Materials Science. Univ. of California. E-mail : jcgibeling@ucdavis.edu (3) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering. University of California

ABSTRACT
A layered functionally graded plate composed of Ti and TiB phases was sectioned into beams, tested and analyzed. The composition of the plate varied in seven layers form 85 % TiB / 15 % Ti on the hard face to commercially pure (CP) Ti on the ductile face. The single edge notch bending (SENB) beams were oriented with the crack front parallel to the graded layers and growing across the layers from the TiB-rich side towards the Ti side (mode I). The beams were tested in three-point bending. Sharp crack initiation methods were explored including high cycle tension fatigue, low cycle compression and a combination of compression followed by tension fatigue. R-curve behavior of sharp cracked specimens is compared to specimens tested having a blunt, machine cut notch. Properties of monolithic materials having the same composition as layers in the beams were determined and compared to approximated values using a rule of mixtures approach. A large deviation from the rule of mixtures for some properties, most importantly, the critical value of J, are noted and discussed. The beam is modeled using twodimensional finite elements considering elastoplastic behavior. A static crack model and a crack propagation model are both presented. Crack mouth opening and load line displacements from the experiments were used to calibrate the models.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank CERCOM INC. and Jack A. Rubin (Director, R&D) for providing the FGM sample plate which was used in this research. We also acknowledge the support from the USA National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant No. CMS-9713798 (Mechanics & Materials Program).

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Applications in Engineering Practice

Alan Pifko
SESSION 1
Keynote : PATHWAY TO THE FUTURE OF SIMULATION AND LEARNING A.K. Noor........................................................................................................................................................................457 MINIMIZING VIBRATION OF LARGE GENERATOR ASSEMBLIES P. Baehmann ..................................................................................................................................................................457 NUMERICAL MODELING OF AIRCRAFT IMPACT INTO REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES D. Lawver, L. Nikodym, D. Tennant and H. Levine ........................................................................................................458 ON THE COMPUTATIONAL ASPECTS OF PREDICTING CONTACT FOOTPRINT CHARACTERISTICS OF A PNEUMATIC TIRE T. Gobinath.....................................................................................................................................................................459

SESSION 2
ON THE USE OF COUPLED HEAT TRANSFER AND STRESS ANALYSIS FOR THE PREDICTION OF DEFECTS IN TI-6AL-4V ALLOY DUE TO RAPID HOT FORMING PROCESSES A. Karafillis ....................................................................................................................................................................460 WRINKLING PREDICTION IN NUMERICAL SIMULATION J. Cao .............................................................................................................................................................................460 SIMULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER IN LIQUID COMPOSITE MOLDING E. Bohr, J.F. Remacle and F. Trochu .............................................................................................................................461 FAST AND ACCURATE THREE DIMENSIONAL FILLING ALGORITHM IN LIQUID COMPOSITE MOLDING J.F. Remacle and F. Trochu ...........................................................................................................................................462 FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF GRAIN SIZE CHANGE DURING DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION G.C. Huang and T. Wertheimer ......................................................................................................................................462 MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION DURING STAMPING OF TEXTILE PREFORMS R. Sidhu, M.S. Riaz, R.C. Averill and F. Pourboghrat ....................................................................................................463

SESSION 3
COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF VASCULAR STENTS R.G. Whirley ...................................................................................................................................................................464 AN ALL-SPEED TOOL FOR FAN FLOW APPLICATIONS C.L. Chen and Z. Liu ......................................................................................................................................................464 HIGH PERFORMANCE NON-LINEAR COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION FOR THE MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE J. Duysens and R. Mzires ............................................................................................................................................465 TRANSFER FUNCTION METHOD FOR FAST THERMAL TRANSIENT EVALUATIONS C.Y. Yang........................................................................................................................................................................466 LATTICE GAS TIME DOMAIN MODELS FOR ACOUSTICS WITH REDUCED MEMORY REQUIREMENTS Y. Sudo............................................................................................................................................................................467

SESSION 4
COMPARISON BETWEEN TRANSMISSIBILITY AND POWER-LIKE METHODS FOR EFFICACY EVALUATION OF PASSIVE ISOLATION SYSTEMS A. Coronado M., F.A. Rochinha and R. Sampaio ...........................................................................................................467 SIMULATION OF THE STRUCTURAL DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF TELECOMMUNICATION SHELTERS J.E.F. Abdalla and M. Chamecki....................................................................................................................................468 SPECTRAL ELEMENT METHODS FOR ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF NON-LINEAR DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS P.Z. Bar-Yoseph .............................................................................................................................................................469 LARGE-SCALE COMPUTATIONAL INVESTIGATIONS OF BUCKLING AND POST-BUCKLING RESPONSES OF RUBBER COMPONENTS T. Dalrymple and S. Reddy .............................................................................................................................................470 NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OF FLEXIBLE BARS BY MODE DECOMPOSITION ELEMENTS H.K. Stolarski .................................................................................................................................................................471
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SESSION 5
IN-VIVO MEASUREMENT OF ELASTO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC TISSUE J. Dual and M. Kauer .....................................................................................................................................................471 OPTIMIZATION OF SHORT COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO BIAXIAL BENDING C.L. Nogueira .................................................................................................................................................................472

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Keynote : PATHWAY TO THE FUTURE OF SIMULATION AND LEARNING

A.K. Noor
(1) - University of Virginia. E-mail : a.k.noor@larc.nasa.gov

ABSTRACT
A multimedia presentation is given on the distributed simulation, research and learning environment under development by NASA and the UVA Center for Advanced Computational Technology. The environment uses a synergistic combination of leading edge technologies, including high-performance computing; high -capacity communications and networking; information; human computer interaction; modeling, simulation and visualization. The environment will link scientists, design teams, manufacturers, suppliers and consultants in the creation and operation of an aerospace system and in synthesizing its mission. It will radically advance the processes by which life-cycle simulations of hightech systems are performed and complex science missions are synthesized. It will, in addition, enable the creation of a new, more effective learning paradigm. Future space missions include detecting earth-sized planets 600 trillion miles away with a telescope powerful enough to determine signs of life. Future aerospace systems will resemble biological systems. They will learn and adapt as they go, essentially performing their own mission tasking. The new environment will be used for the synthesis of future missions and the development of aerospace systems. The presentation will focus on the opportunities provided by the synergistic couplings of leading edge technologies for modeling, simulation and learning.

MINIMIZING VIBRATION OF LARGE GENERATOR ASSEMBLIES

P. Baehmann
(1) - General Electric Power Systems. E-mail : peggy.baehmann@ps.ge.com

ABSTRACT
The development and construction of large generators for electric power plants in todays competitive climate require an efficient process that addresses the customers functional and economic requirements. To ensure quality, finite element analyses are playing a more crucial role than ever before as weight and complexity are reduced in the generator assembly. A quality program has been implemented company wide that is referred to as Design for 6 Sigma. One aspect of this is a method known as Design of Experiments that uses statistical techniques to examine a set of results in order to optimize the design with respect to a particular response. Within this context it is possible to optimize a generator assembly design for acceptable levels of stress and vibration. Finite element analysis is used to examine the generator assembly for all the loads it will encounter during assembly and its operation, e.g., component and assembly lifting, shock loads as seen during shipping, sudden short circuit torque, internal pressure loads and the electromagnetic forces that occur under normal running conditions. These latter forces are cyclic and act in the radial direction at the inside diameter of the stator core and are on the order of 120,000 lbs. The resulting stator core vibration and the transmission to the rest of the generator structure and foundation are a significant design consideration. Forced harmonic response analyses are done to ensure there are no natural frequencies near running frequency that can be excited by the electromagnetic forces. The analytical model is a collection of meshes made from different sources. Most meshes are created from 3D geometry in Pro/ENGINEER, but geometry and meshes are also created in programs such as ANSYS or PATRAN. An in-house program stitches the meshes together and applies the necessary boundary conditions and loads. Coupled equations are created between components at locations that are strongly bolted together. Springs are used for gaskets and between components that are loosely bolted together. Constraint equations are used for locations such as stop collars. The stitching program creates
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ANSYS analysis input files and keeps track of all necessary information such as offsets for nodes, elements, materials, element types, couples, constraint equations, spring constants, master degrees of freedom, etc. For a ram limited computer, the stitching program creates the appropriate superelement commands.

NUMERICAL MODELING OF AIRCRAFT IMPACT INTO REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

D. Lawver, L. Nikodym, D. Tennant and H. Levine
(1) - Weidlinger Associates Inc. E-mail : lawver@wai.com (2) - Weidlinger Associates Inc. (3) - Weidlinger Associates Inc.

ABSTRACT
Finite element models were generated to predict the response of reinforced concrete, steel lined shelters to aircraft impact. Previously, simplified methods were used to represent the forces resulting from an aircraft crash. The expression F(t) = Pc[x(t)] + V2 [x(t)] . V2 was used to determine the impact forces from different aircraft impacting facilities in which hazardous materials were stored. In this expression the Pc term represents longitudinal crushing and the V2 term represents change in momentum. This expression, introduced by Hornyik (1977) and Riera (1980) and modified by Muto, et al (1989), has become the generally accepted method for defining the force of a plastically deforming body impacting a rigid fixed target. Using several assumptions outlined in their reports, the authors developed impact loadings for different aircraft types with different speed and weight configurations for each type. These loadings, the Riera loadings, have been used by engineers to predict global response of structures, such as nuclear reactor facilities. Explicit finite element models of C-130 and C-141 aircraft were developed for a safety assessment of aircraft impacting structures. The purpose of the impact calculations was to generate the internal structural environments for safety assessment as a result of aircraft impacts into shelters. The aircraft and impacted structures were modeled using the FLEX explicit, central difference, large deformation finite element code with subcycling. Mindlin-type, single-point integration quadrilateral plate elements with transverse shear deformations represent the shell components of the structures. Hexahedral elements, using single-point integration with Belytschko-Flanagan hourglass control, were used to model the concrete walls. Timoshenko beam elements with transverse shear deformations explicitly modeled the rebar reinforcement and aircraft stiffeners. A no-slip condition was assumed between the concrete and the steel reinforcement. Contact, separation and sliding were monitored using a penalty spring slideline algorithm. When elements were eroded the contact surfaces were modified to account for the new geometry. The C-130 aircraft model used over 16,000 nonlinear beam elements and over 18,000 nonlinear shell elements to represent the actual aircraft. The C-141 aircraft model employed over 9,000 beam elements and over 6,000 shell elements to represent the actual aircraft. These models were developed by reviewing thousands of drawings of the aircraft components and building the key structural members in detail. The individual body rings, longerons, and cargo deck members were modeled. Also, detailed members were used in the nose of the aircraft and around the landing gear areas. Added mass was used to account for fuel and other nonstructural members. The total mass, mass distribution, and center of gravity were checked to insure the models matched the actual aircraft. Finite element models of hardened reinforced concrete shelters were then built. These models accurately represented the geometry of the corrugated concrete arch structures including the foundations. The steel liner was modeled with nonlinear shell elements and the concrete was modeled using continuum elements. Rate dependent, three invariant concrete softening models and nonlinear, rate dependent steel failure models were used. Three explicit calculations were run two C-130 and one C-141 to compare the shelter response with previous Riera loadings. The cases were chosen so that one case would not fail the shelter and two cases one C-130 and the C-141 would fail the shelter. Details of the difference in results using the simplified loading and explicit aircraft impact modeling will be presented.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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This work was performed under subcontract to ARES Corp. and sponsored by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency under Contract DSWA01-97-D-0141. Contract Technical Monitor was Maj. John Dorian

ON THE COMPUTATIONAL ASPECTS OF PREDICTING CONTACT FOOTPRINT CHARACTERISTICS OF A PNEUMATIC TIRE

T. Gobinath
(1) - Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company,. E-mail : gobi_gobinath@goodyear.com

ABSTRACT
Pneumatic Tire analysis has been a challenging computational area due to its complexity in structure and performance. Complexities in computations increase tremendously when the mesh sizes become smaller. The mechanics of tire deformations and the understanding of the contact region between the tire & road and tire & rim are fundamentally important for tire design. This present work is directed towards better understanding of tire-road interaction by deflecting an inflated tire against a frictionless flat road surface and looking at the contact pressure distribution and the contact footprint shape. Sensitivity of footprint characteristics on various parameters is investigated and explained. The computational aspects of mesh distribution and its impact on footprint characteristics and remedies for those kinds of problems are presented herein. The situations in which contact pressure definition gives less accurate representation of the mechanics of deformation of the tire at the contact patch are also shown and some ways of overcoming these difficulties is proposed. Effects of element technology, hyper-elastic material models and the method of imposition of various displacement and incompressibility constraints on the footprint prediction are also explained in this work. Usual assumptions of rubber-elasticity will be made on the hyper-elastic behavior of tire component material: the rubber material is homogeneous, isotropic and its isothermal deformations are represented by a strain energy density function. Wherever possible, examples from practical tire applications will be presented.

ON THE USE OF COUPLED HEAT TRANSFER AND STRESS ANALYSIS FOR THE PREDICTION OF DEFECTS IN TI-6AL-4V ALLOY DUE TO RAPID HOT FORMING PROCESSES
A. Karafillis
(1) - General Electric Corp. E-mail : apostolos.karafillis@ge.com

ABSTRACT
A state variable model for the non-isothermal kinetics of the diffusion controlled a+b->b phase transformation in Ti-6Al-4V was developed and implemented in a finite element analysis process simulation. The purpose of this simulation is to predict the extent of phase transformation that occurs in hot and rapid non-isothermal bulk forming processes due to the adiabatic increase of the forming temperature to values higher than the beta transus temperature, Tb, for a short period of time. This prediction can then be used to assess whether the a phase has gone completely into solution, causing a resultant microstructure which, upon cooling, contains large prior b grain boundaries. Experiments in specimens under temperature and strain rate control were conducted in order to simulate real deformation processes and validate the analysis results. The experimental results were in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions of the amount of the a + b > -b transformation, thus demonstrating the precision of the developed state variable model and the finite element analysis used.

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WRINKLING PREDICTION IN NUMERICAL SIMULATION

J. Cao
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. Northwestern University. E-mail : jcao@nwu.edu

ABSTRACT
The prediction and prevention of wrinkling during a sheet metal forming process have been challenging issues on the design of part shape, die geometry and processing parameters. As known, a pure analytical solution is suitable only for solving some simple geometry problems. Our investigation on the capability of various Finite Element Models for predicting the side-wall wrinkling in a conical cup forming concludes that the implicit FEM model with shell elements may overwhelmingly over-predict the failure heights and the predictions from explicit FEM models are sensitive to the selected critical wrinkle heights, the mesh density, the punch velocity, etc. To overcome these difficulties, a method combining an analytical solution and Finite Element Modeling is proposed here. Flange wrinkling is simplified as wrinkling of a plate under normal constraint. The side-wall of even a complicated geometry can be characterized into a combination of local flat sheets or curved sheets. The analytical model for the onset of the buckling of an elastic-plastic flat/curved sheet is developed using the energy method. By defining the appropriate boundary conditions, critical buckling stresses can be obtained in terms of material properties, in-plane stress ratio, sheet thickness, normal pressure and geometry parameters. The onset of the wrinkling can be assessed by comparing this calculated critical buckling stress and the actual applied compressive stress obtained from FEM simulation. The approach and the analytical model have been examined for predicting the onset of wrinkling in the Toshida buckling test, aluminum square cup forming, and aluminum conical cup forming. Excellent agreements between our predictions and experimental results in all these cases are obtained. The approach can be implemented easily for analyzing complicated 3D forming problems and takes the effect of friction and other process parameters into consideration implicitly by utilizing the stress states obtained from a complete FEM simulation. The reliability of these criteria provides engineers a robust tool in designing/optimizing the tooling and forming parameters and therefore may eliminate the costly trial - and -error approach.

SIMULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER IN LIQUID COMPOSITE MOLDING

E. Bohr, J.F. Remacle and F. Trochu
(1) - Center for Appl. Res. on Polymers Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal. E-mail : remacle@meca.polymtl.ca (2) - Center for Applied Research on Polymers Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal. E-mail : remacle@meca.polymtl.ca (3) - Center for Applied Research on Polymers Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal

ABSTRACT
The Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) is a process to build industrial parts using composite materials. A thermosetting resin is injected at low pressure inside a mold cavity where a dry preform was previously fitted. When the mold is completely filled the part is cured. Mold, resin and fibers temperatures are generally kept at different values to shorten the overall process time and to obtain a better surface finish of the fabricated part. The simulation of the complete RTM process is decoupled in three parts: the filling of the preform, calculation of the temperature field and the curing process. For the filling process, the flow of resin throught the porous medium (fibrous preform) is predicted using Darcy's equation. The energy equation used to determine the temperature field in the saturated region is based on the assumption of local thermal equilibrium and is derived from a set of volume-average balance energy equations for the resin and the fibers. In the dry region and for the mold, thermic phenomena are modeled by the pure conduction equation. The last step in the RTM process is the curing of the injected part. Usually this step occurs well after the filling of the preform. The degree of polymerisation of the resin is determined using a ordinary
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non-linear differential equation where rate of cure is a function of the degree of cure and the local temperature. In some cases, curing starts during injection of the resin into the preform so the chemical species are transported along. So to calculate the degree of cure, it needs to be added to the ordinary nonlinear differential equation a convection term. When the overall process is simuated using the LCMFLOT software, at each time step, first the Darcy's equation is evaluated using a finite element method, then the thermic module is evaluated and last the curing equations are calculated. To move forward in time,Taylor-Galerkin scheme is used for modeling of the thermal phenomena. The same finite element method is used to calculate Darcy's and the thermal balance discrete equations after noting their mathematical identities. In both cases, the different integrals to evaluate are of same form. The Lesaint-Raviart method is used to simulate the transport of chemical species during the curing as well as in pure convection thermal problems, where the conduction part is small compared to the convection. This method is based on field discontinuities at element interfaces which makes it a stable method without the introduction of artificial damping. The calculation is performed element by element instead of the global rigidity matrix used in conventional methods.

FAST AND ACCURATE THREE DIMENSIONAL FILLING ALGORITHM IN LIQUID COMPOSITE MOLDING
J.F. Remacle and F. Trochu
(1) - Center for Applied Research on Polymers Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal. E-mail : remacle@meca.polymtl.ca (2) - Center for Applied Research on Polymers Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal

ABSTRACT
The Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) process consists of injecting at low pressure a thermosetting resin inside a mold cavity filled with a dry fibrous preform. When the mold is completely filled then the part is cured and subsequently demolded. We assume that the resin flow can be characterized as the flow of a Newtonian fluid through a porous media and therefore may be predicted by Darcys law. The simulation of the resin transfer process proceeds as follow. The calculation domain is divided in two regions: one is filled with resin and the other one is dry. The front flow is the interface between these two regions. At each time step of the simulation, the pressure field is to be calculated in the resin. Then, a transport equation is applied to compute the advancement of the resin front (a pseudo concentration variable is used here). Both pressure field and pseudo concentration variable are calculated using the finite element method [1]. The two steps are repeated until the mold is completely filled. The aim of this paper is to present a fast and accurate method for performing such kind of process simulations. First, a special finite element interpolation is used that ensure the exact conservation of the resin mass. We show that, in case of 2-D simulations, a classical Lagrange finite element interpolation leads to a loss of resin that is of order of magnitude of 5% of the total injected resin. For 3-D simulation, this loss reaches 40 % and the results of such a simulation is hazardous. The method described in the paper respects perfectly the conservation of resin flow. Finally, a new method which aim is to accelerate calculations is presented. It is based on the fact that the front flow is an isobar. If we compute Darcy's law in both the wet and dry regions while using correct values of the viscosity for the resin and for the air, a velocity field is calculated in the whole calculation domain. In our methodology, the same velocity field can be used for several front flow advancement steps. Conserving the same pressure distribution is rigorous if and only if the actual front flow remains an isobar. Consequently, a new pressure field is to be calculated when the actual front flow is deviating from an isobar. The speedup of the method is very high because the calculation of the pressure field is more time consuming than the front transport equation. Typically, industrial applications with more than 200.000 element can be computed in less than 5 hours on a single Pentium processor.

REFERENCES
[1] D.M. Gao, F. Trochu and R. Gauvin, "Numerical analysis of the Resin transfer Molding process by the finite element method", Advances in Polymer Technology, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 329-342, 1993.

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FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF GRAIN SIZE CHANGE DURING DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION

G.C. Huang and T. Wertheimer
(1) - MARC Analysis and Research Corporation. E-mail : ghuang@marc.com (2) - MARC Vice President of Engineering. E-mail : tbw@marc.com

ABSTRACT
In the metal forming industry, hot forming processes such as, extrusion and rolling, are often used to produce work-pieces with different geometry sizes before they can be used to produce any useful parts. Controlling microstructure development during these hot metal forming processes is very important towards good quality of the end product. Among all the parameters, the grain size is one of the major concerns. Many studies and researches are carried out to find a way so that a process engineer will be able to predict the grain size under different processing conditions such as, die shapes, temperatures and forming speeds without having to trial - and - error on the real material in the experiment. This case study is to explore the capability of the finite element method in simulating and predicting the grain size change during the dynamic recrystallization of a hot extrusion process. The material model is taken from Medina (Medina, 1996) using Yada model (Yada,1987) to predict the grain size change in typical AISI-1030 steel at about 1000C. Different die shapes are used in the analysis and comparisons are made with the experiment measurements. The study uses MARC/Autoforge to simulate the forming processes. Four-noded elements and the specified material model are used in the analysis. Automatic remeshing is used to correct element distortions during the analysis. The study shows good agreement of the finite element analysis with the experiment data. The results of different die shapes are presented in the interest of the process design.

REFERENCES
[1]. E.A.Medina, et al, "Optimization of Microstructure Development Application to Hot Metal Extrusion", Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol.5(6), December 1996, p743 [2]. H. Yada, 1987 Proc. Int. Symp. Accelerated Cooling of Rolled Steels, Conf. of Metallurgists, CIM, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, Aug. 24-26, G.E. Ruddle and A.F.Crawley, Eds., Pergamon Press, Canada, pp.105-120

MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION DURING STAMPING OF TEXTILE PREFORMS

R. Sidhu, M.S. Riaz, R.C. Averill and F. Pourboghrat
(1) - Michigan State University (2) - Michigan State University (3) - Michigan State University

ABSTRACT
It is well known that bending, stretching, and shearing of textile preforms affects the orientation, the cross-sectional shape, the crimp angle, and the density of tows in a textile preform. These properties in turn strongly affect the permeability of the preform as well as the local stiffness and strength of the ensuing composite material. In the present study, a balanced experimental and analytical/numerical study has been undertaken to investigate the microstructural evolution of textile preforms. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop a reliable and realistic model for predicting the local microstructure of deformed textile preforms. To this end, two-dimensional (2D) and threedimensional (3D) finite element simulations have been performed to predict global textile preform deformations and local tow cross-sectional shapes in preforms subjected to primarily tension and shear loading. These models are based on a unique modeling approach that accounts for tow scissoring and

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sliding as well as tow jamming at high shear angles. Preliminary simulation results have faired very well against published experimental data.

COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF VASCULAR STENTS

R.G. Whirley
(1) - Triad Vascular Systems, Inc. E-mail : rwhirley@triadvascular.com

ABSTRACT
The design of advanced medical devices is a challenging area for computational mechanics. This presentation describes the application of computational methods to the development of a vascular stent. A stent is an expandable scaffold that is placed inside the artery to provide support and prevent collapse or to anchor another device at the site of disease or injury. A stent is initially compressed into a small diameter, delivered through a catheter and expanded in place inside an artery. Important mechanical characteristics of a stent include its profile when compressed for delivery and the radial force it exerts on the artery wall when expanded. A stent typically undergoes large deformations, large strains, and highly nonlinear material constitutive behavior, and thus accurate numerical simulations are essential to guide the design process. This presentation discusses several issues in the nonlinear finite element analysis of vascular stent redelivery compression and in vivo radial force. Alternate modeling approaches are described and the results compared. Correlation of nonlinear simulation results with experimental data is discussed for one specific stent design. The presentation concludes with a general summary of lessons learned in using computational mechanics in the design of endovascular devices.

AN ALL-SPEED TOOL FOR FAN FLOW APPLICATIONS

C.L. Chen and Z. Liu
(1) - Computational Sciences Function Rockwell Science Center. E-mail : clc@beyond.risc.rockwell.com (2) - Computational Sciences Function Rockwell Science Center.

ABSTRACT
The fans have been routinely used in electronics cooling. The passive cooling approach can no longer meet the demand for high power density in the electronics industry. An efficient fan design plays a very critical role in the cooling system. The associated acoustic performance of the fan is also of a great concern to the environment. It is therefore important to understand and be able to predict the fan performance accurately and effectively in the conceptual design process so that the development cost of an efficient fan can be reduced. A numerical tool developed at Rockwell Science Center has been used in various aerospace applications in the range of subsonic, transonic and hypersonic flows. The unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations have been discretized on an unstructured finite-volume, density-based framework using parallel computation. While this approach is applied to design a fan where flow velocity could be less than a meter per second, the convergence becomes an issue resulting from disparate fluid and acoustic velocities. To avoid this difficulty, the pressure-based approach is commonly used in such a low-speed calculation. However, it is more practical to familiarize oneself with a single code, which can address wide range of flow conditions. Therefore, the preconditioning approach [1] coupling with current densitybased approach has been adopted. The implementation of preconditioning procedures involves constructing the preconditioner, multiplying the preconditioning matrix to the RHS, modifying the Jacobian matrix for implicit operator and flux evaluations, and changing the characteristic boundary condition and the local time step. The flow past a cylinder has been computed with this tool with and without the preconditioning procedures. The
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solutions have compared well with all range of Mach numbers from subsonic, transonic to hypersonic flows. When Mach numbers go near and below .01 for the procedure without a preconditioner, the flow field and the convergence rate deteriorates. On the other hand, the preconditioning procedure provides physical correct solutions for all range of flows. The validations for forward/backward facing steps have also been performed. Similar observations have been obtained. The formulation for the fan calculation has been cast using absolute variables written in a rotational frame so that a source term occurs and physically moving the grid can be avoided. First of all, an existing fan will be computed and validated experimentally. Then the validated code will be used to optimize the fan performance. Three aspects of the fan geometry will be evaluated: 1) blade , 2) hub , and 3)shroud. The results will be discussed with emphasis on minimizing the acoustic noise. The final fan tool will have its own GUI, grid generator and postprocessor.

REFERENCES
[1] J. M. Weiss and W. A. Smith, "Preconditioning Applied to Variable and Constant Density Flows", AIAA Journal, vol. 33, No.11, pp. 2050-2057, November 1995

HIGH PERFORMANCE NON-LINEAR COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION FOR THE MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
J. Duysens and R. Mzires
(1) - RENAULT SA, Direction de la Mecanique, Structures. E-mail : jacques.duysens@renault.fr (2) - Ecole Nationale Superieure d'Arts et Metiers (ENSAM). E-mail : Richard.Mezieres-Seram@renault.com

ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the challenging nonlinear finite element (F.E.) simulation of an automotive engine block clamping [1], i.e. the quasi-static simulation of the cylinder-head/cylinder-block assembly within a detailed modelisation of the cylinder-head Multi-Layered Steel (M.L.S.) gasket. We adress first the main difficulties that have to be overcomed to conduct such a simulation with the classical solvers and supercomputers used in Renault SA: - all the nonlinearities of the model : elasto-plastic material behaviour for the gasket, contact between all the different gasket layers, contact between the gasket and the engine blocks, ... ; - the important size of the different F.E. models : geometrical complexity of the cylinder-head and of the cylinder-block, modelisation of the gasket detailed geometry (embossments, stoppers, ...), ... ; - non matching meshes for the different submodels of the engine. We then focus the communication on the different numerical and modelisation strategies used to simulate the precise behaviour of the assembly, in order to analyse the sealing and the deformations of the engine under clamping, thermal and combustion loads : - choice of the explicit solver of ABAQUS to simulate the quasi-static clamping step : comparisons between explicit and implicit simulations demonstrate the efficiency of the explicit approach to simulate such class of nonlinear quasi-static problems [2] ; the possibility to use an hybrid approach (the clamping load step solved by an explicit solver and the gasket elastic recover step, with the combustion load, solved by an implicit method) is also tested and compared to a total explicit approach for the whole calculation . - choice of a predictor-corrector algorithm (with the explicit approach) to treat all the contacts : with this classical algorithm, we can use a distributed master/slave approach to treat efficiently the contact between deformable bodies. This approach is also compared for this class of simulation to an implicit approach using a Lagrange multipliers method to treat the contact. - original strategies for reducing the model size are used : with this explicit approach, we do not use classical superelement techniques for the elastic bodies, but we define simplified F.E. models for the block and the cylinder-head. The cyilinder-head is divided into two different submodels: a very detailed and refined model for the bottom deck (on the gasket face), assemblied with sticked contact conditions to a very simplified updated F.E. model for the other part. Numerical results are illustrated using the industrial application of a Renault engine to demonstrate the efficiency of the approach and the importance of such simulations to understand very well the physics of an engine assembly using the M.L.S. gasket technology [3].
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REFERENCES
[1] R. Mzires, "Modlisation tridimensionnelle du serrage dun poste moteur incluant une reprsentation dtaille du joint de culasse en grandes dformations lasto-plastiques et contacts", PhD Thesis report, Ecole Nationale Suprieure dArts et Mtiers, December 1998 [2] R.. Mzires, J. Duysens , "Etude du serrage dun joint de culasse multi-feuilles", Abaqus Software UsersConference, Paris, France, November 10 (1998) [3] J. Duysens , P. Magoni, M-H Coquery, O. Polit and M. Touratier, "Simulation of engine assembly clamping with a detailed cylinder-head multilayered steel gasket", 24 th ASME Design Automation Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, September 13-16 (1998)

TRANSFER FUNCTION METHOD FOR FAST THERMAL TRANSIENT EVALUATIONS

C.Y. Yang
(1) - Westinghouse Electric Company. E-mail : yangcy@westinghouse.com

ABSTRACT
In nuclear power plants, the structural components are constantly subject to complex thermal loads. The complexity includes randomness in temperature variations with time and space. It is further compounded by the nearly endless exposure time. As a result, thermal stress analysis becomes very time consuming and costly by the finite element method. The objective of this paper is to present an alternative approach that can effectively address stresses in complex thermal systems. Equation 1 is sufficiently general, capable of dealing with a large variety of practical thermal cases, including material non-homogeneity and temperature non-uniformity. It relies on transfer function, the unit mechanical response that converts temperature changes to stresses. Once the transfer functions have been determined, the selected key locations of the structural component can be readily evaluated for any design-based or hypothetical transients, and on-line monitoring. A special integration technique was developed to accelerate evaluation of Equation 1. The method developed involves no cumulative errors on integration. It directly computes the stress right for the input time points without any sub-steps, without sacrificing accuracy. The intervals between any two input time points can be of any size. So it can very fast produce solutions to the demanding monitoring applications. The methodology has been thoroughly benchmarked and the results are excellent.

LATTICE GAS TIME DOMAIN MODELS FOR ACOUSTICS WITH REDUCED MEMORY REQUIREMENTS
Y. Sudo
(1) - 5th Research Center, Technical R&D Inst. E-mail : sudoya@jda-trdi.go.jp

ABSTRACT
A lattice gas system consists of many particles, which move in a discrete space-time according to a set of simple motion rules. It has been found out to be useful to simulate complex systems, such as Navier-Stokes fluid, dissipation systems, and sound propagation. Applying this idea to sound propagation, an excellent simulation model can be obtained, which has no error for the one-dimensional (1-D) system [1] and has small error for the two-dimensional (2-D) case [2]. Despite these good characteristics, the original formulation needs to associate a multiple component field variable with each physical field variable to keep track of the motion of the lattice gas particles, where the number of the components is equal to the denominator of the dimensionless sound speed. This means that the amount of the computer memories required to perform the simulation depends on the sound speed and that it could be extremely large for some sound speed cases. To overcome this difficulty, several different approaches to this
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problem have been proposed. In the first attempt [3], the number of the components of the associated field could be chosen to be independent of the denominator. However, the number to be chosen was not clearly determined. In the second attempt [4], the number was reduced to two for the 1-D case and six for the 2-D case. In this paper, a new approach to the lattice gas time domain models for acoustics is explained. In this new formulation, the number of the components of the associated field becomes one for the 1-D model. Now that one component formulation for the 1-D model is obtained, splitting methods can be applied to obtain a 2-D model. According to the method one uses, both one component formulation and multiple component formulation are possible for the 2-D case. With this new formulation, the excellent characteristics of the lattice gas sound propagation models are remained intact and the memory requirements can be thoroughly optimized.

REFERENCES
[1] Y. Sudo and V. W. Sparrow, "A new lattice gas model for 1-D sound propagation", J. Comp. Acoust. 1(1993)423 454. [2] Y. Sudo and V. W. Sparrow, "Sound propagation simulations using lattice gas methods", AIAA Journal 33(1995)1582 - 1589. [3] Y. Sudo , "Lattice gas models for sound propagation simulation", Ph. D. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, 1994. [4] Y. Sudo and V. W. Sparrow, "Lattice gas models for acoustics with reduced memory requirements", 2nd International Conference on Theoretical and Computational Acoustics, Honolulu, HI, Aug. 1995.

COMPARISON BETWEEN TRANSMISSIBILITY AND POWER-LIKE METHODS FOR EFFICACY EVALUATION OF PASSIVE ISOLATION SYSTEMS
A. Coronado M., F.A. Rochinha and R. Sampaio
(1) - Mech. Engineering Dept. Pontific Cath. Univ. of Rio de Janeiro. E-mail : betocm@mec.puc-rio.br (2) - Mechanical Engineering Department. EE-COPPE-UFRJ. E-mail : faro@serv.com.ufrj.br (3) - Mechanical Engineering Department. EE-COPPE-UFRJ

ABSTRACT
Isolation systems are used in a large variety of applications to reduce the transmission of Mechanical vibrations caused by equipment or transmitted to them. To measure the efficacy of any isolation system there are essentially two methods, one based in the transmissibility [1] and another in the power transmitted [2]. In this work we will compare the two methods in an isolation system [3] composed of a receiver (beam with six simple supports, four of them fixed dividing the beam in three equal span and the other two supports can be localized in any point of the left or the right span in order to minimize the vibration of the beam), a flexible isolator and a rigid mass like source symmetrically localized. The excitation can be a vertical force or a moment. The transmissibility method has shown that it is ambiguous, with results depending on the definition used, and it is not clear how to employ the method for complex loading. For example, when the excitation is a vertical force there are at least four possible definitions: the relation between the vertical force, the moment, the vertical velocity or the angular velocity and the vertical force excitation in the connection point among the isolator and the receiver. Moreover, this quantity has a local scope, because in the case of a flexible base it does not offer information about other degrees of freedom. The power method is the quantity more appropriate to be minimized [4], because it carries generalized forces and velocities in a unique number and it is able to offer information about the vibration level in all degrees of freedom or on a particular set of them. It was not possible to use a combined excitation to compare the transmissibility and power methods, because there is a unit incompatibility in the definition of the transmissibility method using together linear and angular velocities or forces. We show that in the case of a vertical force excitation, the transmissibility of vertical velocities suggests that the region near to the fixed supports of the center span produce the lowest level of vibration, but the transmissibility of vertical forces suggest that the solution is near to the extreme supports. The power method shows coherence in their results and suggests that the region near to the supports of the center span offers the lowest level of vibration for the two excitation cases analyzed.

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REFERENCES
[1] Ponslet E.R. and Eldred M.S. "Discrete optimization of isolator locations for vibration isolation systems : An analytical and experimental investigation", Report SAND96-1109, may 17, 1996. Structural Dynamics Department, Sandia National Laboratories. [2] Pinnington R.J. and White R.G. "Power flow through machine isolators to resonant and non-resonant beams", Journal of Sound and Vibration (1981) 75(2), 179-197 [3] Gardonio P., Elliot S.J. and Pinnington R.J. "Active isolation of structural vibration on multiple-degree-of-freedom system, Part I : The dynamics of the system", Journal of Sound and Vibration (1997) 207(1), 61-93 [4] Sanderson M.A. "Vibration isolation : Moments and rotations included", Journal of Sound and Vibration (1996) 198(2), 171-191

SIMULATION OF THE STRUCTURAL DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF TELECOMMUNICATION SHELTERS

J.E.F. Abdalla and M. Chamecki
(1) - Centro de Cincias Exatas e de Tecnologia Pontifcia Univ. Catlica do Paran. E-mail : abdalla@rla01.pucpr.br (2) - Centro de Cincias Exatas e de Tecnologia Pontifcia Univ. Catlica do Paran

ABSTRACT
A telecommunication shelter is an equipment composed of a group of electronic devices packaged by a metal structure cabinet. Depending on its industrial application, which defines its dimensions, a telecommunication shelter will be installed in offices, factories and other workplaces as well as outside in urban and rural areas. A typical large shelter may be built with alluminum frames, which consist the major resisting structure, and with steel sheets for doors, walls and roof. The designer of a shelter usually utilizes standard sections for the frame structure and his or her choices are based more on assembly factors than on structural behavior. Further, as new electronic devices may have to be added to the package for comercial reasons, other structural parts also may have to be included. This process normally results in a structure whose behavior is unknown. Shelter structural deficiencies have been registered in practice. During its service life, a shelter structure will be subjected to various kinds of static and dynamic loads. The present work focuses on simulating the behavior of a typical shelter structure when subjected to dynamic loads. The most important loads considered are those which arise during transportation of the shelter by land and those which occur during its operation. The impact loads that occur during transportation may cause large deflection and plastic deformation of the structure. The operation loads, which are normally harmonic in nature, may cause equipments fault. The level of loading and conditions are prescribed by the International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC) standards. In the methodology to evaluate the dynamic behavior of a shelter, a complex finite element model is built. 3-D frame elements are used to represent the alluminum bars and wall reinforcements, shell elements are used to represent doors, walls and roof, and mass elements are used to represent the masses of the electronic devices. Three types of analysis are performed. A modal analysis is made to establish the vibration characteristics of the shelter, identifying its flexible regions. A transient analysis and a harmonic analysis are performed to simulate the shelters behavior during transportation and operation, respectively. The analysis reveal that large deflections and plastic deformation occur, and that design modifications are required to remove these deficiencies.

SPECTRAL ELEMENT METHODS FOR ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF NONLINEAR DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS
P.Z. Bar-Yoseph
(1) - Comp. Mech. Lab. Faculty of Mech. Engineering Technion-Israel. E-mail : pby@evanston.fluent.com

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ABSTRACT
In the first part of this presentation, the performance of the discontinuous Galerkin method will be compared with the performance of other possible discontinuous weighted residual methods, then a new generalized Galerkin method will be presented. A posteriori convergence study has been carried out, showing super convergence at certain points of the time element. This superconvergence which is shown when calculating the error distribution along the element can be used to improve the obtained solution and to yield an adaptive refinement strategy. An advanced CAD visualization method is required for efficient, real time display of meshes derived using an adaptive space-time finite element method. An adaptive level of details technique for meshing is proposed in [1]. The meshes are represented by hierarchical structures, such as quadtree, and describe changes in space and time for a physical entity at any level of resolution. To represent the physical solution as it develops continuously over time or for mesh refinement, the solution must be calculated for intermediate times. Consequently, we developed a morphing algorithm between meshes. Given two meshes from different points in time and at different levels of details, this proposed algorithm is capable of generating an intermediate mesh in real time. The second part of this paper deals with modeling and control of rigid (unicycle) and flexible(beam) dynamical systems. The unicycle system, including both a unicycle and a rider, presents an example of an inherently unstable system, which can be autonomously controlled and stabilized by a skilled rider. A dynamical investigation, a control design and a numerical solution of a nonlinear unicycle autonomous model will be presented. A three rigid body with two control torques, had been selected to represent the unicycle and rider system. A nonlinear control law, which replaces the rider in stabilizing the model, was derived, using a nonlinear dynamical modeling of the unicycle[2]. A simulation study shows good performance of this controller. A new computational approach for modeling and control of a flexible beam undergoing large displacements is developed in [3]. The method employs the space-time spectral elements for spatio - temporal discretizations of a geometrically nonlinear Timoshenko beam. The problem of fuzzy logic control of a rest to rest maneuver for a robot flexible arm was examined. Dynamical simulation will be presented for controlled and uncontrolled cases.

REFERENCES
[1] A. Fischer, P.Z. bar-Yoseph, Y. Hod, "Visualization of space-time finite elements based on multi - resolution quadtree", Computational Mechanics-New Trends and Applications. S.Idelsohn, E. Onate , E. Dvorkin (Eds.) CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain (1998). [2] Y. Naveh, P.Z. Bar-Yoseph , Y. Halevi, "Nonlinear modeling and control of a unicycle", (submitted for publication). [3] H. Plat, P.Z. Bar-Yoseph , H. Flashner, "Space-time spectral elements and control of a nonlinear beam", Proc. 27th Israel Conf. Mech. Eng., 683-685,(May 19-20, 1998).

LARGE-SCALE COMPUTATIONAL INVESTIGATIONS OF BUCKLING AND POST-BUCKLING RESPONSES OF RUBBER COMPONENTS

T. Dalrymple and S. Reddy
(1) - MARC Analysis Research Corp. E-mail : tod@marc.com

ABSTRACT
The physical response of rubber components can be quite complex, especially when the component may buckle and come into contact with surrounding structure, or even come into self-contact. In recent years the ability to address these types of problems with 3D nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) has grown considerably. Much physical realism has been added as typical model sizes have grown, but this aspect adds another level of difficulty to an already complex physics. The "complex" physics of the nonlinear material models, the presence of global or local "buckling" modes, and the presence of contact pose a numerical difficulty for the FEA software, but they also pose an equal or greater difficulty for the FEA user. The FEA user may not recognize the extent of the structural response possibilities, and therefore never understand the need to use certain solution techniques or strategies. The FEA user may not be aware of the issue(s) regarding FEA model "robustness". In many cases this may lead to a false conclusion that these types of problems cannot be handled by today's FEA technology. Because of the large model size, the user is often distracted from the fundamental physics at the root of the problem.
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The authors have been involved with many projects involving the nonlinear analysis of rubber components and indeed components that have undergone buckling or collapse type behavior. The physics of the deformations is often very complex, very interesting, and equally as often, quite unpredictable or unexpected. We would like to share four case studies of such rubber components, both to show that these types of analyses are tractable with today's technology as well as to point out possible stumbling points for the general user. All of the examples are three-dimensional, include a rubber material model and include contact. Two of these examples are of the seal variety. The first is an annular blow-out preventer, a large seal used in the oil industry to seal off a wellhead in case of catastrophic failure. This is a thick seal of rubber with embedded steel inserts to enhance stiffness. During a wellhead failure the seal is driven to very high compressive loads causing it to close upon itself. The second seal is a water pump seal that is a thinner structure; the installation process causes the seal to bend and in doing so it buckles through the cross-section. The next two examples are more mechanistic components. The third example is a latch mechanism for the cover of a large stationary machine; the latch doubles as a anti-vibration device. This example undergoes a snap-through type deformation and brings up the important issue of imperfection sensitivity. The final example is an elastomer boot surrounding an automotive drive joint (CV boot). The installation of the boot involves an axial compression which causes a snap-through deformation, and the joint articulation causes the boot to fold upon itself. Large areas of the boot come into self-contact and this is a very large deformation, large rotation analysis. Most of these examples use a relatively large mesh size, so we will make some comments about the use of domain decomposition parallel solutions.

NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OF FLEXIBLE BARS BY MODE DECOMPOSITION ELEMENTS

H.K. Stolarski
(1) - University of Minnesota Department of Civil Engineering

ABSTRACT
Dynamics of bars undergoing large overall motions is important in many applications, most notably in the area of robotics and flexible space structures. Depending on a particular application, the large overall motion can be accompanied by strains which are either small (eg. robotics) or large (eg. flexible space structures), but the problem is nonlinear in either case. Nonlinear dynamics of bars has been investigated and described in many previous publications. This presentation will address some new aspects of the problem. It will start with the description of large strains and large, three-dimensional overall motion of flexible bars in the context of the Co mode decomposition finite element formulation. Originally this formulation has been introduced to eliminate shear and membrane locking in static analysis. An interesting new feature in its dynamic applications is a possibility of novel formulation of the mass matrix, which is more consistent with the corresponding formulation of the stiffness matrix than mass matrices used previously. As opposed to the usual mass matrices associated with the Co finite elements, in which rotational and translational degrees of freedom are inertially uncoupled, the mass matrix resulting from the formulation presented here introduces this coupling. This is the main aspect of the presentation which will be discussed in details and its ramifications will be illustrated using both small and large strain problems. The second aspect of the presentation is related to numerical time integration of the rotational degrees of freedom for large rotation problems. The method used in this work is based on the vector representation of large rotations, which can be introduced based on the Eulers theorem. In dynamics, large rotation vector varies in time without restrictions, and rotational velocity and acceleration can be related to its first and second time derivatives. This features make the rotation vector analogical to the position vector and permits numerical time integration of the rotational degrees of freedom using techniques commonly used to integrate translational degrees of freedom. The general concept of that kind has been used previously in several different ways - the variant adopted here uses the finite rotation vector incrementally, in a manner which is designed to avoid singularities.

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IN-VIVO MEASUREMENT OF ELASTO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC TISSUE

J. Dual and M. Kauer
(1) - Institute of Mechanics ETH Zurich (2) - Institute of Mechanics ETH Zurich. E-mail : kauer@ifm.mavt.ethz.ch

ABSTRACT
Quantitative mechanical properties are the basic input for any biomechanical computer simulation. Since the mechanical properties of biological materials are subject to significant changes when tissue is prepared for experimental testing, we aim for in-vivo measurements. In-vivo measurements require high safety standards and have to be performed under sterile conditions. Pipette aspiration of tissue is one experimental setup able to fulfil the above requirements. The identification of tissue parameters is done via inverse finite element routines.

OPTIMIZATION OF SHORT COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO BIAXIAL BENDING

C.L. Nogueira
(1) - University of Colorado, Civil Engineering Department. E-mail : clnoguei@bechtel.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
During the last decades, although several advances have been made in structural optimization, the application of these advances is rarely possible in the problems frequently encountered in the design office. The vast majority of the works found in the literature are applied to solve highly idealized problems or are strongly dependent upon the application of complex computer algorithms. In many cases, for the application of the proposed methods a prior knowledge of the various optimization techniques is required. The method proposed in this paper, which is based on the analysis of more than 75,000 optimized reinforced concrete sections submitted to axial loads and bending moments, bridges the gap between the development of structural optimization and its application in design practice. Two parameters are defined for the applicationthe method: the first is associated with the reduction of the total amount of steel and the second yields the optimal redistribution of steel. The method constitutes a very useful design tool that can be applied to optimize reinforced concrete columns subjected to biaxial bending. The objective function considered in the problem formulation represents the total area of steel in the section. The optimal redistribution of the steel is constrained to the maximum axial load and moment the section with symmetrically distributed steel can carry. A Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) algorithm was applied to solve the optimization problem, the Hessian updating was performed using a Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb- Shanno (BFGS) Quasi-Newton method. The results showed that a substantial reduction in the total area of steel is possible by redistributing the amount in each corner of the section. Three examples demonstrate the application of the method to estimate the optimal distribution of steel.

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Minisymposium

Computational Methods for Multiscale Simulation of Materials

Peter Pinsky and K.J. Cho
SESSION 1: MULTISCALE SIMULATIONS OF MATERIALS MICROSTRUCTURES
A THEORY OF SUBGRAIN DISLOCATION STRUCTURES M. Ortiz, E.A. Repetto and L. Stainier ............................................................................................................................474 DISLOCATION-BASED PLASTICITY: JUNCTIONS AND HARDENING R. Phillips .......................................................................................................................................................................474 DISLOCATION DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS OF PLASTIC DEFORMATION FOR BCC SINGLE CRYSTALS: A MESOSCOPIC APPROACH M. Tang ..........................................................................................................................................................................475 ACCURATE ATOMISTIC SIMULATIONS OF DISLOCATION PROCESSES IN BCC METALS L.H. Yang, P. Soderlind and J.A. Moriarty.....................................................................................................................475 A METHOD OF GENERAL MULTIPLE SCALE ANALYSIS FOR NON-LINEAR HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA K. Terada, T. Kyoya and N. Kikuchi...............................................................................................................................476 CHARACTERIZATION OF NON-LINEAR MECHANICAL BEHAVIORS OF CELLULAR SOLIDS BASED ON A MULTIPLE SCALE TECHNIQUE I. Saiki, K. Terada and K. Ikeda .....................................................................................................................................477

SESSION 2
COARSENING ATOMISTICS - THE QUASICONTINUUM METHOD E.B. Tadmor ...................................................................................................................................................................478 DYNAMIC FRACTURE SIMULATION USING A VIRTUAL-INTERNAL-BOND APPROACH P.A. Klein and H. Gao....................................................................................................................................................478 MULTI-SCALE SIMULATION OF DYNAMICAL PROCESSES IN SILICON MICROSTRUCTURES R. Rudd and J.Q. Broughton...........................................................................................................................................479 DELAYED FRACTURE OF MATERIAL STRUCTURES OF SMALL FEATURE SIZES Z. Suo, J.H. Prevost and T. Baker...................................................................................................................................480 STOCHASTIC COUPLING BETWEEN ATOMS AND CONTINUUM P. Ramanarayanan, K. Cho and P.M. Pinsky .................................................................................................................481 ON SCALE SELECTION IN MODELING MECHANICAL AND TRANSPORT PROPERTY EVOLUTION IN POROUS MATERIALS A.M. Sastry and C.W. Wang ...........................................................................................................................................481

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A THEORY OF SUBGRAIN DISLOCATION STRUCTURES

M. Ortiz, E.A. Repetto and L. Stainier
(1) - Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories. E-mail : ortiz@aero.caltech.edu (2) - Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories. California Institute of Technology (3) - Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories. California Institute of Technology

ABSTRACT
We develop a micromechanical theory of dislocation structures and finite-deformation singlecrystal plasticity based on the direct generation of deformation microstructures and the computation of the attendant effective behavior. Specifically, we aim at describing the lamellar dislocation structures which develop at large strains under monotonic loading. These microstructures are regarded as instances of sequential lamination and treated accordingly. The present approach is based on the explicit construction of microstructures by recursive lamination and their subsequent equilibration in order to relax the incremental constitutive description of the material. The microstructures are permitted to evolve in complexity and fineness with increasing macroscopic deformation. The dislocation structures are deduced from the plastic deformation gradient field by recourse to Kr\"oner's formula for the dislocation density tensor. The theory is rendered nonlocal by the consideration of the self-energy of the dislocations. Selected examples demonstrate the ability of the theory to generate complex microstructures, determine the softening effect which those microstructures have on the effective behavior of the crystal, and account for the dependence of the effective behavior on the size of the crystalline sample, or size effect. In this last regard, the theory predicts the effective behavior of the crystal to stiffen with decreasing sample size, in keeping with experiment. In contrast to strain-gradient theories of plasticity, the size effect occurs for nominally uniform macroscopic deformations. Also in contrast to strain-gradient theories, the dimensions of the microstructure depend sensitively on the loading geometry, the extent of macroscopic deformation and the size of the sample.

DISLOCATION-BASED PLASTICITY: JUNCTIONS AND HARDENING

R. Phillips
(1) - Brown University. E-mail : phillips@engin.brown.edu

ABSTRACT
A new generation of models of crystal plasticity are being built around an explicit treatment of the motion and interaction of dislocations. One of the key challenges faced in endowing these models with physical realism is how to properly treat the structure and energetics of dislocation junctions which are thought to play a key role in the hardening of crystals. This talk will examine the structure and strength of junctions in fcc materials using a combination of atomistic and continuum models. In particular, threedimensional quasicontinuum calculations will be used to elucidate the core geometries of such junctions. These calculations will be followed by larger scale calculations using a finite element discretization of the dislocation line segments themselves, with the objective of systematically characterizing the strength of the entirety of possible junction types in fcc metals, including the role of the stacking fault energy.

DISLOCATION DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS OF PLASTIC DEFORMATION FOR BCC SINGLE CRYSTALS: A MESOSCOPIC APPROACH
M. Tang
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(1) - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. E-mail : tang7@llnl.gov

ABSTRACT
To provide a materials physics-mechanics link, the 3D dislocation dynamics simulations have emerged to be unique tools to study plastic deformation and mechanical properties. It simulates collective dislocation motions at the mesoscopic scale, where both long range elastic interactions and the dislocation core properties are incorporated. We have developed and applied the simulation method to study transition BCC single crystals (Ta as a prototype) [M. Tang, L. P. Kubin, G. R. Canova, Acta Mater. 46, 3221 (1998)]. The key input to the simulation involves the kink-pair activation enthalpy for the screw dislocation motion and the junction strength for dislocation intersection. Results will be presented on temperature dependent yield stresses and forest hardening at low temperatures. In addition, impurity hardening will be discussed as well.

ACCURATE ATOMISTIC SIMULATIONS OF DISLOCATION PROCESSES IN BCC METALS

L.H. Yang, P. Soderlind and J.A. Moriarty
(1) - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. E-mail : lyang@llnl.gov (2) - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (3) - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

ABSTRACT
It is very important to understand both deformation and defect properties of metals at the atomistic level in order to develop larger length-scale theories of the mechanical properties. Multiscale modeling of plastic flow and other mechanical properties in bcc transition metals requires an accurate atomistic description of dislocation energetics as input into 3-dimensional dislocation dynamics simulation [1] at the mesoscale. Two important issues arise when doing atomistic simulation on these systems: (i) the need for accurate interatomic potentials which incorporate the complex d-electron physics and (ii) the need for appropriate boundary conditions to simulate the relevant dislocation processes. In developing accurate quantum-based interatomic potentials for bcc metals, advanced ab initio methods have been used to study a wide range of relevant properties of bcc metals at both ambient and extreme conditions, including elastic moduli, ideal shear strength, and the atomic structure and energetics of grain boundaries and stacking faults. In the case of Ta, a comprehensive set of ab-initio electronicstructure calculations have been performed in the 0-10 Mbar pressure range and used to develop corresponding model-generalized- pseudopotential-theory (MGPT) multi-ion interatomic potentials [2] suitable for realistic atomistic simulations. While the MGPT potentials capture the required physics and appear to be accurate, they are computationally intensive due to the longer range cutoff (~7.5 Angstrom) and multiple neighbor loops involving three- and four-body interactions. For the boundary condition problems, a Green's function(GF) technique [3] is used in between the continuum and atomistic regions. In this regard, the GF region serves as a buffer zone between the atomistic and continuum regions, the forces built up in the continuum region can be fully released. After a few iterations, a completely converged solution for the defect formation can be obtained by eliminating any artifacts introduced by the boundary conditions and arbitrary choice of elastic center for the anisotropic elasticity displacement field. In this presentation, we will describe the implementation of MGPT multi-ion potentials in conjunction with the 2- and 3-dimensional GF techniques for atomistic simulations of dislocation processes. To optimize atomic relaxations in our simulations, we have explored both the conjugate gradient method and a hyper method that takes advantage of the domain decomposition scheme to speed up the optimization process by a factor of 10 as compared to the conjugate gradient one. We have applied these techniques to simulate the 1/2<111> dislocation core properties and kink-pair nucleation mechanism for bcc Ta.

REFERENCES
[1] M. Tang , L.P. Kubin and G.R. Canova, Acta Mater. 46, 3221 (1998). [2] J. A. Moriarty, Phys. Rev. B 49, 12431 (1994) and 42, 1609 (1990).
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[3] S. Rao, C. Hernandez, J.P. Simmons, T.A. Parthasarathy and C. Woodward, Phil. Mag. A 77, 231 (1998)

A METHOD OF GENERAL MULTIPLE SCALE ANALYSIS FOR NON-LINEAR HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA

K. Terada, T. Kyoya and N. Kikuchi
(1) - Dept. of Civil Engineering. Tohoku University. E-mail : tei@civil.tohoku.ac.jp (2) - Dept. of Civil Engineering. Tohoku University (3) - Comp. Mech. Laboratory. University of Michigan. E-mail : kikuchi@engin.umich.edu

ABSTRACT
In this paper, a method for nonlinear multi-scale analyses is developed in the context of mathematical homogenization. Our ultimate goal is to propose a class of general computational techniques to analyze the nonlinear multi-scale problems for heterogeneous solids with fine periodic microstructures. Regardless of the concrete information of constitutive equations for an overall structure, the mathematical results in the homogenization theory provide the homogenized variational equations. That is, by using the generalized convergence results in the theory [1], the governing equations for multi-scale nonlinear problems can successfully be incorporated with the two-scale representation of the variables. While the method of two-scale asymptotic expansions may fail to give the appropriate multiscale governing equations for some kinds of nonlinear problems such as elastoplasticity, the algorithm implicated by the generalized variational statement could be applied to broad class of nonlinear problems. More specifically, ssuming the convexity of the stored energy in homogenizing the nonlinear functional associated with the total potential energy, the multi-scale variational problem leads to the one analogous to the linear counterparts in the mathematical homogenization [2]. Here, the functional setting is closely related to the underlying mechanism of the microstructures. Reviewing the formulation in elastistatics with linear kinematics in this context, the static equilibrium with local contact conditions, which leads to nonlinear kinematics in a microscale, is considered in a numerical example. Furthermore, the current formulation and the computational algorithm are applied to the problem in elastoplasticity with small strain. Then our formulation employing the generalized variational principle with suitable functional setting would provides a new insight into the fundamental feature of multi-scale modeling by the homogenization theory in the context of computational inelasticity.

REFERENCES
[1] S. Muller, "Homogenization of nonconvex integral functionals and cellular elastic materials", Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 99 (1987) 189-212. [2] J. M. Guedes and N. Kikuchi , "Preprocessing and postprocessing for materials based on the homogenization method with adaptive finite element methods", Comput. Meth. in Appl. Mech. Engrg., 83, 143-198 (1991).

CHARACTERIZATION OF NON-LINEAR MECHANICAL BEHAVIORS OF CELLULAR SOLIDS BASED ON A MULTIPLE SCALE TECHNIQUE
I. Saiki, K. Terada and K. Ikeda
(1) - Deptartment of Civil Engineering Utsunomiya University. E-mail : saiki@cc.utsunomiya-u.ac.jp (2) - Dept. of Civil Engineering. Tohoku University. E-mail : tei@civil.tohoku.ac.jp

ABSTRACT
Cellular materials, which are not only of artificial but also of natural, are widely used for various purposes in industry because of its characteristic nature such as high stiffness-weight ratio. Due to such a practical importance and its complex mechanical behaviors, there are many reports on the equivalent material properties of the cellular solids (see [1] and references therein). However, most of the studies are
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based on the classical approaches in mechanics of composites based on the averaging field theories with the help of micromechanics. Since various computational techniques are available to simulate the complex mechanical behaviors of microstructure, the overall mechanical behavior of the cellular solids could be characterized by an appropriate averaging scheme. In this paper, we try to develop a multi-scale computational method for the analysis of cellular solids. The mechanical properties of cellular solids are determined not only by the material properties of its constituents but also its structure, in other words geometrical properties. Especially under the conditions of large deformation, the buckling of cells, which even induces localization of deformation, complicates its mechanical behaviors. Since both the microscopic buckling and the global behaviors must be considered simultaneously, this problem requires multi-scale computational strategies. Therefore, in order to characterize such highly nonlinear mechanical behaviors involving local unstability, we here employ the homogenization method based on a multiple scales asymptotic technique. In spite of the rigorous mathematical background of the homogenization approaches, there have been few literatures on the computational aspects of this kind of problems. Moreover, even theoretical studies reported some difficulties for choosing a correct model of microstructure [2]. In this paper, we present the formulation of the problem by assuming the periodic microstructure and then show several numerical examples that simulate typical mechanical responses of overall structures. Making use the numerical results in microscopic analyses by the proposed approach, we also discuss the appropriate model of microstructures for unit cell.

REFERENCES
[1] Gibson, L. J. and Ashby, M. F., "Cellular solids", Pergamon Press, 1988. [2] Muller, S., "Homogenization of nonconvex integral functionals and cellular elastic materials", Arc. rat. mech. anal., 99, pp. 189-212, 1887.

COARSENING ATOMISTICS - THE QUASICONTINUUM METHOD

E.B. Tadmor
(1) - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technion. E-mail : Tadmor@tx.technion.ac.il

ABSTRACT
Atomistic and continuum methods alike are often confounded when faced with mesoscopic problems in which multiple scales operate simultaneously. In many cases, both the finite dimensions of the system as well as the microscopic atomic-scale interactions contribute equally to the overall response. This makes modeling difficult since continuum tools appropriate to the larger scales are unaware of atomic detail and atomistic models are too computationally intensive to treat the system as a whole. We present an alternative methodology referred to as the "quasicontinuum method" which draws upon the strengths of both approaches. The key idea is that of selective representation of atomic degrees of freedom. Instead of treating all atoms making up the system, a small relevant subset of atoms is selected to represent, by appropriate weighting, the energetics of the system as a whole. Based on their kinematic environment, the energies of individual representative atoms are computed either in nonlocal fashion in correspondence with straightforward atomistic methodology or within a local approximation as befitting a continuum model. The representation is of varying density with more atoms sampled in highly deformed regions (such as near defect cores) and correspondingly fewer in the less deformed regions further away and is adaptively updated as the deformation evolves. The accuracy of this approach will be assessed as a function of the adopted representation for a simple 2D lattice for which an analytical solution is available. The method has been successfully applied to a number of atomic-scale mechanics problems in metals such as nanoindentation into thin aluminum films, microcracking of nickel bicrystals, interactions of dislocations with grain boundaries in nickel and 3D interactions of dislocations in aluminum. It is currently being used to study hexagonal voiding in zirconium and is being extended to study the mechanical behavior of directionally bonded solids like silicon and piezoelectric materials. A selection of examples from these applications will be presented.

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DYNAMIC FRACTURE SIMULATION USING A VIRTUAL-INTERNAL-BOND APPROACH

P.A. Klein and H. Gao
(1) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : paklein@sandia.gov (2) - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University. E-mail : gao@am-sun2.stanford.edu

ABSTRACT
Most conventional approaches to modeling fracture are based on small deformation constitutive models. These approaches are in contrast to the fact that extraordinarily large nonlinear elastic deformations inevitably occur in brittle fracture. Various cohesive models of fracture have emerged in recent years as modern approaches to numerical simulation of crack nucleation and growth without having to adopt an ad hoc fracture criterion. In comparison with conventional approaches, these models are physically more realistic in that they explicitly account for the fact that the cohesive strength and cohesive energy of solids are finite. The virtual-internal-bond (VIB) model is one method by which this cohesive behavior may be embedded directly into the continuum constitutive response by averaging cohesive interactions through a bond density function. We demonstrate that the VIB model is capable of capturing some essential features of large deformation near a crack tip. Specifically, the VIB model is capable of reproducing the dynamic crack tip instabilities observed in experimental studies of fast fracture. These instabilities are shown to produce crack surface roughening and, ultimately, larger scale branching.

MULTI-SCALE SIMULATION OF DYNAMICAL PROCESSES IN SILICON MICROSTRUCTURES

R. Rudd and J.Q. Broughton
(1) - University of Oxford, Dept. of Materials,. E-mail : robert.rudd@materials.oxford.ac.uk (2) - Naval Research Laboratory

ABSTRACT
This work studies multi-scale phenomena in silicon and quartz micro-resonators comprising the mechanical components of next-generation Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS). The behavior of next-generation, sub-micron MEMS is determined in part by the interplay between physics at the Angstrom, nanometer and micron scales. As device sizes are reduced below the micron scale, atomistic processes cause systematic deviations from the behavior predicted by continuum elastic theory and finite elements.[1,2]. The simulation of these atomistic effects is a challenging problem due to the large number of atoms involved. Our simulations include up to two million atoms in the device itself, and hundreds of millions more are in the proximal regions of the substrate. A direct, atomistic simulation (MD) of this many atoms is prohibitive, and it would be inefficient. The micron-scale processes in the substrate are well-described by finite elements (FE), and an atomistic description is not required. On the other hand, atomistic processes in the device are inherently coupled to the micron-scale strain fields which extend out into the substrate. In order to capture physical effects at both length scales simultaneously, we have developed a multiple-scale methodology [3,4]. This has been the focus of our DOD HPC Grand Challenge Project on multi-scale simulation.[5]. The crucial point to any inhomogeneous multi-scale methodology is the way in which the lengthscale domains are coupled. We have employed two approaches: a mean-force boundary condition [3] and a sophisticated coarse-grained coupling [4]. Both approaches give a natural domain decomposition to divide the computational load among parallel processors. The first approach directly couples MD to conventional FE. This is suitable when the FE region is in the far field. The second approach, coarsegrained molecular dynamics (CGMD), is similar to FE, but with scale-dependent constitutive relations derived via statistical mechanics in order to achieve a perfectly seamless connection between the atomistic and coarse-grained regions. In this talk we present simulations of the vibrational behavior of micron-scale
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oscillators. We find anomalous surface effects such as resonant frequency shifts and increased dissipation due to atomistic processes.

REFERENCES
[1] J. Q. Broughton, et al., Phys. Rev. B 56, 611 (1997). [2] R. E. Rudd and J. Q. Broughton, "Atomistic Simulation of MEMS through the Coupling of Length Scales", in Proc. MSM '98 (Computational Publications, Boston, 1998) pp. 287. [3] F. F. Abraham, et al., Comput. in Phys. 12, 538 (1998). [4] R. E. Rudd and J. Q. Broughton, Phys. Rev. B 58, R5893 (1998). [5] See URL: http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/simrudd/GrandChallenge

DELAYED FRACTURE OF MATERIAL STRUCTURES OF SMALL FEATURE SIZES

Z. Suo, J.H. Prevost and T. Baker
(1) - Princeton University. E-mail : prevost@Princeton.edu (2) - Dept. of Civil Engineering and Operations Research. Princeton Univ. E-mail : Prevost@Princeton.EDU (3) - Dept. of Mech. and Aerospace Engineering. Princeton University. E-mail : baker@tornado.princeton.edu

ABSTRACT
On a solid surface, mass can transport by processes like dissolution and diffusion. The transport is fast at a stress concentration site, and locally changes the solid shape. The process may lead to a crack front, and limit the lifetime of material structures particularly those of small feature sizes, such as high strength composites, integrated circuits, and Micro-Mechanical-Electrical-Systems (MEMS). We propose a computational method to simulate the process and predict lifetime. A solid may withstand a static load for a long time and then, without warning, breaks. The phenomenon is known as delayed fracture. At relatively low temperatures where creep is negligible, delayed fracture has been attributed to an environmental effect. Certain molecules in the air, such as water, adsorbing on the solid surface, reduce the bond strength. Within the framework of fracture mechanics, this theory has led to a practical procedure to predict lifetimes of engineering components. Cracks are assumed to pre-exist on the surface of a given engineering component. The time-to-fracture is the time required for one crack to grow to a critical size That sharp cracks pre-exist in materials has always been a vexing assumption. A different theory of delayed fracture holds that initial flaws are blunt. A solid loses mass to its environment by a surface reaction; the rate of the reaction depends on local stress. Because the stress along a flaw surface is nonuniform, the reaction may proceed faster at the flaw root than elsewhere, gradually changing the flaw into a sharp crack. A main difficulty in analyzing the model has been the large shape change at crack nucleation site, and the accompanying elastic field concentration. The existing work has been limited to highly idealized analytical models. We formulated a computational method to simulate this crack nucleation process in complex structures of small feature sizes (e.g., strong fibers, integrated circuits, and MEMS) and to ensure their durability. We have implemented the approach within a finite element setting, and have developed unconditionally stable and efficient partitioned solution procedures. The code is designed for parallel processing. To solve problems involving multi-scales such as crack nucleation processes, we have implemented a spatially and temporally adaptive technique. To accomplish the mesh deformation in the crack nucleation process, we combine mesh movement and mesh modification. Mesh enrichment has been implemented using unstructured Delauney methods to obtain well-graded tetrahedra. Mesh coarsening has been implemented using an edge collapse method to eliminate points and tetrahedra in regions where the mesh has become too fine.

STOCHASTIC COUPLING BETWEEN ATOMS AND CONTINUUM

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P. Ramanarayanan, K. Cho and P.M. Pinsky

(1) - Div. of Mech. and Comp. Dept. of Mech. Engineering. Stanford University. (2) - Div. of Mech. and Comp. Dept. of Mech. Engineering. Stanford University. E-mail : kjcho@stanford.edu (3) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. Stanford University, Stanford. E-mail : pinsky@stanford.edu

ABSTRACT
One of the major challenges in multiscale modeling of material systems is the large differences in atomic and continuum scales. The atomic scale has characteristic length and time scales of nm and fs which are several orders of magnitude smaller than typical material system size and dynamics (larger than micron and micro second). Because of these large differences, when atoms and continuum are simultaneously described as different parts of a system, most coupling schemes suffer from the mismatch of resolutions or dynamic modes at the atom-continuum interface. In this talk, we will discuss a stochastic coupling scheme which has been developed to overcome this mismatch problem at the boundary between atoms and continuum. The stochastic scheme is based on a special set of boundary conditions designed to effectively convert the microscopic degrees of freedom from atoms to continuum and to effectively generate atomic dynamics from continuum to atoms. We will illustrate this coupling scheme with one dimensional solid system.

ON SCALE SELECTION IN MODELING MECHANICAL AND TRANSPORT PROPERTY EVOLUTION IN POROUS MATERIALS
A.M. Sastry and C.W. Wang
(1) - Dept. of Mech. Eng. & App. The University of Michigan. E-mail : amsastry@engin.umich.edu (2) - Dept. of Mech. Eng. & App. Mechanics. University of Michigan.

ABSTRACT
Fibrous structures, including papers and filters, electrochemical substrates, and biomaterials inherently involve scale selection for simulation of behavior. Mechanical and transport (here, electrical resistivity) properties have been examined. It is shown that the different physical mechanisms of internal deformation - tension / compression, bending, and torsional deformation of fiber elements around bonds, result in scale sensitivities which vary with both mechanism and magnitude of fiber properties. Further, these scales are distinct from those appropriate for solution of the conduction problem (solution of Laplaces equation in a heterogeneous domain for effective properties). Results suggest that these properties should be simulated separately. Morphology of materials (which evolve in the materials motivating the present study) plays a strong role in development of scale effects. We comment upon the use of effective media, versus percolation, versus the micromechanical approaches used here. Finally, we comment on some advantageous microstructures for a few applications.

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Computational and Probabilistic Methods for Fatigue and Fracture

Sharif Rahman and Martin Dunn
SESSION 1
Keynote : PROBABILISTIC FRACTURE PROCESSES IN FIBER COMPOSITES S.L. Phoenix, M. Sivasambu and I.J. Beyerlein...............................................................................................................484 SIMULATIONS OF QUASI-STATIC AND DYNAMIC FIBER PULL-OUT/PUSH-OUT IN A MODEL COMPOSITE SYSTEM P.H. Geubelle, X. Bi, G. Lin, J. Lambros and Z. Li.........................................................................................................485 COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION OF PITTING AND ASSOCIATED SERVICE LIFE ESTIMATION Z. Ren and S. Glodez ......................................................................................................................................................485 INVERSION OF RAINFLOW MATRICES: A METHOD FOR GENERATING RANDOM LOADS FOR FATIGUE TESTS P. Johannesson and I. Rychlik ........................................................................................................................................486 CRACK BRIDGING MECHANISM IN BONE-SHAPED-SHORT (BSS) FIBER COMPOSITES M. Sivasambu, I.J. Beyerlein, Y.T. Zhu and I.J.. Valdez .................................................................................................487

SESSION 2
MONTE CARLO FRACTURE MODELING OF INTERACTING MULTIPLE KINKED AND BRANCHED CRACKS IN A PLATE S. TerMaath and S.L. Phoenix ........................................................................................................................................488 COMPUTATIONAL AND PROBABILISTIC METHODS FOR ELASTIC-PLASTIC FRACTURE S. Rahman.......................................................................................................................................................................489 CORRELATION OF AN EMBEDDED MARKOV CHAIN FATIGUE MODEL WITH MICROSTRUCTURE L.R. Lawson, E.Y. Chen and M. Meshii ..........................................................................................................................490 INITIATION AND PROPAGATION OF CRACKS FROM GEOMETRIC AND MATERIAL DISCONTINUITIES M.L. Dunn and P.E.W. Labossiere .................................................................................................................................490 EXPERIMENTAL-COMPUTATIONAL DETERMINATION OF CONSTITUTIVE BEHAVIOR OF ROUGH FRACTURE SURFACES D.A. Mendelsohn and T.S. Gross....................................................................................................................................491

SESSION 3
EMERGING FRACTURE MECHANICS PARAMETERS FOR HISTORY DEPENDENT FRACTURE F.W. Brust and R. Mohan ...............................................................................................................................................492 PLANAR (2-D) FIBER COMPOSITES: STATISTICAL STRENGTH DISTRIBUTION AND SIZE EFFECT I.J. Beyerlein, S.L. Phoenix and M. Sivasambu...............................................................................................................493 SIMULATION OF PLASTIC TEARING AND THE PREDICTION OF RESIDUAL STRENGTH IN TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT FUSELAGES P.A. Wawrzynek, C.S. Chen and A.R. Ingraffea..............................................................................................................494 COMPUTATION OF REMAINING LIFE PDF OF PIPELINE WITH CRACK SUBJECTED TO A COMBINATION OF CYCLIC LOADING AND LOCAL CORROSION M.G. Malyukova and S.A. Timashev...............................................................................................................................495 COMPUTATIONAL STRATEGIES TO MODEL RESIDUAL STRESS DUE TO SHOCK LOADING J.T. Jinn and J.K. Lee .....................................................................................................................................................496

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Keynote : PROBABILISTIC FRACTURE PROCESSES IN FIBER COMPOSITES

S.L. Phoenix, M. Sivasambu and I.J. Beyerlein
(1) - Department of Theoretical & Applied Mechanics. E-mail : slp6@cornell.edu (2) - Los Alamos National Laboratory (3) - Center for Materials Science. Los Alamos National Laboratory. E-mail : irene@lanl.gov

ABSTRACT
Fiber composites are well known to exhibit statistical variation in tensile strength, and experimental evidence also suggests a size or scale effect [1]. For a composite structure the entire strength distribution is needed to determine design loads for very low probabilities of failure (high reliability). Experimental determination of such distributions from laboratory coupons is not feasible, which shifts the burden to computational mechanics models of failure involving Monte Carlo simulation. Unfortunately, severe constraints exist when all possible failure sequences are permitted, even for relatively small composites containing 104 fiber elements. To treat large composites (106 to 1015 elements) approximate and asymptotic analyses are desirable to extend the insights from simulation. This approach of coupling simulation and analysis has become increasingly successful over the last few years and predictions have emerged that are rich in features. In the modeling the fibers are typically packed in regular arrays and their strengths are assumed to follow parametric forms such as a Weibull distribution with shape parameter s. Loads are redistributed around clusters of fiber breaks following simplified stress redistribution models such as the shear-lag model Hedgepeth and Van Dyke [2]. Generally there are no simple, exact formulas for stress concentrations available even for clusters taking idealized patterns (e.g. penny-shaped clusters). Nevertheless, we have determined stress concentration formulas for break clusters that compare favorably to numerical results, and continuum fracture mechanics. This has opened the way for new advances in probabilistic modeling. In this paper we generally discuss some of these advances and phenomena observed, and turn to some examples based on composites with fibers packed in a hexagonal array. First we consider the brittle regime, where probabilistic modeling of strength turns out to be well served by considering the initiation and growth of failure clusters in a transverse plane that tend to take on a penny shape as they grow to instability. We assume that cluster growth is most likely to occur by failure of the surrounding intact fibers even for quite high variability (low s) in fiber strength. This is shown to be a reasonable assumption since, except for very small clusters, the next nearest neighbors are found to have greatly reduced loads. The probability analysis is based on assumptions relevant to s >> 1, but it works surprisingly well for s down to 3. The resulting distribution is not of the Weibull type, even though the fibers are assumed Weibull. The theory is compared to Monte Carlo simulation results, which make no restrictions on the failure sequence. Both the theory and the Monte Carlo simulations suggest transitional behavior at s = 2 to a more ductile regime, and for s < 2 the form of the strength distribution undergoes a transition to one corresponding to a form of global or dispersed [3]. Across the spectrum of possibilities, agreement of theory and simulation is extremely favorable. The model also yields expressions for the size and critical cluster size in terms of composite volume.

REFERENCES
[1] C. Zweben, "Is there a scale effect in composites?", Composites, 25 (1994) 451. [2] J. M. Hedgepeth and P. Van Dyke, "Local stress concentrations in imperfect filamentary composites", J. Composite Mater., 1 (1967) 294. [3] S. Mahesh , I. J. Beyerlein and S. L. Phoenix, "Size and heterogeneity effects on the strength of fibrous composites", Physica D, (1999) to appear.

SIMULATIONS OF QUASI-STATIC AND DYNAMIC FIBER PULL-OUT/PUSHOUT IN A MODEL COMPOSITE SYSTEM

P.H. Geubelle, X. Bi, G. Lin, J. Lambros and Z. Li

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(1) - Dept. of Aero. & Astro. Eng. Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. E-mail : geubelle@uiuc.edu (2) - Dept. of Aero. & Astro. Eng. Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (3) - Dept. of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering. University of Illinois

ABSTRACT
When a crack propagates in a composite materials perpendicularly to the fibers, fiber/matrix debonding and frictional fiber pull-out constitute the two important energy absorption mechanisms. To better characterize the micro-mechanics of fiber pull-out under quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions, we perform a series of detailed axisymmetric simulations using a Cohesive/Volumetric Finite Element (CVFE) scheme, which allows for the capture of the spontaneous dynamic debonding process. An explicit and implicit schemes are developed for the dynamic and quasi-static problems, respectively. In both cases, special attention is paid to the accurate capture of the frictional contact taking place along the fiber/matrix interface. Of particular interest are the issues of debonding speed (in the dynamic case), of the relative importance of the frictional dissipation in the total energy absorption, and of the effect of various friction models on the pull-out process. Comparisons with experimental observations of quasi-static and dynamic fiber pull-out and push-out processes are provided.

COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION OF PITTING AND ASSOCIATED SERVICE LIFE ESTIMATION

Z. Ren and S. Glodez
(1) - University of Maribor. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. E-mail : ren@uni-mb.si (2) - University of Maribor. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

ABSTRACT
Surface pitting is the fatigue phenomenon, which is characterised with a gradual deterioration of contact surfaces under cyclic contact loading. The process of surface pitting can be visualised as the formation of small, surface-breaking or subsurface initial cracks which grow under repeated contact loading and eventually cause the material surface layer to break away. The resulting void is a surface pit, which can seriously hamper the operation of the damaged mechanical element. Failure occurs either when the surface has deteriorated so much that the component no longer functions as designed, or when the damage becomes severe enough to lead to failure by another mechanism, such as breakage. This paper presents a general computational model for simulation of pitting and associated service life estimation of contacting elements. In the model it is assumed that the initial fatigue crack develops along the slip line in a single crystal grain under the contact surface. The position of the initial crack in the contact area is determined with the Hertz equivalent contact model, which considers also any frictional forces. The Virtual Crack Extension method in the framework of the Finite Element analysis is then used for simulation of the fatigue crack propagation through crystal grains until the material layer breaks away from the surface (see [1] and references therein). Computational simulations provide for determination of functional relationships between the stress intensity factor and crack length. These are determined for various combinations of contacting surface curvatures and contact loading. Coupled with the short fatigue crack propagation theory they are used for service life estimation of contacting mechanical elements in regard to pitting [see 2 and references therein]. The fatigue crack growth takes into account the short crack growth theory based on dislocations motion along persistent slip bands in crystal grains. The modified BCS (Bilby, Cottrell and Swinden) model is applied for that purpose. The computational results show that the model reliably simulates the subsurface fatigue crack growth under contact loading and can be used for computational predictions of surface pitting for various contacting mechanical elements. This is illustrated with application of the computational model to the practical problem of predicting the pitting resistance of a spur gear, which is also experimentally tested [2]. The comparison between computational and experimental results shows a very good correlation in terms of pit shapes and the number of loading cycles required for a pit to develop.

REFERENCES

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[1] S. Glodez, Z. Ren and J. Flaker, "Simulation of surface pitting due to contact loading", Int. J. Numer. Meth. in Eng., 43 (1998) 33 - 50. [2] S. Glodez, J. Flaker and Z. Ren , "A new model for the numerical dertermination of pitting resistance of gear teeth flanks ", Fatigue Fract. Engng Mater. Struct., 20 (1997) 71 - 83.

INVERSION OF RAINFLOW MATRICES: A METHOD FOR GENERATING RANDOM LOADS FOR FATIGUE TESTS
P. Johannesson and I. Rychlik
(1) - Department of Mathematical Statistics. Lund University. E-mail : Par.Johannesson@matstat.lu.se (2) - Department of Mathematical Statistics. Lund University

ABSTRACT
It is generally agreed that fatigue is a rate independent process, which means that only the sequence of local extremes is essential for fatigue life predictions and not the exact path of a load between the local extremes. However, it is not possible in practice to use the whole structure of the sequence of local extremes to predict the fatigue life time. Instead, the distribution of the so called rainflow cycles, which are local maxima and minima of a load, paired using the hysteresis properties of the material, may be usefully employed. In the automobile industry, the loading sequences are often directly measured in the form of histograms of pairs of maxima and minima, paired by means of the rainflow method. These histograms, called rainflow matrices, are then manipulated in order to superimpose different loading conditions that the structure may experience during its lifetime. Since the original sequence is not known, and neither the order of local extremes, there is a need to model stochastic processes under assumption of stationarity, from their rainflow matrices. Finding a time series for fatigue testing from a rainflow matrix is called an invese problem. The class of Markov chains is particularly useful as models for fatigue loads when considering the inverse problem, since the expected rainflow matrix can be computed from the specifications of a Markov chain, see e.g. [1] and [2]. Markov chains have a simple structure, but still they are flexible enough to model e.g. switching loads with changing characteristics, like a truck driving with different loads and on different roads, by using the concept of hidden Markov models, see [1]. Furthermore, the inverse problem can be solved for Markov chains, see e.g. [3]. In some fatigue analysis, in order to take care of some sequential effects, one makes a distinctions between closed hysteresis loops that occure when the stress is increasing and when it is decreasing (compression), by spliting all rainflow cycles into hanging and standing, respectively. Under the assumption that the local extremes of the load form a Markov chain, we present an algorithm for computing the expected rainflow matrix, distinguishing between hanging and standing cycles. This forward algorithm enables us to construct the more important inverse algorithm, i.e. to compute the Markov transitions for the load from the rainflow matrix. (The detailed description of the algorithm and its properties will be given in a forthcomming paper.) An interesting feature of this method is that it can produce time irreversible loads, e.g. the irregularity of the load can be different (in average) when it is growing and when it is decreasing, so that the direction of the time axis can be identified from the load. Numerical examples will illustrate the method.

REFERENCES
[1] P. Johannesson , "Rainflow Cycles for Switching Processes with Markov Structure", Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 12, 143-175, 1998. [2] I. Rychlik , "Rain flow cycle distribution for ergodic load processes", SIAM J. Appl. Math. 48, 662-679, 1988. [3] I. Rychlik , "Simulation of load sequences from Rainflow matrices: Markov method", Int. J. Fatigue 18, 429-438, 1996.

CRACK BRIDGING MECHANISM IN BONE-SHAPED-SHORT (BSS) FIBER COMPOSITES

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M. Sivasambu, I.J. Beyerlein, Y.T. Zhu and I.J.. Valdez

(1) - Los Alamos National Laboratory (2) - Center for Materials Science. Los Alamos National Laboratory. E-mail : irene@lanl.gov (3) - Materials Science and Technology Division. E-mail : yzhu@lanl.gov

ABSTRACT
In conventional-shaped-short (CSS) fiber composites, strength and toughness are limited by the numerous discontinuities provided by fiber ends and by fiber pull out at loads low relative to the strength of the composite. Typically strength is enhanced by strengthening the interface, but not without consequential losses in toughness. To obtain both high strength and toughness, a strong matrix-to-fiber load-transfer mechanism coupled with a weak interface is required. This poses a paradoxical dilemma in designing CSS-fiber composites, which has not been solved by decades of world-wide research on interface behavior. In this work, we explore a new concept to improve both strength and toughness of short-fiber composites: fiber morphology design. We have fabricated a model polyethylene bone-shapedshort (BSS) fiber reinforced polyester-matrix composite to prove this concept. We experimentally compare the properties of a BSS fiber composite with that of a CSS fiber composite. In either case, fibers are aligned, of equal length and randomly distributed in the composite. These results show that BSS-fiber composites have higher strength and fracture toughness than CSS-fiber composites. The BSS fibers have enhanced bridging capability which results in stable matrix crack propagation and increases in critical stress to instability. The bridging effect of BSS fibers on crack propagation of prenotched specimens is modeled using a statistical computational model which accounts for stress field interactions between fiber ends, random fiber spatial distribution, and BSS fiber pull-out behavior. Unlike the CSS-fiber composites in which immediate catastrophic propagation happens, stable crack extension occurs in the BSS-fiber composites by coalescence of the main crack with dispersed microcracks formed ahead of the crack. Also significant increases in R-curve behavior are predicted for the BSS-fiber composite, in agreement with experimental observations. Another experimental observation captured by the Monte Carlo model is the statistical variation in the R-curves of similar specimens. In the current model BSS-fiber composites, one disadvantage is that initial matrix cracks tend to be initiated at lower strain than those in CSS-fiber composites. FEM analysis is performed to find the optimum shape of the enlarged BSS-fiber end that would (i) minimize the tendency for transverse crack propagation from the ends and still (ii) effectively bridge the crack. The optimum size will depend indirectly on the mean fiber strength. The fiber end shape is generalized as an ellipsoid of revolution and the interfacial normal and shear stress concentrations are analyzed for a range of ellipse aspect ratios. For these shapes, first the elastic, perfectly bonded conditions are assumed in order to study debonding initiation. Then partial interfacial cracking is modeled to study the matrix crack propagation direction.

MONTE CARLO FRACTURE MODELING OF INTERACTING MULTIPLE KINKED AND BRANCHED CRACKS IN A PLATE
S. TerMaath and S.L. Phoenix
(1) - Civil & Environmental Engineering, Cornell University. (2) - Department of Theoretical & Applied Mechanics. E-mail : slp6@cornell.edu

ABSTRACT
A main concern in aircraft safety is the possibility of several small strongly interacting fatigue cracks propagating and coalescing to form a much larger crack that induces panel failure. To determine the residual strength in aircraft panels containing such multiple cracks requires a fast simulation method that will accurately predict the growth and coalescence of these cracks. In addition, since very small cracks and material defects may be overlooked during inspection, arrays of multiple cracks must be randomly generated (and nucleated) and their growth stochastically simulated. For two-dimensional problems, an analytical method requiring minimal numerical analysis is developed to calculate stress and displacement fields surrounding these crack arrays (including stress intensity factors at tips and generalized stress intensity factors at kinks and branches). These stress and displacement fields are then used to model crack growth and coalescence and the initiation of new cracks
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at kink and branch points and possibly elsewhere in the material. This method is applied to cracks situated along kinked and straight lines in a plate forming an enhanced hexagonal network. Monte Carlo studies of crack growth and coalescence are restricted to this framework to save computational time and storage. The developed method is an extension of the Burton and Phoenix (1999) weighted superposition method based on opening displacement profiles for the analysis of kinked or branched cracks in a linearly elastic solid. This approach accounts for singularities at branch and kink locations, a feature generally neglected in the literature. It converges rapidly for very few degrees of freedom with an error that can be quantified in terms of residual tractions. Moreover, this method involves no numerical integration eliminating unnecessary computational errors. This method is extended for interacting multiple crack arrays to yield an efficient and accurate means for studying damage tolerance in aircraft panels.

REFERENCES
[1] Burton Jr., J.K. and Phoenix, S.L. "Superposition Method for Calculating Singular Stress Fields at Kinks, Branches, and Tips in Multiple Crack Arrays.", Accepted for publication, International Journal of Fracture, 1999.

COMPUTATIONAL AND PROBABILISTIC METHODS FOR ELASTIC-PLASTIC FRACTURE

S. Rahman
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. The University of Iowa. E-mail : rahman@icaen.uiowa.edu

ABSTRACT
It is now well established that the nonlinear fracture-mechanics methods provide more realistic measures of fracture behavior of cracked structures with high toughness and low strength materials compared with the elastic methods [1]. Cracked components made of these materials in nuclear power plants, chemical and fossil plants, automobiles, and aerospace and aircraft propulsion systems pose a serious threat to structural integrity. In much or all of the working temperature regime of these components, the material is being typically stressed above the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature where the fracture response is essentially ductile and the material is capable of considerable inelastic deformation. As such, elastic-plastic theories should be used for fracture analyses of these structural components. While the development is still ongoing, significant progress has been made in the deterministic modeling of linear-elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics (EPFM). Probabilistic models have also been developed to estimate various response statistics and reliability [2]. Currently, there are many applications of probabilistic fracture mechanics in the field of oil and gas, nuclear, automotive, naval, aerospace, and other industries. Nearly all of these methods have been developed based on LEFM models. On the other hand, the probabilistic analysis based on EPFM model has received limited attention to date. To the best knowledge of the authors, there has been no systematic research focused on the next important issue in probabilistic fracture mechanics, i.e., the more general case of probabilistic elastic-plastic fracture-mechanics analysis. This paper presents a new computational methodology for stochastic prediction of elastic-plastic fracture parameters and probabilistic characterization of fracture initiation in two- and three-dimensional cracked structures. It is based on (1) nonlinear finite element method for deterministic stress analysis, (2) statistical models for loads and material properties including stress-strain and fracture toughness curves, and (3) standard computational methods of structural reliability theory for probabilistic analysis. A computer code titled PROFRAC was developed by implementing all of the numerical methods presented in this study. Two examples are presented to illustrate the proposed methodology for two- and threedimensional cracked structures. The results from these examples show that the methodology is capable of predicting accurate deterministic and probabilistic characteristics of J-integral for their use in elasticplastic fracture mechanics.

REFERENCES
[1] Brust, F. W., Scott, P., Rahman, S., Ghadiali, N., Kilinski, T., Francini, B., Marschall, C. W., Miura, N., Krishnaswamy, P., and Wilkowski, G. M., "Assessment of Short Through-Wall Circumferential Cracks in Pipes

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- Experiments and Analysis", NUREG/CR-6235, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C., April 1995. [2] Provan, James, W., "Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics and Reliability", Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1987.

CORRELATION OF AN EMBEDDED MARKOV CHAIN FATIGUE MODEL WITH MICROSTRUCTURE

L.R. Lawson, E.Y. Chen and M. Meshii
(1) - Independent Scholar. E-mail : lawson@vms.cis.pitt.edu (2) - General Electric Corporate Research (3) - Northwestern University

ABSTRACT
Empirically optimized mesh spacings of an embedded Markov-chain fatigue model are compared with microstructural correlation lengths obtained through stereology for two metallic materials. Fatigue crack propagation (and in this case initiation as well) has often been modelled as a Markov process. Continuous Markov process models lead to results in useful forms, e.g. Fokker-Planck equations but tend to show an influence of stochastic theory which greatly outweighs that of fatigue phenomenology. Several Monte Carlo models have been developed which are strongly grounded in the phenomena of microstructure and fatigue. Using meshes and discrete jumps, these models are at least in effect embedded Markov chains. The Markov requirement for a lack of memory sets the mesh spacing in these models equal to some value at or in excess of whatever correlation length exists for fatigue. This paper examines the concept of correlation length and makes comparisons between the correlation lengths obtained by fitting fatigue phenomena to a model vs. those obtained by stereological sectioning of the material. It also examines the problem of whether, for an isotropic material, a correlation length obtained from a plane section is in fact that of the solid. Because embedded chain models taking into account the material structure tend to involve complicated transition probabilities, they are not as easily reduced to closed forms as are those founded in the domain of continuous Markov processes. These techniques are explored and approximation methods are briefly presented which allow tractable Fokker-Planck or Chapman-Kolmogorov equations to be formulated. These include expansion into higher dimensions and block normalization techniques. The purpose of this work is to embark on the task of bridging microstructural measurements with stochastic fatigue modelling. The methodology is that of comparing predicted fatigue microcrack length distributions for 304 stainless steel and a 2000-series aluminum matrix silicon carbide whisker composite with experimentally determined distributions. Microstructural correlation lengths obtained by either linear scanning or by areal integration of shifted blocks of image data taken from plane-section scanning electron micrographs of the materials studied are back-substituted into the model. The results obtained using these lengths are compared with those obtained using a correlation length for fatigue which best matches the model to observation. Both types of correlation lengths are of the same order of magnitude in length. This magnitude is close to that of a representative cell size in the composite. More than other parameters, the assigned probabilities of crack arrest required to match experimentally observed distributions are found to vary with the choice of correlation length.

INITIATION AND PROPAGATION OF CRACKS FROM GEOMETRIC AND MATERIAL DISCONTINUITIES

M.L. Dunn and P.E.W. Labossiere
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. E-mail : Martin.Dunn@colorado.edu (2) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of Colorado

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ABSTRACT
The state-of-the-art in simulation of two-dimensional crack propagation based on linear elastic fracture mechanics concepts is quite advanced; the theory is in place and numerous codes exist as do many successful applications of these codes. Less advanced, though, is the simulation of the initiation of cracks. These are typically from stress raisers of some sort, but quantitative, broadly-applicable initiation criteria are lacking. In this work, we consider crack initiation from geometric and material discontinuities, and then subsequent propagation. The stress state at geometric and material discontinuities is often singular, and like at a crack tip, can be completely characterized by a stress intensity for each loading mode. We assume that initiation of cracks from the discontinuity occurs when the stress intensity reaches a critical value (if the discontinuity is a crack, this critical value is the fracture toughness). We further assume that the direction of initial crack extension will be in the direction of the maximum normal stress (expressed in a polar coordinate system centered at the origin of the discontinuity). Once a crack initiates, we turn to linear elastic fracture mechanics to simulate the subsequent crack trajectory. Specifically, we use the twodimensional crack propagation simulator FRANC2D [1]. We simulate crack initiation and propagation for two structures: acrylic T-structures and silicon/glass anodic bond test specimens. The former is a homogeneous material that contains geometric discontinuities, while the latter is a bimaterial that contains both geometric and material discontinuities. The T-structures are tensile-loaded dogbone-type specimens where instead of the gradual width transition characteristic of the dogbone, an abrupt transition exists, consisting of two sharp 90 degree corners. For the acrylic T-structures, we previously obtained critical stress intensities for fracture initiation from 90 degree sharp corners [2]. We used these critical stress intensities to predict fracture initiation loads and the initial crack direction from the similar 90 degree sharp corners that exist in the T-structures. Once the crack initiated from one corner, we simulated subsequent crack propagation using FRANC2D. During propagation, the stress intensity for the other 90 degree corner was initially predicted to be negative (compressive stresses), but as the crack propagated, the stress intensity became positive (tensile stresses) and then increased to the critical value, meaning that a second crack will initiate from the other corner. Continued simulation of the propagation of both cracks showed that the main crack continues to propagate until failure, while the second crack arrests. The simulation results are in excellent quantitative agreement with results from a companion experimental program. Initiation loads, initial crack propagation direction, the crack trajectory, and the initiation, propagation, and arrest of the second crack are all accurately predicted. We also obtained good agreement between the simulations and experiments for the silicon/glass anodic bond specimens.

REFERENCES
[1] FRANC2D, A Two-Dimensional Crack Propagation Simulator, developed by the Cornell Fracture Group, A. R. Ingraffea, http://www.cfg.cornell.edu. [2] Dunn, M. L., Suwito, W., Cunningham, S. J., and May, C. W., 1997, "Fracture Initiation at Sharp Notches Under Mode I, Mode II, and Mild Mixed-Mode Loading", Int J. Fracture, Vol. 84, pp. 367-381.

EXPERIMENTAL-COMPUTATIONAL DETERMINATION OF CONSTITUTIVE BEHAVIOR OF ROUGH FRACTURE SURFACES

D.A. Mendelsohn and T.S. Gross
(1) - Applied Mechanics, The Ohio State University. E-mail : mendelsohn.1@osu.edu (2) - Mechanical Engineering, University of New Hampshire.

ABSTRACT
Many single or mixed-mode fatigue cracks in many heterogenous materials, while having an identifiable macroscopic crack plane normal to the principle load direction, have quantifiable microscopic roughness on some smaller scale related to the microstructure. The roughness effects the kinematics of both the opening mode (COD) and sliding mode (CSD) crack surface displacements and couples them to each other and to the normal and shear tractions in the contact. This in turn effects the intensity of the crack tip fields (shear modes are shielded and opening modes are enhanced). The purpose of this work is to understand the local constitutive behavior of the rough surface interaction which relates increments of local crack face tractions to the history of increments in the crack face displacements. What differs
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between this and most problems in rough surface contact mechanics is the additional length scale represented by the distance of the contacting point to the crack tip. The present paper presents our first results for a history and position dependent constitutive relation derived from experimentally measured crack face displacements and their corresponding computationally obtained crack face tractions. Results from experiments on rough partially closed cracks in shear and mixed-mode loading in a four-point-bend specimen were used1. For each specimen, data was obtained for a single cycle of loading and unloading, making measurements at up to 20 fixed increments in each half-cycle. The maximum load was such that no crack growth occurred. Computational estimates of the measured COD and CSD and their associated crack face tractions are then obtained. The iterative numerical scheme starts by using a low order polynomial fit of the experimental data for COD and CSD. Contact tractions are solved for using a BEM model. Regions of non-physical traction (tension or shear not opposing sliding) are eliminated and a smoothed set of normal and shear tractions are obtained. The iteration begins by inputting these tractions into the BEM model of the experimental setup, and computing new candidates for the COD and CSD, which are subjected to an error analysis comparing them to the experimental data. The normal and shear traction guesses are then updated by a weighted scaling function determined by the error distribution of the candidate COD and CSD, respectively are then calculated. The updated tractions are then input into the BEM model, yielding a new set of candidates for COD and CSD. The procedure continues until the error of the computed COD and CSD are both in the noise range of the data (about 1 m) at all points in the contact. It is proposed that the normal and shear tractions are related to the COD and CSD, respectively, through independent nonlinear springs, whose compliances vary as the specimen is loaded through the first major wear event, followed by sliding back on the worn surface. The compliances are functions of the material properties, the total accumulated sliding distance of the contact point, the current state of crack opening at the point, and the point's position relative to the nearest asperity peak, and to the crack tip. Simple functional forms for the compliances based on previous concepts from tribology and our observations were used. The constants in these forms are found at each point by fitting to the computed histories of the ratios of normal traction to COD and shear traction to CSD. The constitutive relations obtained in this way are examined in view of a correlation to the statistics of the roughness and the material properties which control wear

REFERENCES
[1]. R. U. Goulet, T. S. Gross, and D. A. Mendelsohn, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, Vol. 27A, 38533860, 1996.

EMERGING FRACTURE MECHANICS PARAMETERS FOR HISTORY DEPENDENT FRACTURE

F.W. Brust and R. Mohan
(1) - Battelle Memorial Institute. E-mail : brust@battelle.org (2) - Battelle Memorial Institute

ABSTRACT
Fracture mechanics methods are now widely used by nearly all industries in both the public and private sectors to help ensure that fabricated structures do not fail prematurely. A (subjective) categorical list of classical fracture methods used today for static failure assessments are: 1. K-Based (Including Plastic Zone Correction Methods: Irwin, Dugdale, etc.) 2. R6 or FAD (Interpolate between Elastic and Fully Plastic) 3. J-Integral (No History Effects) 4. C*-Integral and Ct (High Temperature) 5. Energy Release Type 6. Damage Based (Lemaitre Type, Coupled or Uncoupled) 7. CTOA (Limited to Plastic Stable Growth) 8. Integral Parameters (T*, McClintock, Watanabe, etc.) The first five of these might be termed classical fracture parameters, are simple to use, but have questionable accuracy when applied to situations where material history affects the fracture response. The
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latter three are emerging methods that are more complicated to use, but are more fundamental for use with history dependent fracture including weld fracture. Classical Methods. K-based methods are used in brittle materials. For moderately ductile materials, plastic zone corrections of the K-based solutions (of the Irwin or Dugdale type) are often used in the steel fabrication industries. The R6 or FAD (Failure Assessment Diagram) approach, which was developed in Great Briton for the nuclear industry and is used extensively today in Europe, consists of interpolating between the K-based solution and a rigid plastic solution. J-Integral/Tearing theory, developed in the US and used extensively in the energy production fields, is used under fully plastic conditions. High temperature fracture of weldments will not be considered here and method 5 has theoretical limitations. All of these methods are useful under certain circumstances, but none of these methods are satisfactory for use under general history dependent fracture conditions. Examples are provided to illustrate this. Emerging Methods. The CTOA parameter has seen use in predicting welded pipe fracture and, in recent years, fracture in thin structures (aging aircraft fuselages). CTOA does not appear useful for 3D fracture predictions and for situations outside stable growth (i.e., history dependent cyclic loading appears unworkable). Damage based approaches have seen increasing use for two-dimensional fracture predictions and some limited 3D calculations. The methods are particularly useful for crack initiation predictions, but are less reliable for crack growth predictions because the predictions are mesh size dependent. Integral Parameters, especially the T*-Integral, are the most general crack growth parameter for use in complicated loading situations and have seen increasing use in characterizing fracture (both time dependent and time independent) in recent years, especially in the energy production field and the aging aircraft regime. These three emerging methods have not been used extensively in industry because the computational power required to perform such detailed fracture and failure analyses have not available. With the beginning of the emergence of the massively parallel machines and the corresponding code vectorization in progress at present, the use of these resource demanding fracture parameters will soon be a reality. Examples of the use of most of these parameters are provided in this paper, with discussion of their usefulness in weld fracture

PLANAR (2-D) FIBER COMPOSITES: STATISTICAL STRENGTH DISTRIBUTION AND SIZE EFFECT
I.J. Beyerlein, S.L. Phoenix and M. Sivasambu
(1) - Center for Materials Science. Los Alamos National Laboratory. E-mail : irene@lanl.gov (2) - Department of Theoretical & Applied Mechanics. E-mail : slp6@cornell.edu (3) - Los Alamos National Laboratory

ABSTRACT
This paper is concerned with the probabilistic strength distribution and size effect of notched and un-notched planar fiber composites. Most of the earlier analytical statistical strength models use idealized load sharing rules, such as the local load sharing, global load sharing, or equal load sharing rules, and some parametric form of the Weibull distribution to describe fiber strength. Then to extrapolate to longer composite lengths and bundle sizes, asymptotic analyses and weak link scalings are used. Not withstanding the significant contributions made by these idealized statistical models, the analytical form of the probability distribution for more realistic stress redistribution and in terms of fiber statistics and size is not known. In this work, we use a combination of Monte Carlo simulation and asymptotic probability analyses to uncover the form of the distribution and size effect. Loads are redistributed around fiber breaks following the shear-lag stress redistribution model of Hedgepeth, where the extent and magnitudes of stress concentrations depend on the number and arrangement of fiber breaks [1]. The Hedgepeth model is attractive for its simplicity yet it yields results for clusters of breaks that are remarkably consistent with continuum results from fracture mechanics. As currently measured in practice, the individual fibers are assumed to follow a Weibull distribution with shape parameter s. For the purposes of analyzing the synergistic effects of these two factors, stress and fiber strength, the fracture is idealized as elastic and 1D, both in simulation and analytical modeling. The size effect in n, the number of fibers, and in prenotched length N are derived explicitly. For a long composite under uniform tension, the size effect in
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length is appropriately determined through a chain-of-bundles model, when the proper choice of the bundle length is made. The new distribution function of composite strength is based on the product of two probabilities, one is the probability of formation of at least one critical cluster of size k and the other is the probability that once a failure sequence reaches k, it continues to grow unbounded. The analysis is based on assumptions relevant to s >> 1. The resulting distribution is not of the Weibull type, despite the fact that the fibers are assumed to be Weibull. Furthermore distinctly different behavior emerges for values of s < 2 that suggest a transition to more ductile - like behavior, and the distribution forms suggested for this case are more in line with global load- sharing. The theory is then compared to the Monte Carlo simulation results, which make no restrictions on the failure sequence, and to classic experiments by Rosen [2] on composite tapes. In both comparisons, the agreement is extremely favorable. This 1-D fracture model can be incorporated into more sophisticated strength theories, wherein the composite experiences a non-uniform tensile stress state and consists of multiple layers of composite plies.

REFERENCES
[1] I. J. Beyerlein and S. L. Phoenix, "Statistics of fracture for an elastic notched composite lamina containing Weibull fibers-Part I. Features from Monte-Carlo simulation. Part II. Probability models for crack growth", Engng. Fract. Mech. 57, 241-299 (1997). [2] B. W. Rosen, "Mechanics of composite strengthening, Fiber Composite Materials", American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, pp. 37-75 (1965).

SIMULATION OF PLASTIC TEARING AND THE PREDICTION OF RESIDUAL STRENGTH IN TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT FUSELAGES
P.A. Wawrzynek, C.S. Chen and A.R. Ingraffea
(1) - Civil & Environmental Engineering. Cornell University. E-mail : paw4@cornell.edu (2) - E-mail :cc30@cornell.edu (3) - School of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Cornell University. E-mail : ari1@cornell.edu

ABSTRACT
This paper summarizes recent results simulating plastic tearing and predicting residual strengths of transport airplane fuselages. These structures are characterized by very thin skins with "built- up" stiffening elements. Geometrical and material nonlinear analyses are performed. An initial "global" shell finite element analysis of a large section of the fuselage is used to capture over all structural behavior. A "local" model of a smaller section of the fuselage is used to model detailed damage evolution. Kinematic boundary conditions are derived from the global model and applied to local model. The FRANC3D/STAGS software is used for these analyses. The crack tip opening angle (CTOA) fracture criterion for crack growth under conditions of general yielding is used. The link-up of multiple cracks and residual strength of damaged structures is predicted. Elastic-plastic shell finite element analysis based on the von Mises yield criterion and incremental flow theory with small strain assumption is used. In the paper, a comparison of simulations and full-scale pressure tests of wide body fuselages are made. The critical crack tip opening angle is determined from laboratory scale test specimens. Stress distributions from the numerical simulations are compared with strain gage measurements. Analysis results show that accurate representation of the load transfer through the rivets is crucial for the model to predict the stress distribution accurately. Predicted crack growth and residual strength are compared with observed results. Comparisons are very good. Observed and predicted results both indicate that the occurrence of small MSD cracks substantially reduces the residual strength. Modeling fatigue closure is essential to capture the fracture behavior during the early stable crack growth. Breakage of other structural elements can have a major influence on residual strength prediction.

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COMPUTATION OF REMAINING LIFE PDF OF PIPELINE WITH CRACK SUBJECTED TO A COMBINATION OF CYCLIC LOADING AND LOCAL CORROSION
M.G. Malyukova and S.A. Timashev
(1) - Ural branch. Russian Academy of Sciences. (2) - Ural branch. Russian Academy of Sciences. E-mail : wekt@dialup.mplik.ru

ABSTRACT
Numerical methods are given of deriving the deterministic and stochastic remaining life of a pipeline with a longitudinal semi-elliptical crack on its inner surface, subjected to a combination of cyclic loading and local corrosion.The local corrosion is assumed to be concentrated on the surface of the crack. The methods are a generalization of the method described in (Malyukova, Timashev, PVP'98, Vol 373) using non-linear fracture mechanics for the case when the prefracture zone (PFZ) at the tip of the crack is in the form of two bands of plastic flow at an angle symmetrical to the plane of crack propagation. Kinetics of fatigue crack growth (FCG) are described by two parameters - by the lengths of crack semi-axes, as they develop with the increasing number of load cycles and continuous corrosion. The influence of the random character of the most important parameters, including the velocity of local corrosion, material properties, and scatter of crack size on pipeline longevity is given. Special cases of uniform and non-uniform local corrosion ( i.e., when corrosion in transverse and longitudinal directions are different ) are considered. Evolution of the crack form due to the combined action of cyclic loading and corrosion is studied. The probability density function (PDF) of pipeline remaining life is built using the maximum entropy concept in conjunction with the Monte-Carlo simulation method. As a result the first four

COMPUTATIONAL STRATEGIES TO MODEL RESIDUAL STRESS DUE TO SHOCK LOADING

J.T. Jinn and J.K. Lee
(1) - Department of Applied Mechanics. The Ohio State University. (2) - Department of Applied Mechanics. The Ohio State University. E-mail : Lee.71@osu.edu

ABSTRACT
High intensity shock loading (5-10 Gpa in 100 - 200 nanosecond) induces plastic strains and residual stresses when finished. Deeply driven high level of compressive stress has been shown to improve the fatigue life by 50-80%, depending on the material and the level of compressive residual stress. Numerical simulations are necessary to design the shocking process (shock intensity, spot size, number of shots, and to minimize possible tensile residual stress). For the time scale (1000-2000 ns to complete one shot), any part thicker than 15-20 mm can be considered as a semi-infinite medium. The strain rate can go as high as several million per second, calling for a rate sensitive plastic analysis with very fine mesh to capture the details, requiring the stable time step size of 0.1-1 ns and mesh size of 0.0020.01 mm for an explicit code. Millions of elements are needed to capture the residual stress profile reasonably well. The presentation will focus on the following computational strategies and development: 1. Adaptively expanding domain to avoid the use of infinite elements. 2.Accurate satisfaction of the assumed rate dependent plasticity model. 3.When the plastic strain saturates during the explicit analysis, automatically switch over to an implicit FEM to filter out the elastic wave and to obtain the residual stress. 4. Iterative solution strategy to speed up the implicit solution of over 1 million equations. Some examples will be illustrated; a thick plate shocking (18 mm thick, Ti64, single shot) modeled as an axisymmetric half space (over 2 million elements at the end) and a thin axisymmetric plate subjected to identical shocks from both sides (about 1 million elements).

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Minisymposium

Domain Decomposition Techniques

Daniel Rixen and P. Le Tallec
SESSION 1: SCHWARZ AND OTHER ITERATIVE SOLUTION TECHNIQUES
Keynote : SCHWARZ METHODS FOR H(DIV) AND H(CURL) FE PROBLEMS O.B. Widlund ..................................................................................................................................................................499 OVERLAPPING SCHWARZ PRECONDITIONERS FOR UNSTRUCTURED SPECTRAL AND HP-ELEMENTS L.F. Pavarino .................................................................................................................................................................499 DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUES FOR UPWINDED FINITE ELEMENTS A. Craig ..........................................................................................................................................................................500 PARALLEL FINITE ELEMENTS OF 100 MILLION DOFS 3-D PROBLEM BASED ON DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION R. Shioya and G. Yagawa ...............................................................................................................................................500 DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION METHODS FOR EIGENPROBLEMS A. Knyazev......................................................................................................................................................................501

SESSION 2: PRIMAL AND DUAL SCHUR COMPLEMENT METHODS

ROBUST BALANCING DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION J. Mandel........................................................................................................................................................................501 TWO-SCALE PARALLEL STRATEGY USING A SIMPLIFIED STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS FOR THE MACRO SCALE FORMULATION N. Mos and D. Dureisseix .............................................................................................................................................502 RECENT IMPROVEMENTS OF THE FETI-H METHOD FOR THE SOLUTION OF ACOUSTIC SCATTERING PROBLEMS R. Tezaur, A. Puppin-Macedo and C. Farhat .................................................................................................................502 NEW RESULTS FOR FETI AND RELATED ITERATIVE SUBSTRUCTURING METHODS FOR LINEAR ELASTICITY A. Klawonn .....................................................................................................................................................................503 A DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION METHOD WITH DISCONTINUOUS ELEMENTS E.G. do Carmo and A.V.C. Duarte .................................................................................................................................503

SESSION 3: HETEROGENEOUS PROBLEMS AND NON-CONFORMING DISCRETIZATION

DEVELOPMENT OF DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION SOLVERS FOR FEM SIMULATION OF DENTAL IMPLANTS USING MULTI-DOMAIN MATERIAL MODELS AND ADAPTIVE HP FINITE ELEMENT METHODS A. Patra ..........................................................................................................................................................................504 A FLEXIBILITY NORMALIZATION PROCEDURE FOR ACCELERATING THE ITERATIVE SOLUTION OF PARTITIONED STRUCTURAL EQUATIONS K.C. Park, U. Gumaste and C.A. Felippa .......................................................................................................................505 SALINAS - A LARGE SCALE, GENERAL PURPOSE FINITE ELEMENT APPLICATION USING FETI-1 G.M. Reese, M. Bhardwaj, K.F. Alvin and D.M. Day .....................................................................................................505 MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR COUPLING QUASI-UNIDIMENSIONAL PERFECT FLOW WITH ACOUSTIC BOUNDARY LAYER F. Dubois and R. Msallam ..............................................................................................................................................506 MODIFIED COMPOSITE MESH DIFFERENCE METHODS S. Goossens.....................................................................................................................................................................507

SESSION 4: NON-LINEAR PROBLEMS

FETI DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION WITH ADAPTIVE NATURAL COARSE GRID PRECONDITIONING FOR CONTACT PROBLEMS Z. Dostl, F.A. Gomez Neto and S.A. Santos ..................................................................................................................508 A FETI-BASED ALGORITHM FOR THE ITERATIVE SOLUTION OF UNILATERAL CONTACT PROBLEMS D. Dureisseix and C. Farhat...........................................................................................................................................508 A KRYLOV AUGMENTED SOLVER FOR THE SOLUTION TO SUBSTRUCTURED NON-LINEAR THREEDIMENSIONAL ELASTICITY PROBLEMS F. Risler and C. Rey........................................................................................................................................................509 SIMULATION OF THE DEFORMATIONS OF A HUMAN LIVER BY DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION

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M. Vidrascu ....................................................................................................................................................................510 APPLICATION OF DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION METHODS TO NON-LINEAR BEHAVIOR MODEL WITH A HIGH NUMBER OF INTERNAL VARIABLES F. Feyel ..........................................................................................................................................................................511

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Keynote : SCHWARZ METHODS FOR H(DIV) AND H(CURL) FE PROBLEMS

O.B. Widlund
(1) - Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. E-mail : widlund@cs.nyu.edu

ABSTRACT
New domain decomposition methods for finite element methods of Raviart-Thomas and N\'ed\'elec type, which are used to approximate elliptic operators of divergence type and Maxwell's equation, are introduced. Both iterative substructuring methods and two-level overlapping Schwarz methods are included. Results of numerical experiments and some of the ideas underlying the proofs are discussed. This work, which has required the extension of previously known technical tools in several directions, has been carried out jointly with Barbara Wohlmuth of Augsburg, Germany, and Andrea Toselli of the Courant Instiute.

OVERLAPPING SCHWARZ PRECONDITIONERS FOR UNSTRUCTURED SPECTRAL AND HP-ELEMENTS

L.F. Pavarino
(1) - University of Milan. E-mail : pavarino@ares.mat.unimi.it

ABSTRACT
Overlapping Schwarz methods provide optimal domain decomposition preconditioners for the iterative solution of elliptic problems discretized with h-version finite elements and finite differences. In this talk, we will show that this is also the case for spectral elements and hp-version finite elements. If the basis employed is nodal, which is often the case for structured spectral elements based on Gauss-LobattoLegendre (GLL) quadrature, then we can construct overlapping methods using either generous overlap (a whole spectral element) or minimal overlap (one or a few GLL points in each direction). For unstructured spectral elements employing tetrahedral and prismatic elements in addition to hexahedral elements, a nodal basis is not yet known and therefore we propose to use overlapping methods with generous overlap. Numerical results for scalar elliptic problems in two and three dimensions with the CFD research code Nektar show that the condition number of the preconditioned iteration operator is bounded independently of the spectral degree and the number of elements. This result holds for the additive and multiplicative versions of the preconditioner. It is also possible to eliminate implicitly the degrees of freedom belonging to the interior of each element and apply the overlapping method to the resulting Schur complement. We are able to prove this optimal bound only in the case of structured hexahedral meshes and tensor product basis functions, but the numerical results presented show that the result holds for general unstructured meshes as well. This is joint work with Tim Warburton of Oxford University, UK.

DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUES FOR UPWINDED FINITE ELEMENTS

A. Craig
(1) - University of Durham. E-mail : craig_sloan@shadforth.u-net.com

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ABSTRACT
In both domain decomposition and multigrid techniques the quality of the approximations obtained on the coarse grids is critical to the efficiency of the method. However it is well known that for problems with convection dominated flow standard methods can work very poorly, and often not at all. For the fine mesh the standard answer is to upwind the approximation, but domain decomposition methods may still not work even on a well-approximated problem. By considering the coarse mesh problem as an approximation of the fine mesh problem we shall show, in this paper, how we can extend standard upwinding techniques to produce systematically upwinded restriction operators. These restriction operators are calculated inexpensively in parallel as part of the code (and therefore require no input from the engineer, except to choose the upwinding method) and can easily be extended to a multilevel context. We shall show that using this techniques we can recover the convergence behaviour of domain decomposition methods applied to simple diffusion problems.

PARALLEL FINITE ELEMENTS OF 100 MILLION DOFS 3-D PROBLEM BASED ON DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION
R. Shioya and G. Yagawa
(1) - Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University. E-mail : shioya@cm.mech.kyushu-u.ac.jp (2) - Dept. of Quantum Engineering and Systems Science. University of Tokyo. E-mail : yagawa@q.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

ABSTRACT
In accordance with the dramatical progress of computer technology, numerical simulation methods such as the finite element method (FEM) are recognized to be key tools in practical designs and analyses replacing 'expensive' experiments. With this regard, the scale of model required in such designs and analyses tends to become extremely large. As the result, one has to manage to solve large problems with limited computer memory size and in reasonable computation time. To solve these problems, the parallel computing seems promising. As a parallel numerical algorithm for the finite element analysis, the present authors have proposed the domain decomposition method (DDM) combined with an iterative solver. In this method, a whole domain to be analyzed is fictitiously divided into a number of subdomains without overlapping, and the finite element analyses of each subdomain is performed in parallel under the constraint of both displacement continuity and force equivalence among subdomains, which is satisfied through iterative calculations such as the preconditioned Conjugate Gradient (CG) method. In the present study, the parallel FEM system based on a Domain Decomposition Method is implemented on a massively parallel computer, Hitachi SR2201 consisting of 1,024 processing units. To solve large FEM models with this local memory type parallel computer, a special data management algorithm is developed. The present system is successfully applied to large FEM analyses of over 100 million degrees of freedom with high parallel efficiency.

DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION METHODS FOR EIGENPROBLEMS

A. Knyazev
(1) - CU Denver. E-mail : andrew.knyazev@cudenver.edu

ABSTRACT
We present a survey of some domain decomposition methods for symmetric eigenvalue problems typical in computational mechanics. We consider methods with and without overlap of subdomains. We argue that in the case of overlap we can simply use any of known preconditioned eigensolvers with a domain decomposition-based preconditioner.

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ROBUST BALANCING DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION

J. Mandel
(1) - University of Colorado. E-mail : jmandel@math.cudenver.edu

ABSTRACT
We present a version of the Neumann-Neumann domain decomposition with a coarse problem, known as the Balancing Domain Decomposition (BDD), which unifies the original method for solids and more recent methods for plates and shells. The interface is algebraic; that is, the method requires only the local stiffness matrices, local rigid body modes, and connectivity data, and the proper mode of operation is selected automatically.

TWO-SCALE PARALLEL STRATEGY USING A SIMPLIFIED STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS FOR THE MACRO SCALE FORMULATION
N. Mos and D. Dureisseix
(1) - Northwestern University. E-mail : Nicolas.Moes@lmt.ens-cachan.fr (2) - LMT Cachan, CNRS, Universit Paris 6. E-mail : David.Dureisseix@lmt.ens-cachan.fr

ABSTRACT
Simplified structural analysis (SSA) have been developed for many years as a way to solve quickly structures decomposed into subdomains of abritrary shape. This type of analysis recovers the smooth (macro) part of the solution inside the subdomains but lacks to represent the short variation length (micro) part of the solution on the boundary of the subdomains. For domain decomposition technique to be scalable as the number of subdomains increases, one needs to solve small global problems once in a while. Here, we use the SSA to define the global macro problem. The basic idea of the SSA is to build modes in each subdomain satisfying the interior differential equation and then to couple the subdomains using a variational formulation to obtain the coefficient for the modes in each subdomain. The coupling chosen here involves both gap in tractions and displacements on the interfaces bewteen subdomains leading to a coupling with strong mechanical basis. Note that an arbitrary number of modes may be incoporated in the SSA. The effectiveness of the present approach is shown on examples involving heterogenous (composites) structures. Indeed, the SSA is particularly efficient for such structures since it involves an homogenization of each subdomain.

RECENT IMPROVEMENTS OF THE FETI-H METHOD FOR THE SOLUTION OF ACOUSTIC SCATTERING PROBLEMS
R. Tezaur, A. Puppin-Macedo and C. Farhat
(1) - Dept of Aerospace Engineering Sciences and Center for Aerospace Structures. Univ. of Colorado (3) - University of Colorado Aerospace Engineering. E-mail : charbel@alexandra.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
The FETI-H method is a two-level Lagrange multiplier based domain decomposition method for solving iteratively large scale systems of equations arising from the finite element discretization of highUSNCCM99 Page 445

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frequency exterior Helmholtz problems. It is based on a modified Lagrangian formulation that results in the regularization of each subdomain problem by a complex (lumped) mass matrix defined on the subdomain interface boundary. The resulting interface problem for the Lagrange multipliers is solved by a Krylov space method. To ensure numerical scalability, FETI-H employs a coarse problem based on planar waves. Here, we discuss alternative formulations of this coarse problem. We also introduce the extension of the classical lumped and Dirichlet preconditioners to acoustic scattering problems. We demonstrate numerically the scalability of the resulting algorithm, and highlight the performance of the proposed method by solving complex 3D scatering problems for a realistic submarine-shaped obstacle. As applications often call for sweeping on the direction of incidence and on the frequency, we also present and highlight the potential of two extensions of FETI-H to problems with multiple right hand sides and multiple left hand sides.

NEW RESULTS FOR FETI AND RELATED ITERATIVE SUBSTRUCTURING METHODS FOR LINEAR ELASTICITY
A. Klawonn
(1) - Universitt Mnster. E-mail : klawonn@math.uni-muenster.de

ABSTRACT
In the last decade a lot of research has been carried out on iterative substructuring methods with Lagrange multipliers. In these methods the original domain is decomposed into nonoverlapping subdomains. The intersubdomain continuity is then enforced by Lagrange multipliers across the interface defined by the subdomain boundaries. A computationally very efficient member of this class of domain decomposition algorithms is the Finite Element Tearing and Interconnecting (FETI) method introduced by Farhat and Roux. In a variant of the FETI method a Neumann and a Dirichlet finite element problem is solved exactly on each subdomain, in each iteration. In the first part, several variants of the FETI method are considered and some new condition number estimates are given. Different popular scalings, e.g., as used for problems with composite materials, are analyzed. In the second part, the possibility of inexact Dirichlet and Neumann solvers for the subdomain problems is considered. A new domain decomposition method with Lagrange multipliers is introduced by reformulating the preconditioned system of the FETI algorithm as a saddle point problem with both, primal and dual variables as unknowns. The resulting system is then solved using block-structured preconditioners in combination with a suitable Krylov space method. This approach avoids costly exact solves of the Neumann and the Dirichlet finite element problems on the subdomains since it allows inexact subdomain solvers. Good features of the FETI method such as scalability and efficiency are preserved. The presented results are based on joint work with Olof Widlund, Courant Institute, New York University.

A DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION METHOD WITH DISCONTINUOUS ELEMENTS

E.G. do Carmo and A.V.C. Duarte
(1) - Dept. of Nuclear Eng. COPPE - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (2) - Dept. of Mech. Engineering. Fed. University of Rio de Janeiro. E-mail : andre@com.ufrj.br

ABSTRACT
Primal finite element methods with interelement boundary discontinuities have been developed since the early seventies when Nitsche proposed the method described in [1]. Some significant developments in the area regarding method variations and numerical analyses can be seen in [2] and
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references therein. Among the aspects that motivated the undertaking of such works, we highlight the capacity of these methods in dealing naturally with different polynomial degrees in neighboring elements and very irregular meshes containing different refinement levels as well as the possibility of enriching the usual finite dimensional spaces with non-standard discontinuous basis functions that still preserve the important band feature of the finite element matrices. Another attractive characteristic of the discontinuous formulations concerns the natural imposition of conditions at element level in a strong way, unlike the classical continuous formulations. Karakashian and Jureidini, for instance, presented in [3] a method for solving Navier-Stokes equations in which the condition div(u) = 0 is satisfied by every finite element space member at every element. In this work, we introduce a new domain decomposition method that is based on discontinuous finite element formulations. It consists in decomposing a discontinuous finite element space into two linearly independent subspaces that possess interesting properties and in solving iteratively the two coupled finite element problems associated to the subspaces by means of convenient existing domain decomposition techniques. Theoretical proofs and numerical experiments are presented.

REFERENCES
[1] J. Nitsche, "Uber ein Variationsprinzip zur Losung von Dirichlet - Problemen bei Verwendung von Teilraumen, die keinen Randbedingungen unterworfen sind", Abh. Math. Sem. Univ. Hamburg 36, 9-15, 1971. [2] C. E. Baumann and J. T. Oden, "A Discontinuous hp Finite Element Method for Convection-Diffusion Problems", Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., to appear. [3] O. A. Karakashian and W. N. Jureidini, "A Nonconforming Finite Element Method for the Stationary NavierStokes Equations", SIAM J. Numer. Anal., V. 35, N. 1, 93-120, 1998. [4] A. V. C. Duarte, F. A. Rochinha and E. G. D. Carmo, "Discontinuous Finite Element Formulations Applied to Cracked Elastic Domains", Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., to appear.

DEVELOPMENT OF DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION SOLVERS FOR FEM SIMULATION OF DENTAL IMPLANTS USING MULTI-DOMAIN MATERIAL MODELS AND ADAPTIVE HP FINITE ELEMENT METHODS
A. Patra
(1) - Dept. Mech. Engg., SUNY at Buffalo. E-mail : abani@eng.buffalo.edu

ABSTRACT
Dental implants in jaw bones are often described by what is termed a three material model. The implant itself made of titanium constitutes the first, a layer of dense cortical bone that behaves like a linear elastic material and occupies between 25-75% of the bone by volume constitutes the second and the third is a softer porous cellular material termed trabecular bone. While the implant and cortical bone are readily modeled using classical continuum mechanics models the trabecular bone is modeled using a network of beams. The modeling of the bone-implant interface also must take into account differing levels of osseointegration leading to differing levels of interface contact. The primary quality of interest is the long term durability of the implant in bone. To evaluate this we must conduct simulations of millions of cycle of loading including calculations modeling bone fracture and regrowth. The material types also can change at the interface over time i.e. the interface moves as the simulation procedes. In this talk we describe progress on developing specialized solution methods for parallel solution of systems arising from modeling such structures. The solvers must deal with the non-matching grids at the interface of the different models and also must deal with the poor conditioning of the linear systems due to the adaptive discretization. We start by imposing two levels of decomposition. The first level of decomposition is based on the material models. Nested inside each of these is another level of decomposition that distributes and balances the computation effort among the multiple processors. Two level iterative substructuring and coarse grid type preconditioning we have developed in earlier work on parallel adaptive methods is used on the inner level of decomposition. A Lagrange multiplier based approach is used for the bone-implant interface (similar in many respects to the mortar element methods). We present here preliminary results and some theory for the overall solver.

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A FLEXIBILITY NORMALIZATION PROCEDURE FOR ACCELERATING THE ITERATIVE SOLUTION OF PARTITIONED STRUCTURAL EQUATIONS
K.C. Park, U. Gumaste and C.A. Felippa
(1) - University of Colorado. E-mail : kcpark@titan.colorado.edu (2) - Dept. of Aerospace Engineering Sciences and Center for Aerospace Structures. University of Colorado (3) - University of Colorado Center for Aerospace Structures. E-mail : carlos@titan.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
This paper addresses an iterative solution of the structural equations that are expressed in terms of the partitioned interface forces, the rigid-body modes of partitioned substructures and the global displacement along the partitoioned boundaries. Hence, they are amenable to a FETI-like solution procedure. It has been known that, when rigidities of partitioned substructures are radically different from one to another, iterative process can suffer significantly due to slow converegence. To this end, this paper presents a flexibility normalization procedure that can accelerate iterative solution of FETI-like methods. An analysis of the present procedure indicates that the present procedure is algorithmically similar to the Rix-Farhat hetrogeneity regularization when partitioned substructures possess no rigid-body mode. Numerical experiments indicates that the present normalization procedure performs well for problems with geometric hetrogeneities. It is shown that the present procedure can be adapted into both primal and dual partitioned solution methodd by modifying their appropriate coarse grid projectors.

SALINAS - A LARGE SCALE, GENERAL PURPOSE FINITE ELEMENT APPLICATION USING FETI-1
G.M. Reese, M. Bhardwaj, K.F. Alvin and D.M. Day
(1) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : gmreese@sandia.gov (2) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : mkbhard@sandia.gov (3) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : kfalvin@sandia.gov

ABSTRACT
Salinas is a large scale, general purpose finite element application developed for Massively Parallel platforms. Salinas applies FETI [1] solution methods for statics, transient dynamics and eigensolutions to structural applications. On the department of energy ASCI-red platform, scalability has been demonstrated for thousands of processors. Structures with very heterogeneous materials (such as foam/steel combinations) have been investigated and analyzed using different approaches. The very poor matrix conditioning generated by these structures can challenge even the best direct solvers. The approaches considered include decomposition methods to isolate the different materials, and projection methods that properly account for the stiffness discontinuity at the boundaries. The FETI method combined with these approaches has been shown to be effective in accurate solutions to these problems. Resulting iteration counts are similar to iteration counts for more homogeneous structures. Trade-offs between competing approaches will be discussed. Performance issues relating to machine architecture, memory use, MPI communication and coarse grid solution will be discussed. Application to structural example problems from the defense industry will be demonstrated. Application of multi-point constraints in this environment will also be presented.

REFERENCES
[1] C. Farhat and F. X. Roux, "A method of finite element tearing and interconnecting and its parallel solution algorithm", Intern. J. Numerical Methods in Engineering 32 (1992) 1205-1227.

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MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR COUPLING QUASI-UNIDIMENSIONAL PERFECT FLOW WITH ACOUSTIC BOUNDARY LAYER
F. Dubois and R. Msallam
(1) - CNAM. E-mail : fdubois@cnam.fr (2) - E-mail :Regis.Msallam@ircam.fr.

ABSTRACT
We study a simple model of nonlinear acoustic flow in a cylindric duct. Our objective is to take into account several physical effects such compressibility of the air, viscous dissipation and thermal conduction, especially in the vicinity of the wall. The proposed model first introduced in [1] couples perfect fluid in one-dimensional evolution and boundary layer described by the heat equation. For a duct with uniform section and classical thermodynamics of perfect gas, the unknowns are density, velocity, pressure, and internal energy for time t and abscissa x and on the other hand velocity and temperature inside the boundary layer at a distance eta from the wall. The originality of our model is due to the fact that velocity is associated to two unknowns fields; it is also the case for temperature. We first write the equations of conservation of mass, impulse and energy in section x, taking into account viscous friction and thermal flux at the wall and consider also thermostatics state law. Secondly, we consider transfer of impulse and energy inside the boundary layer, neglect nonlinear advective terms and suppose that pressure is given by the perfect fluid, i.e. is independent of the distance to the wall. The boundary conditions suppose adherence at the wall and uniform transverse flow at the top of the boundary layer. The principal interest of the coupled model is that the boundary layer thickness does not appear explicitly as an unknown but is a result of the computation. In our contribution, we derive coupled model from Navier-Stokes and Thin Layer Navier Stokes equations, we solve numerically this coupled model with Lax-Wendroff scheme and appropriate convolution formulae, we present a comparison with the method of characteristics for the integration of simple waves, a validation with Kirchhoff linear theory, combine the effects of visco-thermic dissipation and nonlinear propagation and we show an application to the trombone.

REFERENCES
[1] R. Msallam , S. Dequidt, F. Dubois , R., " Causs. Modle et simulations numriques de la propagation acoustique non-linaire dans les conduits", Congrs of the Socit Franaise d'Acoustique, Marseille, april 1997.

MODIFIED COMPOSITE MESH DIFFERENCE METHODS

S. Goossens
(1) - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. E-mail : Serge.Goossens@cs.kuleuven.ac.be

ABSTRACT
We propose a modified Composite Mesh Difference Method (CMDM) in which a lower dimensional interpolation can be used along the interface of the nonmatching grids. The advantage of this approach is that fewer interpolation points are needed and the same order of global accuracy is preserved. This is important especially for distributed memory implementations since smaller amounts of data need to be communicated among the overlapping subdomains. The CMDM on two subdomains has been described by Starius [1], while Cai et al. [2] have described the case of many subdomains. The relation between the accuracy and the order of interpolation in a CMDM has been studied by Chesshire and Henshaw [3]. We focus on the 2D Poisson's equation. Several interface interpolation schemes for overlapping nonmatching grids finite difference methods are considered. We prove second order global accuracy of the
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discretisation schemes. A consistency condition is introduced for the interpolation operator. Under this condition we have that the accuracy is independent of the overlap. The standard 5-point stencil with bilinear interpolation does not satisfy this condition and the accuracy depends on the amount of overlap. Due to the presence of an inconsistency in this scheme, the influence of the relative position of the interface in the other mesh can be seen in the error bound for this second order scheme. A scheme based on the combination of 1D cubic interpolation and a 6-point stencil is proposed and produces a consistent and globally second order method. This scheme only requires a minimal overlap to achieve the accuracy. The method is cheaper than the interpolation method required by the theory of [3] and the mortar based method proposed in [4]. Our results show global second order accuracy on nonmatching grids with a local coupling along the interface. In contrast, the overlapping nonmatching mortar method requires a global mortar projection involving all the mesh points on the interface. Since the CMDM is a contraction mapping, the resulting system of equations can be solved by repeatedly solving the subproblems in parallel. The convergence rate of this iteration is bounded by the contraction factor of the mapping. Hence larger overlap reduces the number of Schwarz iterations. This is a parallel variant of the Schwarz alternating method. Instead of using the additive Schwarz method as a solver, it is used as a preconditioner in a Krylov subspace iterative solver. The performance of this preconditioner can be improved by using absorbing boundary conditions as interface conditions. Other convergence acceleration procedures can be applied as well, such as the reuse of Ritz vectors of previous iterations. Time permitting we will also consider 2-level algorithms with both nested and nonnested coarse grids and show results for an (algebraic) multigrid solver.

REFERENCES
[1] G. Starius, "Composite mesh difference methods for elliptic boundary value problems", Numer. Math., 28:243258, 1977. [2] X. C. Cai, T. P. Mathew and M. Sarkis, "Maximum norm analysis of overlapping nonmatching grid discretizations of elliptic equations", Technical Report CU-CS-866-98, Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1998. [3] G. Chesshire and W. D. Henshaw, "Composite overlapping meshes for the solution of partial differential equations", J. Comp. Phys., 90:1-64, 1990. [4] X.C. Cai, M. Dryja and M. Sarkis, "Overlapping nonmatching grid mortar element methods for elliptic problems", SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 1998. To appear.

FETI DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION WITH ADAPTIVE NATURAL COARSE GRID PRECONDITIONING FOR CONTACT PROBLEMS
Z. Dostl, F.A. Gomez Neto and S.A. Santos
(1) - SB-Technical University Ostrava. E-mail : zdenek.dostal@vsb.cz (2) - IMECC-UNICAMP, University of Campinas (3) - IMECC-UNICAMP, University of Campinas

ABSTRACT
The problem of finding an equilibrium of bodies in contact seems to be of natural interest for the domain decomposition methods. The reason is that the numerical solution of such problems is usually reduced to a sequence of related linear problems, so that there is a good chance that some more expensive preliminary computation may be worth while, and that subdomains may be identified with bodies. In our talk, we consider frictionless coercive and semicoercive contact problems of elasticity, so that our analysis includes bodies that admit some rigid body motion. Starting from a discretized variational inequality that describes the equilibrium of bodies in contact, we first reduce the problem by duality to a strictly convex quadratic programming problem with simple bounds and possibly some general equality constraints. This step may be identified with the FETI domain decomposition method of the NeumannNeumann type proposed by Farhat and Roux for the solution of linear problems. Then a variant of the augmented Lagrangian method is used for the solution of the resulting problems. The method generates approximations for the Lagrange multipliers for equality constraints in the outer loop while auxiliary quadratic programming problems with simple bounds are solved in the inner loop. The algorithm in the

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inner loop uses projections and adaptive precision control for the solution of auxiliary problems, so that it can efficiently identify the contact interface. The precision of the solution of the auxiliary problems in the outer loop is controlled by the norm of the violation of the equality constraints. Then we show how to adapt the natural coarse grid projectors proposed by Farhat and Roux to preconditioning of auxiliary problems in the inner loop of the algorithm. In particular, it turnes out that these projectors at the same time decompose the Hessian of the augmented Lagrangian so that its effective spectral condition number depends neither on the penalization parameter nor on the rank of the penalization term. The procedure can be made even more efficient if the projectors are adapted to the current active set. Further improvement of the algorithm is achieved by application of the standard preconditioners and auxiliary decomposition. Finally we review basic theoretical results that concern the algorithm. It is shown that the algorithm converges to the solution and that the rate of convergence to the solution of auxiliary linear problems is optimal in the sense that the number of iterations depends on the ratio of the decomposition and the grid parameters in spite of the penalization term in the augmented Lagrangian. An error estimate for approximations of the Lagrange multipliers is given that does not have any term that accounts for inexact solution of the auxiliary problems. The performance of the algorithm has been tested on the solution of a 3D elasticity problem and model variational inequalities decomposed to hundreds subregions. Even the results achieved in serial implementation indicate that that there are realistic problems which can be solved very efficiently by the algorithm presented. We believe that the algorithm presented extends naturally the scope of applications of both the original FETI method and its recent improvements to problems described by variational inequalities.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This reasearch has been supported by CNPq, FAPESP 95/6574-9 and by grants GA CR 101/98/0535 and 201/97/0421.

A FETI-BASED ALGORITHM FOR THE ITERATIVE SOLUTION OF UNILATERAL CONTACT PROBLEMS

D. Dureisseix and C. Farhat
(1) - LMT Cachan, CNRS, Universit Paris 6. E-mail : David.Dureisseix@lmt.ens-cachan.fr (2) - University of Colorado Aerospace Engineering. E-mail : charbel@alexandra.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a simple extension of the FETI method [1] for the solution of large-scale elastostatic problems with unilateral contact conditions. Classical methods for solving static contact problems deal on one hand with equilibrium equations, and on the other hand with constitutive relations (the contact behaviour) [2]. They do not exploit the formulation of the problem as an assembly of substructure problems, where at each equilibrium recovery step, the assembly is independent of the contact conditions. Here, we propose a domain decomposition based solution method which takes into account both the interface behaviour as well as the substructure behaviour. Perfect interfaces between substructures transfer continuously forces and displacements; contact surfaces are treated as particular interfaces, with a dedicated behaviour denoting the unilateral contact [3]. We consider the family of problems where the subdomains remain elastic, and therefore all the non-linearities are due to contact through interfaces. Our FETI based solution method includes a coarse contact problem for ensuring scalability with respect to both the problem size and number of substructures. We report on some preliminary results obtained in the case of conforming meshes, and unilateral contact without friction.

REFERENCES
[1] Ch. Farhat and F.-X. Roux, "A method of finite element tearing and interconnecting and its parallel solution algorithm", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering , 32, pp. 1205-1227, 1991. [2] Z. Zhong and J. Mackerle, "Static contact problems - a review", Engineering Computations, 9, pp. 3-37, 1992. [3] L. Champaney , J.-Y. Cognard, D. Dureisseix and P. Ladeveze , "Large scale applications on parallel computers of a mixed domain decomposition method", Computational Mechanics, 19, pp. 253-263, 1997.

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A KRYLOV AUGMENTED SOLVER FOR THE SOLUTION TO SUBSTRUCTURED NON-LINEAR THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELASTICITY PROBLEMS
F. Risler and C. Rey
(1) - Lab. de Mod. et Mecanique des Structures. U.R.A 1776 du C.N.R.S. E-mail : risler@ccr.jussieu.fr (2) - Lab. de Mod. et Mecanique des Structures. U.R.A 1776 du C.N.R.S. E-mail : rey@ccr.jussieu.fr

ABSTRACT
We consider the numerical approximation to the solution of three-dimensional elasticity problems [1] by finite element methods. More specifically, we are focusing in this study on the numerical resolution by Newton-like algorithms that lead to the solution of a large series of linear problems Pk whose matrices are symmetric definite positive. In our case, each matrix Ak and right-hand side bk is different for each k superscript. The use of non-overlapping Domain Decomposition methods (primal [4] or dual [3] coupled with an iterative solver such as the Conjugate Gradient (CG) turns out to be an efficient way for the parallel computation of the solution to each of these symmetric linear problem Pk. We herein investigate and study the application of an iterative solver called D-IRKS [6] "Dynamic Iterative reuse of Krylov Subspaces" to the numerical solution by Domain decomposition methods of the class of problems decribed above. The D-IRKS solver is based on the reuse of Krylov subspaces in the case of variant matrices. When solving Pk, the latter solver is splitted into two steps. The first step aims at capturing quickly the high-frequencies of the Ak matrix by means of CG-like iterations on a Krylov "super" -subspace KD build from a set of previously computed Krylov-subspace. A Xk subspace is then generated. Then, the second step consists of exploring the Yk subspace (Ak-conjugate to the Xk subspace computed in the first step) while keeping reusing the KD subspace in order to increase the rate of our iterative solver towards a classic CG. Note that, in the case of invariant matrices Ak=A (for all k), the D-IRKS solver is equivalent to an Augmented Conjugate Gradient [2] by the KD subspace. The construction of KD comes from an original dynamic strategy that monitors the overhead cost of our solver towards a standard CG and, for a given parallel supercomputer, aims at defining the optimal KD in order to be numerically the most efficient. Results are provided on challenging engineering problems, namely highly heterogeneous steelelastomer structures that are subject to large deformation. The elastomer is treated as a nearlyincompressible material [5] and the finite element approximation uses (Q2-P1) elements. Numerical experiments show that D-IRKS applied to substructured nonlinear three-dimensional elasticity problems is not only much faster than CG but is also more robust when facing numerical difficulties.

REFERENCES
[1] Ciarlet P.G., "Mathematical elasticity", North-Holland, Amsterdam (1988). [2] Erhel J. and Guyomarch. F., "An augmented subspace Conjugate Gradient", Rapport technique N.3278, INRIA, 1997. [3] Farhat C. and Roux F-X., "Implicit parallel processing in structural mechanics", Computational Mechanics Advances, Volume 2, No. 1/June (1994). [4] Le Tallec P., "Domain Decomposition Methods in computational mechanics", Computational Mechanics Advances, Volume 1, No. 2/Febr. 1994. [5] Le Tallec P., "Numerical methods for nonlinear three-dimensional elasticity", Handbook of Numerical Analysis, P.G. Ciarlet and J.L. Lions editors, Elsevier, V.3, (1994). [6] Risler F., "Thse de l'Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan", en preparation, (1999).

SIMULATION OF THE DEFORMATIONS OF A HUMAN LIVER BY DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION

M. Vidrascu
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(1) - INRIA-Rocquencourt. E-mail : marina.vidrascu@inria.fr

ABSTRACT
Laparoscopic techniques in liver surgery uses one small incision through which a video camera and a surgical tool can be inserted. This technique is complex and requires a perfect hand eye coordination. Surgeons need therefore to practice, on dead humans, on live animals or on simulators. As the mechanical properties of the tissues drastically change after death and, for obvious ethical reasons, surgery simulation remains the only appropriate training tool. A Surgery Simulator was developed at INRIA in collaboration with the IRCAD institute. In order to allow for real time simulations, a simplified linear elastic model is used. The aim here is to develop a more realistic biomechanical model, which respects the real geometry of the liver, and compare its numerical predictions to those obtained by the real-time simulator. Modeling the deformation of human organs for surgery simulations is a challenge. Very little is known about the physical properties of general human tissues and a realistic model involves three-dimensional nonlinear elasticity problems in large deformations for incompressible materials. Because of the geometric complexity of the data and to be able to obtain a reliable finite element mesh for each individual patient, it is mandatory to use tetrahedral finite elements. The model considered couples 3d and shell elements. In order to properly handle the incompressibility of the liver, second order P2 Lagrange finite elements are used to approximate the displacements and piecewise constant P0 elements to impose incompressibility and approximate the hydrostatic pressure. The anisotropic membrane which envelops the liver has been treated as a hyperelastic thin shell in large displacements, and its displacements are approximated by nonlinear DKT shell triangular finite elements. For kinematic compatibility reasons, the shell nodes are identified with the three dimensional internal nodes. An efficient algorithm to solve the full nonlinear problem involving soft hyperelastic materials is the Newton's method with arc length continuation. Each step of this algorithm is a linear elasticity problem on which a domain decomposition algorithm is applied. For robustness, since the tangent stiffness matrix can loose its positivity, a GMRES algorithm using the generalized Neumann-Neumann preconditioner is used to solve the interface problem. Numerical simulations will illustrate the interest of this approach.

APPLICATION OF DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION METHODS TO NON-LINEAR BEHAVIOR MODEL WITH A HIGH NUMBER OF INTERNAL VARIABLES
F. Feyel
(1) - ONERA DMSE, LCME. E-mail : feyel@onera.fr

ABSTRACT
Today's materials bring up two major micro structural aspects : polycrystalline and periodic. Polycrystalline micro structures are a fully disordered arranging of mono crystalline aggregates. On the contrary periodic micro structures show a total ordered arranging composed of identical patterns. The literature propounds, for both micro structures, non linear behavior models, which are based on self consistent and periodic homogeneisation theory. Their main common point is to use a two scales scheme with localization and homogeneisation rules. These models induce, in structural computations, the resolution at each gauss point of a nonlinear system with typically 1000 - 10000 unknowns (internal variables) for polycrystalline micro structure, or the resolution of another FE problem (at each Gauss point too) for periodic one (this is what we called the "FE in FE" method, or FE2 method). That's why such models require giant computation capacities. We implemented the DD method FETI (ONERA) in the FE house code ZeBuLoN (Ecole des Mines de Paris), a structural and material behavior modelisation oriented code. The first part of this paper will briefly describe the FETI method and the two models. In a second part, we will show two practical examples : the first one is the computation of a triaxial specimen requiring (for the whole structure) 70 Millions of internal variables; the second one is a SiC/Ti specimen with a non linear elastoviscoplastic behavior using "FE in FE" method. Both computations ran on a Paragon (ONERA), on a SP2 (Ecole des Mines de Paris) or on a Origin 2000 (LMT Cachan).

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Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics

Robert Sani
SESSION 1
Keynote : PARALLEL FINITE ELEMENT SOLUTION OF MARANGONI FLOW AND SPECIES TRANSPORT G.F. Carey, R. McLay, S. Swift and W. Barth.................................................................................................................514 LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION WITH FINITE-ELEMENTS: SOME FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES M.A. Christon, T.M. Smith, R.C. Schmidt and T.E. Voth.................................................................................................514 MULTIPLE STATES AND BIFURCATIONS OF CONVECTIVE FLOWS IN LONG HORIZONTAL CAVITIES A.Y. Gelfgat, P.Z. Bar-Yoseph and A.L. Yarin ................................................................................................................515 NEW MODEL OF CUMULANTS FOR DESCRIBING STRATIFIED TURBULENT FLOWS B.B. Ilyushin and S.N. Yakovenko...................................................................................................................................516 NUMERICAL COMPUTATIONS OF HIGH SPEED FLOW OVER A WEDGE M.C. Druguet and D. Zeitoun .........................................................................................................................................517

SESSION 2
A FRACTIONAL STEP APPROACH FOR LOW MACH NUMBER FLUID FLOW C.D. Munz and S. Roller.................................................................................................................................................518 FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION FOR THREE - DIMENSIONAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLUID FLOWS K. Kakuda and G. Ishii ...................................................................................................................................................518 A PARALLEL DYNAMIC MESH-BASED LAGRANGIAN METHOD FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE NAVIER STOKES G. Blelloch, O. Ghattas, I. Malcevic , G. Miller and N. Walkington...............................................................................519 A FINITE ELEMENT SEGREGATED PROCEDURE FOR COMPRESSIBLE AND NEARLY-INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW P.A. de Sampaio and M.L. Moreira ................................................................................................................................520 VISCOUS FLOW SIMULATIONS USING UNSTRUCTURED MESHES R.V. Garimella, K.E. Jansen and M.S. Shephard............................................................................................................521

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Keynote : PARALLEL FINITE ELEMENT SOLUTION OF MARANGONI FLOW AND SPECIES TRANSPORT
G.F. Carey, R. McLay, S. Swift and W. Barth
(1) - CFD Laboratory, TICAM / ASE / EM. Univ. of Texas. E-mail : carey@cfdlab.ae.utexas.edu (2) - CFD Laboratory, Univ. of Texas (3) - CFD Laboratory, Univ. of Texas

ABSTRACT
This work deals with species transport in buoyancy and surface tension driven viscous flow problems such as those that arise in the classical Benard problem and natural convection processes. Of particular interest are flows in thin liquid layers and microgravity where thermocapillary surface tension dominates (Marangoni flow). We describe a variational statement and finite element formulation for 3-D coupled simulation of this class of problems. The method is implemented for parallel distributed computations using domain decomposition and gradient-type iterative solution across subdomains. Local element-based calculations are carried out interior to the subdomains. Parallel performance studies for species transport in representative surface tension driven flows have been carried out on the Cray T3E and the Origin 2000 multiprocessor systems. Parametric studies for microgravity applications of interest to NASA are being carried out.

LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION WITH FINITE-ELEMENTS: SOME FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES

M.A. Christon, T.M. Smith, R.C. Schmidt and T.E. Voth
(1) - Sandia National Laboratories. E-mail : machris@sandia.gov (2) - Parallel Computational Sciences (3) - Parallel Computational Sciences

ABSTRACT
Large-eddy simulation (LES) is a promising alternative to traditional turbulence modeling approaches that rely upon Reynolds averaging and closure models based upon ad-hoc transport equations for the rate of dissipation. Unlike conventional Reynolds averaged models, LES provides a high degree of accuracy with a minimum of empiricism, i.e., there is no need to fit model constants to each new flow configuration. In addition, LES relies on resolving a large fraction of the energetic dynamics of the flow directly resulting in a reduced burden on the turbulence model. Despite its advantages, large-eddy simulation is relatively computationally expensive and has typically been applied to problems where the geometry is relatively simple and the physics is constrained for the purpose of performing controlled numerical experiments to study specific turbulent phenomena. Although LES has been demonstrated for simple geometries, typically using structured grids and finite-difference or finite-volume methods, the issues associated with complex geometries and unstructured grids are just beginning to be addressed. These issues include, but are not limited to the effects of dispersive and diffusive errors, commutative errors, and grid anisotropy on the resolved scales and subgrid-scale (SGS) models. These issues are compounded by the emerging use of large-eddy simulations for high Reynolds number engineering applications, where the errors introduced by ``spectrally'' under-resolved LES computations are not well understood. In this talk, a brief survey of the issues surrounding LES for unstructured grids will be presented with a summary of progress on the use of explicit filters along with filter commutativity and multi-scale analysis for dynamic models. The role of derived turbulence statistics in LES computations will be discussed with an emphasis on the sensitivity to numerical errors.

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MULTIPLE STATES AND BIFURCATIONS OF CONVECTIVE FLOWS IN LONG HORIZONTAL CAVITIES

A.Y. Gelfgat, P.Z. Bar-Yoseph and A.L. Yarin
(1) - Comp. Mech. Laboratory, Faculty of Mech. Engineering. Technion. E-mail : merbygr@cmlp.technion.ac.il (2) - Comp. Mech. Lab. Faculty of Mech. Engineering Technion-Israel. E-mail : pby@evanston.fluent.com

ABSTRACT
A bifurcation from steady to oscillatory state of buoyant convective flow in laterally heated rectangular cavities is investigated numerically. The flow is defined by the momentum, the continuum and the energy equations in the Boussinesq approximation and by three characteristic parameters: Grashof number Gr, Prandtl number Pr and the aspect ratio of the cavity (length/height) A. The analysis is focused on the case of low Prandtl number fluid, in particular Pr = 0 and Pr = 0.015. The aspect ratio is varied from 1 to 10. The problem was studied numerically using the spectral Galerkin method with globally defined basis functions which satisfy all the boundary conditions and the continuity equation. The global formulation of the Galerkin method allows us to decrease the number of degrees of freedom (number of scalar modes in the numerical method), which gives a possibility to investigate consequently steady states, their stability and weakly supercritical states of the flow in the framework of a single model. Results of Galerkin method are verified by solution of the full unsteady Boussinesq problem with the use of the finite volume method. Both numerical techniques are described in detail in [1,2]. The results of the numerical stability analysis are presented as stability diagrams showing the dependence of critical Grashof number on the Prandtl number and aspect ratio. Possibility to compare results of a two -dimensional study with the published experimental data is discussed. A quite unexpected result is an existence of several branches (4 and more) of stable steady states in cavities with 4 no-slip boundaries [3]. Such multiplicity was not found for cavities with a stress-free upper boundary [4]. Other objectives of this study are to compare oscillatory instability at zero and low Prandtl numbers (Pr =0.015) and at large and infinite aspect ratios (A =10 and the infinite fluid layer, A = infinity). It was found that a similarity between the most unstable perturbations at Pr = 0 and 0.015 as a rule does not exist. Such similarity may be found, for example, at A = 4 for single-vortex steady states [3,4]. Patterns of steady states at large aspect ratios show no analogy with the infinite layer in case of the stress-free upper boundary [4]. A certain similarity with the infinite layer can be found in long cavities with no-slip upper boundary. Namely, a single-vortex state transforms into a many vortex state and vice versa. These transitions, depending on the aspect ratio and the Prandtl number, may either continuously transform one into another or change abruptly because of instability of one of them. On the other hand, no asymptotic behavior for large A was found for the critical Grashof number and the critical frequency corresponding to the onset of oscillatory instability. Patterns of the most dangerous perturbations also show that the influence of the confined geometry on the stability of the flow cannot be neglected.

REFERENCES
[1] Gelfgat A.Yu. and Tanasawa I. 1994, "Numerical Heat Transfer. Part A", 25, 627-648. [2] Gelfgat A.Yu., Bar-Yoseph P.Z. and Solan A. 1996, "Journal of Fluid Mechanics", 311, 1-36. [3] Gelfgat A.Yu., Bar-Yoseph P.Z. and Yarin A.L. 1999, "Journal of Fluid Mechanics", to appear. [4] Gelfgat A.Yu., Bar-Yoseph P.Z. and Yarin A.L. 1997, "Journal of Fluids Engineering", 119, 82.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Acknowledgment . This work was supported by the Israel Science Foundation under Grant 110/96-1, by the Israel Ministry of Science under Grant 8575198, by the Center for Absorption in Science, Israel Ministry of Immigrant Absorption (to A.Gelfgat), and by the Y.Winograd Chair of Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer.

NEW MODEL OF CUMULANTS FOR DESCRIBING STRATIFIED TURBULENT FLOWS

B.B. Ilyushin and S.N. Yakovenko
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(1) - Institute of Thermophysics, Novosibirsk (2) - Institute of Theoretical and Allied Mechanics, Novosibirsk. E-mail : yakovenk@itam.nsc.ru

ABSTRACT
A new model of the fourth-order cumulants has been elaborated for describing non-local turbulent transfer in stratified flows. Using the quasi-normality Millionshikov hypothesis assuming zero fourth-order cumulants is insufficient in this case and limited by flow regions with so low fluctuations that third-order moments are small. In this paper the fifth-order cumulants are supposed to be zero (at non-zero fourth-order cumulants) and a relaxation model is used for the pressure containing cumulants in equations for the fourth-order cumulants [1]. It allows the field of applicability of turbulence model to be markedly widened. Al algebraic version of the cumulants model taking into account mechanism of triple correlations damping (when substituting to differential transport equations for the triple correlations) provides correct direction of spectral flux of the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) from energy-containing eddies to dissipative ones and at the first time permits without incorrect procedure of the 'clipping' approximation [2] to describe the vertical flux of TKE [3] in agreement with measurements data in the convective atmosphere boundary layer (CABL). Algebraic relations of relaxation coefficients of the second-, third- and fourth-order cumulants have been derived from conditions of the generalized Schwartz inequalities execution, avoiding requirements to add empirical information. Results of testing cumulants model by comparison of calculated coefficients of excess (CE) of probability density function of turbulent velocity field with measured ones are presented for flows with available experimental data for higher-order moments, namely a boundary layer on a plate and a flow in stationary and rotating pipes. As it is known, the mechanism of suppression of the vertical velocity fluctuation in stable stratification flows is analogous to swirl damping effect on the radial fluctuation. It allows one to examine for swirled flows the correctness of damping description be the cumulants model because of the absence of a detailed experimental data for stratified flows. Results of present CE calculations and modeling turbulent transfer of momentum, heat and substance in the CABL [1] let us to conclude that the developed algebraic model cumulants can be applied for both parameterization of diffusion processes in the triple - correlation transport equations and computation of fourth-order moments in turbulent stratified flows.

REFERENCES
[1] B.B. Ilyushin , "Modeling the non-local turbulent transport of momentum, heat and substance in the convective PBL.", Proc. 2d Int. Conf. On Turb. Heat Transfer, May - June 1998, Manchester, v.l. [2] J.C. Andre, G. De Moor, P. Lacarrere, G. Therry and R. du Vachat, "Modeling the 24-hour evolution of the mean and turbulent structures of the planetary boundary layer", J. Atmos. Sci., 1978, v.35. [3] B.B. Ilyushin and A.F. Kurbatskii, "Modeling of turbulent transport in PBL with third-order moments", Proc. 11th Symp. On Turb. Shear Flows, September 1997, Grenoble, v.2.

NUMERICAL COMPUTATIONS OF HIGH SPEED FLOW OVER A WEDGE

M.C. Druguet and D. Zeitoun
(1) - IUSTI, UMR 6595 CNRS - Universite de Provence. E-mail : druguet@iusti.univ-mrs.fr (2) - IUSTI, UMR 6595 CNRS - Universite de Provence. E-mail : zeitoun@iusti.univ-mrs.fr

ABSTRACT
A 2D wedge placed symmetrically in a uniform supersonic flow supports an oblique shock wave attached to the leading edge or a detached bow shock wave depending on the wedge angle. The detachment distance increases gradually with the wedge angle for relaxing flow and more rapidly in a perfect gas flow. The aim of the present paper is to show the influence of the nonequilibrium phenomena on the flow parameters - more precisely on the shock standoff distance and on the levels of vibrational temperature and mass fractions behind the shock wave -, by means of numerical simulations of nonequilibrium high speed flows over wedges. The test gas is a mixture of monatomic and diatomic nitrogen. The numerical simulations are done with the LANENS code (LAminar NonEquilibrium NavierStokes) that solves the 2D Navier-Stokes equations for a nonequilibrium flow by means of a finite volume

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method on structured grids. The scheme is second order accurate in space and time, and the convective fluxes are splitted via a Roe-type scheme. However, since upwind schemes on structured grids encounter instability problems near the shock wave when the shock is grid-aligned, ones adds multidimensional dissipation into the Roe scheme, by means of the H -correction scheme recently developed by Sanders et al. The extra dissipation added to the scheme is added only where needed, and therefore does not pollute the numerical results elsewhere. The computations are done for different angles of the wedge, between 42 and 61, each of them being done on one hand without real gas effects and on the other hand with the nonequilibrium phenomena. For the relaxing flow case, one considers the chemical and vibrational processes taking place behind the shock wave : nitrogen vibrational relaxation and nitrogen dissociation. The upstream conditions correspond to experiments performed by Hornung et al. In view of the good agreement of our prelimiary numerical results with experimental data of Hornung for the simulation of nonequilibrium flow over a 2D wedge, the LANENS code is being used to simulate one quilibrium high speed flows over a double cone in order to catch the correct behavior of the recirculating flow in the corner and to try to understand the origin of the differences between the numerical results and the experimental data observed by Candler et al. The results and the corresponding analysis will be presented at the conference.

REFERENCES
[1] Sanders R, Morano E, Druguet MC (1998), "Multidimensional dissipation for upwind schemes: Stability and applications to gas dynamics", J Comp Phys 145(2): 511-537. [2] Hornung HG, Smith GH (1979), "The influence of relaxation on shock detachment", J Fluid Mech 93, part 2 : 225239. [3] Candler GV, Olejniczak J (1997), "Nitrogen Dissociation Rates in Complex Hypersonic Flows"., AIAA Paper 972500

A FRACTIONAL STEP APPROACH FOR LOW MACH NUMBER FLUID FLOW

C.D. Munz and S. Roller
(1) - Inst. for Aerodynamics and Gasdynamics Stuttgart University. E-mail : munz@iag.uni-stuttgart.de (2) - Inst. for Aerodynamics and Gasdynamics Stuttgart University.

ABSTRACT
The low Mach number regime of compressible fluid flow is characterized by a large dicrepancy between the flow velocity and the speed of sound, leading to physical effects on different length scales and different orders of magnitude. Acoustic waves with small amplitude but large wave lengths may interact with local small length scale flow structures, while the global background pressure becomes nearly constant in space. Numerical schemes for these processes should efficiently and accurately deal with small amplitude but large wave lengths. Asymptotic analysis provides insight into the limit behavior of solutions of the compressible flow equations as the Mach number tends to zero. The pressure splits up into three parts with different physical meanings. The leading order term describes global background effects and fulfills the equation of state at zero Mach number. The first order pressure term behaves as the amplitude of an acoustic wave, and the second order term acts as a balance-of-forces agent, which guarantees the incompressible zero-divergence constraint in the limit. All these pressure terms influence the velocity at the leading order. A numerical scheme is developed which is based on multiple pressure variables to account for the different effects. It is formulated as a fractional step procedure, by which convection and dissipation are calculated in a first step and the fast sonic propagation in the second step. It is shown that this scheme converges to an incompressible projection method as M tends to zero. To capture small amplitude long wave length acoustic waves with small numerical dissipation these waves are approximated on a coarse grid based on the asymptotic equations. The result is interpolated to the fine grid resolving the local fluid phenomena and used as initial guess in a pressure correction iteration. Large scale differencing and averaging known from multiplescale analysis is transferred to the numerics. We show numerical results and give some remarks to extent these ideas to other multiple scale problems.
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FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION FOR THREE - DIMENSIONAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLUID FLOWS
K. Kakuda and G. Ishii
(1) - Dept. of Math.l Engineering. College of Industrial Technology. E-mail : k7kakuda@ccu.cit.nihon-u.ac.jp (2) - Dept. of Math. Eng., College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University

ABSTRACT
Numerical simulations of incompressible viscous fluid flows have been successfully performed by many computational fluid dynamicists with the use of the finite difference method, the finite volume method or the finite element method. Numerical difficulties have been experienced in the solution of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations at high Reynolds numbers. It is well known that the conventional Galerkin finite element and the centred finite difference approximations lead to spurious oscillatory solutions for flow problems at high Reynolds number. To overcome such oscillations, various upwindtype schemes have been successfully presented in both frameworks. In our previous works, we have proposed a finite element scheme based on the Petrov-Galerkin weak formulation using exponential weighting functions[1] for solving effectively two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations up to high Reynolds number regimes. The Navier-Stokes equations were discretized by a semi-explicit strategy in which the velocity was treated explicitly and the pressure was treated implicitly with respect to the time variable. As the time-marching scheme, the fractional step method was also adopted in the work. The present scheme has been successfully applied to flow and natural convection in a square cavity, flow around an obstacle, and so forth. Moreover, the one was extended to three-dimensional simple flow problems, and as the typical example, the computation of flow in a cubic cavity was demonstrated up to Reynolds number of 10000 [2]. The purpose of this paper is to apply the Petrov-Galerkin finite element scheme using exponential weighting functions to three-dimensional incompressible viscous flow for the practical problems. In order to show the workability and the validity of the present approach, flow around a circular cylinder is demonstrated as a typical example. The flow around a circular cylinder is interesting because the drag coefficient on the cylinder drops sharply in the subcritical (Re=100000) and supercritical (Re=1000000) regions. The drag crisis has been confirmed heretofore in several experiments[3,4]. Recently, the computational approaches of the flow have been increasingly presented by some computational fluid dynamicists [5,6]. The numerical results obtained in the present paper demonstrate that the drag crisis on the cylinder is also obtained by the present method.

REFERENCES
[1] Kakuda, K. and Tosaka, N. (1992), "Finite element approach for high Reynolds number flows", Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 41, 223-232. [2] Kakuda, K. Tosaka, N. and Nakamura, T. (1996), "Finite element analysis for 3-D high Reynolds number flows", Int. J. Comp. Fluid Dyn., 7, 163-178. [3] Achenbach, E. (1971), "Influence of surface roughness on the cross-flow around a circular cylinder", J. Fluid Mech., 46, part 2, 321-335. [4] Cantwell, B. and Coles, D. (1983), "A experimental study of entrainment and transport in the turbulent near wake of a circular cylinder", J. Fluid Mech., 136, 321-374. [5] Tamura, T. and Kuwahara, K. (1989), "Direct finite difference computation of turbulent flow around a circular cylinder", Num. Meths. Fluid Dyn. 2, (Eds., Yasuhara, M. et al.), 645-650. [6] Kashiyama, K., Tamai, T., Inomata, W. and Yamaguchi, S. (1998), "A parallel finite element method for incompressible Navier-Stokes flows based on unstructured grid", Fourth Japan-US Symp. on F.E.M. in Large Scale Computational Fluid Dynamics, 21-24.

A PARALLEL DYNAMIC MESH-BASED LAGRANGIAN METHOD FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE NAVIER STOKES

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G. Blelloch, O. Ghattas, I. Malcevic , G. Miller and N. Walkington.

(1) - Department of Computer Science. Carnegie Mellon University. (2) - Computational Mech. Lab. Carnegie Mellon University. E-mail : omar.ghattas@cs.cmu.edu (3) - Computational Mechanics Lab. Carnegie Mellon University.

ABSTRACT
Lagrangian methods in continuum mechanics write conservation laws with respect to material points, as opposed to spatial points. In fluid dynamics, this means that the field equations are referenced to points that move with the flow. The implication for a numerical method that approximates the fluid field quantities on a finite-dimensional mesh is that the mesh moves and distorts with the flow. The need to accommodate a dynamic, evolving mesh is the main reason that mesh-based Lagrangian methods are less popular than Eulerian methods in CFD. Parallel Lagrangian methods are particularly challenging, since distorting meshes necessitate frequent remeshing, for which scalable algorithms on highly parallel computers are an open research problem. On the other hand, Lagrangian methods retain several distinct advantages over fixed-frame Eulerian methods. First, the adoption of a Lagrangian reference frame results in the disappearance of the convective term in the momentum equation, or rather its absorption into a material time derivative term. This mean that at each time step, we solve one or several Stokes problems with appropriate forcing terms. As a result, complicated "upwinding" schemes are avoided; for example, standard Galerkin methods on LBB-satisfying finite element meshes produce errors of optimal order. Furthermore, the absence of the convective term means we avoid solution of nonsymmetric linear algebraic systems at each time step, as well as the increasing ill - conditioning that accompanies an increase in Reynolds number for Eulerian methods. Finally, Lagrangian methods possess an element of adaptivity: mesh points convect with the flow and concentrate in regions of high vorticity. The experience has been that Lagrangian methods often require many fewer mesh nodes than their Eulerian counterparts. We see that Lagrangian methods essentially trade off reduced numerical approximation and solution difficulties for increased complexity with respect to computational geometry. If the latter can be overcome, these methods will have much to offer. This is particularly true for problems with deforming domains, e.g.\ free surface, moving interface, and shape optimization problems, for which one must address dynamic meshes in any case. In this talk, we discuss the design, implementation, and performance of a parallel Lagrangian finite element method for simulation of viscous, incompressible flow on dynamic unstructured Delaunay based meshes. The geometric framework for this method is based on the parallel Delaunay triangulation algorithm of Blelloch, Hardwick, Miller, and Talmor [1]. The algorithm is theoretically optimal in work, requires polylogarithmic depth, and is efficient in practice. Our Lagrangian method is implemented on top of the PETSc environment for PDE solution [2], and makes use of PETSc linear Krylov solvers and domain - decomposition preconditioners. In this talk, we discuss such design issues as frequency of retriangulation vs.\ ill-conditioning of the Stokes linear systems; explicit vs.\ implicit treatment of the material time derivative in the momentum equation; and complete vs.\ partial remeshing at each step. We will provide results of experiments assessing scalability and performance on the Cray T3E at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center.

REFERENCES
[1] G.E. Blelloch, J.C. Hardwick, G.L. Miller, and D. Talmor , "Design and implementation of a practical parallel Delaunay algorithm", Algorithmica, to appear. [2] S. Balay, W.D. Gropp, L.C. McInnes, and B.F. Smith, "PETSc home page", http://www.mcs.anl.gov/ petsc, 1999.

A FINITE ELEMENT SEGREGATED PROCEDURE FOR COMPRESSIBLE AND NEARLY-INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW
P.A. de Sampaio and M.L. Moreira
(1) - Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear. Brasil. E-mail : sampaio@cnen.gov.br (2) - Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear. Brasil

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ABSTRACT
Most numerical methods for compressible fluid dynamics present difficulties when applied to low speed (nearly incompressible) flows. The difficulties originate from the fast propagation of pressure waves, as flow conditions approach the incompressible limit. Nearly incompressible flows, i.e. flows characterized by very small Mach number, are usually approximated as fully incompressible. Thus, compressibility effects are eliminated at the modeling level, prior to considering any particular discretization method. In such a context, pressure is no longer a thermodynamic property related to density through a state equation. Most importantly, the pressure hyperbolic character and the associated wavelike propagation disappear from the model. In a fully incompressible flow, pressure takes an elliptic character: it must be determined from the momentum balance and boundary conditions, in such a way that a solenoidal velocity field is enforced. In view of such underlying mathematical differences, it is not surprising that methods for the discretization of compressible and incompressible flows have developed independently. The C.F.D. literature reflects this dichotomy and most papers are devoted specifically to either compressible or incompressible applications. Nevertheless, the development of methods for a wide range of Mach number is important to the analysis of many flow problems involving simultaneously the compressible and the nearly incompressible behavior [1-3]. In fact, even in the high-speed compressible flows of the aerospace industry, the nearly incompressible behavior is present near solid walls and leading edges. This paper presents a unified treatment for both compressible and nearly incompressible problems. An important feature of the method is the implicit time discretization of the mass balance and of the pressure terms appearing in the momentum and energy equations. Petrov-Galerkin weighting functions, derived from a least-squares approximation, are employed in the momentum and energy weighted residual statements. A segregated procedure is used to update the flow variables. Once the pressure field is obtained, the scheme proceeds with the computation of the mass-velocity (density*velocity) and internal energy. The cyclic update of these variables requires solving symmetric systems of equations. This is accomplished using a preconditioned conjugate gradient solver. The robustness and versatility of the proposed method is demonstrated on steady and unsteady applications covering a wide range of Mach number .

REFERENCES
[1] K.C. Karki and S.V. Patankar, "Pressure Based Calculation Procedure for Viscous Flows at All Speeds in Arbitrary Configurations", AIAA Journal, Vol. 27, 1167-1174, 1989. [2] O. C. Zienkiewicz and R. Codina , "A General Algorithm for Compressible and Incompressible Flow. Part I: The Split, Characteristic-Based Scheme", Int. J. Num. Meth. in Fluids, Vol. 20, 869-885, 1995. [3] G. Hauke and T.J.R. Hughes, "A comparative study of different sets of variables for solving compressible and incompressible flows, Comp. Meth. in Appl. Mech. and Eng., Vol. 153, 1-44, 1998.

VISCOUS FLOW SIMULATIONS USING UNSTRUCTURED MESHES

R.V. Garimella, K.E. Jansen and M.S. Shephard
(1) - SCOREC. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. E-mail : garimell@scorec.rpi.edu (2) - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. E-mail : kjansen@scorec.rpi.edu (3) - Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst. Scientific Comp. Research Center. E-mail : shephard@scorec.rpi.edu

ABSTRACT
Mesh generation for simulation of viscous flows over complex non-manifold domains is a challenging tasl, due to the need to capture strong anisotropy present in the flows. High anisotropy is evident in such flows in boundary layers formed at the walls, free shear layers such as those formed behind bluff bodies and shocks for compressible flows. Traditionally, for this class of flows, structured grids have been preferred over unstructured ones due to the lack of precise a priori control over the unstructured meshes. In this paper, a mesh generation approach is demonstrated to be capable of generating unstructured meshes with good control over the mesh size, gradation and anisotropy. In particular, the focus of the paper is on a methodology to generate boundary layer meshes, a proposal for the anisotropic adaptation of meshes to capture shear layers and shocks, and validation of the approach by simulation of flows with well known solutions. The mesh generation approach described here is the
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Generalized Advancing Layers approach to create boundary layer meshes. The procedure starts from a surface mesh and builds up layers of anisotropic elements adjoining the appropriate surfaces. The mesh generator takes considerable care to make good point placement decisions in accordance with the analysis requirements and mesh validity considerations. The user is provided with a powerful and flexible mesh control mechanism in order to create the necessary mesh gradations and anisotropy. Once the boundary layer mesh generation is completed, it is handed over to a general isotropic mesh generator which fills the rest of the domain. The paper also presents results of simulations on selected viscous flow problems to demonstrate the apability of the mesh generator to efficiently match the meshes to the solution anisotropy. The first simulation presented is the laminar flow over a flat plate. The domain modeled includes the singularity at the leading edge. Therefore, the mesh requires very small isotropic elements near the leading edge and a boundary layer mesh with increasing anisotropy away from the singularity on the flat plate. Results axe presented to show that the mesh captures both the isotropic and anisotropic parts of the solution very well. The similarity solution of Blassius is plotted to demonstrate the fidelity of the solution in the boundary layer. The second problem is the simulation of turbulent flow in a suddenly expanding circular pipe. Due to the sudden expansion of the pipe, a free shear layer forms in the flow originating from the end of the narrow pipe and re - attaching further downstream at the walls of the large pipe. Also, the shear layer diffuses, losing much of its anisotropy, by the time it re-attaches to the large pipe walls. The other features of the flow are the presence of boundary layers on the walls of the pipes and a recirculation region behind the shear layer. The mesh for this simulation is constructed as above along with boundary layer elements on both sides of an estimated "mid-surface" for the shear layer. The results of the simulation with the initial mesh are then used to construct a new mesh using contours of threshold values of the solution gradients. This mesh is shown to capture the flow solution accurately.

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Minisymposium

Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis

Mike Saran, Michal Kleiber and D. A. Tortorelli
SESSION 1
A LAGRANGIAN SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR FINITE INELASTIC DEFORMATIONS AND METAL FORMING PROCESSES N. Zabaras, A. Srikanth and Y. Bao ................................................................................................................................524 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR LARGE DEFORMATION PLASTICITY-CONTACT-FRICTION PROBLEMS: FORMULATION AND METAL FORMING APPLICATIONS M.J. Saran and M. Kleiber .............................................................................................................................................524 3D SHAPE OPTIMIZATION FOR INDUSTRIAL CONFIGURATIONS USING INCOMPLETE SENSITIVITIES B. Mohammadi ...............................................................................................................................................................525 OPTIMIZATION OF THERMO-MECHANICAL PROCESSES USING AN EULERIAN FORMULATION AND APPLICATION IN WELDING S.M. Rajadhyaksha and P. Michaleris ............................................................................................................................526 A GATE PARAMETERIZATION SCHEME FOR SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE POLYMER INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS D.E. Smith ......................................................................................................................................................................526 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION USING ADAPTIVE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS & DESIGN SENSITIVITY ERROR CONTROL C.A. de Carvalho Silva and M.L. Bittencourt .................................................................................................................527

SESSION 2
Keynote : STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION INCLUDING NON-LINEAR STRUCTURAL RESPONSE E. Ramm, S. Schwarz and R. Kemmler ...........................................................................................................................528 EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS APPLIED TO STRUCTURAL OPRIMIZATION PROBLEMS M. Papadrakakis, N. Lagaros and G. Kokossalakis........................................................................................................529 OPTIMIZATION OF PRECIPITATE EVOLUTION IN QUENCH PROCESSES J. Huang, N. Sobh, R.B. Haber, R. Hyland and D.A.Tortorelli.......................................................................................529 OPTIMIZATION OF THE MATERIAL QUALITY DURING THE BRIGDMAN CASTING PROCESS G. Laschet, D. Ma and M. Schallmo...............................................................................................................................530

SESSION 3
STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION IN MAGNETIC FIELDS USING THE HOMOGENIZATION DESIGN METHOD: MAXIMIZING MAGNETIC MEAN COMPLIANCE J. Yoo and N. Kikuchi .....................................................................................................................................................531 AN EVALUATION OF PARTITION BASED SOLUTION APPROACH FOR TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS. D. Natekar and G. Subbarayan.......................................................................................................................................532 AN HP-ADAPTIVE TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION USING FEM AND MESHLESS METHODS T.J. Liszka, C.A. Duarte and O.N. Hamzeh.....................................................................................................................532 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS IN A PASSIVE VIBRATION ISOLATION SYSTEM A. Coronado M., F.A. Rochinha and R. Sampaio ...........................................................................................................533 FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF SMART STRUCTURES USING AN OPTIMAL OUTPUT FEEDBACK CONTROLLER FOR VIBRATION AND NOISE CONTROL Y.H. Lim, G.V. Senthil, V.V. Varadan and V.K. Varadan................................................................................................534

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A LAGRANGIAN SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR FINITE INELASTIC DEFORMATIONS AND METAL FORMING PROCESSES
N. Zabaras, A. Srikanth and Y. Bao
(1) - Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. E-mail : zabaras@cornell.edu (2) - Sibley School of Mech. and Aerospace Engineering. Cornell University (3) - Sibley School of Mech. and Aerospace Engineering. Cornell University

ABSTRACT
A direct differentiation based computational model is presented for the sensitivity analysis of finite deformations. In particular, of interest is the calculation of the sensitivities of material fields (such as stress, state variables, etc.) with respect to design parameters. In metal forming, such design parameters may include the die shape and the preform geometry. The obtained sensitivities are important in the design of processes and preforms that produce a desired geometry and material properties in the final product under certain constraints. In this paper, a sensitivity analysis is introduced for a rigorous mathematical formulation and solution of die and preform design forming problems. An updated Lagrangian finite element method is used to model the large hyperelastic viscoplastic deformations during forming. A reference configuration, that is not related to the deformation of the workpiece, is introduced for a proper definition of the shape derivatives of the deformation gradient and material state fields. Appropriate weak sensitivity problems are defined and special attention is given to the modeling of the sensitivity boundary conditions that result due to the frictional contact between the die and the workpiece. To avoid issues of non-differentiability of the contact conditions, a number of regularizing assumptions are introduced for the calculation of the sensitivity of the contact tractions. Various examples of preform and die design problems will be presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the method developed. Finally, the obtained sensitivity fields will be used to design extrusion and forging processes that result in a final product of desired geometry and properties with minimum work (or force) effort.

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR LARGE DEFORMATION PLASTICITYCONTACT-FRICTION PROBLEMS: FORMULATION AND METAL FORMING APPLICATIONS
M.J. Saran and M. Kleiber
(1) - Case Western Reserve University Dept. of Materials Science & Engng. E-mail : mjs7@po.cwru.edu (2) - Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Warsaw. E-mail : mkleiber@zmit1.ippt.gov.pl

ABSTRACT
A formulation and an algorithm have been developed for sensitivity analysis of large deformation plasticity-contact-friction problems. The general concept of the theory of systems sensitivity is applied to be able to perform automatic calculation of quantitative information on problem sensitivity in response to variation of selected system parameters. The approach is targeted, among others, for industrial metal forming applications characterized by quasi-static loading, irregularly shaped contact surfaces with rigid tools, large relative movement between material and tools, and finally, unknown and changing domain of contact. The mechanical problem is defined as follows. The updated Lagrangian description of motion is used. The material is characterized by the elastic plastic model with plastic yielding behavior described by Hill's nonquadratic yield condition. A nonlinear hardening law is assumed and the normal anisotropy is taken into account. The friction conditions are described by the modified Coulomb friction model. The

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CFS solution algorithm is used with a consistent tangent matrix, insuring a quadratic rate of convergence and considerably increasing the numerical stability of the solution. The sensitivity equations have been derived. The direct differentiation method has been applied to the considered path dependent problems. The most significant material, process, and tool dimension parameters have been established and are used as the design variables. Sensitivities of the primary degrees of freedom, and of the secondary variables, can be considered, such as sensitivities of the strain, stress, and the springback. Selected results of calculations will be presented and discussed.

3D SHAPE OPTIMIZATION FOR INDUSTRIAL CONFIGURATIONS USING INCOMPLETE SENSITIVITIES

B. Mohammadi
(1) - Univ. Montpellier and INRIA - France. E-mail : Bijan.Mohammadi@Inria.fr

ABSTRACT
In this paper we apply a general decomposition based optimization technique for solving topology optimization problems. The technique also involves the outlining and implementation of a definite coordination and solution strategy. The paper further explores the use of the partitioned approach as a means to achieve improved efficiency in solving topological optimization problems. Both the partitioning and the optimization schemes use analytically calculated variational sensitivity values obtained using a program developed by the authors. Topology optimization problems studied include the classical Mitchell cantilever beam problem and a simple plate problem. The optimization problems are solved using a nonlinear constrained optimization program. It is shown that in these classes of problems, partitioning may not always lead to computational efficiency. Furthermore, partitioned inputs to optimization solvers act as different initial guesses and result in different, though physically viable, solutions. This increases the uncertainty in the solution

OPTIMIZATION OF THERMO-MECHANICAL PROCESSES USING AN EULERIAN FORMULATION AND APPLICATION IN WELDING

S.M. Rajadhyaksha and P. Michaleris
(1) - Dept. of Mech. and Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University. E-mail : pxm32@psu.ed (2) - Dept. of Mech. and Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University. E-mail : pxm32@psu.ed

ABSTRACT
A systematic design approach has been developed for solving quasi- state thermo-mechanical material processes using finite element methods, sensitivity analysis and optimization. The thermomechanical processes considered are governed by one-way coupled thermo-elasto-plastic response. The quasi-state thermal problem is solved first using an Eulerian formulation, where the heat flux is fixed in space and the material flows through a control volume. For constant velocity and heat flux distribution, the Eulerian formulation reduces to a steady state problem, whereas the Lagrangian formulation remains transient. Streamline Upwinding Petrov Galerkin stabilization is employed to suppress The spurious oscillations occurring due to the nature of the Eulerian formulation for the thermal problem. The quasistate non-linear mechanical problem is then solved using an Eulerian formulation importing the results of the thermal problem. Streamlines are used to determine the temperature history. The plasticity evolution is then determined by integrating along the streamline path. The design sensitivities are computed using the direct differentiation approach. The sensitivities are then employed to determine the optimal objective function. The developed approach is applied to a mechanical problem, where a moving weld torch passes over the

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material to be welded. The optimization objective is to minimize the distortion after the welding process, varying the thermal tensioning heater parameters, which are the design variables

A GATE PARAMETERIZATION SCHEME FOR SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE POLYMER INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS
D.E. Smith
(1) - Colorado School of Mines. E-mail : dsmith@mines.edu

ABSTRACT
Plastics have an ever-increasing presence in modern design because they offer numerous combinations of engineering properties and enjoy many versatile manufacturing methods unparalleled in other materials. To support plastic product development, computer aided engineering tools are now used extensively to evaluate the performance of plastic components in their service environment and the manufacturing process used in their production. Developments in process modeling over the past two decades have made it possible to analyze the complex flow of polymer melt in arbitrary mold geometries. The application of optimization methods to make these simulation tools more effective in process design, however, has received much less attention. The cost and complexity of the manufacturing process for making plastic products such as automotive instrument panels, for example, demands the development of optimization methods for the plastics injection molding process. The current work enhances the usefulness of polymer processing analyses by including moldfilling simulations within an optimization methodology to design, not just evaluate, the injection molding process. In this study, the molding process is parameterized by the injection pressure and the location of the edge gate or gates (i.e., the location where polymer melt enters the mold cavity). The location of each gate is specified using a B-Spline surface to represent the part where one of the parametric coordinates becomes the design variable. New gate locations and the injection pressure profiles are computed with gradient-based optimization algorithms to achieve better mold filling conditions. The numerical simulations used to measure the performance of the mold filling process employs the Hele-Shaw approximation for viscous flow in thin cavities. The flow behavior of the non-Newtonian polymer melt is computed with nonlinear transient finite element simulations and the moving boundary at the polymer melt / air interface is tracked using the Volume of Fluid method. This is a coupled problem since the position of the melt / air interface defines the computational domain in the fluid flow analysis and the flow front motion is a function of melt pressure and velocity. Design sensitivities are computed with a transient coupled direct differentiation method which incorporates a general gate parameterization and various process performance measures. A shape design sensitivity analysis method is developed to compute the change in the performance measures with respect the parametric coordinates that define each gate location. The decomposed tangent stiffness matrix from the converged Newton Raphson iteration at each time step is used to efficiently and a accurately compute the design sensitivities. Example problems illustrates the design methodology where the fill time is minimized subject to constraints on mold clamp force, injection pressure and flow rate, and flow-front velocity. Additionally, results show that it is possible to evaluate the influence of the design variables on weld line position by viewing contour plots of the design sensitivities.

STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION USING ADAPTIVE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS & DESIGN SENSITIVITY ERROR CONTROL
C.A. de Carvalho Silva and M.L. Bittencourt
(1) - Dept. de Projeto Mecanico. Fac. de Eng. Mecanica. Univ. Est. de Campinas. (2) - Dept. de Projeto Mecanico Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica. E-mail : mlb@fem.unicamp.br

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ABSTRACT
A structural optimization environment has been implemented using mathematical programming, finite element method, continuum sensitivity analysis, adaptive finite element analysis, sensitivity analysis of the error estimator, and error control of the sensitivity of the structural performance functionals. In this work aspects of adaptive finite element procedures applied to the optimization process are discussed. The application of structural optimization techniques has become standard in the design of components and systems. This has raised issues about the reliability of the optimum solutions obtained which in general may be very sensitive to the discretization adopted. This fact can lead to suboptimum or infeasible solutions and cause convergence problems in the mathematical programming algorithm due to the inaccuracy of the gradient evaluation. One way to overcome those difficulties is to use adaptive finite element procedures for the solution of the state equation. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a discretization-independent optimization process. In addition, the sensitivity of the constraint functionals are evaluated more precisely due to the better accuracy of the calculated displacement field. However, adaptive analysis becomes very expensive for complex problems which decreases the efficiency of the iterative optimization procedure. The optimization process can be improved using results of a previous design to accelerate the convergence of the current analysis. This can be done by evaluating of the sensitivity of the estimated error to the design variables on the current design and then estimating the error distribution in the new design. In this way, the next step of the adaptive analysis will start with an approximately refined mesh. The global efficiency and reliability of the optimization process can be also improved by the application of a sensitivity analysis error estimator to control the gradient evaluation. The efficiency and reliability of the proposed methodology are verified by means of several examples

Keynote : STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION INCLUDING NON-LINEAR STRUCTURAL RESPONSE

E. Ramm, S. Schwarz and R. Kemmler
(1) - Institute of Structural Mechanics, University of Stuttgart. E-mail : eramm@statik.uni-stuttgart.de (2) - Institute of Structural Mechanics, University of Stuttgart (3) - Institute of Structural Mechanics, University of Stuttgart

ABSTRACT
The value of optimization results in the design of structures strongly depends on the quality of the underlying mechanical model. The more the mechanicalmodel is simplified, for example neglecting the in general nonlinear structural response or by approximating a 3-dimensional stress state by 1- or 2dimensional models, the less meaningful the optimization results may be. Optimization is known to be the generator of sensitivities, this also holds for structures optimized with a reduced mechanical model which often turn out to be prone to the neglected effects. Maximizing linear elastic buckling loads may lead to clustering of failure modes and an extreme sensitivity with respect to geometrical imperfections. Elastic structures optimized for maximum stiffness often yield brittle failure. To remedy these defects either the anticipated sensitivities have to be included in the problem formulation or the model has to be extended to include these phenomena. The present contribution addresses this aspect and extends the formulation into the nonlinear structural range. These may be either large deformation problems including instability phenomena or materially nonlinear problems, here in particular classical small strain metal plasticity. The formulations are embedded in a general, so called adaptive optimization concept for both, shape and topology optimization and their combination. Here adaptivity can be understood in the geometrical sense, i.e. for the design model, and in its usual mechanical meaning as finite element adaptivity based on error control. An important point is to include not only the discretization error of the state variables but also the error of their sensitivities. This extension not only improves the optimization result but also the numerical efficiency. The crucial point of an optimization procedure is the determination of the derivatives with respect to the optimization variables, i.e. the sensitivity analysis. According to the mechanical model different formulations for the sensitivity analysis are applied. For path-dependent problems, like elastoplasticity, a variational approach turned out to be suitable while for problems with geometrically nonlinear behavior,
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e.g. buckling, a discrete approach is favourable. The presented optimization procedures are verified by several problems for plane stress, plate and shell structures.

REFERENCES
[1] Kleiber, M.; Antunez, H.; Hien, T.D.; Kowalczyk, P., "Parameter Sensitivity in Nonlinear Mechanics", Wiley (1997). [2] Maute, K., "Topologie- und Formoptimierung von dunnwandigen Tragwerken", Ph.D. Thesis, University of Stuttgart (1998). [3] Maute, K.; Schwarz, S. ; Ramm, E., "Adaptive topology optimization of elastoplastic structures", Structural Optimization (1998) 81-91. [4] Reitinger, R.; Ramm, E., "Buckling and imperfection sensitivity in the optimization of shell structures", Thinwalled Structures (1995) 159-177. [5] Ryu, Y.S.; Haririan, M.; Wu, C.C.; Arora, J.S., "Structural design sensitivity analysis of nonlinear response", Computers & Structures (1988) 245-255. [6] Vidal, C.A.; Haber, R.B., " Design sensitivity analysis for rate-independent elastoplasticity", Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. (1993) 391-431.

EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS APPLIED TO STRUCTURAL OPRIMIZATION PROBLEMS

M. Papadrakakis, N. Lagaros and G. Kokossalakis
(1) - Inst. of Structural Analysis and Seismic Research. Natl. Tech. Univ. of Athens. E-mail : mpapadra@central.ntua.gr (2) - Inst. of Structural Analysis and Seismic Research. National Technical Univ. of Athens (3) - Inst. of Structural Analysis and Seismic Research. National Technical Univ. of Athens

ABSTRACT
The objective of this study is to investigate the efficiency of various Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs), such as Evolution Strategies (ESs) and Genetic Algorithms (GAs), when applied to large-scale sizing optimization problems. Both ESs and GAs imitate biological evolution in nature and have three characteristics that differ from other conventional optimization algorithms: (i) In place of the usual deterministic operators, they use randomized operators: mutation, selection and recombination. (ii) Instead of a single design point, they work simultaneously with a population of design points in the space of design variables. (iii) They can handle with minor modifications continuous, discrete or mixed optimization problems. The most time-consuming part of a gradient-based Mathematical Programming (MP) approach is related to the sensitivity analysis phase, which is an important ingredient of all MP optimization methods and may consume a large part of the total computational effort. On the other hand the application of evolutionary algorithms that are based on probabilistic searching, such as ESs and GAs, do not need gradient information and therefore avoid to perform the computationally expensive sensitivity analysis step. MP methods make use of local curvature information derived from linearization of the original functions by using their derivatives with respect to the design variables. These methods present a satisfactory local rate of convergence, but they cannot assure that the global optimum can be found. On the other hand, evolutionary algorithms are in general more robust and present a better global behaviour than the MP methods. They may suffer, however, from a slow rate of convergence towards the global optimum.In this work the efficiency of various evolutionary algorithms in structural sizing optimization problems is investigated. Furthermore, in order to benefit from the advantages of both methodologies a combination of MP and EAs is also examined in an attempt to increase the robustness as well as the computational efficiency of the optimization procedure. The numerical tests presented demonstrate the computational advantages of the proposed approach, which become more pronounced in large-scale and computationally intensive optimization problems.

REFERENCES
[1] M. Papadrakakis , and N.D. Lagaros, G. Thierauf, and J. Cai; "Advanced Solution Methods in Structural Optimization Based on Evolution Strategies", Engineering Computations, vol. 15(1), pp.12-34, 1998.

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[2] M. Papadrakakis , Y. Tsompanakis, N.D. Lagaros, E. Hinton, J. Sienz, G. Thierauf, and J. Cai, "Innovative Computational Methods for Structural Optimization", In Papadrakakis, M., and Topping, B.H.V. (eds), Innovative Computational Methods for Structural Mechanics, Saxe-Coburg Publications,1999.

OPTIMIZATION OF PRECIPITATE EVOLUTION IN QUENCH PROCESSES

J. Huang, N. Sobh, R.B. Haber, R. Hyland and D.A.Tortorelli
(1) - Center for Process Simulation and Design. University of Illinois. (2) - Center for Process Simulation and Design. University of Illinois. (3) - University of Illinois at Urbana. E-mail : r-haber@uiuc.edu

ABSTRACT
In a companion paper (A Discontinuous Galerkin Model for Precipitate Evolution in Aluminum Alloy Quench Processes) we describe a method for simulating precipitate nucleation and growth during the quench process of aluminum alloy extrusions. Now we combine this program with sensitivity analysis and nonlinear programming methods to optimize the process parameters. We prescribe the desired inlet material constituency, inlet temperature and spraying conditions to control the size distribution of precipitates that form in the bulk and grain boundaries. The latter site is of particular concern, since grain boundary precipitates can serve as initiation sites for micro-cracking under extreme deformations, as in crash scenarios. The sensitivities, computed by the direct differentiation method, take full advantage of our discontinuous Galerkin finite element analysis, i.e., they are computed element-by-element. So even though our analysis requires the solution of a massive nonlinear first-order hyperbolic system the sensitivity analysis is quite tractable.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE MATERIAL QUALITY DURING THE BRIGDMAN CASTING PROCESS

G. Laschet, D. Ma and M. Schallmo
(1) - ACCESS e.V. E-mail : g.laschet@access.rwth-aachen.de (2) - ACCESS e.V (3) - ACCESS e.V

ABSTRACT
Turbine components of modern aircraft engines and power plants are commonly produced by the investment casting process. As their mechanical properties are strongly related to their grain structures, an increasing world wide demand for Directional Solidified (DS) and Single Crystal (SC) turbine blades exists. These blades are made of Ni-base superalloy and produced by directional solidification in a Bridgman furnace. Its apparently simple principle of generating a directional heat flow by withdrawing the shell mould out of a heating zone into a cooling zone constitutes in fact a complex optimization problem for real blade geometries [1]. Technically relevant casting parameters, such as heater tempe-rature and withdrawal velocity, are currently determined by series of expensive experiments. Therefore, based on a validated casting design tool [1], an optimization strategy will be presented which is able to optimize the casting quality with respect to achieving low process time and costs. After specifying the main features and design parameters of the Bridgman process, a multiobjective function, defined over the whole domain, is introduced. This function is built on a set of violation terms characterizing the superalloy quality. For example, to produce a high quality DS turbine blade, following features are the most relevant : - the probability of freckle formation, which is governed by the cooling rate at Tliq ; - the degree of curvature of the solidification front;

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- the critical G/v ratio at the solidification front which describes the transition from columnar dendritic growth to equiaxed grain structure. In order to formulate a constrained optimization problem, more suitable for the implemented optimization algorithms, mean local qualities are also evaluated on selected subdomains of the blade. These values allow to define a constraint min-max optimization problem. In this study only the withdrawal velocity vw , described by a polyline of N parameters is chosen as design variable. A convex linearization algorithm, CONLIN [2], and a globally convergent version of MMA, GCM [3], are used as optimizer. This procedure is then applied to the optimization of the withdrawal profile for the DS casting process of a complex 3-D dummy turbine blade with two thin platforms. Interesting optimization results, obtained either with CONLIN or CGM as optimizer, are then discussed and compared with previous results [1]. During this investigation, the influence of the sensitivity analyses on the results is also pointed out. In order to validate these optimization results, the temperature fields obtained with the initial and optimized withdrawal profile are introduced in 3-D CAFE model [4]. In this post-processor phase, cellular automata nucleation and growth algorithms are used to predict the grain structure formation. These analyses show clearly the better quality of the predicted DS macro-grain structure with the optimized withdrawal profile. Finally, two pairs of casting trials are processed respectively with the initial and optimized withdrawal velocity in order to confirm the optimization and CAFE model results.

REFERENCES
[1] G.Laschet, M. Schallmo & N. Hofmann, "Optimization tools for Bridgman casting process", Proc. of 7th Conf. on Casting, Welding & advanced Solidification, Ed. B. Thomas & C. Beckermann, TMS Editions, San Diego, June 98, pp 1095-1102 [2] C. Fleury, "First and second order convex approximation strategies in structural optimization", Structural Optimization, vol. 1, pp 3-10, 1989. [3] K. Svanberg. "A globally convergent version of MMA without line search", Proc. of WCSO-1, Goslar, 1995, Ed. Olhoff, pp 9-17. [4] J.-L. Desbiolles, Ch.-A. Gandin, J-F Joyeux, M. Rappaz & Ph. Thevoz: "A 3-D CAFE model for the prediction of solidification grain structures", Proc. of 7th Conf. on Casting, Welding & advanced Solidification, Ed. B. Thomas & C. Beckermann, TMS Editions, San Diego, June 98, pp 433-440.

STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION IN MAGNETIC FIELDS USING THE HOMOGENIZATION DESIGN METHOD: MAXIMIZING MAGNETIC MEAN COMPLIANCE
J. Yoo and N. Kikuchi
(1) - Computational Mechanics Laboratory. University of Michigan. E-mail : yoojh@engin.umich.edu (2) - Comp. Mech. Laboratory. University of Michigan. E-mail : kikuchi@engin.umich.edu

ABSTRACT
In the field of topology optimization, The homogenization design method has been successfully applied to elastic problems [1,2]. The homogenization design method is based on the homogenization theory[3] and the finite element method. In the shape optimization magnetic fields, gradient based optimization method combined with the finite element method has been used as a conventional design method [4]. Although this method is effective to some problems, this method can decide only the outer shape of a design domain and dfficult to obtain the optimal shape considering the magnetic energy of the whole design domain. To overcome these disadvantages, the homogenization design method is introduced to obtain an optimal shape of a structure in magnetic fields. The homogenized magnetic permeability is computed using the homogenization theory. The topology optimization process is developed to get an optimal shape to maximize the magnetic mean compliance.

REFERENCES
[1] Bendsoe, M. P., and N. Kikuchi , "Generating optimal topologies in structural design using a homogenization method.", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 71 (1988): 197-224.

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[2] Suzuki, K., and N. Kikuchi , "A homogenization method for shape and topology optimization.", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 93 (1991): 291-318. [3] Sanchez-Palencia, E., "Non-Homogeneous Media and Vibration Theory". Berlin: Springer, 1980. [4] Nakata, T., and N. Takahashi, "New design method of permanent magnets by using the finite element method." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 19.6 (1983):2494-2497.

AN EVALUATION OF PARTITION BASED SOLUTION APPROACH FOR TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS.

D. Natekar and G. Subbarayan
(1) - Mechanical Engineering Department. University of Colorado, Boulder (2) - Dept. of Mech. Engineering University of Colorado at Boulder. E-mail : ganesh@colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
Topology and size optimization problems are aimed at determining the optimal connectivity and material distribution within a structure. These problems are inherently expensive as they involve discretization of a continuum. Partitioned approaches have received much attention in the recent years with their promise of handling large and computationally explosive problems by decomposing the problem into smaller subsystems, thus reducing the problem size, and enhancing computational efficiency through parallel processing of the subsystems. It is therefore natural that the topology optimization problem be solved using a partition solution technique. However, there does not appear to have been any attempt at application of a general decomposition approach to topology optimization problems. In this paper we apply a general decomposition based optimization technique for solving topology optimization problems. The technique also involves the outlining and implementation of a definite coordination and solution strategy. The paper further explores the use of the partitioned approach as a means to achieve improved efficiency in solving topological optimization problems. Both the partitioning and the optimization schemes use analytically calculated variational sensitivity values obtained using a program developed by the authors. Topology optimization problems studied include the classical Mitchell cantilever beam problem and a simple plate problem. The optimization problems are solved using a nonlinear constrained optimization program. It is shown that in these classes of problems, partitioning may not always lead to computational efficiency. Furthermore, partitioned inputs to optimization solvers act as different initial guesses and result in different, though physically viable, solutions. This increases the uncertainty in the solution.

AN HP-ADAPTIVE TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION USING FEM AND MESHLESS METHODS

T.J. Liszka, C.A. Duarte and O.N. Hamzeh
(1) - Computational Mechanics Company, Inc. E-mail : liszka@comco.com (2) - Computational Mechanics Company, Inc. E-mail : armando@comco.com (3) - Computational Mechanics Company, Inc.

ABSTRACT
The paper presents results of the feasibility tests of merging three technologies: (i) adaptive computational methods, (ii) meshless computational methods, and (iii) topological and size and shape optimization, into a homogeneous design/analysis tool. The approach tested herein encapsulates the preliminary design, topology optimization, and size and shape optimization into a single design step requiring minimal user intervention and significantly reducing the overall development time and prototype costs. The hp-Cloud method, a particular variant of the meshless technology used in the project, does not rely on the mesh of elements like the one required in the finite element method. Instead of this the
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approximation of the solution is built around a collection of nodes sprinkled arbitrarily within the domain on which the problem is formulated. There is no fixed connectivity between these nodes, thus the absence of the mesh makes the definition of the problem, and later implementation of h- and p- adaptivity techniques very straightforward. The use of the h-adaptivity during the shape resolution, both in the context of the finite element method and in the meshless formulation produced dramatic improvement in the quality of the results at the same time limiting the cost of the solution. hp-adaptive meshless formulation allows more flexible adaptation than that in the finite elements, thus allowing to resolve final shapes with fewer adaptations and lower cost. This flexible adaptation is especially important in the topology optimization, where the initial discretization cannot be properly aligned with the final structure. Use of p-adaptation (higher order approximation of the solution) allows for very good resolution of stresses, but also improved results of topology optimization by eliminating the instabilities in the form of checkerboard pattern and by increasing the size of the smallest details created in the structure (thus increasing manufacturability of the designs). During the project, the computer code (named PHLEX-topo) has been designed, coded and tested. The code combines hp-adaptive meshless formulation and hp-adaptive finite element formulation with the topology optimization technique, to deliver mechanical designs with high quality shape resolution and good estimation of stresses. Using the PHLEX-topo code, several design problems have been solved. Comparison of results from the meshless formulation with those from the hp-adaptive FEM as well as those from the existing commercial codes was used to validate results and to evaluate potential advantages of the proposed formulation.

REFERENCES
[1] Bendsoe, M P, and Kikuchi, N., "Generating optimal topologies in structural design using a homogenization method", CMAME 71:197-224, 1988 [2]. Duarte, C A M, and Oden, J T., "hp-clouds an hp meshless method", NMPDE, 12:673-705, 1996

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Supported by NSF SBIR grant 966160

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS IN A PASSIVE VIBRATION ISOLATION SYSTEM

A. Coronado M., F.A. Rochinha and R. Sampaio
(1) - Mech. Engineering Dept. Pontific Cath. Univ. of Rio de Janeiro. E-mail : betocm@mec.puc-rio.br (2) - Mechanical Engineering Department. EE-COPPE-UFRJ. E-mail : faro@serv.com.ufrj.br (3) - Mechanical Engineering Department. EE-COPPE-UFRJ

ABSTRACT
Evaluation of the sensitivity to parameter variations is a basic aspect in the analysis of mechanical systems [1,2]. In a complex system whose dynamical behavior is governed by several parameters it is important to know which ones are the most influent, if we want to change only a few parameters. In this work we study a passive vibration isolation system whose efficacy is measured by the power transmitted to the base of the system. This quantity has been chosen because it considers the generalized forces and velocities in a single number eliminating any possible ambiguity and allowing to use a multidirectional excitation. We use sub-structuring to analyze the passive system [3], it is composed of a rigid mass as a source, twoflexible isolators and a rigid or flexible base as a receiver. The source has 3 degrees of freedom (two translational and one rotational) and in this case it is considered its mobility matrix, the two isolators are modeled with analytical expressions of their impedance matrix. The mobility matrix of the receiver has two possibilities to being modeled, the first is as a rigid mass supported by two springs and the second is as a flexible beam with two simple supports, since this last case has complex boundary conditions, the mobilities were computed using the finite element method and a dynamic condensation technique. We have noted that the configuration (place of isolators, for example) is very important in the design of passive isolation systems. Moreover, it will be show that each parameter studied has a great dependence of the kind of excitation and of the specific frequency (or frequency range) analyzed, this
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demonstrates that without the tool of sensitivity analysis would be very difficult to chose which parameters must be modified. We have also studied the influence of another parameters like, mass, rigidity, inclination angle, loss factor, etc.

REFERENCES
[1] Frank Paul M. "Introduction to system sensitivity theory", Academic Press (1978) [2] Nalecz A.G. and Brooks P.C., "Sensitivities of frequency response functions of linear dynamic systems to variations in design parameters values", Journal of Sound and Vibration (1988) 120(3), 517-526 [3] Gardonio P., Elliot S.J. and Pinnington R.J. "Active isolation of structural vibration on multiple-degree-of-freedom system, Part I : The dynamics of the system", Journal of Sound and Vibration (1997) 207(1), 61-9

FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF SMART STRUCTURES USING AN OPTIMAL OUTPUT FEEDBACK CONTROLLER FOR VIBRATION AND NOISE CONTROL
Y.H. Lim, G.V. Senthil, V.V. Varadan and V.K. Varadan
(1) - Res. Center for the Eng. of Electronic and Acoustic Mat., Pennsylvania State University (2) - Res. Center for the Eng. of Electronic and Acoustic Mat., Pennsylvania State University (3) - Res. Center for the Eng. of Electronic and Acoustic Mat., Pennsylvania State University. E-mail : vvvesm@engr.psu.edu

ABSTRACT
This numerical study presents a detail optimal control design based on general finite element approach for the integrated design of a structure and its control system. Linear quadratic (LQ) theory with output feedback is considered on the basis of the state space modal of system. Three-dimensional finite elements are used to model the smart structure containing discrete piezoelectric sensors and actuators by the use of combination of solid, transition, and shell elements. Since several discrete piezoelectric patches are spatially distributed in the structure to effectively observe and control the vibration of a structure, the system model is thus utilized to design multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) controller. A modal analysis is performed to transform the coupled finite element equations of motion into the state space model of system in the modal coordinates. The output feedback controller is then employed to emulate the optimal controller by solving the Riccati equations from modal space model. An optimal controller design for the vibration suppression of a clamped plate is presented for both the steady state and the transient case. Numerical simulation is also used to predict the reduction in the sound pressure level inside an enclosure radiated from this optimally controlled plate.

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Minisymposium

Coupled Problems in Enviromental Engineering

Bernard Schrefler and Hari Rajaram
SESSION 1
F.E. AND A.N.N. MODELING OF HYDRO - THERMO - MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE WITH CAPILLARY CONDENSATION HYSTERESIS D. Gawin, M. Lefik and B.A. Schrefler ...........................................................................................................................538 MOISTURE TRANSPORT AND SHRINKAGE CRACKING IN MASONRY G.P. van Zijl, R. de Borst and J.G. Rots .........................................................................................................................539 HYBRID MIXTURE THEORY FOR CHARGED SWELLING PARTICULATE MATERIALS L.S. Bennethum and J.H. Cushman.................................................................................................................................539 MISCIBLE AND IMMISCIBLE MULTIPHASE FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA G. Klubertanz, F. Bouchelaghem, L. Laloui and L. Vulliet.............................................................................................540 ADVANCES IN SUBSIDENCE MODELING ABOVE GAS RESERVOIRS B.A. Schrefler, L. Simoni and H.W. Zhang......................................................................................................................541 SEISMIC WAVE ATTENUATION - A POTENTIAL TOOL FOR THE DETECTION OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION H. Schuett, W. Brunner and H. Spetzler..........................................................................................................................541

SESSION 2
COUPLED THM ANALYSIS OF WASTE REPOSITORIES IN SALINE MATERIALS A. Gens and S. Olivella...................................................................................................................................................542 REACTION-PERMEABILITY COUPLING IN ROUGH-WALLED FRACTURES W. Cheung, H. Rajaram and W. Mallikamas ..................................................................................................................543 THERMO/MECHANICAL/HYDRAULIC/CHEMICAL COUPLINGS IN UNSATURATED SOIL H.R. Thomas ...................................................................................................................................................................544 APPLICATION OF SUBPLEX OPTIMIZATION APPROACH TO KEY PARAMETERS FOR COUPLED MULTIPHASE FLUID FLOW AND TRANSPORT PROBLEM X. Zhan and B. Schrefler.................................................................................................................................................544 A NEW CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR FLUID FLOW IN DISCRETE FRACTURES: AN EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY S.R.A. Tomusiak, S. Ge, H. Spetzler and M. Waite..........................................................................................................545

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F.E. AND A.N.N. MODELING OF HYDRO - THERMO - MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE WITH CAPILLARY CONDENSATION HYSTERESIS
D. Gawin, M. Lefik and B.A. Schrefler
(1) - Fac. of Civil Eng., Arch. and Env. Engineering, Tech. University of Lodz. E-mail : darek@kfb-lx.p.lodz.pl (2) - Fac. of Civil Eng., Arch. and Env. Engineering, Tech. University of Lodz. E-mail : marek@kmm-lx.p.lodz.pl (3) - Dept. of Structural and Transportation Engineering. University of Padua. E-mail : bas@caronte.dic.unipd.it

ABSTRACT
Capillary condensation of water vapor plays an important role during analysis of hygro- thermomechanical processes in mesoporous materials. These phenomena are difficult to describe because of their complex character. In most mathematical models for heat and moisture transfer they are taken into account using sorption isotherms, i.e. dependence of saturation on relative humidity at constant temperature (or other similar relationships). Hysteresis is usually associated with sorption isotherms for most mesoporous materials. Despite of this, for sake of simplicity, in majority of mathematical models hysteresis is omitted and sorption isotherms are described using a one-to-one functional representation. Usually the primary desorption curve is employed for this purpose. The hysteresis is however non negligible for a large class of hygroscopic mesoporous materials with a large specific surface, for instance some types of concrete. Since the adequate, effective description of behavior of porous materials with capillary condensation hysteresis is rather difficult, we follow in this paper a non-symbolic method proposed in [1]. An artificial neural network (ANN) is trained for a set of experimental data concerning adsorption and desorption in concrete to predict the constitutive behavior of concrete. ANN is applied here as a kind of a flexible and intelligent interpolator. Some main results and experiences concerning ANN application for this purpose are discussed, as well as a method for evaluation of the `physical quality' of the ANN hysteresis representation is proposed. The non-symbolically described constitutive law is introduced into finite element (FE) program. For this purpose we use a modified version of the research code HMTRA-DEF [2] for analysis of transient, coupled, nonlinear hygro - thermo-mechanical processes in deforming porous materials. The mathematical model applied takes into account all the most important features of hygro-thermal phenomena in deforming capillary porous materials, including full hygrothermal - mechanical coupling, as well as phase changes and associated heat effects. Numerical performance of the developed ANN-FE computer program is tested for several 1-D and 2-D problems. They concern harmonic drying and wetting processes of concrete structures. The problems are solved for three different cases of hysteresis curves and compared to the solutions without hysteresis. Essential differences of results concerning the water degree of saturation and the displacements for the analyzed cases of the sorption isotherm curves are observed, while the temperature and capillary pressure results remain practically unchanged. Application of the ANN procedure, describing constitutive relationship, inside FE program does not worsen its numerical performance.

REFERENCES
[1] Ghaboussi J., Garrett J.H., Wu X., "Knowledge-Based Modeling of Material Behavior with Neural Networks", Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 117, 132-151 (1991) [2] Gawin D., Schrefler B.A., "Thermo- hydro- mechanical analysis of partially saturated porous materials", Engng. Comp., 13(7), 113-143 (1996)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was partly supported by the Polish Committee for Scientific Research (K.B.N.) grant 7 T07E 00313.

MOISTURE TRANSPORT AND SHRINKAGE CRACKING IN MASONRY

G.P. van Zijl, R. de Borst and J.G. Rots
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(1) - Koiter Institute Delft. Delft University of Technology (2) - Delft University or Technology. E-mail : rdb@dutcg11.tudelft.nl (3) - TNO Building and Construction Research. E-mail : J.Rots@bouw.tno.nl

ABSTRACT
Moisture migration is largely responsible for the time-dependent response and for degradation phenomena in cementitious materials. For this reason, it is of paramount importance to gain insight in the key phenomena that play a role, such as true material shrinkage, stress-induced shrinkage, basic creep and the coupled effect of cracking and accelerated moisture migration. In this contribution a numerical model will be formulated that comprises the effect of moisture migration, creep, shrinkage and cracking in cementitious materials in a unified manner. Some experimental work to obtain the relevant model parameters is also reported. These experiments utilize Nuclear Magnetic Resonance techniques for measuring moisture profiles in time, which data can be used to deduce moisture diffusion coefficients. The numerical model basically consists of a one-way coupled approach, and therefore disregards possible effects of cracking on moisture migration. In a first step, pore humidity, which is related to the moisture content by a hygral relation, is solved from a nonlinear diffusion equation. Subsequently, the shrinkage, as driven by the pore humidity, is calculated and is used in the mechanical analysis. In this mechanical analysis the shrinkage is coupled to bulk creep, which is modeled using linear visco-elasticity, and stress dependent shrinkage is also included (the so-called Picket effect). Cracking is accounted for in a smeared sense, using a softening, anisotropic Rankine - type plasticity model. To avoid mesh-dependence in the numerical solutions, rate dependence of the bond ruptures is accounted for by including viscosity in the fracture terms. This has a regularising effect, as will be shown in numerical analysis of several baserestrained brick walls.

REFERENCES
[1] Klubertanz, G., L. Laloui , L. Vulliet , (1997), Numerical modeling of the hydro-mechanical behavior of unsaturated porous media. NAFEMS world congress 1997, Stuttgart, pp. 1302 - 1313. [2] Hutter, K., L. Laloui , and L. Vulliet , Thermodynamically based mixture models of saturated and unsaturated soils,. Int. J. Cohesive Frictional Materials, 1997, (accepted for publication). [3] Bear J., Bachmat Y, Introduction to Modeling of Transport Phenomenon in Porous Media, 1991, Kluwer Academic Publishers. [4] Lewis R.W., Schrefler B.A., The Finite Element Method in the Deformation and Consolidation of Porous Media, 1987, John Wiley and Sons.

HYBRID MIXTURE THEORY FOR CHARGED SWELLING PARTICULATE MATERIALS

L.S. Bennethum and J.H. Cushman
(1) - Center for Computational Mathematics. Univ. of Colorado at Denver. E-mail : bennethum@math.cudenver.edu (2) - Center for Computational Mathematics. Univ. of Colorado at Denver. E-mail : 75674.1670@compuserve.com

ABSTRACT
We consider a particulate material which is characterized by particles composed of two phases (usually solid and a solvating liquid) which may swell or shrink due to mass transfer from (to) a multicomponent bulk solvent which is in contact with the particles. Materials which could be described by such a model include clay and polymers. The theoretical model we consider is two-scale, involving the microscale, in which the solid and liquid are distinguishable, and the macroscale, in which the material is viewed as a mixture of overlaying continua. To arrive at our model, we use hybrid mixture theory, which was developed by Hassanizadeh and Gray in 1979. The technique involves volume averaging the field equations (i.e. conservation of mass, momentum balance, energy balance, entropy balance, and quasielectrostatic form of Maxwell's equations) to obtain macroscopic field equations, where each field variable is defined precisely in terms of its microscale counterpart. To close the systemconsistently with classical thermodynamics, the entropy inequality is exploited in the sense of Coleman and Noll. With the exceptions that the macroscale field variables are defined precisely in terms of their microscale counterparts and that microscopic interfacial equations can also be treated in a similar manner, the resulting system of equations is consistent with those derived using classical mixture theory. Hence the
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terminology, hybrid mixture theory. Previously we obtained novel constitutive relations governing flow, swelling, deformation, and diffusion within swelling porous materials. In this talk, we extend these results to incorporate the effects of quasistatic electrodynamics.

MISCIBLE AND IMMISCIBLE MULTIPHASE FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA

G. Klubertanz, F. Bouchelaghem, L. Laloui and L. Vulliet
(1) - Soil Mechanics Laboratory Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. E-mail : lms@dgc.epfl.ch (2) - Soil Mechanics Laboratory Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (3) - Soil Mechanics Laboratory Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

ABSTRACT
In the past a large variety of theoretical models for multiphase flow in porous media have been proposed. Those models, based on mixture or averaging theories, treat mainly immiscible fluids, which is appropriate for e.g. reservoir simulation or unsaturated soils. However, in some cases a formulation taking into account miscible fluids may be more appropriate, as for example in dealing with transport of pollutants, enhanced oil recovery in petroleum engineering or chemical grouting. This article compares two formulations for miscible and immiscible two-fluid flow in deformable porous media. The immiscible model that has been proposed recently by the authors [1] treats a three phase porous medium and is based on the continuum theory of mixtures. Starting from mass- and momentum balance equations [2] a highly coupled, nonlinear formulation is obtained. Principal field variables are solid deformation, liquid pressure and gas pressure. The specific densities of the solid grains are considered to be constant and the gas phase is assumed to be governed by the ideal gas law. Furthermore Darcy's law is assumed to be valid for both fluid phases. The two immiscible fluid phases flow freely (no static phase) and a nonlinear pore pressure saturation relation is used. Several types of constitutive behavior are considered, i.e. linear elasticity, nonlinear elasticity and elasto-plasticity. As far as the miscible model is concerned, the complete mathematical model for the transport of a grout in a deformable saturated soil is given, in order to predict the spatial distribution of grout concentration within an injected zone. The continuous model of miscible displacement is based upon the general balance equation of an extensive quantity, as obtained by Bear and Bachmat [3] using an averaging technique, combined with constitutive postulates. Up to now, existing models of miscible displacement have focused on the transport equations, disregarding any mechanical coupling between miscible fluid flow and the porous matrix. In order to exhibit the importance of the hydromechanical coupling during mass transport, our model comprises equations of mass transport, Darcy's law for the fluid phase (water and grout), and the equilibrium equation of the porous media as a whole. The basic field variables are solid displacement, fluid pressure and grout concentration. The mathematical formulation results in a highly coupled and nonlinear system, requiring specific numerical techniques [4]. The two models are applied to test cases. Their merits and shortcomings are discussed and appropriate application classes are identified. Special attention is devoted to differences resulting from the different concepts of fluid interaction.

ADVANCES IN SUBSIDENCE MODELING ABOVE GAS RESERVOIRS

B.A. Schrefler, L. Simoni and H.W. Zhang
(1) - Dept. of Structural and Transportation Engineering. University of Padua. E-mail : bas@caronte.dic.unipd.it (2) - Dept. of Construction and Transport Engineering. University of Padua. E-mail : simoni@caronte.dic.unipd.it (3) - Department of Engineering Mechanics. Dalian University of Technology. E-mail : zhanghw@dlut.edu.cn

ABSTRACT
The paper discusses the different material models which can be used in analysing land subsidence due to underground fluids extraction in order to obtain reliable predictions valid during and after the exploitation time. Attention will be focused on situations where partially saturated problems are involved
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for metastable materials, such as the productive layers of natural gas reservoirs. The possibilities and the pitfalls of the usual elastic and elastoplastic models are investigated. It is shown that a substantial difference in behaviour results when assuming elastic and elastoplastic constitutive relationships for the reservoir rock and surroundings. The capability of representing real behaviour is however beyond such type of material models. Further, operating in the framework of generalised plasticity, corrections are introduced in the material model to account for capillary effects, which strongly modify the mechanical behaviour especially after shutdown and may account for the ongoing subsidence observed. Applications to a real subsidence case are presented, which validate the proposed model and make its advantages and the relative computational simplicity evident.

SEISMIC WAVE ATTENUATION - A POTENTIAL TOOL FOR THE DETECTION OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
H. Schuett, W. Brunner and H. Spetzler
(1) - CIRES. University of Colorado at Boulder. E-mail : hart@terra.colorado.edu (2) - CIRES. University of Colorado at Boulder (3) - CIRES. University of Colorado at Boulder. E-mail : spetzler@terra.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
The attenuation and dispersion of seismic waves in partially or fully fluid saturated rocks can be attributed to a variety of different mechanisms, e.g. global fluid flow (Biot, 1956) or local fluid flow (Murphy et al., 1986). Most of the models which describe the seismic wave propagation in these media do not account for physicochemical interactions between the pore fluid and the solid rock matrix. In a laboratory study on artificial, partially saturated, cylindrical cracks we could show that the seismic attenuation as well as the stiffening of the system under normal compression depend on the wetting characteristics of the saturant across the solid surface. The specific wetting characteristics are a result of physicochemical interactions at the boundary between of the three phases (solid, liquid, gas) and depend on the chemistry of the saturant. This finding may result in a seismic method for the detection of subsurface contamination. The laboratory experiments on the artificial pore models show that the mobility of the contact line between the three phases plays a key role for the seismic characteristics (i.e. complex modulus) of the partially saturated medium. When the gap is compressed perpendicularly to its plane, the volume reduction of the gap forces the fluid to flow. When the motion of the fluid across the solid surface is restricted, the displaced volume has to be accommodated by a meniscus deformation. The changing contact angle leads to an increase of the capillary pressure in the liquid and thus to a stiffening of the crack. When the resistive force at the contact line is overcome, the deformed meniscus starts slipping. This motion against the resistive force dissipates energy, i.e. the seismic attenuation is considerably higher for a slipping meniscus than for a stuck meniscus. The restricted meniscus motion model of Waite et al. (1997) has been further developed. With this model we are able to explain the seismic characteristics of the model cracks for different saturation conditions. We are extending this model to more complex and realistic media (e.g., sintered glass beads and sandstone) to explain the results of laboratory experiments on these materials.

COUPLED THM ANALYSIS OF WASTE REPOSITORIES IN SALINE MATERIALS

A. Gens and S. Olivella
(1) - Dept. de Ingenieria del Terreno. Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya. E-mail : gens@etseccpb.upc.es (2) - Dept. de Ingenieria del Terreno. Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya

ABSTRACT
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Saline rocks are often considered as a suitable host medium for repositories for toxic and dangerous waste. Backfilling of drifts and access shafts using crushed salt is often envisaged in these cases. We present a fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) formulation for the analysis of waste repositories in saline materials. The approach incorporates a great number of coupled phenomena. Regarding thermal aspects, heat conduction (Fourier's law), heat advection (by liquid water flow and water vapour movement) and phase changes are taken into account. The hydraulic component considers the water flow in liquid phase (Darcy's law) and the water vapour diffusion (Fick's law). Gas movement is also included. Finally, the mechanical behaviour considers not only the effects of stress changes but also the additional influence of temperature and, when the material is in an unsaturated state, suction changes. Equilibrium conditions are assumed regarding the amount of air dissolved in water and the value of the water vapour pressure. Although most applications involve water and air as pore fluids, the formulation is general enough so that other pairs of fluid can be equally considered. For the specific case of saline materials two features are especially important: mechanical constitutive law and solution/precipitation phenomena. To describe the mechanical behaviour a creep-viscoplastic constitutive model has been developed. The creep component of the model is based on the actual physical mechanisms underlying time-dependent deformation: dislocation creep and FADT (Fluid Assisted Diffusional Transfer). The model is able to span the transformation form loose crushed salt to rock salt behaviour. At present, solution / precipitation phenomena are analyzed under conditions of equilibrium, justified by the fast solution rates of the saline mineral. Variations of porosity due to solution/precipitation processes are included in the formulation. This provides an additional coupling with the hydraulic (through permeability changes) and mechanical (through cementation effects) aspects of the problem. The numerical approach involves the simultaneous solution of the equations of equilibrium, water mass conservation, air mass conservation and energy balance, by means of an appropriate space/time discretization procedure that incorporates a variety of optimization features. A full NewtonRaphson approach is adopted to drive the iterative procedure. The resulting algorithm is the base of a computer code, CODE BRIGHT, that has been used in several practical cases. Two examples of application are presented. The first one involves an in-situ heating test performed in the Asse mine in Germany in a salt rock environment simulating repository conditions. The second one explores the potentially beneficial effects that dissolution/precipitation have during the transients phase of a partially saturated crushed salt barrier. A high temperature is applied at one end of the barrier and the vapour/liquid flow transports material from the cool to the hot side, resulting in a lower hydraulic conductivity of the barrier close to the waste.

REACTION-PERMEABILITY COUPLING IN ROUGH-WALLED FRACTURES

W. Cheung, H. Rajaram and W. Mallikamas
(1) - Dept. of Civil, Environmental & Aech. Engr, University of Colorado (2) - Dept. of Civil, Environmental & Aech. Engr, University of Colorado. E-mail : hari@spot.colorado.edu (3) - Dept. of Civil, Environmental & Aech. Engr, University of Colorado

ABSTRACT
Flow through rough walled fractures is characterized by significant flow channeling and variability in the flux field. When the fracture walls are soluble, the dissolution rate is determined by the local concentration in the flowing water. Since low concentrations are advected deeper into the fracture along high-flux channels, they grow at a preferentially faster rate and gradually capture flow away from surrounding regions. In other words, a plane dissolution front is unstable. The nature of dissolution patterns and the rate of dissolutional growth are investigated for different degrees of aperture variability and different scales of roughness. The overall flowrate through the fracture increases as the fracture walls dissolve. The rate of growth of the overall flowrate is shown to increase as the degree of aperture variability increases. There is a dramatic difference between the behavior of rough-walled fissures and parallel-plate fissures. In case of the latter, dissolutional growth can be demonstrated to cease at some point, when the reaction rate is very high. In the literature on karst modeling, this feature has been discussed extensively, and a "kinetic trigger" or reduction in dissolution rate is widely believed to be essential for sustained development of conduit and cave patterns. In contrast, sustained conduit growth always seems to occur in
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rough-walled fractures. Application to modeling karst features and acidization to improve petroleum recovery are discussed.

THERMO/MECHANICAL/HYDRAULIC/CHEMICAL COUPLINGS IN UNSATURATED SOIL

H.R. Thomas
(1) - Geoenvironmental Research Centre. Cardiff School of Engineering. E-mail : ThomasHR@cardiff.ac.uk

ABSTRACT
This paper will describe recent work on the so-called THCM (Thermo / Hydraulic / Chemical / Mechanical) behaviour of unsaturated soil. The practical significance of the work is that these issues are of importance in an improved understanding of system performance in high level nuclear waste disposal. The background to the paper is the development of THM models of unsaturated soilbehaviour. In particular, and approach has been adopted which combines the interrelated phenomena in a mechanistic way. Numerous papers have appeared in the literature, presenting the various advances achieved. Attention has recently been focused on the inclusions of chemical effects into the approach. This paper will consider this recent work and will attempt initially to provide an overview of the problem under consideration. In particular, some of the major issues of concern will be discussed. Within this context, the author's approach will then be considered, leading towards the presentation of the research findings achieved to date. Finally, further developments required in this area will be discussed.

APPLICATION OF SUBPLEX OPTIMIZATION APPROACH TO KEY PARAMETERS FOR COUPLED MULTIPHASE FLUID FLOW AND TRANSPORT PROBLEM
X. Zhan and B. Schrefler
(1) - Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics. Indiana University (2) - Dept. of Structural and Transportation Engineering. University of Padua. E-mail : bas@caronte.dic.unipd.it

ABSTRACT
It has been always an interesting issue to determine key parameters, such as interphase exchange rate and dispersivity, in multiphase fluids flow and transport problem. These parameters are usually not available due to the fact that they are not easy or too expensive to measure although they are necessary as input data or parameters for numerical modelling. To overcome this problem, inverse technique, as one alternative, has been developed. Recently, the subplex optimization approach, which considers reflection, expansion, contraction and shrinkage as basic moves of seeking minimization point and uses subspaces concept in search space, has been incorporated into our coupled multiphase fluid flow and transport simulator. In the application of our finite element model to multiphase infiltration and transport problem, physical variables, which are easy to observed, such as pressures and concentrations are used as constraint in minimizing the difference between computed output and measured data. Therefore, modelling results provide optimized parameters estimation in addition to comparison with field data. Our numerical simulation examples on interphase exchange coefficient, water and gas dispersivities show optimized results approaching to same values as known parameters before starting simulation.

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A NEW CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR FLUID FLOW IN DISCRETE FRACTURES: AN EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY
S.R.A. Tomusiak, S. Ge, H. Spetzler and M. Waite
(1) - Department of Geological Sciences. University of Colorado. E-mail : stephanie.tomusiak@colorado.edu (2) - Department of Geological Sciences. University of Colorado (3) - CIRES. University of Colorado at Boulder. E-mail : spetzler@terra.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
A fundamental understanding of flow within single or discrete fractures is necessary for the accurate characterization of fluid flow and chemical transport in fractured rocks. To investigate discrete fracture flow, a series of experiments were conducted to study the movement of water through four artificial fractures, each with two-dimensional (2-D) surface topography. Fluid flow simulations were performed using a lattice gas automata (LGA) numerical model, the results of which were then compared to the experimental results, and which yielded detailed pictures of the fluid velocity fields within the fractures. The flow experiments and LGA simulations, all performed under fully saturated and laminar low conditions, used fracture aperture values ranging from 0.25 to 1.80 mm. The aim of the experimental and numerical procedures was to determine how the cubic law, derived for fluid flow through parallel plates, could be modified to accommodate a torturous (non-parallel) fracture geometry. The experimental and numerical results led to the proposal a new conceptual model. The model states that when the aperture is measured normal to the flow path, and is harmonically averaged, and when the tortuosity of the flow path is included in the calculation of the pressure gradient, then the cubic law can adequately predict the flow rate through fractures with a non-parallel geometry. This study has implications for interpreting laboratory fracture flow data and for improving predictive numerical models.

REFERENCES
[1] M.E. Waite, S. Ge and H. Spetzler , "A new conceptual model for fluid flow in discrete fractures: An experimental and numerical study", J. Geophys. Res., in press.

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Recent Issues in Nonlinear Frame Analysis

Enrico Spacone
SESSION 1
SECOND ORDER ANALYSIS OF MULTI-STORY BUILDINGS H.M.C.C. Antunes and C.H. Martings ............................................................................................................................548 MODAL SOLUTION OF BEAMS AND ARCHES UNDER UNILATERAL CONTACT CONSTRAINTS R.A.M. Silveira and P.B. Goncalves ...............................................................................................................................548 REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM FIBER ELEMENTS WITH BOND SLIP G. Monti and E. Spacone................................................................................................................................................549 NUMERICAL SOLUTION PROCEDURES FOR NON-LINEAR ELASTIC RODS USING THE THEORY OF COSSERAT POINT M.B. Rubin......................................................................................................................................................................550 NON-LINEAR FRAME ANALYSIS USING FLEXIBILITY APPROACH WITH MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING APPLICATION P.H. Chuang and X. Li ...................................................................................................................................................550 LACK OF OBJECTIVITY IN RC FRAME ELEMENTS J. Coleman and E. Spacone ............................................................................................................................................551

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SECOND ORDER ANALYSIS OF MULTI-STORY BUILDINGS

H.M.C.C. Antunes and C.H. Martings
(1) - Departamento de Engenharia de Estruturas - EESC - USP. E-mail : helena@sc.usp.br (2) - Departamento de Engenharia de Estruturas - EESC - USP

ABSTRACT
The main aim of this paper is to calculate stresses and displacements of three-dimensional structures of multistory buildings, subjected to vertical and lateral loads, considering the transverse bending stiffness of slabs, in second order theory. The plate finite element adopted in floor discretization, responsible for considering the bending stiffness contribution of slabs in the analysis of buildings, is the DKT (Discrete Kirchhoff Theory). For the columns the equilibrium is verified in their deformed position, which is known in the technical literature as second order analysis, considering the geometric nonlinearity. The techniques of serial and parallel analysis of substructures are applied to the global stiffness matrix for the calculus of forces and displacements in the strucuture. A computer program was developed for the calculation process, using the computer language Fortran Power Station 90 and pre and postprocessors in Visual Basic 4.0 for a Windows environment. Finally, some examples are presented to check the validity of the employed calculus process.

MODAL SOLUTION OF BEAMS AND ARCHES UNDER UNILATERAL CONTACT CONSTRAINTS

R.A.M. Silveira and P.B. Goncalves
(1) - Univ. Federal de Ouro Preto. Civil Engineering Department. E-mail : ricardo@em.ufop.br (2) - PUC-Rio. Civil Engineering Department. E-mail : paulo@civ.pub-rio.br

ABSTRACT
Contact interactions between a deformable structure and an elastic foundation, are usually modeled by means of bilateral boundary conditions: displacements and/or forces prescribed in some (known) area of the structure. Such models are satisfactory for some engineering applications, but they stop being reliable when loss of contact may occur. Generally, in these cases, it is necessary to establish unilateral boundary conditions (impenetrability between the bodies, for example) as part of the solution, since the true contact area is in this case unknown. In many practical situations, basic structural elements such as beams, arches, rings, plates and shells are supported by other bodies that may offer resistance only in certain directions. Problems where the structure can get or loose contact with other bodies, or even slide on its support, are usually found in the literature with the denomination "Unilateral Contact Problems". Structural elements used in foundation structures, pavements, flotation structures, off-shore structures, composite laminate structures, protection shells in aggressive atmospheres and tanks for solid-propellants are examples of structures found in civil and mechanical engineering where unilateral contact may occur. Contact problems have been traditionally solved by the use of the Lagrange Multiplier Method or the Penalty Method. More modern attempts to solve contact problems include the use of mathematical programming techniques for treatment of the unilateral constraints. The present work presents the development of a modal solution methodology capable of solving equilibrium and stability problems of beams and arches with contact constraints, considering large displacements. In the formulation, the contact constraints are imposed by elastic foundations or discreet supports. Special attention is given to the case in which the foundation reacts in compression only, characterizing the contact as unilateral. In the analysis, the effects of the friction forces between the bodies are not considered. The Ritzs method is used for the structure and foundation, and the contact problem is dealt with directly as a minimization problem, involving the original variables and the contact area
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between the bodies. The validity of this approach is first proved in the context of small displacements and deformation problems; then a way to extend it to the case of large displacements problems is proposed, and the validity and implementation of this procedure are discussed. Numerical examples involving beams, columns and arches are presented and the results are compared with available using mathematical programming techniques to attest the efficiency of the present formulation and numerical methodology, and to show the regimes where the method is successful or failing.

REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM FIBER ELEMENTS WITH BOND SLIP

G. Monti and E. Spacone
(1) - E-mail :giorgio@dsg.uniroma1.it (2) - Dept. of CEAE. University of Colorado. E-mail : spacone@colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
Bond of rebars plays a fundamental role in the response of reinforced concrete members by allowing the stress transfer from the steel bars to the surrounding concrete. Perfect bond is usually assumed in the analysis of reinforced concrete structures, but it can only exist at early loading stages and at low strain levels. As the load increases, cracking as well as breaking of bond unavoidably occurs and bond-slip takes place in the beam. Near the cracks, high bond stresses develop at the steel-concrete interface causing relative displacements between concrete and reinforcement. In particular, two effects are significant: - An increase in stiffness in the regions between two adjacent cracks, - An increase of flexibility at the member ends, due to the pullout of the rebars at the interface with either other framing elements or the footings. Similar drops in stiffness may also be caused by insufficient lap splices. These effects become particularly important and complex under seismic loading conditions, when bond deteriorates due to large strains and damage caused by load reversals. The formulation of the beam element including the bond-slip effect derives from that originally proposed by Spacone et al. (EESD, 25, 711-725, 1996), with the insertion of the continuous bond element developed by Monti et al. (ASCE, 123(5), 614-623, 1997). The framework of the fiber section state determination is retained, while a new approach is proposed for computing the rebar stress and stiffness that include the effects of slip. The response of the bar is lumped at the fiber level. The steel fiber strain is given by the sum of the effects of the rebar deformation and the anchorage slip. The end slip is also calculated, to give an estimate of the crack width. Also the anchorage length outside the element, in either a structural joint or a footing, is accounted for. This makes the new model particularly easy to implement into any existing fiber beam finite element. This approach allows to consistently account for bond-slip also in biaxial bending conditions. Comparisons with experimental results on r.c. members are currently under way. By modelling the response of single embedded bars and r.c. members with bars anchored in the footings, it can be noticed that bond-slip affects the local behavior of the bar. As a consequence of this local behavior, the base moment-curvature diagram is equally affected, even though to a lesser extent, but it can be observed that the request of ductility is slightly higher than in the case with full bond. Minor differences are observed in the force-displacement diagram, because global quantities are less sensitive to local modifications. Nonetheless, also in this case the initial stiffness is lower. This may have meaningful effects on more complex structural systems, whose response to dynamic actions is stiffness-driven. Cases will be examined, where the anchorage length is insufficient, such as beam-column joints. This will be the basis for further studies on complex structural systems where the slippage between two framing elements will be accounted for.

NUMERICAL SOLUTION PROCEDURES FOR NON-LINEAR ELASTIC RODS USING THE THEORY OF COSSERAT POINT
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M.B. Rubin
(1) - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technion. E-mail : mbrubin@tx.technion.ac.il

ABSTRACT
The theory of a Cosserat point is developed as a continuum model which is inherently nonlinear and is valid for arbitrary constitutive equations. Here, attention is confined to nonlinear elastic response which is hyperelastic with a strain energy function, but large displacements, deformations and rotations are allowed. It is shown that the Cosserat point can be used to formulate a numerical solution procedure for the dynamic three-dimensional motion of nonlinear curved rods by modeling the rod as a set of N connected Cosserat points (like finite elements). In contrast with the Galerkin approach, the constitutive equations of the Cosserat point are determined by comparison with known exact solutions of the threedimensional theory or with appropriate experiments. In particular, the Cosserat approach does not demand that a specific kinematic approximation be satisfied pointwise in the rod-like region. This allows for the determination of constitutive coefficients which take full advantage of the reduced number of degrees of freedom of the model. Specifically, the Cosserat model allows for axial extension, transverse shear deformation, normal cross-sectional extension, normal cross-sectional shear deformation and rotary inertia. A number of static example problems have been considered which examine the influence of shear deformation by comparing Cosserat solutions with nonlinear solutions of an elastica.

NON-LINEAR FRAME ANALYSIS USING FLEXIBILITY APPROACH WITH MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING APPLICATION
P.H. Chuang and X. Li
(1) - School of Civil and Structural Eng. Nanyang Technological University. E-mail : p143821471@ntu.edu.sg (2) - School of Civil and Structural Eng. Nanyang Technological University

ABSTRACT
Stiffness (displacement) approach is commonly used for frame analysis. Normally, for nonlinear analysis, incremental loading and iterations have to be used. Under the holonomic assumption and the piecewise linearization of material constitutive laws, Maier and his group developed a Mathematical Programming (MP) approach for nonlinear analysis: based on the imposed rotation method, the problem is formulated into a Linear Complementary Problem (LCP) which can drastically improve the computing efficiency. The inherent drawback of the stiffness approach lies in the nodal displacement interpolation: the equilibrium is satisfied only in an integral sense along the element, but not locally at the different crosssection along the element. Except for some special cases, the predefined deformation shape functions do not correspond to the exact solution of frame, and do not adapt themselves to follow the stiffness change due to nonlinear behavior. However, the flexibility approach adopts element nodal forces as primary unknowns: the equilibrium force interpolation function (based on element equilibriumconditions) is exact and does not depend on material characteristics. Consequently, the accuracy of results using flexibility approach is better than that using stiffness approach. When the flexibility approach is used, normally the frame has to be transformed into a statically determinated structure and there is no consistent way of the transforming, which prevents the flexibility approach from applying to large scale problems which require automatic handling of the formulation in a consistent way. This paper presents a method to analyze frame using the flexibility approach. The frame is first to be imposed by extra constrains corresponding to the nodal independent displacements of the frame, then the nodal independent displacements are totally released so that the reaction force of the constrains are zeroes. The frame is then transformed into a statically structure by inserting hinges at the two ends of each (beam) element. The basic unknowns are the nodal forces of each element. With the equilibrium conditions for the frame and compatible conditions for each element at its two ends, the problem could be formulated into a LCP in a consistent way. The independent nodal displacements are used as intermediate variables to derive the formulation, which vanish in the LCP. Therefore, the nonlinear frame analysis could be solved by the highly efficient MP algorithms.For simplicity, the lumped plastic model is adopted

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for illustrating the method. In fact, it can be extended to the distributed plastic model by using the numerical integration techniques.

LACK OF OBJECTIVITY IN RC FRAME ELEMENTS

J. Coleman and E. Spacone
(1) - Dept. of CEAE, University Colorado. E-mail : j.coleman@colorado.edu (2) - Dept. of CEAE. University of Colorado. E-mail : spacone@colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
Nonlinear finite element analyses of brittle structures show mesh dependent results due to strain concentrations in localized regions or bands. The problem has been studied mainly for solid finite elements and appropriate remedies have been suggested to eliminate or alleviate the problem, especially for concrete in tension regions. This paper reports on an ongoing study on strain localization issues in frame analysis. The topic is of primary importance for the use of pushover and nonlinear dynamic analyses in performance-based engineering of new and existing structures. The discussion focuses on the bending response of concrete and steel specimens followed by simple tension and compression tests of concrete specimens. The study relies on the use of a force-based beam element that yields stable results even under element softening.

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Minisymposium

Geotechnical Applications
Stein Sture and Boris Jeremic
SESSION 1
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE PIEZOCONE PENETRATION TESTS IN CLAYS M.Y. Abu-Farsakh and M.T. Tumay................................................................................................................................555 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CLAY FABRIC IN DIFFERENT PORE FLUIDS A. Anandarajah ..............................................................................................................................................................555 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE LIQUEFACTION INDUCED DEFORMATION OF AN INSTRUMENTED SITE USING NON-DESTRUCTIVE IN-SITU SITE CHARACTERIZATION K. Arulanandan, X.S. Li and K. Sivathasan ....................................................................................................................556 UNIFICATION OF LIMIT STATE AND STRAIN LOCALIZATION CONCEPTS: APPLICATION TO CLASSICAL LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE PROBLEM R.I. Borja ........................................................................................................................................................................557 HARDENING IN THE REFINED SUPERIOR SAND MODEL N. Boukpeti and A. Drescher ..........................................................................................................................................558 ELASTO-PLASTIC FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF GEOMATERIALS WITH RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED SHEAR STRENGTH D.V. Griffiths and G.A. Fenton .......................................................................................................................................558

SESSION 2
PARALLEL FINITE ELEMENT PLATFORM FOR SOLID EARTH (GEOFEM) NON-LINEAR STRUCTURAL SUBSYSTEM OF GEOFEM FOR FAULT ZONE ANALYSIS M. Iizuka, G. Yagawa, H. Okuda and H. Nakamura .......................................................................................................559 PARTITIONED SOLUTION PROCEDURES FOR DYNAMIC SOIL-STRUCTURE-FLUID INTERACTION PROBLEMS J.H. Prevost ....................................................................................................................................................................560 COMPUTATIONAL ASPECTS OF P-ADAPTIVE FINITE ELEMENT REFINEMENT IN COMPUTATIONAL GEOTECHNICS B. Jeremic, C. Xenophontos and S. Sture........................................................................................................................560 NUMERICAL MODELING OF SEISMIC SITE RESPONSES X. Tao, J. Meneses, T. Kagawa and A. Abe ....................................................................................................................561 DIRECT FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH TO SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS M.T. Manzari and M.A. Nour .........................................................................................................................................562 MESHFREE METHODS FOR GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS SUBJECTED TO LARGE DEFORMATION AND DAMAGE J.S. Chen and C.T. Wu....................................................................................................................................................563

SESSION 3
SIMULATING THE STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF NEVADA SAND BY ANN Y.M. Najjar and H. Ali....................................................................................................................................................563 EFFECTS OF FORMATION DENSITY ON THE RESPONSE OF GRANULAR MEDIA J.M. Pestana ...................................................................................................................................................................564 MODELING OF GRANULAR BASES USING DISCRETE DEFORMABLE BLOCKS OF VARYING SIZES E. Tutumluer...................................................................................................................................................................565 REAL TIME CONTINUOUS PROFILING OF THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF GEO-MATERIALS USING THE PIEZOCONE PENETRATION TEST G.Z. Voyiadjis, C.R. Song and M.T. Tumay ....................................................................................................................565 RETURN MAPPING ALGORITHM OF A 3-INVARIANT GENERALIZED CAM-CLAY MODEL Z. Ahmed ........................................................................................................................................................................566 A CONSTITUTIVE EQUATION FOR SANDS BASED ON NON-ASSOCIATIVE PLASTICITY AND THE STRESSDILATANCY THEORY A. Sfriso , P. Arduino and E.J. Macari ...........................................................................................................................567

SESSION 4

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AN ALGORITHM FOR COHESIONLESS SOILS IN SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION PROBLEMS F. Elsaid .........................................................................................................................................................................567 NUMERICAL MODELING OF SHEAR BEHAVIOUR OF ROCK JOINTS B. Indraratna and A. Haque ...........................................................................................................................................568 FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF MELTING INTERFACES BETWEEN THE MANTLE AND CRUST OF THE EARTH C. Zhao, B.E. Hobbs and H.B. Mhlhaus .......................................................................................................................569 NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION FOR NON-TRIVIAL CONSISTENT TANGENT MATRICES: AN APPLICATION TO THE MRS-LADE MODEL A. Perez-Foguet, A. Rodriguez-Ferran and A. Huerta....................................................................................................570 FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF SEISMIC EFFECTS ON RETAINING WALLS WITH LIQUEFIABLE BACKFILLS M.M. Dewoolkar, A.H.C. Chan, H.Y. Ko and R.Y.S. Pak................................................................................................570 IMPLICIT INTEGRATION OF NON-CLASSICAL AND VISCOUS SOIL PLASTICITY MODELS O.M. Heeres and R. de Borst ..........................................................................................................................................571

SESSION 5
A THREE-PHASE SOIL MODEL FOR TUNNELING G. Hofstetter, G. Oettl and R. Stark ................................................................................................................................572 ELASTIC SUPPORT METHOD FOR THE VISCOPLASTIC ANALYSIS OF FRACTURE IN INFINITE MEDIA S.K. Sharan.....................................................................................................................................................................573 APPLICATION OF THE GENERALIZED FEM TO OIL RESERVOIR SIMULATION C.E. Baumann and M.P. Reddy ......................................................................................................................................574 3-D NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SHIELD TUNNELING WITH COUPLED NON-LINEAR MODELS H. Ji................................................................................................................................................................................574 HYBRID MIXTURE THEORY FOR CHARGED SWELLING PARTICULATE MATERIALS L.S. Bennethum and J.H. Cushman.................................................................................................................................575 APPLICATION OF COMPLEX VARIABLES BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD (CVBEM) TO MODELING GROWTH OF PRESSURE-INDUCED FRACTURES AND BOREHOLE STRESSES IN ANISOTROPIC STRESS FIELDS IN NON-LINEAR ROCKS S. Mogilevskaya, P.A. Nawrocki, M.B. Dusseault and L. Rothenburg ............................................................................576

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FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE PIEZOCONE PENETRATION TESTS IN CLAYS

M.Y. Abu-Farsakh and M.T. Tumay
(1) - Louisiana Transportation Research Center. E-mail : mabuf@ltrc.lsu.edu (2) - Louisiana Transportation Research Center. E-mail : mtumay@ltrc.lsu.edu

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a new finite element model for the analysis of the piezonone penetration tests in clayey soils. This model is used to carry out a comprehensive parametric study of the piezocone penetration test. The piezocone penetration is numerically simulated using an axi-symmetric elasto-plastic large deformation finite element analysis. The numerical simulation is accomplished in two stages. In the first, at the specified depth, the piezocone is expanded radially from zero to the piezocone radius, R. This stage is introduced to overcome the assumption of an existing pre-bored cone hole with the in-situ stresses remaining unchanged. This stage will provide an initial condition for the second stage. The second stage simulates the continuous penetration of the piezocone penetrometer by applying incremental vertical displacements of the nodes representing the piezcone boundary. The vertical displacement is applied at the rate of 2 cm/sec allowing for partial pore pressure dissipation during penetration. Once the steady state condition is reached, penetration is stopped allowing the excess pore pressure to dissipate with time. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the lateral and vertical stresses, soil stiffness parameters, over consolidation ratio (OCR) on the cone tip resistance and the developed excess pore pressure around the piezocone and its dissipation tests with time. The variation of the horizontal and vertical coefficients of permeability on the developed spatial excess pore pressure and its dissipation is also investigated. The results of the analytical study are compared with the piezocone penetration tests (PCPT) conducted at Louisiana State University calibration chamber. The results are also compared with the existing interpretation methods.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CLAY FABRIC IN DIFFERENT PORE FLUIDS

A. Anandarajah
(1) - Department of Civil Engineering. The Johns Hopkins University. E-mail : Rajah@jhu.edu

ABSTRACT
While the effect of pore fluid type on the fabric of clays has long been recognized, it has not been quantitatively evaluated in the past. With the development of recent methods for computing the physico chemical forces, amely the van der Waals attractive and the double-layer repulsive forces, between two arbitrarily-oriented clay particles, it is now possible to investigate the changes in the physico-chemical forces as a function of the pore fluid type and the consequent changes to the clay fabric. Using these recent theories to compute the inter-particle physico-chemical forces, a discrete element method based numerical analysis procedure has been developed for analysing an assembly of clay particles. Using this DEM program, several fundamental studies are currently being conducted. In this paper, the effect of pore fluid type is numerically examined in the following cases: (1) When a clayey soil is formed by deposition of individual particles from a state of suspension in different fluids, and (2) when the pore fluid type in a (dense) clayey soil changes suddenly. The former is relevant in the understanding of the origin of sensitive clays (the kind that originally formed in a marine environment) and the latter in the study of the fabric and permeability changes of clay liners under landfills. With the aid of the DEM program, these phenomena are examined in a quantitative manner, and an attempt is made to predict these effects.

REFERENCES

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[1] Anandarajah, A., "Influence of Particle-Orientation on One-Dimensional Compression of Montmorillonite", J. Colloid Interface Sci., Vol. 194, No. October 1997, pp. 44-52. [2] Chen, J. and Anandarajah, A., "Influence of Pore Fluid Composition on Volume of Sediments in Kaolinite Suspensions", Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 46, No. 2, 1998, pp. 145-152. [3] Anandarajah, A., "Structure of Sediments of Kaolinite", Engineering Geology, Vol. 47, pp. 313-323, October 1997.

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE LIQUEFACTION INDUCED DEFORMATION OF AN INSTRUMENTED SITE USING NON-DESTRUCTIVE INSITU SITE CHARACTERIZATION
K. Arulanandan, X.S. Li and K. Sivathasan
(1) - University of California, Davis. E-mail : karulanandan@ucdavis.edu (2) - Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong. E-mail : xsli@ust.hk (3) - University of California, Davis. E-mail : kasivathasan@ucdavis.edu

ABSTRACT
The results of the finite element analysis of the instrumented site at the Port Island, Kobe due to the Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake January 17th, 1995 is compared with the observed results. During and after the earthquake the acceleration time history and the vertical and horizontal deformations were recorded. A fully coupled nonlinear effective stress based one dimensional finite element analysis procedure SUMDES (10) is used. The non-cohesive soil behavior is simulated by a modified reduced order bounding surface hypoplasticity model (9) and the cohesive soil behavior is simulated by a reduced order bounding surface hypoplasticity model (8).The modification of the reduced order model for application to field condition requires the in-situ determination of the critical void ratio versus mean normal stress relationship (5). The initial state parameters such as the porosity (1), the permeability (4) and the coefficient of earth pressure at rest (11) and the constitutive model constants such as the slope of the virgin compression line (for nonclay mineral 7, for clay mineral 3) and rebound line in the e-log(p') space, the slope of the critical state line in q-p' space (2 and 6), the friction angle, the maximum shear modulus and hardening parameters were obtained using the formation factor method and the shear wave velocity measurements. This method was verified using centrifuge model test results (12). This analysis shows liquefaction occured in the man-made fill and agrees with observed liquefaction phenomenon at Port Island, Kobe. Evaluated vertical settlement and lateral displacements are in close agreement with the observed vertical settlement and lateral displacement at the Port Island area.

REFERENCES
[1] Arulanandan, K. (1977), "Method and Apparatus for Measuring In-Situ Density and Fabric of Soils", UC Patent, Regents of the University of California. [2] Arulanandan, K. (1993), "Dielectric Dispersion Versus the Slope of the Critical State Line in the q-p' Space Relationship", Technical Report, University of California, Davis. [3] Arulanandan, K., Anandarajah, A and Meegoda, N. J. (1983), "Soil Characterization for Non-Destructive In-Situ Testing," Symposium Proceedings part 2, The interaction of Non-Nuclear Munitions with Structures, US Air Force Academy, Colorado, May 10-13. [4] Arulanandan, K. and Muraleetharan, K. K. (1988), "Level Ground Soil-Liquefaction Analysis using In-Situ Properties: I", Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 114, No. 7. [5] Arulanandan, K. and Sivathasan, K. (1995), "In-Situ Evaluation of Critical Void Ratio Versus Mean Normal Pressure Relationship", Technical Report, University of California, Davis. [6] Arulanandan, K., Yogachandran, C. and Rashidi, H. (1994), "Dielectric and Conductivity Methods of Soil Characterization", Geophysical Characterization of Sites, Volume Prepared by ISSMFE Technical Committee # 10, for XIII ICSMFE, New Delhi, India. [7] Harvey, S. J. (1981), "Electrical Characterization of Sand Compressibility," Thesis presented to the University of California, Davis, California, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. [8] Li, X. S. (1996), "Reduced-Order Sand Model for Ground Response Analysis," Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, 122(9), pp.872-881.

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[9] Li, X. S., Dafalias, Y. F. and Wang, Z. L. (1998), "A Critical-State Hypoplasticity Sand Model with State Dependent Dilatancy," Canadian Geotechnical Journal (Submitted). [10] Li, X. S., Wang, Z. L. and Shen, C. K. (1992), "SUMDES: A Non Linear Procedure for Response Analysis of Horizontal-Layered Sites Subjected to Multi-Directional Earthquake Loading", Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis. [11] Meegoda, N. J. and Arulanandan, K. (1986), "Electrical Method of Predicting In-Situ Stress State of Soils", Proceedings of the In-Situ 86', ASCE Specialty Conference, Blacksburg, VA, pp. 794-808. [12] Sivathasan, K., Paulino, G. H., Li, X. S. and Arulanandan, K. (1998), "Validation of Site Characterization Method for the Study of Dynamic Pore Pressure Response", Geotechnical Special Publication No. 75, Volume one, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics III, ASCE, Seattle, Washington.

UNIFICATION OF LIMIT STATE AND STRAIN LOCALIZATION CONCEPTS: APPLICATION TO CLASSICAL LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE PROBLEM
R.I. Borja
(1) - Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Stanford University. E-mail : borja@cive.stanford.edu

ABSTRACT
A finite element model that allows for the development of shear bands in the form of displacement jump is shown to result in slip mechanisms consistent with those predicted by classical limit state models of soil mechanics. The constitutive model for the continuum is formulated within the context of elastic-perfectly plastic rate-independent, non-associated Drucker-Prager plasticity model. Strain localization in the form of shear band is modeled as a jump in the displacement field, and simulated within the framework of the finite element method using the assumed enhanced strain formulation. The model is used to predict failure mechanisms in retaining walls, including the collapse loads. The paper provides a mathematical interpretation of limit states from a continuum bifurcation theory standpoint, and shows that a strain localization model which preserves continuity of traction even in the presence of displacement jumps is consistent with lateral earth pressure theories of classical soil mechanics.

HARDENING IN THE REFINED SUPERIOR SAND MODEL

N. Boukpeti and A. Drescher
(1) - University of Minnesota. E-mail : Nathalie.Boukpeti-1@tc.umn.edu (2) - University of Minnesota. E-mail : dresc001@tc.umn.edu

ABSTRACT
Instability of loose saturated granular materials in undrained loading has been explained by their shear- softening response. As the material initial density increases, the undrained response evolves from shear hardening-softening to hardening-softening-rehardening, and eventually to continuous hardening for a very dense material. The elasto-plastic, refined Superior Sand model proposed by Drescher and Mroz (1997) describes the effect of the initial density on the undrained response. Similarly as in the Cam Clay model (Roscoe and Burland, 1968), plastic strains are related to an expanding/shrinking closed yield curve. In contrast to the Cam Clay model, however, the flow rule is non associative, and the hardening rule is a function of both volumetric and deviatoric strain increments. The hardening rule also incorporates a distance between the actual state and a reference state on a fictitious yield curve. In the paper by Drescher and Mroz (1997), a particular form of the evolution of the fictitious yield curve was assumed; namely, in all stress paths the distance between the actual and reference yield curve is governed by the plastic volumetric strain corresponding to isotropic compression. An additional, physically non-motivated parameter was introduced to force the undrained stress path to approach the critical (steady) state line. However, this parameter can be deleted, and the model simplified, if the evolution of the fictitious yield curve is related to the plastic volumetric strain developing in a given,
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nonisotropic stress path. The so formulated hardening rule predicts the termination of not only undrained but also drained stress paths on the critical state line. Also the shear and volumetric responses are in qualitative agreement with experimental results.

ELASTO-PLASTIC FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF GEOMATERIALS WITH RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED SHEAR STRENGTH
D.V. Griffiths and G.A. Fenton
(1) - Colorado School of Mines. E-mail : vaughan@finite.Mines.EDU (2) - Department of Engineering Mathematics, Dalhousie University. E-mail : gordon@random.field.tuns.ca

ABSTRACT
The majority of geotechnical analyses are deterministic, in that the inherent variability of the soil is not modeled directly, rather some "factor of safety" is applied to results computed using "average" soil properties. In the present study, the influence of randomly distributed shear strength is rigorously assessed via numerical experiments involving compressive strength and slope stability. The model involves combining random field theory with an elasto-plastic finite element algorithm in a Monte-Carlo framework. Since the problem is nonlinear, each realization of the Monte-Carlo process now involves an iterative approach which highlights the need for efficiency in the solution algorithms. The influence on failure loads of the soil's shear strength variance and spatial correlation length is then assessed parametrically. It is found that the "average" shear strength of the soil is not necessarily the best indicator of the overall strength of the random material. The results of this study enable traditional approaches involving "factors of safety" to be re-interpreted in the context of reliability based design. The work presented in this paper forms part of a broader study in which classical soil mechanics problems are revisited using random field models. Earlier work on steady seepage and foundation settlements has already given useful insight into the impact of statistically controlled heterogeneity on geotechnical design. The extension of the work to include stability problems will encourage the use of the "Probability of Failure" (or Reliability Index) as a more useful measure of the level of safety in a design.

REFERENCES
[1] Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A. , "Probabilistic analysis of exit gradients due to steady seepage'', J Geotech Geoenv Eng, ASCE vol.124, no.9, pp.789-797, (1998) [2] Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V. "Extreme hydraulic gradient statistics in a stochastic earth dam", J Geotech Geoenv Eng, ASCE vol.123, no.11, pp.995-1000, (1997) [3] Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A. , "Three-dimensional seepage through a spatially random soil", J Geotech Geoenv Eng, ASCE vol.123, no.2, pp.153-160, (1997) [4] Paice, G.M. , "Finite element analysis of stochastic soils", PhD Thesis, University of Manchester, U.K. (1997) [5] Paice, G.M. and Griffiths, D.V. "Reliability of an undrained clay slope formed from spatially random soil", Proceedings of the 9th Int. Conf. of the International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, IACMAG 97, (ed. J-X. Yuan), Pub. Balkema, pp.543-548, (1997) [6] Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V. , "Statistics of free surface flow through a stochastic earth dam", J Geotech Eng, ASCE vol.122, no.6, pp.427-436, (1996) [7] Paice, G.M., Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A. , "Finite element modeling of settlements on spatially random soil", J Geotech Eng, ASCE vol.122, no.9, pp.777-779, (1996) [8] Paice, G.M., Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A. "Influence of spatially random soil stiffness on foundation settlements", ASCE Specialty Conference, Settlement '94 , Texas A&M University, (ed. A.T. Yeung and G.Y. Felio), Pub. ASCE, pp.628-639, (1994) [9] Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V. , "Statistics of block conductivity through a simple bounded stochastic medium", Water Resour Res , vol.29, no.6, pp.1825-1830, (1993)

PARALLEL FINITE ELEMENT PLATFORM FOR SOLID EARTH (GEOFEM) NON-LINEAR STRUCTURAL SUBSYSTEM OF GEOFEM FOR FAULT ZONE ANALYSIS
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M. Iizuka, G. Yagawa, H. Okuda and H. Nakamura

(1) - Research Organization for Information Science & Technology. E-mail : iizuka@tokyo.rist.or.jp (2) - Dept. of Quantum Engineering and Systems Science. University of Tokyo. E-mail : yagawa@q.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp (3) - Dept of Mechanical Engineering. Yokohama National University. E-mail : okuda@typhoon.cm.me.ynu.ac.jp

ABSTRACT
GeoFEM is a parallel finite element analysis system intended for multi-physics/multi-scale problems and is being developed at RIST. Within Earth Simulator project, the GeoFEM group will deal with the modeling and simulation of solid earth field phenomena, and the development of large-scale parallel software for the Earth Simulator. GeoFEM adopts domain decomposition method (DDM), assuming distributed memory type parallel computers and it solves all degrees of freedom by iterative method such as conjugate gradient. When complete, this software system will be able to solve problems in the scale of 100 million degree of freedoms for complex solid earth problem on the Earth Simulator. Since there are models which are not completely established in the solid earth field, the simulation must be carried out on a trial and error basis. Therefore, a joint venture with the geoscience modeling research group is crucial for the development of a targeted simulation software system. This project is expected to be a breakthrough in bridging the geoscience and information science fields. Around the Japanese archipelago, the Eurasia plate, the Pacific Sea plate and the Philippine Sea plate are complexity intersected. The plates motion analyses are expected to predict for earthquake. However these types of analyses must treat large scale problems because of three dimensional geographical complexities resulting from faults. For example, when modeling 3,000 x 3,000 x 100 km range, we need about 1,000,000 nodes (3,000,000 degree of freedom) using 10km sided cubic mesh. Therefore we have to deal with large scale problems to analyze geophysical challenges. In terms of this point, we have to use parallelized FEM. Meanwhile solid earth has very complex dynamics , which are material nonlinearity, geometrical nonlinearity, time dependency (quasi statics phenomena for a long period) and multi-phase dynamics. And GeoFEM uses not only continuum model but also discontiuum one. The discontinuum model handles a fault model, which is very complex contact problem and very inportant dynamics. So GeoFEM deal with the material and geometrical nonlinearity,time depnedency and fault zone. At this stage, the largest problem solved by GeoFEM is with more than 100 million degree of freedoms (DOFs) for simple cubic elastic model on 1,000PE Hitachi SR2201 of University of Tokyo. And a material nonlinear analysis for large (1.4 million DOFs), complex shape problem and a complex fault network zone analysis have been completed by parallel computation with GeoFEM.

PARTITIONED SOLUTION PROCEDURES FOR DYNAMIC SOIL-STRUCTUREFLUID INTERACTION PROBLEMS

J.H. Prevost
(1) - Dept. of Civil Engineering and Operations Research. Princeton Univ. E-mail : Prevost@Princeton.EDU

ABSTRACT
An implicit unconditionally stable partitioned analysis procedure for the simultaneous integration of transient coupled field problems is presented. The procedure does not require that the full system of coupled equations be assembled, and allows use of existing single-field analysis software modules to solve the coupled field problem. The coupling matrices never need to be formed, thus resulting in substantial computational savings. Illustrative examples such as the earthquake response analysis of an oil tank resting on a saturated soil foundation will be presented.

COMPUTATIONAL ASPECTS OF P-ADAPTIVE FINITE ELEMENT REFINEMENT IN COMPUTATIONAL GEOTECHNICS

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B. Jeremic, C. Xenophontos and S. Sture

(1) - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis. E-mail : Jeremic@UCDavis.edu (2) - Dept. of Math. and Computer Sciences, Clarkson University. E-mail : christos@clarkson.edu (3) - Dept. of Civil Environ.&Arch Engr. University of Colorado at Boulder. E-mail : sture@bechtel.colorado.edu

ABSTRACT
p-adaptive finite element methods have recently been developed for linear elastic small deformation problems in solid mechanics. In this paper we show that the method can be successfully applied to geometric and material nonlinear problems in failure mechanics modeling of pressure sensitive geomaterials. In particular, sharp continuous deformation gradients, observed in laboratory experiments on sands, as for example described by Nemat-Nasser et al. [4], can be computationally modeled by using padaptive geometric and material nonlinear (pGMN) finite element methods (FEM). The important observation is that the failure in shear is achieved by a continuous, localized, sharp deformation gradient and not by discontinuous localization of deformation. In this work we assess computational efficiency of the proposed pGMN FEM. In particular, we focus on modeling of continuous localized shear deformation zones in sand. Moreover, we discuss various displacement field approximation functions (shape function), numerical integration methods used, and the occurrence and computational modeling of very large shear deformations. To this end, we describe the use of integrated Legendre polynomials as well as Chebyshev and Lagrange polynomials as base functions for our finite element developments (eg. [1]). With regard to the large deformation elasto-plastic behavior we make use of recent theoretical and algorithmic developments for geomaterials (eg. [2], [3]). The finite element techniques which have been developed show promise for use in other fields of engineering as well. Computer modeling of powders, biomechanics solids and other granular pressure sensitive materials naturally follow from the described developments.

REFERENCES
[1] Babuska, I., and Szabo, B., "Finite element analysis". John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1991. [2] Jeremic, B., Runesson, K., and Sture, S., "Large deformation constitutive integration algorithm", In Proceedings of the 12th Conference, Murakami and Luco, Eds., ASCE, 1998, pp. 1029-1032. [3] Jeremic, B., Runesson, K., and Sture, S., "A model for elastic-plastic pressure sensitive materials subjected to large deformations", In print: International Journal of Solids and Structures (1998). [4] Nemat-Nasser, S., and Okada, N., "Strain localization in particulate media", In Proceedings of the 12th Engineering Mechanics Conference (May 17-20 1998), Murakami and Luco, Eds., ASCE.

NUMERICAL MODELING OF SEISMIC SITE RESPONSES

X. Tao, J. Meneses, T. Kagawa and A. Abe
(1) - Wayne State University (2) - Wayne State University (3) - Wayne State University. E-mail : tkagawa@ce.eng.wayne.edu

ABSTRACT
Large number of pile foundations and underground facilities were damaged in recent earthquakes such as the Northridge and Kobe earthquakes. These earthquakes produced very high intensity ground shaking exceeding 1g at some locations. Unfortunately, however, the current state-of-the-art numerical methods for seismic site responses and soil-pile interaction is not reliable enough to handle such situations. Therefore, improved numerical modeling of seismic site responses under very high intensity shaking is becoming increasingly important in every aspect of seismic design including design of pile foundations. Since 1996, we have conducted a series of large-scale shaking table experiments in Tsukuba, Japan. Real - sized piles (6m long) were embedded

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DIRECT FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH TO SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS

M.T. Manzari and M.A. Nour
(1) - CMEE Dept., The George Washington University. E-mail : manzari@SEAS.GWU.EDU (2) - CMEE Dept., The George Washington University.

ABSTRACT
Analysis of stability of soil embankments and natural slopes is generally conducted by using either a limit equilibrium method or a limit analysis approach. Even though, in many cases, both of these methods provide relatively convenient means to reach solutions with reasonable accuracy, they can only provide approximate solutions to this important geotechnical problem. In the case of limit analysis approach, it is well known that exact solutions are attained when the upper and lower limits coincide. In order to take greater advantage of the limit analysis, recently robust finite element techniques have been developed which significantly enhance the applicability of the method to practical slope stability problems. Despite this great accomplishment, the limit analysis approach still suffers from a major limitation, that is the assumption of associative flow rule. This assumption requires that soil dilation angle (psi) should be taken to be equal to the friction angle (phi) and is obviously incorrect for most soils. In order to examine the extent of the limitation of limit analysis, a direct finite element approach is used in this paper to analyze the slope stability problem and to investigate the effect of soil dilatancy on stability of soil embankments. It is found that in order to obtain accurate solutions in a direct finite element analysis a rather refined mesh with higher-order finite elements and a very robust numerical scheme for integration of the constitutive equations are necessary. Moreover, it is shown that soil dilatancy has a significant effect on stability of slopes and that the use of excessively large values of dilation angle will lead to overestimation of stability numbers. Therefore the stability numbers obtained from limit analyses (lower/upper bound solutions), that are inherently based on the assumption of phi = psi, are not conservative and should not be used without due consideration of soil volume change behavior. In dry and saturated sand layers. Many types of excitations were used in these tests to simulate high intensity seismic ground shaking: most of them involved acceleration amplitude exceeding 0.6g; the sand layers liquefied; and the piles were damaged. Results from these tests were then used to construct and verify our numerical models. It is well-known that the mechanic behavior of sands has many features that are different from other civil engineering materials such as steel and concrete due to their particulate nature. The constitutive models based on linearly elastic theory cannot properly predict the stress-strain-volume change behavior when sands are subjected to large deformation. Therefore, it appears that it would be a better approach to employ a numerical model that directly uses arrays of particles to represent soil. The stress-strain relationships can then be obtained through a discrete element method (DEM). Many researchers have used the DEM methods to simulate the stress-strain behavior of sands under monotonic and cyclic loading, and the results were reasonably satisfactory. Correct modeling of the stress- strain behavior of granular soil should lead us to better predictions of the soil-pile-structure interaction under strong ground shaking. With the above perspectives in mind, we developed a computer program SRANG3D (Site Response Analysis of Nonlinear Ground under 3-Dimensional Excitations) to compute the seismic responses of horizontally layered soils. Computed soil responses will be used to evaluate the performance of pile foundations under strong seismic shaking. In this numerical simulation model, soil layers were represented by sets of 3-dimensional random arrays of elastic particles, and their stress-strain relationships were calculated using a DEM approach employing a supercomputer. Results were compared with the large-scale shaking table test data and with results from other numerical methods. Our comparisons have been very encouraging. The paper will also present our ongoing efforts on the numerical modeling of coupled analysis for dynamic responses of granular particles and pore fluid.

MESHFREE METHODS FOR GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS SUBJECTED TO LARGE DEFORMATION AND DAMAGE
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J.S. Chen and C.T. Wu

(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of Iowa. E-mail : jschen@icaen.uiowa.edu (2) - Dept. of Mech. Engineering & Center for Comp. Aided Design. University of Iowa.

ABSTRACT
A meshfree method for elasto-plastic-damage analysis of geotechnical materials is developed. In this approach, the problem domain is discretized by a set of particles, and the particle shape functions are constructed based on a reproducing kernel approximation that does not require connectivity of an explicit mesh. The particle shape functions have compact supports and can be customized for desired regularity and consistency in the numerical approximation. In this work, the meshfree discretization is formulated under a Galerkin framework for pressure sensitive multisurface plasticity with cap hardening rule and is coupled with a strain-based damage model. The unique characteristics of the meshfree approach for geotechnical applications are the ability to deal with extreme large material distortion and the easiness to formulate adaptive procedures. Another important issue in geotechnical applications is the "mesh dependency" difficulties resulting from the ill-posed conditions in damage induced strain localization. The embedded nonlocality in the meshfree discretization provides a mean of regularization in strain localization problems. Nonlocal strain smoothing based on moving least-squares and reproducing kernel methods are proposed, and their relationship with the gradient based methods are studied. Several geotechnical applications are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

SIMULATING THE STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR OF NEVADA SAND BY ANN

Y.M. Najjar and H. Ali
(1) - Civil Engineering Department. Kansas State University. E-mail : ea4146@ce.ksu.edu (2) - Civil Engineering Department. Kansas State University

ABSTRACT
Finite element as well as boundary element numerical solution methods are frequently used to analyze various engineering boundary value problems (BVPs). As solution tools, these methods are extremely powerful and can be used for the analysis and/or simulation of geo-engineering problems involving sandy soils whose solutions are intractable otherwise. In such analysis, the actual sand is replaced mathematically by an idealized material that deforms in accordance with some constitutive relations. It has been realized that the advances in both computational solution techniques and computer technology have far exceeded our ability to model the real deformation behavior of sand through classical constitutive laws. As a consequence, very often, results or simulations from a numerical procedure that may have used less appropriate constitutive laws can be of limited or doubtful validity. Therefore, the choice of an appropriate constitutive model, which can adequately describe the deformation behavior of a material, can play a significant role in the accuracy of the numerical predictions. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are promising computational techniques capable of mapping and capturing many features and sub-features (the pattern) embedded in a large set of data that yield a certain output. A network that has successfully captured the governing relationships between the input and the output can be used as a prediction tool for cases when the output solution is not available. In this paper, we use ANN technique as a new modeling approach to develop models that characterize/simulate the stress-strain behavior of sand. For this purpose, we use real data generated from various Triaxial tests performed on Nevada Sand to develop appropriate ANN- based constitutive models. Nevada Sand stress-strain experiments were conducted for VELACS project (Verification of Liquefaction Analysis with Centrifuge Studies) sponsored by the Earthquake Mitigation Program of the National Science Foundation. These tests were performed on samples with different relative densities (Dr) ranging between 40% to 70% and under different initial consolidation pressure. In this research study, only Triaxial tests data were utilized since these tests provide enough stress-strain related information which is required for successful model development purposes. Key issues pertaining to model development strategies and corresponding accuracy measures are presented in this paper. Overall, neuronets trained via back-propagation algorithm was found to be very effective in simulating the stress-strain responses of the Nevada Sand.
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EFFECTS OF FORMATION DENSITY ON THE RESPONSE OF GRANULAR MEDIA

J.M. Pestana
(1) - University of California, Berkeley. E-mail : pestana@ce.berkeley.edu

ABSTRACT
This paper briefly describes the formulation and evaluation of a new constitutive model which is capable of predicting the rate independent, effective stress-strain-strength behavior of uncemented soils over a wide range of confining pressures and densities. The model uses a simple elasto-plastic equation to describe the non-linear volumetric behavior of freshly deposited cohesionless soils in hydrostatic and onedimensional compression. Sand specimens compressed from different initial formation densities approach a unique condition at high stress levels, referred to as the Limiting Compression Curve (LCC), which is linear in a double logarithmic void ratio, e, effective stress space. Irrecoverable plastic strains develop throughout first loading and represent mechanisms ranging from particle sliding and rolling at low stresses; to crushing, which is the principal component of deformation for LCC states. Shear behavior is modeled by a single yield surface, which is a function of the current void ratio and stress state, with hardening rules to simulate the evolution of anisotropic properties. A separate failure criterion controls the frictional strength mobilized at large shear strains. These features enable the model to describe characteristic transitions from dilative to contractive shear response as the confining pressure increases. Critical state conditions are derived analytically as a function of model input parameters and form a nonlinear locus in loge-log space which is consistent with measured data reported recently in the literature. The shear behavior of granular materials in the LCC regime is normalizable. Detailed comparisons with data for Toyoura Sand show that the model can predict reliably: a) the behavior of loose and dense sand with a transition from fully collapsible to dilative behavior as a function of stress level and density; b) variation of peak friction angle in drained shear tests and c) critical state conditions measured in undrained shear tests and good quality drained tests.

MODELING OF GRANULAR BASES USING DISCRETE DEFORMABLE BLOCKS OF VARYING SIZES

E. Tutumluer
(1) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering University of Illinois

ABSTRACT
Unbound aggregates are extensively used in the foundation of flexible highway and airport pavements. These granular bases, often modeled as homogeneous continua in the analysis of layered pavement systems, are actually particulate media where individual particles are surrounded by other particles in contact with air voids in between. The granular medium also has the ability to increase or decrease its volume (dilate) under shear stresses. When a granular base layer is strained, for example, motion takes place that may involve one or all of the following modes: interparticle slippage, particle rotation, particle separation and even fracture at particle contacts. In most continuum mechanics based solutions, however, the constitutive relationships used for granular systems do not take into account the effects of separation and particle sliding at contacts. A method of analysis using fully deformable blocks will be presented in this paper for modeling unbound granular layers such as those used in flexible pavements. An assemblage of discrete blocks of aggregates is employed to approximately model the load transfer mechanisms of the real particulate nature of granular materials. Using a finite element approach, the discrete blocks are modeled as single quadrilateral elements connected only by surrounding interface elements at each block interface. Realistic
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granular layer particle characteristics including translation, sliding and, even separation are permitted for each block. When the block size becomes as small as the size of an aggregate, micromechanical particle interactions are achieved An iterative procedure for equilibrium is employed in the model, and the constitutive relations used in the analysis will be described for determining the behavior modes of the interface elements. The granular base discrete block representation will then be used in a conventional flexible pavement section having other layers (asphalt concrete surfacing and the subgrade) modeled as continua. The effects of varying block sizes on modeling of the response will be reported. Important findings will be presented related to the shear resistance of the granular bases.

REAL TIME CONTINUOUS PROFILING OF THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF GEO-MATERIALS USING THE PIEZOCONE PENETRATION TEST
G.Z. Voyiadjis, C.R. Song and M.T. Tumay
(1) - Department of Civil and Env. Engineering, Louisiana State University. E-mail : cegzv1@unix1.sncc.lsu.edu (2) - Dept. of Civil and Env. Engineering, Louisiana State University (3) - Louisiana Transportation Research Center. E-mail : mtumay@ltrc.lsu.edu

ABSTRACT
The conventional methods of determining the hydraulic properties of soils using piezocone penetration test (PCPT) require the dissipation tests, which need the intermittent stopping of the PCPT. Thus, the extra time and expenses are still unavoidable for obtaining the hydraulic properties of the soils using PCPT. Compared to other laboratory or in situ tests, these methods are relatively simple, economic and reliable. However, if one can obtain the hydraulic properties of soils without the dissipation tests, one can greatly save the time and expenses. This study presentsthe new method of determining the hydraulic properties of soils by utilizing the penetration pore pressure and analyzing it by the coupled theory of mixtures. Thus, it removes the necessity of the dissipation tests. The analysis is based on an elasto-plastic, finite strain constitutive model in an updated Lagrangian reference frame. Two approaches are introduced and compared in this study for the determination of the continuous real timehydraulic conductivity profile of soils. The one point method (OPM) and the two point method (TPM) approaches are proposed here. The approaches combine both experimental and computational procedures for the determination of the hydraulic conductivity. Using the proposed methods, a reliable value of the hydraulic conductivity of soil can be obtained conveniently without using the pore pressure dissipation tests. In addition and more importantly, this method does not require the pore pressure dissipation test, and thus, it has a strong potential for the continuous real time hydraulic conductivity profile. Therefore, the efficiency of the piezocone penetration test could be increased significantly with the substantially reduced cost.

RETURN MAPPING ALGORITHM OF A 3-INVARIANT GENERALIZED CAMCLAY MODEL

Z. Ahmed
(1) - Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Florida,. E-mail : zafar@grove.ufl.edu

ABSTRACT
An implicit integration algorithm is outlined for a 3-invariant Cam-Clay model. Von Mises type yield surface of modified Cam-Clay model suffers the limitation to represent well any complex loading path of geomaterials in 3-D space, an elliptical function of third invariant (Lodes angle) is incorporated to overcome this shortcoming. Proposed third invariant represents a more appropriate Mohr-Coulomb type failure criterion. Return mapping algorithm with Closest-Point-Projection method is employed for optimal
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convergence and stability criteria of the stress integration algorithm. Inclusion of third invariant to the classical Modified Cam-Clay model makes the stress integration algorithm complicated due to the fact that the space of converged Cauchy stresses does not share the same normal as the trial (predictor) elastic stresses. A novel, computationally efficient algorithm is proposed to overcome this intricacy. A completely analytical framework of stress integration algorithm and computation of consistent tangent operator is worked out. The elegance of the proposed algorithm lies in its generality, robustness and adherence to Newton type iteration. Finally the algorithm is incorporated in a displacement based finite element code PlasFEM. Simulation of boundary value problem using the proposed algorithm has demonstrated quadratic rate of convergence and unconditional stability in cases of large load step size. Proposed algorithm to incorporate the third invariant is independent of any specific yield function. As a result, it can easily be extended to other plasticity models in geomechanics for isotropic as well as kinematic hardening.

A CONSTITUTIVE EQUATION FOR SANDS BASED ON NON-ASSOCIATIVE PLASTICITY AND THE STRESS-DILATANCY THEORY
A. Sfriso , P. Arduino and E.J. Macari
(1) - University of Buenos Aires, Argentina (2) - University of Washington (3) - School of Civil & Env. Engr. Georgia Institute of Technology. E-mail : emacari@ce.gatech.edu

ABSTRACT
The strength response of sands has been reasonably described by strength-dilatancy theories, such as that proposed by Rowe. Many research efforts have been geared at adapting stress-dilatancy theories to plasticity based finite element codes, where one of the goals is to numerically optimize the algorithms. Commonly, numerical optimization requirements impose severe restrictions on the constitutive equations, which often results in the need to modify the physically-based (stress-dilatancy) theories with formulations derived from classical theories of plasticity. These formulations, which are often quite complicated, must be properly calibrated in order to obtain proper predictions or simulations. This step requires experienced operators who are intimately familiar with the model parameters and intrinsically know how the selection of one or another parameter will impact the final results of a prediction. The philosophy employed in the development of the currently proposed constitutive equation is somewhat different, because it is strictly stressed in every step that there is a direct relation between the proposed equations and the experimental evidence from which they have been derived. The model is based on non-linear elasticity and non-associative plasticity which is based on a yield function of the type proposed by Matsuoka-Nakai and the activation of volumetric non-associativity resulting from Rowe's stress-dilatancy theory. This philosophy is proposed as an alternative to the adoption of two different yield functions, corresponding to peak and residual values. The paper presents an analysis of the plastic work-based hardening/softening phenomena and the spectral properties of the resultant tangential elastic operator are described. Several prediction examples using the model are also presented.

AN ALGORITHM FOR COHESIONLESS SOILS IN SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION PROBLEMS

F. Elsaid
(1) - Manhattan College. E-mail : felsaid@manhattan.edu

ABSTRACT
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An incremental iterative algorithm is developed to account for the elastoplastic behavior of sand in Lade model. This constitutive model provides an improved modeling of real granular soil behavior at and after failure; it models dilatancy, dependency of the soil strength on the intermediate principal stress, and the coincidence of strain increment and stress increment axes at low stress levels, with transition to coincidence of strain increment and stress (not stress increment) axes at high stress levels. In this algorithm, a stress transfer technique is adopted to release excess stresses when soil tension failure is detected. Tension failure is detected in a soil element if any of its principal stresses indicates a tensile value which is unrealistic in cohesionless soils. This technique is used to dissipate the excess stresses in the failing soil elements into the neighboring elements without violating equilibrium. Also a newly developed interface element is developed and used to model the frictional interaction behavior between a rigid solid (retaining wall or foundation) and the granular soil (backfill or sub soil respectively). The conventional linkage elements have been idealized suitably to avoid separation between the retaining wall and the backfill soil during active movement of the wall. A finite element model is developed in order to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. The model is used to analyze the effect of the retaining wall modes of deformations (namely, translation, rotation about the wall top, or rotation about the wall base) on the development of active and passive earth pressure behind the wall. The results of the analyses are compared with experimental observations, previous numerical investigations, and classical theories of earth pressure.

NUMERICAL MODELING OF SHEAR BEHAVIOUR OF ROCK JOINTS

B. Indraratna and A. Haque
(1) - Department of Civil and Mining Engineering, University of Wollongong. E-mail : b.indraratna@uow.edu.au (2) - Department of Civil and Mining Engineering, University of Wollongong

ABSTRACT
Correct evaluation of the shear strength of rock joints plays an important role in the design of excavation in rocks, stability analysis of rock slopes and in the design of rock-socketed piles. The shear behaviour of planar rock joints can be investigated in the laboratory by using a conventional direct shear apparatus, where the. normal load is kept constant (CNL) during the shearing process. However, for nonplanar discontinuities, shearing results in dilation as one asperity rides over another, and if the surrounding rock mass is unable to deform sufficiently, then an inevitable increase in normal stress occurs during shearing. Therefore, CNL condition is unrealistic in circumstances where the normal stress in the field changes considerably during the shearing process. In view of this, a special large-scale shear apparatus has been designed by the authors to accommodate the change in normal stress with dilation, which is governed by the Constant Normal Stiffness (CNS) of the surrounding rock mass. In the past, shear behaviour of hard concrete and cement mortar joints as well as natural hard rock joints have been investigated using the CNS technique. However, the shear behaviour of soft rock joints under CNS conditions is not yet well understood. This study is an attempt to model and investigate the shear behaviour of soft joints under CNS conditions. The laboratory shear behaviour under both CNL and CNS was modelled using Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC). A solid block is introduced on the top of the joint specimen which closely simulates the stiffness of the surrounding rock mass. The shear behaviour is compared with that of the laboratory data obtained from testing joints made of gypsum plaster. It is observed that the predicted peak shear stress based on UDEC is in acceptable agreement and shows a maximum value approaching the peak-to-peak contact of the asperities. In contrast, the laboratory peak shear stress is observed to occur at a smaller horizontal displacement, in comparison to UDEC analysis. The change in normal stress and dilation was also predicted and compared with laboratory data. The CNL model shows that the peak shear stress attains at smaller shear displacement in comparison with CNS. The CNL peak shear stress predicted using UDEC is closer to the laboratory data, as the asperity crushing is less significant under CNL.

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FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF MELTING INTERFACES BETWEEN THE MANTLE AND CRUST OF THE EARTH
C. Zhao, B.E. Hobbs and H.B. Mhlhaus
(1) - CSIRO Division of Exploration and Mining. E-mail : chongbin@ned.dem.csiro.au (2) - CSIRO Division of Exploration and Mining (3) - CSIRO Division of Exploration and Mining

ABSTRACT
In recent years, we have been making great efforts to develop a practical and predictive tool to explore for giant ore deposits in the upper crust of the Earth. Towards this goal, significant progress has been made towards a better understanding of the basic physical and chemical processes behind ore body formation and mineralization in hydrothermal systems. On the scientific development side, we have developed analytical solutions to answer the following scientific questions [1-2]: (1) Can the pore-fluid pressure gradient be maintained at the value of the lithostatic pressure gradient in the upper crust of the Earth? and, (2) Can convective pore-fluid flow take place in the upper crust of the Earth if there is a small fluid/mass leakage from the mantle to the upper crust of the Earth? On the modelling development side, we have developed numerical methods to model the following problems: (1) convective pore-fluid flow in hydrothermal systems [3-4]; (2) reactive pore-fluid flow in porous media [5]; (3) precipitation and dissolution of minerals in the upper crust of the Earth [6-7]; (4) double diffusion driven pore-fluid flow in hydrothermal systems [8]; (5) pore-fluid flow patterns near geological lenses in hydrodynamic and hydrothermal systems [9]; (6) various aspects of the fully coupled problem involving material deformation, pore-fluid flow, heat transfer and species transport/ chemical reactions in pore-fluid saturated porous rock masses [10-12]. The above - mentioned work has significantly enriched our knowledge about the physical and chemical processes related to ore body formation and mineralization in the upper crust of the Earth. To further understand the whole processes involved in ore body formation and mineralization, we need to consider the interaction between the mantle and the crust of the Earth. This is the main purpose of the present study. Since the aesthenospheric part of the mantle is in a partially melted state and the lithospheric rock masses are in a solid state (as far as we considered here), there is a melting interface between the aesthenosphere and the lithosphere of the Earth. Physically, we need to deal with a phase change problem, while mathematically and numerically, we need to deal with a moving boundary problem. Taking the above into account, we extend the previously developed numerical methods to the solution of the melting interface between the aesthenosphere and the lithosphere of the Earth in this paper. The related numerical results are reported to show convective fluid flow and the temperature distribution in the mantle and crust of the Earth, as well as the effect of mantle-crust interaction on pore-fluid flow in the upper crust of the Earth.

REFERENCES
[1] Zhao C., Hobbs B. E. and Mhlhaus H. B., "Analysis of pore-fluid pressure gradient and effective vertical -stress gradient distribution in layered hydrodynamic systems", Geophysical Journal International, 134, 519-526 (1998). [2] Zhao C., Hobbs B. E. and Mhlhaus H. B., "Theoretical and numerical analyses of convective instability in porous media with upward throughflow", Int. J. Num. Analy. Meth. Geomech., in press. [3] Zhao C., Mhlhaus H. B. and Hobbs B. E., "Finite element analysis of steady-state natural convection problems in fluid-saturated porous media heated from below", Int. J. Num. Analy. Meth. Geomech., 21, 863 -881 (1997). [4] Zhao C., Mhlhaus H. B. and Hobbs B. E., "Effects of geological inhomogeneity on high Rayleigh number heat and mass transfer in fluid - saturated porous media heated from below", Int. J. Computation and Methodology: Numerical Heat Transfer, 33, 415-431 (1998). [5] Zhao C., Hobbs B. E. and Mhlhaus H. B., "Finite element modelling of reactive mass transport problems in fluidsaturated porous media", Communications in Numerical Methods in engineering, in press. [6] Zhao C., Hobbs B. E. and Mhlhaus H. B., "Finite element modelling of temperature gradient driven rock alteration and mineralization in porous rock masses", Compu. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 165, 175-187 (1998). [7] Zhao C., Hobbs B. E. and Mhlhaus H. B., "Finite element analysis of heat transfer and mineralization in layered hydrothermal systems with upward throughflow", Compu. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., in press. [8] Zhao C., Hobbs B. E. and Mhlhaus H. B., "Numerical modelling of double diffusive convection flow problems in porous rock masses", Proceedings of the 13th Australasian Fluid Mechanics conference, 2, 1009-1012 (1998). [9] Zhao C., Hobbs B. E., Mhlhaus H. B. and Ord, A., "Finite element analysis of pore-fluid flow patterns near geological lenses in hydrodynamic and hydrothermal systems" , Geophysical Journal International, in press.
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[10] Zhao C., Hobbs B. E., Baxter, K., Mhlhaus H. B. and Ord, A., "A numerical study pore-fluid, thermal and mass flow in fluid-saturated porous rock basins", Int. J. for CAE and software: Engineering computations, in press. [11] Zhao C., Hobbs B. E., Mhlhaus H. B. and Ord, A., "A consistent point-searching algorithm for solution interpolation in unstructured meshes consisting of 4-node bilinear quadrilateral elements", Int. J.Num. Meth. Eng., in press. [12] Zhao C., Hobbs B. E. and Mhlhaus H. B., "Effects of medium thermoelasticity on high Rayleigh number steadystate heat transfer and mineralization in deformable fluid-saturated porous media heated from below", Compu. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., in press.

NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION FOR NON-TRIVIAL CONSISTENT TANGENT MATRICES: AN APPLICATION TO THE MRS-LADE MODEL
A. Perez-Foguet, A. Rodriguez-Ferran and A. Huerta
(1) - Departament de Matematica Aplicada ETSECCPB. E-mail : perez@lacan.upc.es (2) - Departament de Matematica Aplicada. ETSECCPB. E-mail : rodriguez@lacan.upc.es (3) - Departament de Matematica Aplicada. ETSECCPB. E-mail : huerta@etseccpb.upc.es

ABSTRACT
In a previous reference the authors have shown that numerical differentiation is a competitive alternative to analytical derivatives for the computation of consistent tangent matrices. Relatively simple models were treated in that reference. The approach is extended here to a complex model: the MRS-Lade model. This plastic model has a cone-cap yield surface and exhibits strong coupling between the flow vector and the hardening moduli. Because of this, derivating these quantities with respect to stresses and internal variables, the crucial step in obtaining consistent tangent matrices, is rather involved. Numerical differentiation is used here to approximate these derivatives. The approximated derivatives are then used 1) to compute consistent tangent matrices (global problem) and 2) to integrate the constitutive equation at each Gauss point (local problem) with the Newton-Raphson method. The choice of the stepsize (i.e. the perturbation in the approximation schemes), based on the concept of relative stepsize, poses no difficulties. In contrast to previous approaches for the MRS-Lade model, quadratic convergence is achieved, for both the local and the global problems. The computational efficiency (CPU time) and robustness of the proposed approach is illustrated by means of several numerical examples, where the major relevant topics are discussed in detail.

FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF SEISMIC EFFECTS ON RETAINING WALLS WITH LIQUEFIABLE BACKFILLS
M.M. Dewoolkar, A.H.C. Chan, H.Y. Ko and R.Y.S. Pak
(1) - University of Colorado at Boulder. E-mail : Mandar.Dewoolkar@Colorado.EDU (2) - University of Birmingham, School of Civil Engineering (3) - University of Colorado at Boulder

ABSTRACT
Finite element analyses of several seismic centrifuge experiments conducted on four cantilever retaining wall models holding saturated, liquefiable, cohesionless backfills were performed [4]. The finite element program DIANA - SWANDYNE II was used. It is a two-dimensional (plane strain and axisymmetric) program which uses the fully coupled Biot dynamic equation with the u-p simplification assuming that the fluid acceleration relative to the solid skeleton is negligible [1,2, and 7]. Simulations of two specific tests conducted on the same model wall holding the same soil backfill with similar input earthquake motions are presented. To alleviate the effects due to different pore fluids in seismic centrifuge experiments, water was used as the pore fluid in one test whereas a substitute pore fluid named metolose was used in the second test. A systematic approach was followed. Various parameters related to the
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cantilever wall model were determined by comparing numerical results with the experimental results from the natural frequency tests performed on the model wall. The element type for the wall was selected to model the static as well as the inertial behavior of the wall. The initial stress conditions for dynamic analysis for the soil backfill were obtained by simulating static loads on the retaining wall from the soil backfill. Experimental results from seismic centrifuge test on level ground models were used to refine the parameters of the constitutive model used in the dynamic simulations of the soil which were originally obtained based on the results from monotonic and cyclic triaxial test results [3, 6, and 8]. Once the set of parameters was determined, the same was used in the simulations of all the retaining wall experiments. The numerical results compared very well with the experimental measurements and captured the essential features of the phenomena involved giving credence for conducting parametric studies [4 and 5].

REFERENCES
[1] Chan, A. H. C. (1988). "A unified finite element solution to static and dynamic geomechanics problems", Ph. D. thesis, University College of Swansea, Wales. [2] Chan, A. H. C. (1993). "User Manual for DIANA-SWANDYNE II", Department of Civil Engineering, Glasgow University. [3] Chan, A. H. C., O. O. Famiyesin and D. M. Wood (1993), "Numerical prediction for Model No 4a", Verification of Numerical Procedures for the Analysis of Soil Liquefaction Problems, Vol. 1, Arulanandan and Scott (eds), Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 623-630. [4] Dewoolkar, M. M. (1996), "A study of seismic effects on cantilever retaining walls with saturated backfill", Ph. D. thesis, Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder. [5] Dewoolkar, M. M., H. Y. Ko and R. Y. S. Pak (1999), "Centrifuge modelling of models of seismic effects on saturated earth structures", Geotechnique (in print). [6] The Earth Technology Corporation (1992), "VELACS Laboratory Testing Program", Soil Data Report, Submitted to the National Science Foundation. [7] Zienkiewicz, O. C., A. H. C. Chan, M. Pastor, D. K. Paul and T. Shiomi (1990), "Static and dynamic behaviour of soils : A rational approach to quantitative solutions. I. Fully saturated problem", Proc. R. Soc. Lond., A429, pp. 285-309. [8] Zienkiewicz, O. C., M. Huang and M. Pastor (1993), "Numerical prediction for Model No 1", Verification of Numerical Procedures for the Analysis of Soil Liquefaction Problems, Vol. 1, Arulanandan and Scott (eds), Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 259-274.

IMPLICIT INTEGRATION OF NON-CLASSICAL AND VISCOUS SOIL PLASTICITY MODELS

O.M. Heeres and R. de Borst
(1) - Koiter Institute Delft. Delft University of Technology. E-mail : O.M.Heeres@ct.TUDelft.nl (2) - Delft University or Technology. E-mail : rdb@dutcg11.tudelft.nl

ABSTRACT
Constitutive formulations for soils are typically cast within the format of elasto-plasticity. Yet, their formulations are normally much more intricate that classical plasticity relations for metals. Indeed, typical soil plasticity models involve such difficulties as pressure dependence of the yield surface, elastic moduli which also depend on the pressure level, and non-normality of the plastic flow rule, which then features phenomena like plastic dilatancy and contractancy. These peculiar properties which are inherent in all soil models, lead to complications when integrating the differential stress-strain relations for the flow theory of elastoplasticity. When explicit algorithms are used, e.g., [1], they may give rise to the use of extremely small load increments or time steps. On the other hand, implicit algorithms, while being much more robust, are often difficult to formulate in a proper sense, especially if one sets out to derive a consistently linearized tangent operator. Nevertheless, successful formulations have been reported for Cam-clay and double - hardening models by Borja [2] and Groen et al. [3]. The limitations of the developments by Borja [2] and Groen et al. [3] are that they are restricted to standard elasto-plastic formulations, that is, to inviscid plasticity models which incorporate the explicit notion of a yield function which bounds all possible states of stress. When we consider cyclic loading, or time-dependent phenomena such as creep, plasticity models which do not explicitly incorporate the notion of a yield surface, such as hypoplasticity, the so-called generalized plasticity models of Pastor and Zienkiewicz, the subloading surface model of Hashiguchi, but also overstress-type viscoplasticity models,
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then the methodology of implicit integration adopted in [2] and [3] does not directly seem applicable. This is because the algorithms in [2] and [3] take explicit advantage of the vanishing of the yield function. However, if an appropriate evolution equation is formulated directly in terms of the relevant hardening variables, and if this equation is cast into the format of a residual, then the standard methodology can be applied that has been used for standard plasticity models. Indeed, along this line viscoplasticity can also be treated effectively. The paper will systematically outline the algorithmic framework for the integration of differential stress-strain relations for non-standard plasticity models, which are applicable to cyclic loadings of soils. Then, the algorithm will be elaborated for some of the constitutive models quoted above. One-element tests will be conducted to illustrate the proper numerical performance and the ability to capture basic phenomena like cyclic mobility and liquefaction. Finally, a three-dimensional example will be given to demonstrate that the models and algorithms work in a general boundary value problem.

REFERENCES
[1] A.M. Britto and M.J. Gu nn, "Critical State Soil Mechanics via Finite Elements", Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1987. [2] R. Borja, "Cam-Clay plasticity, Part II: Implicit integration of constitutive equations based on a nonlinear elastic stress predictor", Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Engng. 88, 225-240, 1991. [3] A.E. Groen, R. de Borst and S.J.M. van Eekelen, "An elastoplastic model for clay: Formulation and algorithmic aspects", in: Numerical Methods in Geomechanics (eds G.N. Pande and S. Pietruszczak), Balkema, Rotterdam, 27-32, 1995.

A THREE-PHASE SOIL MODEL FOR TUNNELING

G. Hofstetter, G. Oettl and R. Stark
(1) - Institute for Strength of Materials, University of Innsbruck. E-mail : guenter.hofstetter@uibk.ac.at

ABSTRACT
Basically, there exist two different solution strategies for the numerical simulation of tunneling below the groundwater table. In the first one, an uncoupled numerical approach, the flow of water (and air) in the soil and the deformations of the soil are treated in two consecutive steps. Consequently, interactions between the fluid flow in the soil and the deformations of the soil are neglected. The second one, a coupled solution procedure, permits consideration of the intrinsic coupling of the process of dewatering with the deformations of the soil. Hence, the latter approach allows to take into account the interactions of the flow of water (and air) in the soil with the deformations of the soil skeleton in a physically consistent manner. A basic constituent of a coupled numerical approach for tunneling below the groundwater table, taking into account the application of compressed air for dewatering the soil, is a model for the soil, treating the soil as a three-phase medium, consisting of the deformable porous soil skeleton and the fluid phases water and compressed air. The mathematical description of the soil as a three-phase medium is based on a generalization of Biots consolidation theory. It relies on averaged values for the density of the three-phase mixture, for the stresses, acting on the surfaces of a differential volume element of the mixture, and for the velocities of the fluid phases relative to the soil skeleton. Apart from the kinematic relations, the governing equations are the mass balance equations and the constitutive equations for each phase, a constitutive relation between the degree of water saturation and the capillary pressure and the equilibrium equations for the three-phase mixture. In addition, the permeabilities of the porous soil skeleton with respect to the flow of water and air depend on the degree of water saturation. Apart from tunneling under compressed air, the three-phase formulation will be applicable to a broad range of problems, encountered in geotechnical engineering. Assuming the air pressure to be equal to the atmospheric pressure yields the special case of dewatering the soil under atmospheric conditions. For water saturated soil the special case of the consolidation theory is obtained. If the equilibrium equations are formulated only for the deformable soil skeleton, then the uncoupled approach will be recovered.

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ELASTIC SUPPORT METHOD FOR THE VISCOPLASTIC ANALYSIS OF FRACTURE IN INFINITE MEDIA
S.K. Sharan
(1) - School of Engineering Laurentian University. E-mail : sharan@nickel.laurentian.ca

ABSTRACT
Finite element analysis of fracture may become computationally prohibitive if the domain to be analyzed is inelastic and infinitely large. Such problems are commonly encountered in geomechanics and in the analysis of stress concentration. The computational difficulties may be circumvented by using 'infinite' elements or by coupling the finite element model with boundary elements. However, such techniques result in either the loss of accuracy or the loss of some of the main computational advantages of the standard finite element method. The novel method of elastic supports [1-2] eliminates all the above mentioned computational difficulties. In this method, the effect of unbounded solid is simulated by using multi-directional elastic supports along the truncation boundary of the finite element model. The near- field elasto-viscoplastic mass is considered to be arbitrary; however, the far field is assumed to be homogeneous and linearly elastic. Several methods have been proposed [1-2] to compute the spatially varying stiffnesses of elastic supports. The objective of this paper is to extend the elastic support method for the viscoplastic analysis of fracture in unbounded solids. In the proposed method, first an elastic analysis is conducted and then the system is allowed to undergo a viscoplastic deformation. The principal advantage of the proposed method is that a standard finite element program requires no modification for its implementation and therefore, all the computational advantages of the finite element method are retained. Numerical tests are conducted by analyzing a straight crack in an infinite plate. Present results for J-integrals and the extent of yielded zones are compared with analytical solutions and available results obtained by using other numerical methods. The agreement between the results is found to be very good even if the truncation boundary is located relatively very close to the crack tip or the yielded zone.

REFERENCES
[1] S.K. Sharan , "Viscoplastic plane-strain analysis of infinite solids using elastic supports", International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 1999, (in press). [2] S.K. Sharan , "Finite element analysis of infinite solids using elastic supports", Computers and Structures, 1994;53:1145-1152

APPLICATION OF THE GENERALIZED FEM TO OIL RESERVOIR SIMULATION

C.E. Baumann and M.P. Reddy
(1) - Computational Mechanics Company, Inc. E-mail : carlosb@comco.com (2) - Computational Mechanics Company, Inc.

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a very accurate yet inexpensive technique for the numerical simulation of oil reservoir production. This numerical technique applies to heterogeneous reservoirs and does not require computational meshes that conform to the wells. Typically, several perforated wells may appear within a single computational element (grid block), and horizontal/deviated wells are simulated with the same methodology as vertical wells. The numerical technique used to simulate near-wellbore flows is a special form of the generalized finite element method with special basis functions. This technique is very accurate yet inexpensive, because the computationally intensive algorithm is used only in a neighborhood of the perforated sections of the wellbores, where the pressure field presents a logarithmic singularity. For this
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reason, this technique is very well suited to simulate wells with changing production rates. When wells start to produce or are shut off, they are automatically added/removed from the model. This translates in net saving at no cost, because no mesh regeneration is needed to add/remove wells from the model. The pressure maintenance study of a full field model (Bakersfield, Texaco) with more than 6500 wells is presented. A comparison of the pressure history at monitor wells with pressure values obtained by computer simulation indicates that this technique is very accurate and easy to use. It is very easy to use because the computational mesh does not have to represent the wells. Wells of any type (vertical, horizontal) can be added to the model just by defining the well's trajectory and pertinent information such as diameter, completion, production, etc. Comparisons with analytical results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the numerical technique.

3-D NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SHIELD TUNNELING WITH COUPLED NON-LINEAR MODELS

H. Ji
(1) - Dept. of Civil Engineering. Hong Kong Univ. of Science and Tech. E-mail : jhwpg@ust.hk

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of a detailed field instrumentation program conducted around an Earth Pressure Balanced (EPB) shield driven tunnel for the construction of the Shanghai Metro TunnelLine 2 in China. In order to study the response of the soft clay and the ground movement during and after the advance of tunneling machine, the surface and subsurface ground displacements, pore water pressure changes, and earth pressure development around the concrete lining were monitored during construction. Based on this case history, a 3-D finite element analysis is carried out to simulate the soft ground response to shield tunneling. Two sorts of nonlinear behaviors, plasticity and consolidation, are coupled in this numerical calculation. The obtained results show good match with in-situ observation. "Gap" method is developed for this kind of construction method and a set of more reasonable method for construction control is put forward by parameter study.

HYBRID MIXTURE THEORY FOR CHARGED SWELLING PARTICULATE MATERIALS

L.S. Bennethum and J.H. Cushman
(1) - Center for Computational Mathematics. Univ. of Colorado at Denver. E-mail : bennethum@math.cudenver.edu (2) - Center for Computational Mathematics. Univ. of Colorado at Denver. E-mail : 75674.1670@compuserve.com

ABSTRACT
We consider a particulate material which is characterized by particles composed of two phases (usually solid and a solvating liquid) which may swell or shrink due to mass transfer from (to) a multicomponent bulk solvent which is in contact with the particles. Materials which could be described by such a model include clay and polymers. The theoretical model we consider is two-scale, involving the microscale, in which the solid and liquid are distinguishable, and the macroscale, in which the material is viewed as a mixture of overlaying continua. To arrive at our model, we use hybrid mixture theory, which was developed by Hassanizadeh and Gray in 1979. The technique involves volume averaging the field equations (i.e.\ conservation of mass, momentum balance, energy balance, entropy balance, and quasi-electrostatic form of Maxwell's equations) to obtain macroscopic field equations, where each field variable is defined precisely in terms of its microscale counterpart.

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To close the system consistently with classical thermodynamics, the entropy inequality is exploited in the sense of Coleman and Noll. With the exceptions that the macroscale field variables are defined precisely in terms of their microscale counterparts and that microscopic interfacial equations can also be treated in a similar manner, the resulting system of equations is consistent with those derived using classical mixture theory. Hence the terminology, hybrid mixture theory. Previously we obtained novel constitutive relations governing flow, swelling, deformation, and diffusion within swelling porous materials. In this talk, we extend these results to incorporate the effects of quasistatic electrodynamics.

APPLICATION OF COMPLEX VARIABLES BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD (CVBEM) TO MODELING GROWTH OF PRESSURE-INDUCED FRACTURES AND BOREHOLE STRESSES IN ANISOTROPIC STRESS FIELDS IN NONLINEAR ROCKS
S. Mogilevskaya, P.A. Nawrocki, M.B. Dusseault and L. Rothenburg
(1) - University of Waterloo, Department of Earth Sciences. E-mail : sofia@panda.uwaterloo.ca (2) - Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo. E-mail : pnawrock@sciborg.uwaterloo.ca (3) - Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo. E-mail : mauriced@sciborg.uwaterloo.ca

ABSTRACT
Modeling of borehole stresses and fracture growth is important for the petroleum industry because of practical problems such as borehole instability prediction, mud weight choice, casing design, hydraulic fracturing, etc. There is now general agreement that linear elasticity analyses invariably underpredict opening stability, and that more realistic approaches should be used. Yet, the 100-year-old linear elastic Kirsch solution remains perhaps the most common approach to stress analysis. It is also used in conventional theories of hydraulic fracturing. The objective of this paper is to present a new approach to study two important problems of the petroleum industry: growth of pressure-induced fractures originating from the wellbore and the effect of non-linear rock properties on borehole stresses. This approach is based on a new complex hypersingular equation for piece-wise homogeneous media with a circular opening and a system of arbitrary curvilinear cracks. To model borehole stresses the approach combines a rapid numerical algorithm based on the CVBEM with a special technique of obtaining input data (material constitutive law) from a series of triaxial compression tests. This approach allows stress calculations incorporating directly the variation of rock deformation properties around a borehole. Non-linear material properties before strain-softening yield are incorporated using a radius-dependent modulus model, thus the method may be viewed as a nonlinear but elastic approach. The region around the borehole is divided into zones with elastic properties that are constant in each zone, but different for different zones. The properties of each zone come from the functional relationships, which are derived from laboratory triaxial compression tests. Continuity of displacements and stresses are imposed on contacting zone boundaries, then the CVBEM is used to calculate borehole stresses. As the second application of the present approach we investigate the general case of initiation and propagation of an initial crack emanating from the wellbore at an arbitrary angle to the direction of maximum principal stress and following a curvilinear path. Until now hydraulic fracturing has been examined only in conditions when a system of two radial cracks of equal length emanates from a circular wellbore in the 'favorably oriented' direction perpendicular to the direction of minimum principal stress. Meantime, the preexisting flow may exist anywhere on the wellbore boundary. An extensive parametric study of hydraulic fracturing process is presented in conditions of slow and fast pressurization rate.

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Methods for Flow Simulation and Modeling

Tayfun Tezduyar
SESSION 1
Keynote : COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF BLOOD FLOW T.J.R. Hughes, C.A. Taylor and C.K. Zarins...................................................................................................................579 COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF ASYMMETRIC TURBULENT JET FLOWS J.E. Akin and J. Bass ......................................................................................................................................................579 SPACE-TIME FINITE ELEMENT COMPUTATION OF SHALLOW WATER FLOWS WITH MOVING BOUNDARIES K. Kashiyama, S. Sugano, M. Behr and T. Tezduyar ......................................................................................................580 PARALLEL FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR COUPLED FLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEMS: APPLICATION TO MELTING DRIVEN BY NATURAL CONVECTION M. Medale, M. Jaeger and A. Kaiss................................................................................................................................580 FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF A BLOOD FLOW IN THE CEREBRAL ARTERY M. Oshima, R. Torii, T. Kobayashi, N. Taniguchi and K. Takagi ...................................................................................581

SESSION 2
Keynote : A MULTI-DOMAIN COMPUTATIONAL METHOD FOR LONG-WAKE FLOWS T.E. Tezduyar and Y. Osawa...........................................................................................................................................582 PARALLEL FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATIONS OF TWO-FLUID FLOW APPLICATIONS S. Aliabadi and T.E. Tezduyar ........................................................................................................................................582 A MOVING LAGRANGEAN INTERFACE TECHNIQUE FOR FIXED-MESH FLOW PROBLEMS M. Cruchaga, D. Celentano and T.E. Tezduyar..............................................................................................................583 A STABILIZED SPACE-TIME METHOD FOR SIMULATING PARACHUTE FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS K. Stein, R. Benney, T. Tezduyar and V. Kalro ...............................................................................................................584 FINITE ELEMENT COMPUTATION OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FLOWS S. Mittal ..........................................................................................................................................................................584

SESSION 3
Keynote : FACTORIZATION METHODS FOR NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS A. Quarteroni..................................................................................................................................................................585 A PARALLEL LINEAR SYSTEM SOLVER FOR SIMULATION OF PARTICLE FLOW IN FLUIDS M. Knepley, A. Sameh and V. Sarin ................................................................................................................................585 THE IMPACT OF HPC ON MODELING AND SIMULATION AT ARL C.J. Nietubicz, D. Pressel and J. Sahu............................................................................................................................586 COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES FOR FINNED MISSILES AT SUPERSONIC VELOCITY AND HIGH ANGLES OF ATTACK W.B. Sturek and D. Haroldsen........................................................................................................................................586 METHODS FOR FREE-SURFACE FLOW SIMILATION S.R. Idelsohn, M. Storti and E. Onate .............................................................................................................................587

SESSION 4
Keynote : COMPUTATIONAL TRANSONICS: ENTROPY INEQUALITY, ARTIFICIAL VISCOSITY AND WAVE DRAG M. Hafez .........................................................................................................................................................................587 MULTI-SCALE ANALYSIS OF BUBBLY FLOWS Y. Matsumoto and S. Takagi ...........................................................................................................................................588 PARALLEL COMPUTATIONS OF PLUME INDUCED AERODYNAMIC INCREMENTS ON THE X-38 USING THE DIRECT SIMULATION MONTE-CARLO METHOD G.J. LeBeau and P.C. Stuart...........................................................................................................................................588 ADAPTIVE SOLUTION OF A COMPRESSIBLE FLUID DYNAMICS PROBLEM BY OPTIMAL INCREMENTAL APPROXIMATION A.J. Meade, A. Fernandez and D. Thomson....................................................................................................................589 A STABILIZED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION PROBLEMS
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E. Onate and J. Garcia ...................................................................................................................................................589

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Keynote : COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF BLOOD FLOW

T.J.R. Hughes, C.A. Taylor and C.K. Zarins
(1) - Stanford University Div. of Mechanics and Computation. E-mail : hughes@am-sun2.stanford.edu (2) - Division of Vascular Surgery. Stanford University. E-mail : taylor@vascular.stanford.edu (3) - Division of Vascular Surgery. Stanford University.

ABSTRACT
The human vascular system, comprised of the blood vessels, supplies each tissue with blood at a given rate and pressure. To understand both the normal and pathological behavior of the human vascular system a detailed knowledge of blood flow and the response of blood vessels is required. Blood flow characteristics have a controlling influence in the development of plaque deposits and surgical procedures which alter the division of flow among blood vessels often have unforeseen consequences. This talk presents an overview of research on the computational modeling of blood flow performed at Stanford University. A computer modeling environment has been developed for simulating blood flow in the vascular system. Case studies involving idealized and patient specific configurations will be presented and a future vision of surgical simulation and planning will be described. For further information see: http://www.stanford.edu/group/vsrl/

COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF ASYMMETRIC TURBULENT JET FLOWS

J.E. Akin and J. Bass
(1) - Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Materials Science. Rice University. E-mail : akin@rice.edu (2) - Computational Mechanics Company, Inc. E-mail : bass@comco.com

ABSTRACT
For centuries engineers have been active in the study of axisymmetric jet flows. Much more recently the flows of asymmetric nozzles have begun to find practical application in fluid mixing, aircraft thrusters, industrial cleaning, combustion, and other areas. The two classical books on turbulent circular jets by Abramovich and Rajaratnam provide little insight into the significant differences in flow phenomena that develop when asymmetric nozzles are utilized. Experimental flows demonstrated important differences compared to circular jets, such as about a factor of four increase in the volume of fluid entrained into the jet. We will present the results of computational and theoretical studies of asymmetric jets that verify some experimental observations and identify new features of the asymmetric turbulent flows. The hydraulic power imparted to the fluid by a nozzle is significant in certain applications such as impinging jets for cleaning industrial wastes from surfaces. This study shows that the asymmetric nozzles can more that double the hydraulic power for the same flow rate. Different interior transitional geometries for the asymmetric nozzles were studied using a 3-D hpadaptive finite element implementation of the turbulent Navier-Stokes equations. We will demonstrate that the interior geometries control other aspects of the flows such as the location of regions of peak turbulence.

SPACE-TIME FINITE ELEMENT COMPUTATION OF SHALLOW WATER FLOWS WITH MOVING BOUNDARIES
K. Kashiyama, S. Sugano, M. Behr and T. Tezduyar

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(1) - Department of Civil Engineering, Chuo University. E-mail : kaz@civil.chuo-u.ac.jp (2) - Department of Civil Engineering, Chuo University (3) - Army HPC Research Center

ABSTRACT
In the analysis of shallow water flows such as Tsunami and storm surge, it is important to know the position of the shore line. This paper presents a finite element method for shallow water flows considering moving boundaries. For the discretization of the governing equation based on the conservation variables, a stabilized implicit space-time finite element method is employed. This stabilization method is based on the streamline upwind / Petrov - Galerkin (SUPG) formulation for compressible flows. The space-time formulation is applied to deforming domain close to shore line. Wave run-up problems are solved as numerical example. The computational results are obtained by the present method are compared with the experimental data. The present method is shown to be a useful tool for the analysis of shallow water flows.

PARALLEL FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR COUPLED FLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEMS: APPLICATION TO MELTING DRIVEN BY NATURAL CONVECTION
M. Medale, M. Jaeger and A. Kaiss
(1) - Inst. Univ. des Systmes Thermiques Industriels, CNRS U.M.R. 6595. E-mail : medale@iusti.univ-mrs.fr

ABSTRACT
We will present the finite element model we have developed for the computation of solid-liquid phase change problems. This model based on the Voller and Prakash formulation of the problem (Voller and Prakash, 1987) solves the coupled incompressible Navier-Stokes and energy equations. This last is written in an enthalpy formulation in order to take into account the latent heat release during phase change. This model is especially well suited to handle the phase change of mixture like metallurgical alloys. In that case the phase change which occurs over a temperature range, leads to a stretched solidifying/melting front (mushy region) instead of a steeple one (pure materials). Thus the momentum equations have been slightly modified by a Darcy like modelling to simulate the fluid flow in this region. The finite element model has been programmed with the PETSc toolkit (Balay et al.) in order to achieve parallel computations and it has been implemented on a CRAY T3E computer (IDRIS, France). The fluid flow and heat transfer algebraic systems are solved in a segregated manner, using the faster iterative solver available in PETSc for each of them. As validation, we will present our more significant results for the benchmark proposed by (Gobin and Le Qur, 1998). Whenever our model is especially devoted to non-isothermal phase change problems, this benchmark focus on the melting of two pure materials (Tin and Octadecane) in a square cavity. Thus this benchmark represents a challenging validation for our model, since one has to simulate this isothermal phase change as a non-isothermal one with a mushy region width tending to zero. In order to assess the accuracy of the model, our results will be compared to reference solutions provided in the comparison exercise reported in (Gobin and Le Qur, 1998). In order to assess the efficiency of the parallel implementation, a performance analysis will also be presented. A sample of these results is given below (melting of tin in a square cavity heated on the left vertical wall and maintained at its initial temperature on the right one, Ra=2.5 105, Pr=0.02, Ste=0.01; the non dimensional time is defined as t=Ste.Fo).

REFERENCES
[1] V. R. Voller and C. Prakash, "A fixed grid numerical modelling methodology for convection-diffusion mushy region phase-change problems, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 30, N 8, pp. 1709-1719, 1987. [2] S. Balay, W. Gropp, L. C. McInnes and B. Smith, "PETSc 2.0.21 Users Manual, Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argone National Laboratory, 1998. [3] D. Gobin and P. Le Qur, Melting Driven by Natural Convection; a Comparison Exercise: First results, Int. J. Thermal Sciences, 1998.

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FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF A BLOOD FLOW IN THE CEREBRAL ARTERY

M. Oshima, R. Torii, T. Kobayashi, N. Taniguchi and K. Takagi
(1) - Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo. E-mail : marie@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp (2) - Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo (3) - Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo

ABSTRACT
Numerical applications to the medical field are becoming quite important due to difficulty in experimental approach. The main purpose of the research is to better understand the mechanism of creation and rupture of a cerebral aneurysm. The medical statistics show that a cerebral aneurysm predominately occurs in a branching artery with sharp curvature. It is also reported that the cerebral aneurysm occurs in the particular age group between 40 and 60's. Therefore, the geometry of the artery is considered to play an important role in creation of the aneurysm. In the paper, numerical simulations are performed for the actual geometry from the CT data of bifurcation of the internal carotid and posterior communicating arteries, and the pulsatile inflow boundary condition is given by modeling the experimental results of transcranial Doppler ultrasound measurement. In order to investigate the effects of curvature and bifurcation, the simulations are conducted for the internal carotid artery with and without the bifurcation. The results are visualized to observe the effects of the secondary flow and separation caused by differences in the geometry of the cerebral artery. The effects of curvature are examined by calculating the curved arteries with various curvatures. The periodic oscillation has been observed for the flow field and the wall shear stress distribution due to the periodic fluctuation of the secondary flow caused by the curvature.

Keynote : A MULTI-DOMAIN COMPUTATIONAL METHOD FOR LONG-WAKE FLOWS

T.E. Tezduyar and Y. Osawa
(1) - Army HPC Research Center. Rice University. E-mail : tezduyar@rice.edu (2) - Army HPC Research Center. Rice University

ABSTRACT
We present a multi-domain computational method for simulation of unsteady long-wake flows. This long-wake flow is generated by a primary object, and in turn influences a secondary object that might be located in that wake. The method is used to compute flow past both objects in addition to the longwake flow. The multi - domain computation approach is based on dividing the entire simulation domain into an ordered sequence of overlapping subdomains. The flow field computed over a leading subdomain is used in specifying the inflow boundary conditions for the following subdomain. The inflow conditions for the first subdomain are extracted from the free-stream conditions. The method has been implemented in parallel on the CRAY T3E-1200. We tested the multi - domain computational method on a number of 3D simulations, including flow past a circular cylinder and a parachute crossing the wake of an aircraft. More information on multi-domain computational method and 3D simulations carried out can be found at http://www.mems.rice.edu/TAFSM/.

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PARALLEL FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATIONS OF TWO-FLUID FLOW APPLICATIONS

S. Aliabadi and T.E. Tezduyar
(1) - Army HPC Research Center. Clark Atlanta University (2) - Army HPC Research Center. Rice University. E-mail : tezduyar@rice.edu

ABSTRACT
Parallel computations of unsteady, free-surface flow problems are performed using stabilized finite element methods. The finite element formulations are written for fixed meshes and are based on the Navier-Stokes equations and an advection equation governing the motion of the interface function. The interface function, with two distinct values, serves as a marker identifying each fluid. This function is advected with fluid velocity throughout the computational domain. To increase the accuracy of the method, an interface - sharpening / mass conservation algorithm is added. The stabilization terms in the finite element formulations are the SUPG (streamline-upwind/Petrov-Galerkin) and PSPG (pressurestabilizing/Petrov-Galerkin). The SUPG stabilization prevents numerical oscillations due to the advection term in the Navier-Stokes equations and the PSPG stabilization allows us to use equal-order interpolation functions for both velocity and pressure without any instabilities. The method has been implemented on the CRAY T3E and also IBM SP/6000 using the MPI (Message Passing Interface) libraries. We show the accuracy and effectiveness of the method with many 2D and 3D problems. The 3D applications include the interaction of two-fluid in a centrifuge tube, operation stability of a partially-filled tanker truck under various conditions and hydrodynamic stability of ships.

A MOVING LAGRANGEAN INTERFACE TECHNIQUE FOR FIXED-MESH FLOW PROBLEMS

M. Cruchaga, D. Celentano and T.E. Tezduyar
(1) - Dept. de Ing. Mecanica. Univ. de Santiago de Chile. E-mail : mcruchag@lauca.usach.cl (2) - Dept. de Ingenieria Mecanica. Universidad de Santiago de Chile. E-mail : dcelenta@lauca.usach.cl (3) - Army HPC Research Center. Rice University. E-mail : tezduyar@rice.edu

ABSTRACT
The analysis of many engineering applications dealing with unsteady flows requires the solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with moving interfaces. In addition to the stability difficulties appearing in the numerical solution of such transient flow equations, the location of the interface between two inmiscibles fluids implies further drawbacks. Consistent algorithms to achieve stability and convergence for the transient Navier-Stokes equations have been proposed in recent years by several authors in the context of the finite element method (see [1-2] and references therein). On the other hand, the interface position has been determined using different methodologies like the function "phi" [3] or the traking of an independent "interface mesh" with a lagrangean-type procedure [4]. An important contribution in order to increase the accuracy in modeling the interface motion is the so-called EDICT technique developed by Tezduyar et al. [1]. Moreover, the additional interface-sharpening/massconservation algorithm presented in [3] is an efficient methodology to control the front diffusion and the mass loss in the interface function "phi" approach. In the present work, a new methodology for the transient interface location is proposed. The aim of this presentation is to track the interface front position in a lagrangean way [4] including a mass-conservation algorithm and an enhanced element integration of the flow equation to capture more properly the discontinuities in the material properties due to these interface position. However, the transient Navier-Stokes equations are solved in a traditional eulerian form using a fixed mesh.

REFERENCES

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[1] Tezduyar T., Aliabadi S. and Behr M., "Enhanced - Discretization Interface - Capturing Technique (EDICT) for Computation of Unsteady Flows with Interfaces", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol 155, 235-248 (1998). [2] Cruchaga M. and Onate E., "A Finite Element Formulation for Incompressible Flow Problems Using a Generalized Streamline Operator", Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 143, pp. 4967 (1997). [3] Aliabadi S. and Tezduyar T., "Stabilized - finite - element/interface - capturing technique for parallel computation of unsteady flows with interfaces", to appear in Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, (1998). [4] Cruchaga M., Oate E. And Idelsohn S.: "On the Pseudomaterial approach for the analysis of transient forming processes", Communication in Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol 11, 137-148 (1995).

A STABILIZED SPACE-TIME METHOD FOR SIMULATING PARACHUTE FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS

K. Stein, R. Benney, T. Tezduyar and V. Kalro
(1) - U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command. E-mail : kstein@natick-emh2.army.mil (2) - U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command (3) - Army HPC Research Center. Rice University. E-mail : tezduyar@rice.edu

ABSTRACT
We present a parallel computational strategy for carrying out 3-D simulations of parachute fluidstructure interaction (FSI), and demonstrate the strategy for simulation of airdrop performance and control performance in terminal descent. The strategy uses a stabilized space-time formulation of the timedependent, 3-D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for the fluid dynamics (FD) solution. A finite element formulation derived from the principle of virtual work is used for the parachute structural dynamics (SD). Coupling of the FD with the SD is implemented over the fluid-structure interface, which is the parachute canopy surface. The strategy allows for compatible or incompatible canopy surface meshes in the SD and FD meshes. For incompatible interface meshes, FSI information is transferred between the FD and SD solvers with a least-squares projection. Large deformations of the structure are handled in the FD mesh using an automatic mesh moving scheme.

FINITE ELEMENT COMPUTATION OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FLOWS

S. Mittal
(1) - Deptt. of Aerospace Engineering. Indian Institute of Technology. E-mail : smittal@iitk.ac.in

ABSTRACT
Results will be presented for finite element computation of unsteady fluid flows in the compressible as well as incompressible flow regimes. Detailed computations for incompressible flows past single and multiple cylinders, in various arrangements, and their response to the unsteady fluid forces experienced have been carried out. Cylinders with low values of non-dimensional mass exhibit "soft lockin". In certain cases, when the downstream cylinder lies in the wake of the upstream cylinder it experiences very large unsteady forces resulting in "wake-induced flutter". Certain "flow-control" techniques to reduce the mean drag and unsteady fluid forces on bluff bodies have been investigated. It has been observed that the proper placement of small rotating control cylinders close to a bluff body suppresses the vortex-shedding to a significant extent. Simulation of flows past circular cylinders near critical Reynolds Numbers suggest that the phenomenon of "drag-crisis" may be explained by these calculations. Computations for turbulent flow past a 2D model of a Ram-Air Parafoil have been utilized to design the inlet cut for an improvement in their glide performance. Computations for unsteady viscous transonic flows past a stationary NACA 0012 airfoil at various angles of attack in a narrow channel /
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wind-tunnel results in solutions that are qualitatively different from each other and exhibit "hysteresis" at an angle of attack 8 degrees. Turbulent flows past a 3D wing have been computed that compare well with experimental measurements. Flows through supersonic wind - tunnels have been computed and utilized to design an optimal diffuser section. Some of the simulations contribute to the understanding of the "startup" problems associated with the supersonic tunnels.

Keynote : FACTORIZATION METHODS FOR NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS

A. Quarteroni
(1) - Department of Mathematics. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. E-mail : Alfio.Quarteroni@epfl.ch

ABSTRACT
We present a general approach for the numerical approximation of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations based on splitting the original problem into successive subproblems cheaper to solve. The splitting is obtained through algebraic approximate factorizations of the matrix arising from space and time discretization of the original equations. Several schemes based on approximate factorization are investigated. For some of these methods a formal analogy with well known time advancing schemes, such as the projection Chorin-Temam's, can be pointed out. Other, new methods can also be formulated starting from this approach, such as the so called Yosida method, which can be investigated in the framework of quasi-compressibility schemes. Numerical results illustrating the different performances of the different methods here addressed are presented for several test cases.

A PARALLEL LINEAR SYSTEM SOLVER FOR SIMULATION OF PARTICLE FLOW IN FLUIDS

M. Knepley, A. Sameh and V. Sarin
(1) - Department of Computer Science. Purdue University (2) - Department of Computer Science. Purdue University. E-mail : sameh@cs.purdue.edu (3) - Department of Computer Science. Purdue University

ABSTRACT
The simulation of flow of solid particles in fluids yields a set of large nonlinear algebraic equations whose solution via a version of Newton's method requires the solution of a partitioned linear systems. We present a scalable parallel algorithm for solving this partitioned linear system. A domain decomposition scheme is employed to precondition a significant block of the above partitioned system. This proposed linear system solver has proven to be more robust than the classically used Krylov subspace algorithms that depend on expensive preconditioners which cannot be implemented in matrix free environments. Numerical results on the SGI Origin - 2000 will be presented together with performance studies of the parallel linear system solver.

THE IMPACT OF HPC ON MODELING AND SIMULATION AT ARL

C.J. Nietubicz, D. Pressel and J. Sahu
(1) - Corporate Inf. and Computing Center. Army Research Laboratory. E-mail : cjn@arl.mil (2) - Corporate Inf. and Computing Center. Army Research Laboratory (3) - Corporate Inf. and Computing Center. Army Research Laboratory
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ABSTRACT
The Army Research Laboratory is home to one of the four Major Shared Resource Centers (MSRC) for High Performance Computing under the DoD High Performance Computing Modernization Program (HPCMP). A brief discussion of the HPCMP will be given followed by details of the ARL MSRC. A major code in use at the ARL MSRC, F3D has been very effectively ported to run on the SGI Origin 2000. The techniques used to develop this scaleable version will be described followed by an application to a critical Army program. Additional results will be presented showing how modeling and simulation is currently being used in the areas of Computational Fluid Dynamics, Computational Chemistry, and Computational Structural Mechanics.

COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES FOR FINNED MISSILES AT SUPERSONIC VELOCITY AND HIGH ANGLES OF ATTACK
W.B. Sturek and D. Haroldsen
(1) - High Performance Computing Division. Army Research Laboratory. E-mail : sturek@arl.mil (2) - High Performance Computing Division. Army Research Laboratory

ABSTRACT
In a project to examine new modeling techniques for prediction of complex missile flow fields, a new grid generation technique is being coupled with the WIND CFD solver to obtain solutions for a finned missle configuration for flight at large angle of attack and supersonic velocity. The grid is generated using the GridPro grid generation package. This technique generates a multi-block structured grid with several hundred blocks. Conventional multi-block grids are usually of the order of ten to twenty blocks. In order to automatically accommodate several hundred blocks, a special interface to the WIND code is utilized. Other features of the modeling technique in development includes automatic feature recognition in the flow visualization software and multi-processor performance.

METHODS FOR FREE-SURFACE FLOW SIMILATION

S.R. Idelsohn, M. Storti and E. Onate
(1) - International Centre for Comp. Meth. in Eng. (CIMEC). E-mail : rnsergio@arcride.edu.ar (2) - Intl. Centre for Computational Methods in Engineering (CIMEC) (3) - International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE). E-mail : onate@cimne.upc.es

ABSTRACT
A ship is subject to forces of various kinds. The resistance at a desired speed determines the required engine power and thereby the fuel consumption. Minimization of the resistance is an important issue in ship design. Further, excitation of a wave pattern produced by the ship not only induces wave resistance, but may also introduce speed limitations in the vicinity of the shores for environmental reasons which must also be taken into account in ship design. Independently of the equations used to solve the fluid flow problem, the free surface boundary condition may be solved in different manners. The exact free surface condition is nonlinear and several linearizations have been proposed in the literature. Some of then use a fixed domain and others a moving one. In this paper the full nonlinear free surface equation is used but it is applied on a reference surface not necessary coinciding with the free surface itself. In this way the updating of the surface mesh is minimized and sometimes not even necessary. On the other hand, the solution of the free surface equation in a bounded domain imposes the necessity of a radiation condition to eliminate spurious waves. The most classical way to introduce this condition was proposed by Dawson who used a four upwind points formula to evaluate the first derivatives appearing in the free surface equation.
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In this paper, the radiation condition is treated in two different ways: - The free surface equation is considered as a pure convection equation and it is stabilized using a finite increment calculus (FIC) [1]. - An absorbing boundary conditions is introduced which eliminate completely the radiation effect [2]. Examples of applications for inviscid fluid flows are presented including several ship waves problems.

REFERENCES
[1] S.R. Idelsohn, E. Onate and C. Sacco , "Finite element solution of the free - surface ship -wave problems", to appear in the International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering,(1999). [2] M.A. Storti, J. D'Elia, R.P. Bonet Chaple, N.M. Nigro and S.R. Idelsohn, "The DNL absorbing boundary condition. Applications to wave problems", to appear in Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Enginnering, (1999).

Keynote : COMPUTATIONAL TRANSONICS: ENTROPY INEQUALITY, ARTIFICIAL VISCOSITY AND WAVE DRAG
M. Hafez
(1) - Dept. of Mech. and Aeronautical Engineering. University of California. E-mail : mhafez@ucdavis.edu

ABSTRACT
Different levels of approximations for transonic inviscid flow simulations are discussed together with the corresponding assumptions.Euler, Isentropic Euler,Full Potential and Small Disturbance equations are considered. These equations, written in conservation forms,admit both compression and expansion shocks.An entropy inequality must be enforced to exclude the non-physical shocks. This requirement can be achieved via introducing a proper artificial viscosity. Furthermore, the relation between the entropy inequality and the wave drag for each model is derived.Although the shock structure is dependent on the artificial viscosity, the wave drag is not. Numerical results,based on different schemes ,are presented with some concluding remarks.

MULTI-SCALE ANALYSIS OF BUBBLY FLOWS

Y. Matsumoto and S. Takagi
(1) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. E-mail : ymats@mech.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

ABSTRACT
Bubbly flow has multiple structure in time and spatial scales. The macro scale flow structure in bubbly flow is affected by the mezzo-scale phenomena and also micro-scale ones. The behaviors of rising deformable bubbles are investigated numerically in various conditions such as in the shear flow, in the contaminated water and so on. The results reveal that the lift force acting on rising bubble changes due to the deformation and the drag coefficient increases due to the Marangoni effect caused by the concentration of contaminant on the bubble surface. The behavior of rising bubbles in quiescent liquid is simulated by the Direct Numerical Simulation. The turbulent intensity in the surrounding liquid and the drag coefficients of the bubbles increase with the void fraction. Taking the mezzo scale phenomena into account the detailed structure of bubbly flow is investigated numerically using the volume averaged conservation equations for the bubbly mixture, which are formulated with emphasis on the transverse motion and the volumetric change of bubbles. The numerical results reveal that the bubbly flow in a channel shows the complicated three-dimensional flow structure due to the interaction between the liquid convection and the bubble motion. These numerical results agree well with the experimental results.
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PARALLEL COMPUTATIONS OF PLUME INDUCED AERODYNAMIC INCREMENTS ON THE X-38 USING THE DIRECT SIMULATION MONTECARLO METHOD
G.J. LeBeau and P.C. Stuart
(1) - Applied Aeroscience and CFD Branch. NASA Johnson Space Center. E-mail : g.j.lebeau@jsc.nasa.gov (2) - Applied Aeroscience and CFD Branch. NASA Johnson Space Center

ABSTRACT
For the past several years the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has been designing and testing the X-38 as a technology demonstrator for a prototype crew return vehicle. While the X-38 has other potential applications, its primary role will be to serve as a lifeboat for crews on the International Space Station. Although the X-38 geometry has some heritage associated with the U.S. Air Force's X-24A program of the 1960's, its aerodynamic database has been completely redeveloped through the application of experimental and computational methods. The high altitude characterization was developed exclusively using the Direct Simulation Monte-Carlo (DSMC) method because of the difficulties associated with low density experimental testing. This is a continuation of that initial work in that we have now included the firing of select attitude control system (ACS) thrusters. This allows us to determine the overall effect of the jet firings, from the thrust of the jet, and the resultant changes in the flow field around the vehicle and the associated aerodynamic changes. The methodology involves calculating the nozzle and near field portions of the ACS jet with a traditional Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, and extracting the appropriate boundary condition information for the DSMC code. The CFD computations are done using a traditional vector supercomputer, while the DSMC computations are carried out in parallel on a CRAY T3E-600 computer.

ADAPTIVE SOLUTION OF A COMPRESSIBLE FLUID DYNAMICS PROBLEM BY OPTIMAL INCREMENTAL APPROXIMATION

A.J. Meade, A. Fernandez and D. Thomson
(1) - Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science. Rice University. E-mail : meade@rice.edu (2) - Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science. Rice University (3) - Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science. Rice University

ABSTRACT
A method of optimal incremental approximation for the solution of differential equations has been applied to a compressible fluid dynamics problem. The proposed method is adaptive in nature although a grid is neither built nor adapted in the traditional sense. The computational overhead of the aposteriori error estimation and adaptive process, present in traditional adaptive and multigrid techniques, is avoided; the "grid", defined by the location of the optimally selected basis functions, evolves with the solution. Moreover, complicated data structures are not required, since systems of equations are neither assembled nor solved, and numerical stability issues are limited to the nonlinear optimization process. Computational cost is reduced while efficiency is enhanced by the solution of the low - dimensional optimization problems by the parallel direct search (PDS) technique which features concurrent function evaluations. Readily parameterized low - order functions, and their bilinear products, have been used to ensure simplicity and computational efficiency. The algorithm can be initialized with an empty set of basis functions and should be able to utilize a broad class of functions. Numerical results are presented and compared to conventional methods. The accuracy is considered satisfactory.

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A STABILIZED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION PROBLEMS

E. Onate and J. Garcia
(1) - International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE). E-mail : onate@cimne.upc.es (2) - CIMNE. Universidad Politecnica de Cataluna

ABSTRACT
Accurate prediction of the fluid-structure interaction effects for a totally or partially submerged body in a flowing liquid including a free surface is a problem if great relevance in offshore engineering and naval architecture among many other fields. The difficulties in accurately solving the coupled fluid-structure interaction problem in this case are mainly due to the following reasons: - The difficulty of solving numerically the incompressible fluid dynamic equations which typically include intrinsic non linearities. - The obstacles in solving the constraint equation stating that at the free surface the fluid particles remain on that surface which position is in turn unknown. - The difficulties in solving the motion of the submerged body due to the interaction forces while minimizing the distorsion of the finite element mesh. This paper presents a stabilized finite element method which allows to overcome above three obstacles. The starting point are the modified governing differential equations for the incompressible viscous flow and the free surface condition incorporating the necessary stabilization terms via a finite increment calculus (FIC) procedure developed by the authors [1-2]. The modified governing equations are solved in space-time using a semi-implicit fractional step approach and the finite element method (FEM). Free surface wave effects are accounted for via the introduction of a prescribed pressure at the free surface computed from the wave height. The movement of the submerged body within the fluid due to the interaction forces is treated by solving a structural dynamic problem using the fluid forces as input loads. A method to update the mesh for the fluid domain following the movement of the submerged body which minimizes element distorsion is presented. The mesh update procedure is based on the iterative finite element solution of a linear elastic problem on the mesh domain. The content of the paper is structured as follows. First details of the stabilized semi-implicit fractional step approach using the FEM is described. Next the mesh updating procedure is presented. Finally some examples of coupled fluid-interaction problems involving free surface waves are given.

REFERENCES
[1] E. Onate , "Derivation of stabilized equations for advective-diffusive transport and fluid flow problems", Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Engng., Vol. 151, 1-2, pp. 233-267, 1998. [2] E. Onate , J. Garcia and S. Idelsohn , "Computation of the stabilization parameter for the finite element solution of advective-diffusive problems", Int. J. Num. Meth. Fluids, Vol. 25, pp. 1385-1407, 1997.

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Minisymposium

Computational Durability Mechanics

Franz-Josef Ulm and Yunping Xi
SESSION 1
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF WEAK COUPLED EFFECTS IN SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN NON-SATURATED POROUS MEDIA J. Sicard and I. Mathieu .................................................................................................................................................592 CHEMOPLASTIC SWELLING DUE TO ALKALI-SILICA REACTION F.J. Ulm, O. Coussy and L. Kefei ...................................................................................................................................593 EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON ALKALI-SILICA REACTION IN CONCRETE: CHEMO-FRACTURE ANALYSIS Z.P. Bazant, G. Zi, A. Steffens and F.J. Ulm...................................................................................................................593 IMPULSE DETECTION OF DETERIORATION IN CYLINDRICAL MEMBERS R. Laverty, J. Kainz and M.L. Peterson ..........................................................................................................................594 DIFFUSION OF CHLORIDE IN NON-SATURATED CONCRETE A.N. Ababneh and Y. Xi ..................................................................................................................................................594

SESSION 2
INTEGRATED MICROMECHANICS OF HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS E. Berger, J.C. Browne, Y. Fu, J.R. Overfelt , G.J. Rodin, S. Mitra and R.A. van de Geijn ............................................595 PREDICTION OF AGING INDUCED FREQUENCY SHIFT OF CRYSTAL RESONATORS BY MARKOV CHAIN MODEL W. Zhang, R. Morris, Y. Xi and Y.S. Roh ........................................................................................................................595 AN ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL FOR SUPERELASTIC SHAPE-MEMORY ALLOYS UNDER CYCLIC LOADING CONDITIONS F. Auricchio, L.M. De Marco and E. Sacco....................................................................................................................596 SIMULATION OF THE PROPAGATION OF ULTRASONIC PULSES IN WELDED SPECIMENS P.P. Delsanto, G. Maizza, D. Olivero and M. Scalerandi...............................................................................................597 THERMO-HYGRAL AND FRACTURE ANALYSIS MODELING CONCRETE AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES: IMPLICATIONS ON STRAIN LOCALIZATION G. Heinfling, J.F. Georgin and J.M. Reynouard.............................................................................................................597

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MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF WEAK COUPLED EFFECTS IN SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN NON-SATURATED POROUS MEDIA
J. Sicard and I. Mathieu
(1) - LMT - Civil engineering department, ENS de Cachan, France. E-mail : Jean.Sicard@dgc.ens-cachan.fr (2) - LMT - Civil engineering department. ENS de Cachan

ABSTRACT
The study of solute transport in non saturated and non isothermal porous media is very complex because a lot of phenomena occur (diffusion, convection, dispersion, evaporation-condensation, sorptiondesorption, heat transfers...). In many cases a macroscopic approach can be used : a representative elementary volume (REV) is defined and the medium is described by macroscopic parameters which are valid at this scale. But the classical laws (Fourier, Darcy, Fick) are enable to take into account all the phenomena especially the coupled effects For this reason thermodynamics of irreversible processes (TIP) is used to obtain rigorously the equations which describe the problem from the theory. Transfers are irreversible phenomena due to mechanical, physical, chemical, thermal or electric imbalances. They appear when the gradient of an intensive variable, named "thermodynamic force", creates a "thermodynamic flux". TIP is suitable for the study of these transfers : it will give a description of phenomena that may occur in porous media : - all direct effects like Fourier's law, Fick's law or Darcy law. - all coupled effects like Soret effect (thermal gradient influence on the solute mass flux in the liquid phase), Dufour effect (solute concentration gradient influence on heat flux) or thermodiffusion (thermal flux influence on vapor diffusion). TIP is based on the writing of the entropy source due to irreversible processes. For non saturated porous media, each phase is described in its own barycentric movement, consequently Gibbs relations are written for every one of them. This description, called by Benet and Truesdell and Toupin "surrender of the sole barycentric movement concept" is essential to describe correctly physical phenomena in non saturated porous media. Actually, phases fill zones which are spatially disconnected. This implies the existence of flux of momentum and some friction phenomena which could not be taken into account in a classical method. The porous medium is defined as a multiphase material body. Each phase is regarded as a continuum : - the first phase is the solid matrix. - the second phase called liquid phase is formed by liquid water and solutes. - the third phase called gaseous phase is formed by vapor and air. Some assumptions are made to simplify the problem : the porous medium is regarded as isotropic and homogeneous, the solid matrix will keep its shape, the liquid phase is supposed to be incompressible. Local thermodynamic equilibrium is supposed. Electric phenomena and radiant transfers are not considered. The gaseous phase is taken as a mixture of perfect gases, the solution is ideal. Four stages constitute the model elaboration : - Writing balance equations of mass, momentum and energy for each phase and for each constituent. - Writing the entropy variation for each phase with the Gibbs relation. - Formulation of the thermodynamic fluxes. - Introduction of the state equations. A long and complex development leads to a mathematical system of four partial differential equations according to four unknowns which express all the direct and coupled effects. We can rediscover the classical laws (Fourier, Darcy, Fick) and classical effects. Only some the coupled effects are taken into account for our application to radioactive waste repositories. This is introduced in the French software CESAR-LCPC for civil engineering.

CHEMOPLASTIC SWELLING DUE TO ALKALI-SILICA REACTION

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F.J. Ulm, O. Coussy and L. Kefei

(1) - Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees. E-mail : ulm@lcpc.fr (2) - Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees, Paris, France. (3) - Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees, Paris, France.

ABSTRACT
The swelling induced by the Alkali-Silica reaction (ASR) in concrete has been modelled in the past mainly by analogy with thermal dilatation, assuming hence an elastic (micro-)origin of the macroscopically observed swelling. However, recent experimental results clearly show that the ASRswelling is related to irreversible skeleton deformation induced by pressure build-up due to gel formation [1]. From this physical origin, stress induced anisotropy and chemical dilatation behavior are readily understood. The paper presents a chemoplastic constitutive model for ASR-swelling, suitable for the implementation in finite element programs. The model accounts explicitly for the extent of the ASRreaction kinetics, and its coupling with the pressure build-up in the framework of chemoplasticity [2]. The model allows for the prediction of the long-term behavior and the durability assessment of ASR-affected structures.

REFERENCES
[1] Larive, C. (1997). "Combined experimental and theroretical approach for the understanding of the AlkaliAggregate Reaction, and its mechanical effects", Ph.D.-thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussees, Paris, France (in French). [2] Coussy, O. and Ulm, F.-J. (1996). "Creep and plasticity due to chemo-mechanical couplings", Archive of Applied Mechanics, 66, 523-535.

EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON ALKALI-SILICA REACTION IN CONCRETE: CHEMO-FRACTURE ANALYSIS

Z.P. Bazant, G. Zi, A. Steffens and F.J. Ulm
(1) - Northwestern University, Department of Civil Engineering. E-mail : z-bazant@nwu.edu (4) - Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees. E-mail : ulm@lcpc.fr

ABSTRACT
The alkali-silica reaction is an important factor in long-time degradation of many concrete structures, and is also the limiting factor for the use of waste glass in concrete. Decreasing the particle size (agrregate pieces or glass particles) augments the surface-to-volume ratio and thus is expected to intensify the reaction. However, as recently discovered at C. Meyer and co-workers, there exists, surprisingly, a certain pessimum size below which a further reduction of particle size mitigates the deleterious effects of the reaction on the strength and volume expansion, and below certain other still smaller particle size, there is no deleterious effect any more. This startling phenomenon of potentially great practical impact is explained by fracture mechanics, chemical reaction kinetics and diffusion analysis. The focus of the analysis is on the effect of random flaws near the surface of an expanding praticle, and the swelling (with swelling pressure) of the alkali-silica gel caused by imbibition of water supplied by diffusion processes.

IMPULSE DETECTION OF DETERIORATION IN CYLINDRICAL MEMBERS

R. Laverty, J. Kainz and M.L. Peterson
(1) - Mechanical Engineering Dept. Colorado State University (2) - Mechanical Engineering Dept. Colorado State University (3) - Department of Mechanical Engineering. Colorado State University. E-mail : mick@lamar.ColoState.EDU
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ABSTRACT
For non-destructive testing of timber and concrete columns knowledge about wave propagation in a cylinder is critical. In this paper, solutions are sought for the equations of motion for a semi-infinite elastic cylinder subject to a pressure step applied at one end. In transformed space the Pochhammer-Chree modes of an infinite cylinder are used as eigenfunctions and the transformed solution is expressed as an eigenfunction expansion. The exact solution is then represented as a Bromwich integral of this expansion. Previously, this integral solution was evaluated asymptotically rendering the solution invalid near the end of the cylinder. We propose a numerical inversion of the transformed solution that converts the inversion into a problem of optimization. The results are compared with the asymptotic solution at large distances down the cylinder. We also explore the usefulness of this method near the end of the cylinder. Applicability of the solution is considered for several problems of general interest in non-destructive testing using impulse excitation.

DIFFUSION OF CHLORIDE IN NON-SATURATED CONCRETE

A.N. Ababneh and Y. Xi
(1) - Dept. of Civil, Env. and Arch. Engineering. University of Colorado (2) - Dept. of Civil, Environmental & Aech. Engr, University of Colorado. E-mail : xiy@bechtel.colorado

ABSTRACT
The chloride diffusion in saturated concrete has been formulated and analyzed by many authors. In the practice, concrete is often used in non-saturated environment rather than the saturated condition. The diffusion of chloride ions in non-saturated concrete is driven mainly by three forces: (1) The first driving force is the diffusion of moisture. The moisture serves as the carrier of the chloride ion and the moisture migration is driven by the gradient of pore vapor pressure; (2) The second driving force is the nonuniform distribution of chloride ions, which is important for both saturated and nonsaturated concrete. Chloride ions diffuse from locations with high concentration to low concentration; (3) The third driving force is the ionic migration driven by an electric potential gradient which is important only in some special cases. The rapid chloride permeability test in ASTM C1202 and AASHTO T277 involves the effect of the second and the third driving forces, but not the first one. AASHTO T259-80 (90-day ponding test) involves the first and the second driving forces, but not the third one. In reality, the dominant driving forces for chloride penetration in the concrete of highway pavements and bridge decks are the first and the second ones, i.e. moisture diffusion and nonuniform chloride distribution. First of all, we will establish correct governing equations representing the three driving forces for the chloride diffusion. Then, the materials parameters involved in the governing equation will be briefly introduced, such as the moisture capacity, the moisture diffusivity, the chloride binding capacity and the chloride diffusivity. Numerical examples will be presented and compared with experimental results.

INTEGRATED MICROMECHANICS OF HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS

E. Berger, J.C. Browne, Y. Fu, J.R. Overfelt , G.J. Rodin, S. Mitra and R.A. van de Geijn
(1) - Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics. (2) - Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics. (3) - Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics

ABSTRACT
Micromechanical characterization of heterogeneous materials must involve integration of experimental and computational data derived from mechanical testing, non-destructive microstructural

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observation (CT, MRI), and solution of arising mathematical problems. The integration aspect may significantly affect the way the mathematical problems are formulated and solved. In this talk, we present results of preliminary work at TICAM that emphasize integrated micromechanical characterization of model and natural composite materials.

PREDICTION OF AGING INDUCED FREQUENCY SHIFT OF CRYSTAL RESONATORS BY MARKOV CHAIN MODEL
W. Zhang, R. Morris, Y. Xi and Y.S. Roh
(1) - Component Products Division, Motorola (2) - Component Products Division, Motorola (3) - Dept. of Civil, Environmental & Aech. Engr, University of Colorado. E-mail : xiy@bechtel.colorado

ABSTRACT
Frequency shift, due to crystal resonator aging, has been identified as one of the top quality problem of quartz crystal products. The issue often causes significant delays in the design and qualification of new products as well as costly modifications in existing products. The problem becomes more formidable due to the trend of device miniaturization and high precision standards for telecommunication applications. Since aging induced frequency changes happen during a long time frame, it is generally not practical to measure the frequency change directly. The long-term behavior of the devices is therefore often predicted with the short-term data obtained under an accelerated environment. On the other hand, significant randomness exists in the measurement of aging induced frequency shift. The probabilistic property of the phenomenon must then be taken into consideration when establishing models for the long-term prediction. Accelerated testing was performed for various types of crystal resonators. The crystal resonators were stored in environmental chambers with different elevated temperatures. The frequency shifts were measured at different testing periods. The obtained short-term test results were used for calibrating the probabilistic transition matrix of Markov chain model. The model can then be used for predicting the long-term frequency shift. One of the advantages of Markov chain model is that it predicts both average value and the variation of the frequency shift.

AN ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL FOR SUPERELASTIC SHAPE-MEMORY ALLOYS UNDER CYCLIC LOADING CONDITIONS
F. Auricchio, L.M. De Marco and E. Sacco
(1) - Dipartimento di Meccanica Strutturale - Universit di Pavia. E-mail : auricchio@ing.uniroma2.it (2) - Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica - Universit di Roma. E-mail : lucdema@tin.it (3) - Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale -Universit di Cassino. E-mail : sacco@ing.unicas.it

ABSTRACT
Shape-memory alloys (SMA) belong to an unique and intriguing family of materials, able to undergo reversible changes of the crystallographic structure, depending on the temperature and the state of stress. These changes can be interpreted as martensitic transformations between a crystallographic moreordered parent phase, the austenite (A), and a crystallographic less-ordered product phase, the martensite (S). In general, the austenite is stable at high values of temperatures and low values of stresses, while the martensite is stable at low values of temperatures and high values of stresses. This underlying material micro-mechanics is the key to explain an unusual macroscopic behaviour, that is the ability to recovery large amount of strains during loading-unloading cycles; this behaviour is known as Superelastic Effect. Due to superelasticity, shape-memory alloys lend themselves to be successfully adopted in a broad set of advanced and innovative applications.
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The high interest toward the use of SMA in commercially valuable applications clearly requires the use of accurate constitutive models during the device design phase. With respect to this aspect, the present work addresses a one-dimensional (1D) model able to reproduce the SMA superelastic behaviour under cyclic loading conditions. Considering the SMA response under cyclic loading conditions, we may note the presence of the superelastic behaviour at each single cycle; however, the material response progressively changes, reaching a limiting and stable path after few cycles. From a phenomenological point of view the stabilisation of the stress-strain curve can be condensed in the two following aspects: 1) there is a progressive decrement of the stress value at which the conversion of austenite into martensite starts; 2) there is a progressive increment of a residual permanent deformation. It is interesting to note that both the initial stress value for the AS Phase Transformation (PT) and the residual permanent deformation, indicated respectively as sAS and R, progressively change with the number of cycles and tend toward a final limiting value. The new model is based on the frame of internal variable continuum mechanics theory; in particular, we propose evolutionary equations for the internal variables, which are the martensite fraction and the material training variables. The material training is modelled by exponential equations, which describes the evolution of sAS and of the residual strain R. Attention is devoted to the integration of the model and to the formulation of a solution algorithm. The latter is obtained from a well-known family of elastic predictor-inelastic corrector algorithms, properly modified to take into account the type of evolution processes occurring in shape-memory materials. This aspect is of non-negligible interest for the development of computational tools to be used during the design process of SMA-based devices. The form of the tangent modulus consistent with the solution algorithm is also presented. The capacity of the model to reproduce experimental data has also been proven. Its ability to describe the material for complex loading history (partial loading-unloading pattern) has been numerically tested. In conclusion, the advantages of the presented model are the simplicity, the possibility of a robust solution algorithm and the ability to properly reproduce the superelastic behaviour under cyclic loading conditions.

SIMULATION OF THE PROPAGATION OF ULTRASONIC PULSES IN WELDED SPECIMENS

P.P. Delsanto, G. Maizza, D. Olivero and M. Scalerandi
(1) - Dip. di Fisica, Politecnico di Torino (2) - Dip. di Fisica, Politecnico di Torino (3) - Dip. di Fisica, Politecnico di Torino

ABSTRACT
The technology of metallic components welding represents a process, which by definition is critical. As a result of welding, a residual stress field is created with microcracks and other features, which may degrade the mechanical properties of the specimen, often in a very complex fashion. It is therefore necessary to develop efficient and reliable techniques for a quantitative nondestructive evaluation of welded specimens. Ultrasonic techniques are in many situations the tool of choice. In order to improve available ultrasonic techniques, it is useful to complement them with a good theoretical understanding of the ultrasonic wave propagation mechanisms. The Local Interaction Simulation Approach (LISA) provides a convenient and reliable tool for the simulation of wave propagation in heterogeneous, anisotropic and flawed media. In the present contribution we show that it is possible to analyze welded specimens with LISA. The initial residual stress field is obtained by means of a special purpose code Sysweld, based on a finite elements technique, and included in the elastodynamic equation as an acoustoelastic correction.

THERMO-HYGRAL AND FRACTURE ANALYSIS MODELING CONCRETE AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES: IMPLICATIONS ON STRAIN LOCALIZATION
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G. Heinfling, J.F. Georgin and J.M. Reynouard

(1) - Research and Development Division, Electricit de France. E-mail : gcu@insa-lyon.fr (2) - Research and Development Division, Electricit de France (3) - U.R.G.C. - Structures, INSA de Lyon. E-mail : gcu@insa-lyon.fr

ABSTRACT
Heat and mass transfer and related mechanical effects in concrete structures subject to high temperatures are of great interest in safety evaluation of nuclear power installations or buildings, respectively against accidents or fires. The increase in the knowledge on the behaviour of concrete at elevated temperatures (Bazant and Kaplan, 1996) has recently led to various thermo-mechanical modelling approach (Heinfling et al. 1997, Baker and Stabler 1998) or thermo-hygro-mechanical approach (Heinfling et al. 1998, Gawin et al. 1999) for fracture of concrete at elevated temperature. The general issue of strain localisation in coupled diffusive and damage problems has recently been crutinised ( Gerard et al. 1998). This paper aims at investigating this issue in the case of the chaining of a diffusive type thermo-hygral analysis model with a plasticity based model for cracking of concrete at elevated temperatures (Heinfling et al. 1998). In the studied model, an uncoupled two step approach is adopted. The coupled thermo-hygral problem is solved. Diffusive type simplified governing equations accounting for non linearities due to phase changes and desorption are used. Their discretisation is carried out by finite elements in space and finite differences in time. In a second step, the Bishops stress (also called effective stress) responsible for all deformations in concrete is evaluated from the total stress tensor and the pore pressure. The temperature dependency of the Biots constant is accounted for and is identified from mercury porosimetry tests performed at different elevated temperatures. A thermoplasticity based model is used for the compressive and the cracking behaviour of concrete (Feenstra and de Borst 1995, Heinfling et al. 1997). The irreversible variations of the fracture properties of concrete with temperature are introduced. The behaviour of axisymmetrical high strength concrete specimens submitted to high temperatures (Noumowe et al.,1996) is analysed. A good agreement between predicted and experimental failure mode is shown to occur. The mesh dependency of the numerical solution is scrutinised. The capability of the introduction of a Duvaut-Lions type visco-plastic term to regularise localisation in that case is scrutinised. Results are discussed on the base of previous works considering the general regularisation property of viscoplastic operators (Sluys 1992, Georgin et al. 1997, Mnz et al. 1998) or particular coupled diffusion-fracture problems (Gerard et al. 1998, Van Zijl et al. 1998).

REFERENCES
[1] Bazant Z.P., Kaplan M., 1996, "Concrete at high temperatures : Material behaviour and mathematical modelling", London: Ed. Longman Concrete Design and Construction Series, 1996, 412p. [2] Baker G., Stabler J., 1998, "Computational modelling of thermally induced fracture in concrete", Computational Modelling of Concrete Structures, de Borst, pp. 467-480, Bicanic, Mang & Meschke (eds), Balkema, Rotterdam, 1998 [3] Feenstra P.H., de Borst R., 1995, "A plasticity model and algorithm for mode-I cracking in concrete", Int. J. Num. Meth. Engng, 1995, vol 38, pp. 2509-2529. [4] Gawin D., Majorana C.E., Schrefler B.A., 1999, "Numerical analysis of hygro-thermal behaviour and damage of concrete at high temperature", Mech. Cohes-frict. mater., 4, pp. 37-74 [5] Georgin J.F., Reynouard J.M., Merabet O., 1997, "Localisation in modelling of structures submitted to impact by viscoplasticity", Proc. 5th COMPLAS, Barcelona, 1997, pp. 1223-1228 [6] Gerard B., Pijaudier-Cabot C., Laborderie C., 1998, "Coupled diffusion-damage modelling and the implications on failure due to stress localisation", Int. J. Solids & Structures. [7] Heinfling G., Reynouard J.M., Merabet O., Duval C., "A thermo-elastic-plastic model for concrete at levated temperature including cracking and thermo-mechanical interaction strain", Proc. 5th COMPLAS, Barcelona, 1997, pp. 1493-1498 [8] Heinfling G., Reynouard J.M., 1998, "Numerical evaluation of the mechanical contribution of pore pressure in spalling of concrete at elevated temperatures", Mechanics of Quasi-Brittle Materials and Structures, pp. 187206, Pijaudier-Cabot, Bittnar, Gerard (Eds), Herms, Paris, 1998. [9] Mnz T., Willam K., Runesson K., Viscoplastic algorithmic operators and their localisation properties, Computational Modelling of Concrete Structures, pp. 219-230, de Borst, Bicanic, Mang & Meschke (eds), Balkema, Rotterdam, 1998 [10] Noumowe A., Clastres P., Debicki G., Costaz J.L., 1996, "Thermal stresses and water vapour pressure of high performance concrete at high temperature", proc. 4th International Symposium on Utilisation of High - Strength / High-Performance concrete, Paris, 1996, pp. 561-570. [11] Sluys B., 1992, "Wave propagation, localisation and dispersion in softening solids", Dissertation, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, 1992, 173 p.
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[12] van Zijl C.P.A.G., Rots J., de Borst R., 1998, "Finite element analysis of the interaction between moisture migration, creep, shrinkage and cracking", Computational Modelling of Concrete Structures, pp. 505-511, de Borst, Bicanic, Mang & Meschke (eds), Balkema, Rotterdam, 1998

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USNCCM99

Index

A Ababneh, A.N. ................528 Abadi, F.R.......................392 Abdalla, J.E.....................417 Abdul-Latif, A. ...............118 Abe, A.............................498 Abel, J.F..........................160 Aboudi, J.........................391 Abu-Farsakh, M.Y. .........493 Acharya, A........ 58, 126, 149 Ackermann, D...................29 Adachi, T. .........................46 Addessio, F.L....................34 Adley, M...........................32 Ahmed, Z. .......................502 Aifantis, E.C. ..................172 Ainsworth, M..................363 Akers, S. ...........................32 Akin, J.E. ........................515 Alart, P............................282 Alavilli, P........................149 Al-Ghamedy, H.N...........161 Ali, H. .............................500 Aliabadi, S. .....................518 Allix, O. ..........................332 Aluru, N.R. ............. 231, 311 Alves, J.D. ......................281 Alvin, K.F. .......... 12, 21, 448 Anand, L. ........................132 Anandarajah, A. ..............493 Andres, M. ......................247 Antunes, H.M..................486 Aoyama, S.......................313 Arduino, P.......................503 Argento, C.......................340 Arguello, J.G.....................40 Argyris, J.H.....................241 Armero, F.................... 33, 52 Armstrong, B.J................356 Arnold, S.M. ...................391 Arulanandan, K...............494 Asaro, R.J. ......................394 Askes, H..........................325 Assadi, A. .......................185 Atluri, S.N.......................293 Au, S.K. ............................13 Aubry, D. ..........................57 Auricchio, F. ........... 251, 529 Averill, R.C.....................412 vila, A.F. ......................188 Ayari, L.............................71 Aziz, M.J...........................72 B Baaijens, F.P. ..................380 Babaei, R. .......................396 Babuska, I.187, 242, 311, 362
USNCCM99

Baehmann, P................... 407 Bailey, C......................... 189 Bajer, A. ................. 201, 286 Baker, G. .................. 25, 336 Baker, T.J. ........................ 95 Balah, M. ........................ 161 Bammann, D................... 128 Bank, R.E. ...................... 363 Bao, Y. ........................... 466 Barbe, F. ......................... 191 Barbone, P.E..... 62, 140, 214 Barboteu, M.................... 282 Bardenhagen, S....... 294, 303 Barth, W. ........................ 456 Barton, N. ....................... 126 Barvosa-Carter, W............ 72 Bar-Yoseph, P.Z.149, 417, 457 Bass, J............................. 515 Bassman, L. .................... 229 Basu, P............................ 171 Baumann, C.E................. 509 Baxter, S. ........................ 243 Baylot, J.T. ..................... 356 Bayne, L.B...................... 103 Bazant, Z.P.32, 115, 320, 527 Beall, M.W. .............. 98, 234 Beardsley, P.J. .................. 22 Beaudoin, A.J. 126, 128, 130 Beaugonin, M. ................ 349 Beck, J.L........................... 13 Becker Jr., T.L................ 398 Becker, E.B. ................... 288 Becq-Giraudon, E........... 115 Behr, M........................... 515 Beissel, S.R..................... 294 Beldica, C.E.................... 277 Belk, D.M....................... 287 Belsky, V. ....................... 345 Belytschko, T. ...... 8, 32, 304 Benallal, A........................ 26 Bennethum, L.S...... 479, 510 Benney, R. ...................... 519 Bennison, S....................... 31 Benson, D.J. ................... 372 Benzley, S................... 89, 94 Beraun, J.E. .................... 308 Bercovier, M..................... 93 Bergan, P. ....................... 159 Berger, C.V. ..................... 71 Berger, E......................... 528 Bertoluzza, S. ................. 217 Bertram, A. ..................... 127 Berzins, M. ..................... 200 Bessette, G.C. ................. 288 Betsch, P........................... 54 Bevins, T.L..................... 356 Beyerlein, I.J. . 430, 433, 438

Bhardwaj, M. ............21, 448 Bhate, D.N. .....................229 Bhavsar, S. ......................198 Bi, X................................430 Bicanic, N. ......................328 Bielak, J.............................67 Biros, G. ..........................275 Bischoff, M. ............163, 213 Bishnoi, K. ......................355 Biswas, R. .......................200 Bittencourt, M.L.203, 272, 468 Bittnar, Z. ........................379 Blackwell, B.F.................245 Blanchard, P....................366 Blelloch, G. .....................461 Bletzinger, K.U. ..............157 Blumenfeld, R. ................179 Bo, W. .......................70, 320 Bobaru, F.........................309 Boehlke, T.......................127 Bohr, E. ...........................410 Bolander Jr., J.E. .............396 Boman, E.........................198 Bomme, P........................236 Bond, L. ..........................117 Bonnet, M. ........................74 Borino, G.........................378 Borja, R.I...................40, 495 Borouchaki, H. ................109 Bouchelaghem, F. ...........480 Boucheron, E.A...............208 Boukpeti, N. ....................495 Bout, A............................344 Bower, A. ........................229 Boyce, D. ........................373 Brackbill, J. .............294, 303 Brasil Jr., A.C..................219 Breitkopf, P. ....................301 Brekelmans, W.A. ...........380 Brezzi, F..........................211 Brocca, M................115, 320 Broughton, J.Q. ...............426 Brown, G.........................173 Browne, J.C.....................528 Brunner, W......................481 Brust, F.W.......................437 Buergi, M. .......................256 Bullard, J.W. ...................191 Buryachenko, V.A.127, 173, 340 C Cai, G. .......................80, 191 Cailletaud, G. ..................191 Camarero, R. .....................87 Caner, F.............................32 Cannon, R.M. ..................398 Cao, J. .............................410
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Index

Cardona, A........................60 Carey, G.F............... 206, 456 Carini, A. ..........................72 Carmeliet, J.....................328 Carol, I. ................... 122, 322 Carosio, A. ........................38 Carpenter, R.D. ....... 398, 401 Carvalho, M.T.................102 Castillo, V.......................357 Cavalcante Neto, J.B.......102 Cebral, J.R. .......................96 Celentano, D. .......... 134, 518 Cervenka, J. ....................321 Cervenka, V. ...................321 Cervera, M. .......................39 Chaboche, J.L. ................338 Chamecki, M...................417 Champaney, L.................376 Chan, A.H. ......................506 Chan, Y.S........................393 Chang, C.W. ...................349 Chang, S.S. .....................253 Chapman, C. ...................333 Charalambides, P.G. .......333 Charles, R. ........................84 Chastel, Y.B....................126 Chaudhuri, R.A...............190 Chaves, R..........................68 Chen, B.C. ......................401 Chen, C.L........................413 Chen, C.M.......................179 Chen, C.N. ......................382 Chen, C.S. ............... 349, 439 Chen, E.Y. ......................435 Chen, G.............................25 Chen, J.K. .......................308 Chen, J.S.117, 289, 293, 302, 500 Chen, L. ..........................397 Chen, S............................144 Chen, Z. ............................41 Cheng, X.........................180 Cheung, W. .....................482 Chippada, S.....................149 Cho, J.R. .........................395 Cho, K.............................428 Choi, K.K........................302 Choi, Y.J. ........................315 Chrisochoides, N...............99 Christon, M.A. 207, 301, 456 Chuang, P.H....................488 Chung, P.W............. 176, 359 Cingoski, V. ....................100 Cividini, A. .......................46 Clough, R.W. ..................386 Clouteau, D. ......................57 Cochran, R.J. ..................245 Codina, R. .......................214 Coleman, J. .....................489 Commend, S. ..................236
Page 534

Conley, P.A. ................... 372 Copps, K......................... 311 Coronado M., A...... 416, 474 Couchman, L.S. .............. 139 Coupez, T. ...................... 103 Coussy, O. ...................... 527 Coutinho, A.L................. 274 Cox, B............................. 332 Cox, B.N......................... 341 Craig, A. ......................... 443 Cruchaga, M. .................. 518 Cruse, T.A. ....................... 77 Cullum, J. ....................... 270 Cushman, J.H. ........ 479, 510 D D'Addetta, G.A. .............. 322 Dalrymple, T. ................. 418 Daniel, W.J............... 56, 256 Danielson, K.T. .............. 296 Darbha, K. .............. 175, 204 Dasgupta, A. ........... 175, 204 Datye, D.V...................... 253 Davidsson, P................... 147 Dawson, C. ..................... 241 Dawson, P....... 126, 129, 373 Day, D.M.................. 21, 448 de Borst, R.9, 27, 318, 478, 507 de Carvalho Silva, C.A... 468 De Groot, A.J. ................ 357 De Marco, L.M............... 529 De Mulder, T. ................. 215 de Sampaio, P.A. ............ 461 de Saxce, G............... 38, 132 Deal, M........................... 229 Deliktas, B...................... 115 Delsanto, P.P. ................. 530 Demkowicz, L.84, 201, 286, 367 Denda, M.......................... 82 Dennis, B.H. ..................... 16 Dennis, S.T..................... 356 Deshpande, A.M............. 186 Detournay, E..................... 81 Devaney, J. ..................... 192 Devine, K.D.................... 198 Dewoolkar, M.M. ........... 506 Dey, S. ............................ 139 Di Loreto, M................... 251 di Prisco, C. .................... 172 Di Tolla, F.D. ................. 193 Diepers, H.J. ................... 133 Dingli, J.P....................... 118 Divo, E. ............................ 73 do Carmo, E.G................ 446 Doebling, S.W. ................. 22 Doege, E. ........................ 105 Dohrmann, C.R. 56, 162, 280 Dolbow, J. ........................ 32

Dompierre, J......................87 Dong, C. ............................74 Dong, Q.............................18 Dostl, Z..........................450 Douchin, B. .....................332 Douglas, C.C. ..................272 Dowding, K.J. ...........18, 245 Doyle, M.J.......................187 Dragon, A........................114 Drake, R.R...............207, 364 Drescher, A. ....................495 Driscoll, T.A. ..................140 Druguet, M.C. .................458 Dual, J. ............................420 Duarte, A.V. ....................446 Duarte, C.A. ....297, 364, 473 Dubois, F.........................449 Duchne, L. .....................119 Dulikravich, G.S. ..............16 Dumont, N.A.....................68 Dunn, M.L.......................435 Dureisseix, D.170, 376, 445, 451 Dusseault, M.B................511 Dutton, R.W. ...................230 Duysens, J. ......................414 E Eberlein, R.H...................255 Eghbalnia, H....................185 El-Abbasi, N....................285 Elsaid, F. .........................503 Emerya, M.H...................358 Erdogan, F.......................391 Eriksson, G......................195 Essers, J.A. ......................271 Etse, G...............................38 Etzion, M...........................93 Evangelinos, C. ...............202 F Fairweather, G...................75 Fannjiang, A.C. .......393, 402 Fares, N.F........................240 Farhat, C.145, 152, 153, 445, 451 Farmer, B.L. ....................192 Faust, G. ..........................257 Feenstra, P.H.....................42 Felippa, C.A. ...........145, 448 Felkerb, F.F. ....................358 Feng, Y.T. ...............269, 379 Fenton, G.A.....................496 Ferencz, R.M...................360 Fernandez, A. ..................523 Feyel, F. ..................338, 453 Fichtner, W. ..............97, 226 Fine, L. ............................107 Fish, J. .....................178, 193 Flaherty, J.E. ...................199
USNCCM99

Index

Florie, C.J. ......................346 Forest, S. .........................191 Fortin, J...........................132 Fortin, M.........................367 Fossum, A.F......................40 Franca, L.P.............. 211, 220 Frangi, A. ..........................67 Frangopol, D.M. .............247 Freitag, L.A............... 88, 205 Fu, Y. ................ 78, 183, 528 Fuschi, P. ........................378 G Gamezoc, V. ...................358 Gao, H............... 36, 228, 426 Garala, H.J. .....................190 Garcia, J. ................. 220, 524 Garikipati, K. .. 128, 226, 229 Garimella, R.V.. 97, 108, 462 Garner, S.B. ....................356 Gasser, T.C. ....................250 Gawin, D.........................478 Ge, S. ..............................484 Geers, M.G. ....................164 Geers, T.L. ......................142 Geisenhofer, M. ..............243 Gelfgat, A.Y....................457 Gelten, C. ........................344 Gendron, G. ....................367 Gens, A. ..........................481 George, P.L.....................109 Georgin, J.F. ...................531 Gerdes, K. .......................201 Gerlach, C. ......................304 Gerstle, W.H. ..................236 Geubelle, P.H..................430 Geuzaine, P.M. ...............271 Ghanem, R. ..... 240, 242, 245 Gharaibeh, E.S. ...............247 Ghattas, O. .............. 275, 461 Ghosh, S..........................170 Gibeling, J.C. .......... 398, 401 Gioda, G............................46 Glimm, J. ................ 186, 244 Glodez, S. .......................431 Gobinath, T.....................409 Gomez Neto, F.A............450 Goncalves, P.B. ..............486 Goossens, S.E. ................449 Gosz, M. .........................351 Goujon, D. ......................192 Govindjee, S. ..................227 Graham, L. ......................243 Graillet, D. ......................280 Granville, D. .....................60 Gray III, G.T...................131 Gray, L.J. ..........................72 Griffiths, D.V..................496 Grimes, R........................268 Grohmann, B.A...............148
USNCCM99

Gross, T.S....................... 436 Grote, D.L. ..................... 329 Grove, D.J. ..................... 360 Grundmann, H. ............... 243 Gu, C. ............................. 132 Gu, J. ................................ 61 Gu, P............................... 394 Guerlement, G. ................. 38 Guibault, F........................ 87 Gumaste, U..................... 448 Gunasegaram, D. ............ 134 Gutierrez, M.A. ................ 27 Guzina, B.................. 76, 116 H Ha, D.Y. ......................... 395 Haber, R.B........ 58, 131, 471 Habraken, A.M. .............. 119 Hafez, M......................... 522 Hagedorn, J..................... 192 Hallquist, J...................... 347 Halm, D. ......................... 114 Hammi, Y. ...................... 120 Hamzeh, O.N.. 297, 364, 473 Hansbo, P. .............. 145, 366 Hansen, E. ...................... 319 Hanson, J.H. ................... 326 Hao, S. ............ 296, 300, 303 Hao, W. .......................... 294 Haque, A......................... 504 Harari, I. ................. 140, 214 Hardeman, B................... 235 Harimoto, M. .................. 129 Haroldsen, D................... 521 Hassan, O. ...................... 103 Haug, E........................... 349 Hayhurst, C.J. ................. 306 Hazama, O. ..................... 312 Heegaard, J.H. .. 60, 254, 284 Heeres, O.M. .................. 507 Heinfling, G.................... 531 Heinstein, M.W. 56, 162, 280 Hemez, F.M...................... 22 Hendrickson, B.A. .. 198, 207 Hermansson, J. ............... 145 Hernandez, G.................. 181 Hilton, H.H. .................... 277 Hirai, T. .......................... 397 Hiraiwa, K. ..................... 129 Hirano, T. ....................... 400 Hjiaj, M. ................... 38, 132 Hobbs, B.E. .................... 505 Hofstetter, G. .................. 508 Hogge, M........................ 280 Holst, M.......................... 363 Holzapfel, G.A. .............. 250 Holzer, S......................... 106 Hong, W.I....................... 161 Honjo, Y. .......................... 14 Hoover, C.G. .................. 357

Hori, M............................247 Hovey, B. ..........................60 Hsieh, S.H. ......................276 Hu, J. ...............131, 272, 471 Huan, R. ..................141, 142 Huang, G. ........................412 Huang, J. .................131, 471 Huang, Y. ..........................36 Huerta, A...................33, 506 Hughes, T.J.54, 128, 143, 205, 215, 264, 515 Hui, P.M..........................392 Hulbert, G.M.59, 61, 262, 263, 264 Humphrey, J.D. ...............252 Hunter, K.S. ....................142 Hurtado, I. .......................195 Hutchinson, J.W................36 Hutter, R..........................258 Hyland, R. ...............131, 471 I Ianculescu, C...................142 Idelsohn, S.217, 220, 298, 521 Iizuka, M. ........................497 Ikeda, K...........................424 Ilyushin, B.B. ..................457 Indraratna, B. ..................504 Ingber, M...........................81 Ingraffea, A.R.69, 102, 234, 326, 439 Iordache, M.M. .................37 Iraha, S. ...........................304 Ishii, G.....................153, 460 Issa, R..............................346 Iwamiya, T. .......................14 J Jacobsen, K.W. ...............193 Jaeger, M.........................516 Jagota, A. ..................31, 338 James, M. ........................235 Jansen, K.E......204, 212, 462 Javadi, A.A........................47 Jedlitschka, G. ...................47 Jenkins, C.H. ...........159, 350 Jenssen, C.B. ...................146 Jeong, S. ............................14 Jeremic, B. ......................498 Ji, C. ................................171 Ji, H.................................510 Jih, C.J.............................308 Jinn, J.T...........................440 Joachim, C.E. ..................356 Johannesson, P. ...............432 Johnson, A.......................212 Johnson, G.R. ..................294 Johnson, J.N. .....................34 Jones, R. ..........................283
Page 535

Index

Jorge, A.B. ........................77 Ju, J.W. ................... 119, 172 K Kagawa, T.......................498 Kainz, J. ..........................527 Kaiss, A. .........................516 Kakuda, K............... 153, 460 Kallinderis, Y............ 95, 201 Kalro, V. ................. 149, 519 Kammer, D.C....................12 Kang, H...........................375 Kaplan, M.L....................284 Kaplan, T. .........................72 Karafillis, A. ...................409 Karageorghis, A................75 Karamete, B.K. ......... 98, 108 Karamihas, S.M. .............265 Karniadakis, E.................202 Karniadakis, G.E.............150 Karutz, H. .......................313 Kashiyama, K. ................515 Kassab, A.J. ......................73 Kassegne, S.K.................237 Katafygiotis, L.S...............13 Kauer, M.........................420 Kawabata, H. ..................313 Kawai, T. ........................164 Kawashima, T. ................307 Keck, J. ...........................377 Keese, A..........................244 Kefei, L...........................527 Kemmler, R.....................469 Key, S.W... 56, 162, 280, 344 Khawaja, A. ......................95 Kikuchi, N.8, 179, 262, 263, 264, 401, 424, 472 Kim, B.G.........................395 Kim, C. ...........................367 Kim, D. ...........................190 Kim, N.H. .......................302 Kim, S.J. .........................315 Kim, Y.H. ............... 161, 286 Kimsey, K.D. .......... 299, 354 Kioussis, N......................194 Kirby, R.M......................150 Klaas, O. .........................305 Klawonn, A.....................446 Kleiber, M.......................466 Klein, P.A. ......................426 Klerck, P.A. ....................375 Klubertanz, G..................480 Knepley, M. ....................520 Knobloch, P. ...................211 Knyazev, A. ............ 268, 444 Ko, H.Y...........................506 Kobayashi, S. ....................78 Kobayashi, T...................517 Kocak, S..........................334 Kojima, Y. ......................262
Page 536

Kok, S............................. 130 Kokossalakis, G.............. 470 Kolednik, O. ................... 394 Kong, J.S. ....................... 247 Koobus, B....................... 152 Koric, S........................... 277 Kormi, K......................... 250 Kosmatka, J.B. ............... 158 Kotsopulos, A................. 241 Krach, W. ....................... 256 Kraetzig, W.B............. 34, 35 Krajcinovic, D. ............... 114 Kraska, M. ...................... 127 Kratzig, W.B. ................. 313 Krause, J. .......................... 97 Krause, R. ....................... 234 Kroplin, B....................... 148 Krysl, P........................... 379 Kuhl, D. ............................ 51 Kuhl, E. .................... 42, 322 Kulkarni, S...................... 235 Kumar, A. ............... 129, 229 Kurobayashi, I. ................. 18 Kurzweil, H.C................... 47 Kvamsdal, T. .. 146, 147, 369 Kwak, B.M. .................... 286 Kyoya, T......................... 424 L Labbe, P............................ 87 Labossiere, E.W. ............ 435 Labuz, J.F. ...................... 116 Lackner, R. ..................... 323 Ladeveze, P.170, 332, 366, 376 Lagaros, N. ..................... 470 Lai, M. .............................. 94 Laloui, L. ........................ 480 Lambrecht, M. .................. 26 Lambros, J. ..................... 430 Landsberga, A.M............ 358 Langer, S.A..................... 334 Larsson, F. ...................... 366 Larsson, J.......................... 27 Larsson, R......................... 27 Laschet, G....... 133, 221, 471 Laszloffy, A.................... 203 Laudon, M. ..................... 228 Laug, P. .......................... 109 Laursen, T.A................... 285 Laverty, R....................... 527 Law, K.H. ................... 19, 20 Lawson, L.R. .................. 435 Lawver, D....................... 408 LeBeau, G.J. ................... 523 Lebensohn, R.A.............. 126 Leclere, J.M...................... 57 Lee, D. ............................ 158 Lee, H.K. ........................ 119 Lee, J.K. ......................... 440

Lee, S.W..........................161 Lee, Y.H..........................120 Lefik, M. .........................478 Lehoucq, R.B. .................271 Leon, J.C. ........................107 Leveque, D. .....................332 Lewis, D............................53 Li, S.............28, 70, 294, 296 Li, X. ...............159, 350, 488 Li, X.D. .............................57 Li, X.S.............................494 Li, X.Y. ...........................101 Li, Z.................228, 413, 430 Liang, W.W.............398, 401 Libersky, L.D. .................296 Liebe, T. ..........................121 Lim, Y.H. ........................475 Lin, G. .............................430 Lin, J. ..............................171 Liszka, T.J...............297, 473 Littlefield, D.L.287, 288, 381 Liu, H.Y. .........................339 Liu, W.K. ..................28, 295 Liu, X. .....................159, 350 Liu, Y. .................72, 79, 144 Loge, R.E. .......................126 Lohner, R. .........................96 Lomtev, I.........................150 Long, D.S. .......................231 Long, J.............................203 Lpez, C.M. ....................322 Loy, R. ............................205 Lu, H. ..............................189 Lu, J. .........................79, 377 Lu, S..................................71 Lukasiewicz, S.A. ...........396 Luo, J. ...............................79 Lyly, M. ..........................218 Lynch, J.P..........................20 M Ma, D. .............................471 Ma, Z.D.....................61, 262 Mabuchi, M.....................402 Macari, E.J. .....................503 Machiels, L......................369 MacNeal, R.H. ................387 Mai, Y.W. .......................339 Maier, G. ...........................67 Maizza, G........................530 Malcevic, I. .....................461 Malhotra, M. ...................139 Mallikamas, W. ...............482 Malyukova, M.G. ............440 Mammoli, A. .....................81 Mandel, J.........................445 Mang, H.A...............318, 323 Manzari, M.T. .................499 Manzoli, O. .......................39 Mark, A. ..........................354
USNCCM99

Index

Markworth, A.J...............392 Marshall, G. ....................194 Martha, L.F. ....................102 Marthinsen, A. ..................55 Martinez, D.R. ..................12 Martings, C.H. ................486 Martins, M.A. .................274 Martys, N. .......................192 Masquelier, M.................228 Massabo, R. ....................341 Masud, A. .......................218 Mathieu, I........................526 Mathisen, K.M. ...............368 Matous, K. ......................177 Matsui, K. .........................18 Matsumoto, T....................80 Matsumoto, Y. ................522 Matsushima, K..................14 Matthies, H.G..................244 Maudlin, P.J.............. 34, 131 McDevitt, T.W................285 McKay, M.D...................246 McLay, R. .......................456 McMahon, G.W. .............356 McMeeking, R.M............332 McMorris, H. ..................201 Meade, A.J......................523 Mear, M.E................... 69, 70 Medale, M.......................516 Meguid, S.A....................285 Meiggs, M.......................117 Meinen, J. .......................105 Mendelsohn, D.A............436 Meneses, J.......................498 Mereu, S..........................149 Meschke, G. ....................318 Meshii, M........................435 Meshkat, S. .......................92 Mzires, R. ....................414 Miccoli, S..........................68 Michaleris, P. ..................467 Miehe, C. .......... 26, 373, 377 Miller, G. ........................461 Min, S. ............................310 Mitchell, J.A. ..................336 Mitchell, S.A.....................89 Mitchell, W.F..................207 Mittal, S. .........................519 Mizutani, T. ....................247 Modak, S.........................277 Mos, N. ................... 32, 445 Mogilevskaya, S. ...... 81, 511 Mohammadi, B. ..............467 Mohan, R. ............... 354, 437 Monti, G..........................487 Moreira, M.L. .................461 Morgan, K.......................103 Moriarty, J.A...................423 Morris, R.........................529 Mosalam, K.M. ...............324
USNCCM99

Mota, A........................... 160 Moulinec, H.................... 181 Mousseau, C.W. ............. 265 Msallam, R. .................... 449 Muenz, T. ....................... 347 Mhlhaus, H.B. .............. 505 Mukherjee, S. ........... 75, 309 Mukherjee, Y.................... 75 Munir, Z.A...................... 401 Munz, C.D. ..................... 459 Murakami, A. ................. 313 Myers, C. ........................ 234 Myers, C.R. .................... 174 N Nagai, G. ........................ 273 Najjar, Y.M. ................... 500 Nakamachi, E. ................ 129 Nakamura, H. ................. 497 Nakanishi, K................... 310 Nakanishi, M. ................. 402 Namazifard, A. ....... 149, 274 Namburu, R.R......... 176, 356 Nash, J. ........................... 200 Natekar, D. ..................... 473 Nave, D.M. ....................... 99 Nawrocki, P.A. ............... 511 Neises, J.......................... 221 Nesliturk, A. ................... 211 Neuschutz, D. ................. 195 Nguyen, T....................... 134 Niederer, P...................... 258 Nietubicz, C.................... 520 Nikodym, L. ................... 408 Nilsson, L. ........................ 58 Nishimura, N. ................... 78 Nishio, Y. ....................... 400 Nishiwaki, S. .................. 262 Nix, W.D. ......................... 36 Noel, F............................ 110 Noguchi, H. .................... 307 Nogueira Jr., A.C............ 203 Nogueira, C.L. ................ 420 Noh, J. ............................ 333 Noh, S.Y........................... 35 Noor, A.K....................... 407 Nour, M.A. ..................... 499 Novotny, M.A................. 173 Nukala, P.K. ................... 381 Numasato, A................... 221 O Obayashi, S....................... 14 Oberai, A.A. ........... 139, 143 Oden, J.T.176, 242, 287, 362, 395 Oettl, G. .......................... 508 Ohayon, R....................... 145 Ohnimus, S. .................... 367 Ohtsubo, H. .................... 310

Oida, S...............................80 Oka, F..............................172 Okstad, K.M............147, 368 Okubo, S. ..........................62 Okuda, H. ................312, 497 Olivella, S........................481 Oliver, J.............................39 Olivero, D. ......................530 Oller, S. .............................33 Olson, L.G.........................15 Onate, E...220, 298, 521, 524 Orihara, K. ......................399 Ortiz, M.....29, 190, 372, 422 Osawa, Y.........................517 Oshima, M.......................517 Ostoja-Starzewski, M......178 Oti, J................................195 Overfelt, J.R. .....78, 183, 528 Owen, D.R.......................375 Owen, S.J. .........................90 Owren, B. ..........................55 P Pai, P.F. ...........................341 Pak, R.Y. ...................76, 506 Palazotto, A.N. ................341 Palmer, T.A. ....................306 Pamin, J...........................318 Pan, E. ...............................80 Panthaki, M.J. .................236 Papadimitriou, C. ..............13 Papadopoulos, P.281, 283, 374, 377 Papados, P.P....................355 Papadrakakis, M......241, 470 Parashar, M. ....................198 Park, K.C...........19, 145, 448 Park, S.W. .......................329 Parrinello, F.....................378 Parsons, I.D.............149, 274 Pasciak, J.E. ..............73, 275 Patella, V.........................256 Patera, A.T. .....................369 Patra, A.K................283, 447 Patzak, B. ........................379 Paulino, G.H.72, 324, 393, 401, 402 Pavarino, L.F...................443 Pearce, C.J.......................328 Pegon, P. .........................147 Pehlivanov, A..................206 Penet, L. ..........................348 Pengfu, T.........................195 Peraire, J..........................369 Perez-Foguet, A. .............506 Peric, D. ..........................379 Persson, P..........................58 Perucchio, R. ...................252 Pestana, J.M. ...................501 Peters, J. ..........................108
Page 537

Index

Peterson, M.L..................527 Peterson, R.C. .................175 Petryna, Y. ........................34 Phelan Jr., F.R.................175 Phillips, R. .............. 185, 422 Phoenix, S.L.... 430, 433, 438 Pian, T.H.........................387 Picu, C. ...........................184 Pidaparti, R.M.................334 Piltner, R.........................156 Pindera, M.J....................391 Pinsky, P.M.139, 230, 253, 428 Piperno, S........................145 Pivonka, P.......................318 Plassmann, P.....................88 Plaza, A...........................105 Plimpton, S.J...................207 Pomp, A. .........................226 Ponthot, J.P. ....................280 Pourboghrat, F. ...............412 Pressel, D. .......................520 Prevost, J.H............. 427, 497 Prieler, R.........................133 Prudhomme, S.................362 Puppin-Macedo, A. .........445 Puso, M.A. ......................162 Q Quaranta, F. ....................281 Quarshie, S......................237 Quarteroni, A. .................520 Quilici, S. ........................191 R Rachowicz, W......... 201, 367 Radakovic-Guzina, Z. .....117 Radovitzky, R. ........ 190, 372 Rahman, S.......................434 Rahulkumar, P. .................31 Rajadhyaksha, S.M. ........467 Rajakapse, N. ....................82 Rajaram, H......................482 Rajendran, A.M. .............360 Ramanarayanan, P. .........428 Ramm, E.42, 51, 151, 163, 213, 322, 469 Rammerstorfer, F.G. .......256 Randles, P.W. .................296 Rao, V.S..........................226 Rappoport, A. ...................93 Rashid, M.M. ....................30 Rassineux, A. ..................104 Rebaine, A. .....................216 Reddy, J.N. ..... 336, 392, 400 Reddy, M.P. ....................509 Reddy, S..........................418 Red-Horse, J. ..................242 Reese, G.M. .............. 21, 448 Regueiro, R.A. ..................40
Page 538

Reich, G.W. ...................... 19 Reich, R.W. .................... 205 Remacle, J.F. .. 348, 410, 411 Remondini, L.................. 107 Ren, Z. ............................ 431 Repetto, E.A. .......... 372, 422 Resta, M. .......................... 67 Rey, C............................. 452 Reynouard, J.M. ............. 531 Rhee, W............................ 22 Riaz, M.S........................ 412 Ribeiro, G. ........................ 77 Rickman, J...................... 185 Rifai, S.M. ...................... 264 Rikvold, P.A. .................. 173 Risler, F. ......................... 452 Ritchie, R.O.................... 398 Rivara, M.C. ................... 105 Rixen, D. ........................ 153 Rizos, D............................ 83 Rizzi, E. .......................... 122 Rizzo, F.J.......................... 71 Roberts, A.P. .................. 180 Rochinha, F.A... 52, 416, 474 Rodin, G.J......... 78, 183, 528 Rodriguez, F. .................... 73 Rodriguez-Ferran, A. 33, 506 Roehl, D. ........................ 393 Roh, Y.S. ........................ 529 Roknaldin, F. .................. 143 Roller, S.......................... 459 Romdhane, B. ................. 327 Romero, I.......................... 52 Romero, L....................... 271 Rossi, P........................... 327 Rostam-Abadi, F. ........... 263 Rothenburg, L................. 511 Rots, J.G. .................. 42, 478 Rougeot, P. ..................... 366 Roy, R............................... 30 Rubin, M.B..................... 488 Rudd, R........................... 426 Runesson, K.............. 36, 366 Rutten, H.S. .................... 320 Ryan, P.J......................... 154 Rychlik, I........................ 432 Rypl, D. .......................... 379 S Saad, Y. .......................... 268 Saanouni, K. ........... 118, 120 Sacco, C.......................... 298 Sacco, E.................. 251, 529 Sahu, B. .......................... 183 Sahu, J. ........................... 520 Sahu, R. .......................... 236 Saigal, S.............. 31, 90, 338 Saiki, I. ........................... 424 Saito, N........................... 402 Sakamoto, S.................... 245

Salamy, M.R. ..................326 Saleem, F.........................264 Salinger, A. .....................271 Salvadori, A. .............72, 325 Sameh, A.........................520 Sampaio, R. .......52, 416, 474 Sampath, R. .......................17 Samuelsson, A.................386 Sandberg, G.....................147 Sansour, C. ........................51 Sansour, J. .........................51 Santos, S.A......................450 Saran, M.J. ......................466 Sarin, V. ..........................520 Sastry, A.M. ............180, 428 Sauer, M..........................314 Savignat, J.M. .................104 Scalerandi, M. .................530 Schall, E. .........................152 Schallmo, M. ...................471 Schiotz, J. ........................193 Schmidt, J.G............151, 365 Schmidt, R.C. ..................456 Schneider, D....................234 Schraml, S.J. ...........299, 354 Schrefler, B.A. 478, 480, 483 Schreyer, H.L. ...................40 Schroder, J.......................373 Schuett, H........................481 Schulze-Bauer, C.A.........250 Schur, W.W.............159, 350 Schwarz, S.......................469 Schweizerhof, K..............347 Schwer, L.E.....................304 Segawa, F. .......................316 Seguchi, K.......................221 Sejnoha, M. .....................177 Selwood, P.M..................200 Senthil, G.V.....................475 Seshaiyer, P.....................252 Sethna, J. .........................177 Sfriso, A. .........................503 Sha, D................................55 Shannon, M.A. ................231 Shapiro, V. ......................308 Sharan, S.K. ....................509 Shee, M. ..........................198 Sheffer, A. .........................93 Shek, K............................178 Shephard, M.S.97, 98, 108, 199, 234, 305, 462 Shepherd, J........................89 Sherwood, R.J. ................357 Shimojima, K. .................402 Shimosato, N...................221 Shing, P.B. ......................325 Shioya, R.........................444 Shirazaki, M. ...................299 Shires, D..........................354 Shirron, J.J. .....................139
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Index

Shuraim, A......................351 Shyy, W. .........................287 Sicard, J. .........................526 Sidhu, R. .........................412 Signorelli, J.W. ...............126 Silveira, R.A. ..................486 Simoni, L. .......................480 Sirtori, S............................68 Sivasambu, M. 430, 433, 438 Sivathasan, K. .................494 Skeie, G. .........................159 Slagter, W.J.....................346 Sluys, L.J. ........... 31, 37, 325 Smith, D.E. .....................468 Smith, T.M......................456 Smolinski, P....................306 Snee, C.P...........................47 Sobh, N. ............ 58, 131, 471 Soderlind, P. ...................423 Solberg, J.M....................281 Song, C.R........................502 Soon, H. ...................... 19, 20 Sotelino, E.D...................277 Soulaimani, A. ................216 Soutis, C..........................337 Spacone, E. ............. 487, 489 Spaid, M.A......................175 Spencer, P. ......................195 Spetzler, H. ............. 481, 484 Spyropoulos, E................264 Srikanth, A......................466 Srli, K..............................147 St. John, M......................198 Stab, O. ...........................104 Stainier, L. .............. 372, 422 Stangenberg, F. .................34 Stark, R. ..........................508 Stathopoulos, A...............270 Stefanou, G. ....................241 Steffens, A. .....................527 Steffler, E.D. ...................397 Stein, K. ..........................519 Steinmann, P. ...... 29, 54, 121 Steltzner, A.D. ..................12 Stenberg, R. ....................218 Sterpi, D............................46 Stewart, J.R.....................364 Stolarski, H.K. ................419 Stone, C.M. .......................40 Storti, M.................. 217, 521 Strecker, N. .....................226 Strouboulis, T. ........ 311, 362 Stroud, D.........................392 Stryk, R.A. ......................294 Stuart, P.C.......................523 Sture, S.................... 222, 498 Sturek, W.B. ...................521 Subbarayan, G......... 186, 473 Sudo, Y. ..........................415 Sugano, S. .......................515
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Sugiura, H....................... 262 Sullivan Jr., J.M................ 99 Sulsky, D.L............... 40, 294 Suo, Z. ............................ 427 Suquet, P......................... 181 Suzuki, K........................ 310 Svedberg, T. ..................... 36 Swenson, D..................... 235 Swift, S. .......................... 456 T Tadmor, E.B. .................. 425 Takagi, K........................ 517 Takagi, S......................... 522 Taki, Y............................ 221 Talmor, D. ........................ 92 Talreja, R........................ 335 Tamma, K.K. .... 55, 176, 359 Tan, L.B.......................... 250 Tanabe, T.A.................... 326 Tanaka, M......................... 80 Tang, M. ......................... 422 Tang, X........................... 184 Taniguchi, N................... 517 Tao, X............................. 498 Tautges, T................... 87, 90 Taylor, C.A..................... 515 Taylor, L.M. ................... 344 Taylor, R.L. .................... 156 Tchonkova, M. ............... 222 Teng, S.H........................ 101 Tennant, D. ..................... 408 Terada, K........................ 424 Teraki, J.......................... 400 Teresco, J.D.................... 199 TerMaath, S.................... 433 Tessler, A. ...................... 182 Tezaur, R. ....................... 445 Tezduyar, T.E.212, 515, 517, 518, 519 Thomas, H.R................... 483 Thompson, L.L.141, 142, 158 Thomson, D. ................... 523 Throne, R.D...................... 15 Tianzhi, C. ........................ 70 Tie, B................................ 57 Tijssens, M.G. .................. 31 Tiller, I............................ 368 Timashev, S.A. ............... 440 Tobiska, L....................... 211 Tome, C.N. ..................... 131 Tomiyama, J. .................. 304 Tong, R........................... 158 Torii, R. .......................... 517 Tortorelli, D.A.58, 62, 130, 131, 471 Touzot, G........................ 301 Trameon, M. ................. 349 Travis, B. .......................... 16

Trochu, F.........348, 410, 411 Tsay, C. ...........................347 Tseng, F.C. ........................59 Tseng, K.K. .....................300 Tsukanov, I. ....................308 Tumay, M.T. ...........493, 502 Tutumluer, E. ..................501 Tworzydlo, W.W.............297 U Udaykumar, H.S..............287 Ulm, F.J...................327, 527 Ungor, A. ........................101 Uras, A. ...........................296 V Valdez, I.J. ......................433 Valentin, F.......................220 Valisetty, R......................359 van der Giessen, E.............31 van Rens, B.J...................380 van Zijl, G.P....................478 Vanden, K.J.....................287 Varadan, V.K. .................475 Varadan, V.V. .................475 Vassberg, J.C...............92, 95 Vavasis, S.A....................111 Vegge, T..........................193 Venis, A.C.......................346 Vidrascu, M.....................452 Villon, P. .................104, 301 Voth, T.E.................301, 456 Voyiadjis, G.Z.........115, 502 Vulliet, L. ........................480 Vu-Quoc, L. ......................63 W Wada, Y. ...........................91 Wagner, G.J. ...................298 Waite, M. ........................484 Walczak, J. ......................346 Walkington, N.................461 Wall, W.A. ..............151, 213 Wallmersperger, T. .........148 Walsh, T............................84 Walter, H...........................48 Wang, C.M......................400 Wang, C.W..............180, 428 Wang, H.P.......................289 Wang, W.M.......................37 Wang, W.P. .............205, 264 Watanabe, O....................316 Wauters, M......................119 Wawrzynek, P.A.69, 102, 234, 439 Weatherby, J.R................208 Weatherill, N.P................103 Webb, D.C. .....................250 Wernberg, P.A.................147

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Index

Wertheimer, T......... 344, 412 Wheeler, D......................189 Wheeler, M.F. .................241 Whirley, R.G...................413 Whitcomb, J............ 184, 333 White, D.R. ................. 90, 94 Whiting, C.H........... 204, 212 Wiberg, N.E......................57 Widlund, O.B..................443 Willam, K.J.37, 42, 117, 120, 122, 319, 375 Wilson, E.L.....................386 Wilson, N.M. ..................230 Windes, W.E...................397 Windl, W. .......................228 Winter, A.N. ...................397 Witkowski, W.R. ............364 Wong, M.K. ....................208 Wriggers, P. ......................51 Wu, C.T. ......... 117, 293, 500 X Xenophontos, C. .............498 Xi, Y. ...................... 528, 529 Xie, W.............................252

Xu, N. ............................... 79 Xu, X.L............................. 82 Y Yagawa, G.91, 299, 304, 444, 497 Yakovenko, S.N. ............ 457 Yamada, T. ..................... 273 Yamada, Y...................... 402 Yamashita, H. ................. 100 Yang, C.Y....................... 415 Yang, L.H. ...................... 423 Yang, Y.S. ...................... 276 Yarin, A.L....................... 457 Yi, H. ................................ 67 Yin, L. ...................... 58, 131 Yip, M. ........................... 396 Yokoyama, T.................. 100 Yoo, J. ............................ 472 Yoon, S........................... 293 Yoshida, K........................ 78 Yoshimura, S. ................... 91 Young, J.A...................... 192 Yuan, F.G. ........................ 80

Z Zabaras, N. ................17, 466 Zarins, C.K......................515 Zeitoun, D. ......................458 Zelenka, S........................226 Zeng, X. ............................67 Zhan, X. ....63, 339, 392, 483 Zhang, H.W.....................480 Zhang, J.Q.........................99 Zhang, W.........................529 Zhang, X. ..........63, 339, 392 Zhang, X.D......................172 Zhangzhi, C.E. ..................70 Zhao, C............................505 Zhao, H.K........................228 Zhishen, W. .......................70 Zhou, M...........................329 Zhou, X. ............................55 Zhu, Y. ............................345 Zhu, Y.T..........................433 Zi, G.S.............................115 Zienkiewicz, O.C. ...........386 Zimmermann, T. .............236 Zuo, Q.H. ..........................34

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