THE NOSTRATIC RECONSTRUCTIONS

OF

Translated by Mark Kaiser
1. ? baHli 'wound, pain': IE. 'id' [bali 'wound').
2. baHA 'to tie to': Kart. b- 'tie to, hang' -Alt. ba- 'tie to'.
3. 'to look': AA. bq- 'id' baka- 'id'.
4. 'to swallow': AA. 'swallow' balgu-/bilga- 'swallow,
throat'.
5. balqa 'to flash, sparkle': AA. brq 'flash, lightning' -Kart.
ber9q- 'flash, sparkle' - IE. bhelg-/bhleg- 'flash, sparkle' -Alt.
[balkA- 'shine, sparkle'].
6. ? balA 'blind': AA. bll 'id'- Alt. balA 'id'.
7. bara 'big, good': IE. bher- 'good, Ural. para 'good' - Drav.
[par- 'big']- Alt. [bara 'many/much').
8. bari 'to take': AA. br- 'grab, catch' -IE. bher- 'take, bring,
carry' -? Drav. 'pick up, gather'- Alt. bari- 'take into hands'.
9. berg/i/ 'high': AA. brg 'id'-? Kart. brg-e 'id' -IE. bhergh-/
bhregh- 'id'- Ural. (p/e/r/-kA/ 'id'-? Drav. 'id'.
10. ? be/rH/u 'to give': AA. [br/H/ 'id']- Alt. (berli- 'id'J.
11. (Onomatopoetic) 'small': Ural. [pitA 'id']- Drav. pic-/picc-
'small, short'- Alt. 'small'.
12. 'to break': AA. 'break, smash, press'- Kart.
'break, crumble' - IE. peis- 'smash, crush, press' - Drav. pic- 'smash,
shell, knead'.
13. bilwi 'cloud': AA. bjl 'heavenly waters, cloud' -Ural. pilwe 'cloud'
-Alt. [buli-t 'cloud'].
14. (Onomatopoetic) 'to scream': Kart. bir- 'sing'- IE. bhel-
'talk, roar'- Drav. pilA- 'scream'.
15. bok/a/ 'to flee': IE. 'id'- Ural. pok-ta-, poke-
' id I o
16. bol?i 'to grow (of plants)': AA. ?bl 'leaf, growing plant' -IE.
bhel6-/bhle6- 'a plant, leaf, flower'- Drav. [poli- 'grow, bloom').
17. (Onomatopoetic) bonga 'fat, swell': IE. 'fat, thick'-
Ural. puqka/po9ka 'fat, swelling' Drav. 'swell, boil over'
? Alt. [bo9/\ 'fat, big' 1.
18. bora 'brown, grey-brown': IE. bher-, bhe-bhru-,(bhreu-) 'brown'
Alt. bora 'grey, brown'.
19. buHi 'to grow up, arise': IE. bheuH- 'grow up, become, be' Ural.
puye Alt. blii 'be'.
20. bull\ 'precipitation, mud': AA. b<w>l 'moist, dampen; IE.
bhl-endh- 'turbid; mix' bull\ 'mud, stir up, mix'.
21. bura 'to bore': AA. b(w)r 'bore, dig; Kart. [br(u)-
'turn'l bher- 'bore, dig, Ural. pura 'instrument for
boring; bore, hollow, dig' ? Drav. 'opening' Alt. [bura-
'turn, bore'].
22. bur(H)A/bor(H)/\ 'porous soil, dust': AA. b(w)r/b(w)rH 'porous soil,
soil, sand, dust' ? Kart. buryw- 'dust' -Ural. pori\ 'dust, sand, dirt'
Drav. purA/por./\ 'porous soil, sand, dust' bor, b/u/r 'porous
soil, limestone, dust'.
23. bur/\ 'snow (sand) storm': ? AA. bwr- '(sand)storm, IE. bher-
'storm, Ural. pur/\- 'whirl (of snow)', purk/\ Alt.
burA/bora 'storm, blizzard'.
24. (Onomatopoetic) bufa 'to boil, bubble up': ? AA. br- 'boil'
bhreu- 'boil, bubble up' Ural. pura-/por/\ 'boil, gurgle' Drav.
'boil'].
25. 'to bend, bent': IE. bheug-/bheugh- 'bend' boka-/blika-
' bend, bent '
26. bliri 'to cover': Kart. bur- 'cover, darken' Drav. pur- 'cover,
..
bury' bliri- 'cover'.
27. ? -bA, suffix in the names of wild animals: AA. [-b/-ab, id] IE.
-bh-, id.
28. bAg/\ 'sufficient, excessive': AA. bg 'be excessive' bey-
'be sufficient'.
29. 'to blow, inflate': Kart. ber-/bel- 'blow, IE.
bhel6-/bhle6- 'blow, swell'.
30. bAntA 'to tie, bind': AA. bnt 'tie, IE. bhendh- 'tie'.
31. bArK/\ 'knee': AA. brk 'id' lbrg-I- 'id'].
32. bAr/\ 'child': AA. 'child' [ber- 'id' 1 bher- 'id'.
33. calu 'split, cut': AA. sl- 'split, cut, point' eel- 'mow, cut'
IE. (s)kel- 'split' - Ural. sale- 'cut, split' Drav. cal- 'split, cut'
-Alt. 'cut'.
34. cuj9a 'thorn': Kart. cxw- 'thorn, point' 'thorn'
_-?-
? Drav. ci- Alt. 'thorn, point'.
35. (Onomatopoetic) curA/corA 'drip': Kart. cwar-/cur- 'drip, drop' -
? Ural. corA- 'drip, flow' - Drav. cor-/cUr- 'drip, flow' -Alt.
'drip, flow'.
36. ? cAtA 'to cover': AA. 'cover <clothe), protect']- IE.
'cover (clothe)'.
37. 'glimmer, twinkle': AA. 'light, bright'- IE.
'glimmer, shine weakly; shadow' - Ural. 'aja 'glimmer, shine' - Drav.
[caj 'lustre, shine'].
38. ? 'scream, talk': AA. 'scream'- Kart. 'say'].
39. Cali 'to tie around, tie to': Ural. 'olme 'knot' -Alt.
'tie around, to hook'.
40. ? CurA 'herd (wild animals)': AA. s(w)r/fwr 'id' -Ural. 'urA 'herd
of deer'.
41. (Onomatopoetic) 'beat, chop': AA. [sP- 'beat, hit']- IE.
skep- 'split'- Ural. cappa- 'chop, beat' - Drav. [cava- 'chop']-
Alt. 'beat, chop'.
42. cinA 'know': AA. s(j)n 'id' -Kart.

'id'.
43. cuHA 'look': Kart.

'look after, guard' IE.

(s)keuH- 'look'- Drav. cu-(r)- 'look'.
44. 'jump': ? AA. 'jump' -IE. 'jump' -Ural. CelA-
'jump'-? Drav. [cEl-ai 'source, waterfall']- Alt. 'limp,
stumble' 1.
45. adjectival and diminutive formant: IE. -i-sk-, adjectival and
diminutive suffix - Ural. -ca/-ca, adjectival and diminutive suffix -
Alt. diminutive suffix.
46. (Onomatopoetic) 'tickle': Ural. Cik(k)A- 'id'- Drav. cakk-/
cank- 'id'-? Alt. 'id'].
47. 'hardened crust': IE. sker- '(ice) crust, scab' -Ural. CarA
'(hardened) film' - Drav. carA- 'rough' -Alt. 'hardened crust'.
48. formant of frequentive and iterative verbs: IE. suffix of
iterative/intensive forms of the verb- Ural. -ce-, suffix of frequentive
verbs - Alt. suffix of intensive/iterative verbs.
49. 'curved, bent': IE. (s)Kemb- 'curved' -Ural. cimpa 'bent,
curved'.
50. 'pus, slush': AA. 'moist, faeces' -IE. (s)ter- 'slush,
pus, faeces'- Alt. 'rot, decay'.
51. 'smell, odor': AA. 'smell' -Ural. 'smell, odor,
smoke'.
----
52. ? 'to beat': Kart. 'to nail, forge' - Drav.
' beat, destroy'
53. 'to cut': AA. 'cut, split; sharp stone'
'cut, chop' - Drav. car- 'tear apart, split apart'.
Kart.
54. ? 'astringent': AA. 'bitter, astringent, sour', sm- 'bitter,
poison' -Ural. 'sour'.
55. (Onomatopoetic) 'to cut': Kart. 'cut (finely)'- Alt.
'cut, chop'].
56. 'look after, guard': AA. 'look, guard, take care of' -
Kart. 'care, need' -IE. ster-g-, ster-k- 'guard, love'.
57. 'eat': AA. <?> 'to taste' -Kart. 'eat'.
58. 'wide': IE. stelh- 'wide' -Alt. 'wide, expansive'].
59. da, locative particle: AA. d, particle with locative meaning - Kart.
da (with pronouns), -d/ad (with nouns), suffix of directive/adverbial case
IE. -DI-eD, suffix of ablative case (pronominal and a-stems) - Ural.
-oa/-Ja, suffix of ablative (pronominal and adverbial stems) - Drav.
postpositional particle with locative-ablative meaning- Alt.
-da/-da, -du/-dli, formant of locative cases.
60. daHA, intensifying and conjoining particle: AA. d(H) 'and, also' -
Kart. da 'and'- Alt. da 'also, but, and'.
61. 'nearby': AA. 'nearby'- Ural. taka 'back, rear', taka-na
'from behind'- Alt. daka-/daga- 'close, approach, follow'.
62. dalq/u/ 'a wave': AA. dlx 'upset, stir up' -?IE. [dhelH- with
suffix 'sea']- Drav. talla- 'upset'- Alt. d/a/lu-/doli- 'wave'.
63. danga 'to cover': AA. dm- 'cover, close, press'- IE. dhengh-
'cover, press'- Ural. ta9a-/ta9e- 'cover'.
64. dEwHi 'shake, blow': IE. dheuH- 'shake, blow' -Alt. dEbi-
'wave, blow'.
65. -di, suffix of past tense forms: Kart. -di, suffix of imperfect
Drav. -tt-1-t-, suffix of preterit - Alt. -di, suffix of preterit.
66. ? (Onomatopoetic) didA 'big': AA. d(j)d 'big, fat'- Kart. did-
big I o
67. diga 'fish': AA. [d(j)g 'id']- IE. dhgh-u-H 'id'- Alt. [/d/iga-
1 id I ) o
68. dila 'sunlight': ? Kart. [dila 'morning']- IE. dhel- 'sun, bright,
light'- Alt. dila 'sun, solar year.
69. diqA 'soil': Kart. diqa 'soil, clay' IE. dhghem- 'soil'.
70. diga 'bright, light': Kart. <ssa-)dy-e 'day' -IE.
'see'.
71. duli 'fire': Ural. tule 'fire' - Drav. tu!A- 'shine, to spark' -Alt.
duli- 'warm up, warm'.
72. 'tip, extremity': Kart. dud- 'tip, extremity' tuS'ka 'tip,
top' - Drav. tutA 'extremity, tip'.
73. dunga 'be peaceful, silent': AA. d(w)m 'be peaceful, silent'
Kart. (dum- 'be silent' 1- Alt. dli9a- 'sit quietly, be silent'.
74. ? dUrA 'deaf': AA. d(w)r 'id'- Kart. [dura- 'id'J.
75. 'lay': AA. 'lay'- Kart. d- 'lay'
76. dAwA 'be ill, die': AA. dw- 'be ill, die'
consciousness'.
IE. 'lay, stand'.
IE. dheu- 'die, lose
77. ga(HA) 'take, receive': Kart. g- 'acquire' ga- 'take,
receive'.
78. gara 'thorny branch, thorn': IE. gher-, 'thorn, point,
branch' -Ural. kara 'thorn, branch, conifer' - Drav. kar(a)- 'thorn,
point'- Alt. gara 'point, branch, conifer'.
79. gandu 'male': Drav. kaQt- 'id' Alt. gandu 'id
80. gati 'hand, arm': IE. ghes- 'id' -Ural. kate- 'id' - Drav.
kac- 'id'.
81. ? gedi 'nape of neck': AA. gd 'nape of neck, backside'- Alt. gedi
'nape of neck, backside'.
82. gE/hr/a 'dawn': AA. ghr 'sunlight, day' -IE. 'dawn,
shine'- Alt. *gEra 'dawn, morning light'.
83. gilA 'state of sickness, grief': Kart. gl- 'grief, sorrow' -IE.
'sickness, loss' -?Alt. [gil(a)- 'be ill, be sad'.
84. gi/i/hu 'smooth and shiny':
'smooth']- IE.
'smooth, shiny' - Ural. [ki/i/A
'smooth and shiny'.
AA. [glQ 'bald']-? Kart. [glu
'shiny, of light color',
'smooth and shiny']- Alt. gilu-/gila-
85. goHjA 'sunlight, dawn': IE. 'light, bright' -Ural. kojA
'dawn, sun'-? Alt. [*gia- 'dawn'].
86. golHA 'heart': Kart. *gwl- 'heart' -Alt. gol(A) 'core, middle; river
source'.
87. gopa 'empty': AA. gwP 'empty'-? Kart. kwab- 'cave, hole' -IE.
geup- 'cavity, hole' -Ural. koppa 'empty; skull' -Alt. goba-/gobi-
'empty, a hollow'.
88. ? 'to search': AA. 'id' -Kart. [g/6/r- 'id' 1.
- s--
..,
89. gu/nH/i 'think': Kart. gwan-/gon- 'think, recall'- Alt. guni-
'think, be sad'.
90. gurHa 'antelope, male antelope': AA. g(w>rH 'antelope, male antelope'
- Drav. kur- 'antelope, deer' -Alt. [gura 'male antelope'].
91. (Onomatopoetic) gurA 'swallow': AA. g(w)r- 'swallow, throat'
'swallow' -Ural. kurkA 'throat' - Drav. kurA- 'throat'.
? IE.
92. glipA 'to bend': AA. g(w)b/k(w)P 'bend, protrubence' -IE. gheub-
'bend, curved, crooked' Alt. gliba-/goba- 'bent, bulging'.
93. gUjRa 'wild <beast)': IE. '(wild> beast' -Alt. [gora
'wild'].
94. gUl'A 'round, sphere': AA. g(w)l 'round, sphere, head' -Kart. gwar-/
gur- 'round, to roll'-? IE. ghel- 'round outgrowth, head'.
95. gUrA 'hot coals': AA. g(w)r 'fire, coal'- IE. 'burn, hot,
hot coals'-? Alt. gur(A)- 'hot coals, catch fire'.
96. ? galpa 'weak, feeble': IE. help- 'weak'-? Kart. (yalp-
'weak'- Alt. [alba- 'to be unable').
97.?

'bend': Kart. yrek(w)- 'bend; twist'- IE. 'bent,

flexible'.
98. guru 'flow, pour': AA. [gwr 'deep water' 1- Kart. [ywar-/ywer- 'pour,
flood' 1 - Drav. ur- 'melt, fuse' -Alt. uRu- 'flow'.
99. gAmA 'darkness, night': AA. [gm 'dark' 1- Kart. yam-(e) 'night'.
100. hawA 'desire passionately': AA. hw(j)
[ av- 'id' J.
'id' - IE. heu- 'id' - Drav.
""
101. Qaju 'to live, life force': AA. Qjw 'live'- IE. heiu 'life force'
-?Alt. ojli 'alive, life'.
102. ? Ha 'become, be': Drav. a- 'become, be'- Alt. [a- 'be'].
103. Haja 'pursue, chase': IE. [Hei- 'pursue, cause evil'] -Ural. aja-
'chase, pursue, flee'- Alt. aja- 'hunt, bag game'.
104. HalA 'foreward edge': Ural. alA-, alka- 'beginning, foreward edge'-
Alt. al- 'front'.
105. Hanga 'gape': Ural. a9a/69e 'mouth, opening; to open' - Drav.
ank(a) 'gape'- Alt. a9a 'gape, opened'.
106. Henka 'to burn': IE. Heng- 'burn' (HQg-n-i- 'fire' etc.) - Ural.
e9kA- 'burn'.
107. Hera 'to collapse': IE. 6er- 'collapse'- Ural. era- 'collapse;
part, portion' - Drav. 'break apart' - ? Alt. [aru-
'disintegrate, dissolve, melt'.
-b-
108. Hera 'male': Drav. 'male' -Alt. era 'male, man'.
109. H/i/mi 'suck, swallow': Ural. ime- 'suck' -Alt. amA- 'suck, swallow'.
110. ? HEnPA 'navel': Kart. 'id' -IE. 6enbh-/6nebh- 'id'.
111. Hi, particle indicating past tense: AA. (H)j, particle indicating
past tense - Kart. -e/-i, suffix of aorist - IE. 6e- particle indicating
past tense (augment) - Ural. -i-, suffix of past tense - Drav. -i-, suffix
of past tense.
112. Hira 'to drag, pull': Drav. ir-/ir- 'id'- Alt. ifa- 'id'
..
113. 'point, spike': IE. 'point, spike' -Alt. oki 'arrow,
extremity'.
114. Homsa 'meat': IE. (H)mems- 'id' -Ural. om'a 'id' -? Drav.
unc- 'id'.
115. ? 'end; edge': Ural. o66a 'end, foreward edge, front' -
Alt. 'tip, point' 1.
116. Bora 'to rise': IE. hXer- 'raise, rise, move'-? Drav. er- 'rise'
-Alt. or/a/-/ora- 'rise, enter'.
117. ? HosA 'poplar': IE. 'id'
118. 'eye, see': IE. 'eye, see' -Alt. uka- 'notice,
understand'.
119. Huwa 'flow of water': Ural. uwa 'current, flow'- Alt. u(a) 'water,
wave'.
120.? HlitA 'rest period': Ural. litA/jlitA 'evening, night'- Alt. Uda
'rest time (day or night)'.
121. ?a, demonstrative pronoun indicating distant object, 'that': AA.
/7/a, demon. pronoun - Kart. (h)a, demon. pronoun indicating nearby object
- IE. he-n-, demonstrative particle- Ural. a-/o-, demon. pronoun indicating
distant object - Drav. a, demon. pronoun indicating distant object - ? Alt.
[a-/o- 'that'].
122. ?a, formant of verbal constructions: AA. ?-/-?, formant of deverbative
nouns - Kart. (h)a-/-a, formant of deverbative nouns - IE. -o-, suffix of
deverbative nouns - Drav. -a, suffix of participles and deverbative nouns.
123. 'food': AA. ?1 'fat, fatty food' -IE. hel- 'feed, breed' -
Drav. a!(a) 'fat, strength'- Alt. 'food'.
124. ?amu 'morning, daylight': ? AA. ?mr 'daylight, see' -IE. hem-
'day' -Ural. amA-/oma- (< *amo-) 'morning'.
125. (Onomatopoetic) ?anqA 'breathe': AA. [?nx 'sigh']- IE. henH-
'breathe'.
126. ?arba 'practice witchcraft': AA. [?rb 'be clever, prudent' -Ural.
_,_
arpa- 'practice witchcraft; magical equipment of sorcerer'.
127. ?aSa 'fire': AA. 1M 'fire' hes- 'hearth, dry' [aSa-
'ignite'].
128. ?ala, particle of catergorical negation: AA. 71/17, prohibitive
and negative Kart. (ar(a), part1cle of categorical negation
Ural. ala/ela, form of 2nd ps. sg. irnperat1ve of negative verb - Drav.
al(a)-, negative Alt. (lila-, negative verb].
129. ?e, negative particle: AA. *?j, negative and prohibitive particle -
Ural. e-, negative verb (indicative stern) Drav. -a-1-e-, infix of
negative form of verb Alt. e-, negative verb.
130. ?ejA 'arrive, come': AA. ?j 'arrive, come' 'go'
Drav. ej- 'arrive, Alt. i- 'arrive, enter'.
131. ?elA 'live': AA. ?(j)l 'exist, be; settlement' ela- 'live'-
Drav. il/(?)el 'dwelling, abode' -Alt. el 'settlement; peaceful life'.
132. ?esA 'settle a place, be at a 'arrive at a
place, be at a place, be'- IE. 'be', 6es 'sit'- Ural. e'A
'settle a place; place, site'.
133. ?EmA 'to seize, take': AA. ?m- 'seize, take' -IE. 'take'.
134. ?i/(?)?e, demonstrative pronoun (indicating nearby object, 'this'):
AA. j, demon. pronoun, verbal indicator of 3rd sg. rnasc. subject - Kart.
(h)i, demon. pronoun indicating distant object; (h)e, demon. pron. - IE.
hei-/he-, demon. pron., 3rd sg. pers. pron. -Ural. i-/e-, demon. pron.
indicating nearby object - Drav. i/e, demon. pron. indicating nearby object
i, demon. pron., indicator of 3rd sg. subject; e-, demon. pron.
indicating nearby object.
135. ?ili 'deer': AA. (?jl 'deer']- IE. 'deer'- Drav. ilA-
'deer' -Alt. ili 'deer, wild goat'.
136. ?ita 'to eat': AA. t(j)?/?jt 'id' -IE. 'id' -Alt. [ida-
'id'].
137. ral'A 'cross (a mountain)': AA. rl- 'cross a mountain, climb up,
summit' -?IE. hel- 'on the other side'- Alt. al'a 'cross a mountain'.
138. (Onomatopoetic) r/e/bU 'breast': AA. rb(w) 'breast, bqsorn'- Kart.
ub-e 'bosom, breasts'- Alt. [/e/bti- 'breast, bosom'].
139. 'water': AA. rq(w) 'water' -IE. 'water, drink'.
140. ? rALA 'burn (sacrificial offerings)': AA. rl 'burn offerings, flame'
-IE. Bel- 'burn offerings, blaze'.
141. rAiA 'branch': AA. rg 'tree, branch' -IE. H/o/sd-o- 'branch'.
142. ja 'which, who' (interrogative and relative): AA. ja/?aj 'which,
who' (inter.-relat.)- Kart. (ja- 'who']- IE. io- 'which' (reltt.)
Ural. jo- 'who, some kind of' (relat. and indefinite) - Drav. ja-

'which, what' (inter. ) - Alt. ja 'which' (inter. ) .
143. jaHU (or joHA) 'bandage, girdle': IE. 'belt, girdle' -
Ural. joyA 'belt, tourniquet for Drav. ja- 'tie up'.
144. ? jamA 'water': AA. jam 'water, sea' - (ral. [j/a/mA- 'sea' 1 -
? Drav. [amm- 'water'].
145. ? jarA 'to shine': Drav. er-/eri- 'shine, blaze' -Alt. jaru-
' shine'
146. jAnA 'talk': AA. jn 'id' - Drav. janA- 'id'.
147. ? janTA 'stretch, extend, pull tight': Vral. *jantA- 'pull tight',
*jantA-9, (etc.) 'bowstring, tendon, sinew')- Drav. [ent-
'extend hands, seize with hands'.
148. jela 'light, bright': Kart. el- 'sparkle, lightning'- Ural. jela
'light, bright, clear, day' - Drav. el(a)- 'light, bright, shining'.
149. -jE, formant of optative: IE. suffix of optative - Alt.
-jE-, suffix of optative (volitive).
150. -jA, suffix of denorninal and deverbative adjectives: AA. -1), suffix
of relative adjectives and participles - IE. -io-1-iio-, suffix of denominc
and deverbative adjectives- Oral. -j(A), adjectival suffix, -ja/-ja, suff:
of nornin. agentis and participles - Drav. -i, suffix of indeclineable
participle - Alt. -i, suffix of deverbative nouns and participles.
151. -jA, diminutive-endearing suffix of nouns used in addressing: AA.
-(a)j, suffix of endearing and dim. nouns - Kart. -ia, dirn.-endr. suffix
(chiefly in addressing) -Ural. -j, dim.-endr. suffix (often in
addressing) -Alt. -j, dirn.-endr. suffix (usually in addressing).
152. -j(A), affix of oblique form of plural nouns: AA. -aj, suffix of
plural nouns (originally oblique form) - IE. -i formant of plural
(originally with the stern of demonstrative pronoun in oblique case) -
Ural. -j, affix of the oblique form of plural nouns.
153. ? formant of comparative degree: Kart. -e-(is
1
), -a-,
affix of comparative degree of the type (h)u--e-is
1
- IE. -!es-1-is-,
suffix of cornp. degree.
154. ? kala 'vessel': AA. kl 'vessel, pot' - Drav. kala- 'vessel made of
leaves; pot' -Alt. [kala- 'cauldron').
155. kalA 'fish': AA. kl- 'fish' -Ural. kala 'fish' -Alt. [kali-rna
'whale' 1.
156. kal'A 'strip bark, skin': IE. gol- 'bare, bald' -Ural. kal'A
'film, thin skin; bare, smooth' - Drav. ka}- 'to strip, skin' -Alt.
Kal'/i/- 'strip, bark, bare'.
157. karnu 'seize, squeeze': AA. krn- 'seize, take, squeeze'- gern-
'seize, take, squeeze' -Oral. karna-lA/korna-rA << *karno-) 'handful'
Drav. kamA- 'seize, take, hold' -Alt. karnu- 'seize, take, squeeze'.
158. kanpA 'soft outgrowth': AA. knPr 'lip'- IE. gemb- 'outgrowth; lip,
mushroom' -Ural. kampA 'mushroom'.
159. (Onomatopoetic) karA/kurA 'crane': ? AA. lk<w>rk 'id' J IE. gerH-
'id' - Ural. karke/kurke 'id' - Drav. kor-/kur- 'id' - ? Alt. lkara-/
kura- 'id' ].
160. kajwA 'chew': IE. 'id'- Alt. kab/a/- 'id'.
161. ka/lH/A 'go, wander': ? AA. klh 'wander, step' -Ural. kala-
'to ford, wander'- Drav. kal- 'go' -Alt. [kalu- 'arrive'].
162. kalU 'female relation': AA. lkl(l) 'daughter(sister)-in-law, bride'
-?Kart. [kal- 'woman']- IE. 'brother's wife'- Ural. kalu
'female relation (husband's sister, brother's wife, etc.); sister's
husband'- Drav. [kal- 'wife of father's brother, aunt']- Alt. kali(n)
'wife of younger brother or son, sister's husband'.
163. kENA 'know': AA. k(j)n 'know, recognize'- Kart. gen 'understand,
cognize, feel'- IE. 'know'.
164. (Onomatopoetic) k/iH/A 'sing': IE. /g/eiH- 'sing, scream'- Ural.
kiyA- 'make the mating call, sing'.
165. ? kirHA 'old': IE. gerH- 'old, decrepid'- Drav. [kir(a) 'old']
..
166. kiwi 'stone': ? AA. [kw 'stone' J- Kart. kw-a 'stone'- Ural. kiwe
'stone'.
167. koja 'moth, caterpillar': Ural. koja 'moth'- Alt. kuja 'moth, larva
of gadfly'.
168. kojHa 'fatty, plump, healthy': IE. 'be healthy,
live' -Ural. koja 'fat, fatty'.
169. ? kojHa 'skin,leather, bark': IE. 'skin, leather'- Ural.
koja 'bark, rind, crust'.
170. ? kojw/a/ 'birch': Ural. kojwA 'id' -Alt. kib(a) 'id'.
171. ? koAA 'to skin, strip': Ural. ko&'A-/kuO'A- 'to skin, strip,
undress' -Alt. [koLa- 'to skin'].
172. korA 'anger, spiritual pain': AA. k(w)r 'be angry, suffer' - Drav.
'be angry' -Alt. korA- 'anger, shame, pain'.
173. ? kOri 'lamb, sheep': AA. kr 'lamb, young ram' - Drav.
'sheep' -Alt. kuri-/kori- 'lamb'.
174. kuda 'male relation': Ural. ku6u 'wife's husband, husband's or
wife's brother' - Alt. kllda/kuda << *kllda) 'relationship by marriage,
father of son(daughter)-in-law, brother(son)-in-law'.
175. ? klljnA 'to bend at the joints': IE. 9enu-/gneu- 'knee'
ural. klljna-(ra) 'elbow bone, forearm' - Drav. kun 'hump'.
176. 'freeze, cold': ? Kart. kwer-/kwel- 'to cool'- Ural. kuLma
'cold, frost, freeze' - Drav. [kulA- 'cold' 1 -Alt. 'freeze,
frost'.
177. ktia 'lake, small reservoir': AA. kwl 'reservoir, lake, river' -
Ural. k/aiA 'lake, river bay'- Drav. kUla- 'reservoir, pond, lake'.
178. ktini 'wife, woman': AA. k(w)n/knw 'one of wives in polygamy, woman'
-IE. 'wife, woman' -Alt. ktini 'one of wives in polygamy'.
179. kUA 'snake,
Ural. koA 'worm'
worm':
Alt.
AA. [kwl 'snake, worm' 1 - ? Kart. gwel- 'snake' -
[kuli- 'snake, worm'].
180. ? kAmA 'biting insect': AA. km-/qm- 'biting insect (louse, flea, tick)'
-Alt. [komi- 'biting insect Clouse, ant, beetle)'].
181. ? 'advance with effort' <> 'run, crawl'): Ural. 'run,
crawl'- Alt. 'crawl'].
182. KejA 'do': Drav. kej- 'id'- Alt. KI- 'id'.
183. ? Koki 'follow, track': Ural. koke- 'look around, notice, find'-
Alt. [KogA- 'track, follow, pursue'].
184. Kuma 'overturned': Ural. kuma 'id'
Alt. Kom<a>- 'id'.
185. 'put out, extinguish, go out': IE. 'go out' -Ural.
kupsa-/kopsa- 'go out'.
186.? Ku/s/i 'fall': Ural. ku/s/e- 'fall'- Drav. kuc(i)- 'fall, lower'.
187. ? KtimTa 'fog': Ural. ktimta 'fog, smoke'- Alt. ktida- 'fog'.
188. 'to tie up, bind': Ural. ktitke- 'tie, bind' - Drav. kutA
'tie, tighten'
189. nominal diminutive suffix: Kart. diminutive
suffix - IE. -k-, diminutive suffix - Ural. -kka/-kka, diminutive suffix
- Alt. -ka/-ka, diminutive suffix.
190. (Onomatopoetic) 'seize': AA. qb- 'seize, take, bite' -
Kart. 'b- 'bite' - IE. ghabh-/kap- 'seize, take, hold' - Ural. kappA-
'seize'- Drav. kavv-/kapp- 'seize (with mouth), grab', kava- 'seize'-
Alt. 'seize'.
191. 'aCA 'man, youth': Kart. 'man, husband'- Ural. k/a/tA 'youth,
man'.
192. 'adA 'to weave, plait (with twigs)': AA. qd- 'form pots; build' -
Kart. 'build'- IE. ket- structure; vessel'- Drav.
'tie, build; plaited structure, vessel'.
193. (Onomatopoetic) 'aHPA 'chop, dig': ? AA. kHP 'dig, chop, cut'-
Kart. 'chop, cut'- IE. ke(6)p- 'chop, dig'.
194. 'arta 'depart, leave, abandon': ? Kart. 'depart, remain']-
Ural. ka&'a- 'abandon' - Drav. 'go by, pass, cross over,
abandon' -Alt. 'remain, wait'.
195. 'nape of neck, head': AA. qP 'nape of neck, head' -Kart.
'nape of neck, skull' -IE. k/a/p- 'head, skull'.
196. 'cut': AA. qs 'cut, beat, break' -Kart. 'cut, chop' 1
- IE. 'cut' Ural. kacA/keca 'knife, edge, point' ? Drav.
kacc- 'bite, sting' -Alt. 'cut'].
197. 'tie (tightly)': ? AA. kr 'tie, wrap' -Kart.
'tie' - IE. 'tie' karA- 'tie tightly, wrap up' Drav.
[kar- 'tie tightly, Alt. 'tie tightly, tighten'.
198. 'be insufficient': Kart. 'be insufficient, need'
Ural. kelke 'be insufficient, be needed'.
199. (Onomatopoetic) 'to scream': AA. qr(j) 'scream, call'
Kart. 'scream' Ural. kerja- 'ask' - Drav. kir- 'scream,
call' -Alt. 'call').
200. 'breast, heart': Kart. 'breast'- IE. 'heart'.
201. post-positional intensifying and conjoining particle: AA. k(w),
conjoining particle - Kart. kwe, intensifying and affirming particle - IE.
conjoining and intensifying particle -Ural. -ka/-ka, intensifying
and conjoining particle - Alt. -ka, intensifying particle.
202. 'round': AA. q(w)l 'round, rotate'- Kart.
, .
'round' -IE. 'round, rotate' ? Ural. kol a 'circle'
Kol'A- 'mix, revolve, turn'.
203. 'tail': Kart. 'id'- Alt. 'id'.
204. 'secret, to steal': AA. [q(w)l 'steal, Kart.
'hide, Drav. 'secret'- Alt.
'steal, lie'.
205. 'small': AA. 'id' -Kart. 'id' -
Drav. kuqq- 'id'.
206. ? 'gather fruit': Kart. 'gather', 'gather
fruit' Kerp- 'gather fruit'.
207. particle inciting to action (with verbal forms): IE. -ke,
particle inciting to action- Ural. -k, -k(k)A, suffix of imperative
and optative (originally a particle) - Drav. -k(k)A, suffix of opt.-imper.
(originally a particle) - Alt. -kA, suffix of imperative.
208. 'hot, burn': AA. [ql- 'burn, fry')- IE. 'hot; cold'
- Drav. kal- 'burn' -Alt. 'hot, burn, kindle'.
209. 'dig': IE. (< 'hole' -Ural. kajwa-/
kojwa- 'dig, draw
210. 'raise, rise': AA. ql- 'rise, raise, summit' -IE. kelH-
-(2-
'rise, raise; mountain, hill' 'rise'.
211. 'give birth to, be born': AA. qn- 'give birth to'
ken- 'be born, young' Drav. kan- 'give birth to'.
212. 'to cover, close': AA. kp-/qp- 'cover, close' Drav. kapp-/
kavA- 'cover' 'close'.
213. 'black, dark colored': IE. ker-, ker-s- 'black, dark'
Drav. kar/kar/kar 'black, dark'- Alt. Kara 'black'.
- ..
214. 'abdomen, viscera': AA. qrb 'viscera, abdomen'
(Kerp-)/Krep- 'abdomen, body' Drav. karA- 'fetus, womb'
'abdomen, belly fat'.
215. 'burn, to fire': AA. qr(r) 'burn, to fire' ker- 'burn,
fry, fire'- Drav. kar(A)- 'to fire, be scorched, burn'.
216. 'cliff, steep elevation': AA. qr 'cliff, mountain, hill'- IE.
ker- 'cliff, stone'- Drav. kar(a)- 'bank, edge'.
217. 'bark, crust, rind': AA. qr(m) 'bark, rind, crust' -IE.
ker- 'bark, skin' - Ural. kore/kere 'bark, crust' -Alt.
Kar 'bark, crust'.
,
218. 'scrape, scratch': AA. [qs- 'scrape, fleece')- IE. kes-
'scratch'- Drav. kall- 'rash, itch'.
219. 'bone': AA. 'bone' -IE. Kos-t- 'bone, rib'.
220. 'armpit, underarm': Ural. kaj9a-la 'id' - Drav. kavunkA
'id' -Alt. 'id'.
221. 'tongue': Ural. kele 'tongue' 'tongue, talk'.
222. 'paw': AA. qp/kp/qb 'foot, sole, hoof; palm' kepH-
'hoof, paw'- Ural. kappa 'paw'.
223. 'who': Ural. ke- 'who' (stem of oblique case?) -Alt. 'who'.
224. 'summer heat': AA. 'summer, heat'- Ural.
'summer heat, summer'.
225. 'to fall': IE. <?> Keid-/kad- 'fall' Drav. ketA- 'fall,
collapse'.
226. 'empty, light (weight)': IE. ken- 'empty' -Ural. [kEfiA-
'light')- Alt. 'light'.
227. 'horn': AA. qr- 'id' -IE. ker- 'horn; head, top, summit'.
228. 'stem, stalk, hair': IE. kel- '(prickly> stem, stalk' -
Ural. kalke 'hair, combings, flocks' - Drav. [kel 'feather, hair')
Alt. 'thick hair'.
229. 'be angry, jealous': AA. qn- 'be jealous, angry'- Drav.
I '"7 -
--- ------------
kinA- 'be angry' Kin/u/- 'be angry, jealous'.
230. 'hoarfrost': AA. qr- 'ice, hoarfrost, IE. Ker- (in
derivations) 'hoarfrost, crust (of ice on snow), ice' kirte, kirA
'crust (of ice on Alt. 'hoarfrost, new snow'.
231. (Onomatopoetic) 'scrape': AA. qr- 'scrape, wound' IE. KerH-
'destroy, break' Drav. kirA-/kerA- 'scrape, shave' k'ir(a)-
'scrape, to plane, to cut'.
232. 'who': AA. k(w)/q(w) 'who' (stern of interrogative pronoun)
IE. 'who' 'what' and other inter. pronouns) Ural.
ko-/ku- 'who' Alt. stern of inter. pronoun.
233. 'rest': AA. qwj 'remain, IE. 'rest'
koja- 'lie, Drav. ke- 'rest, lie'.
234. 'gnaw, worm': IE. 'worm', ? 'chew up, break
Alt. KorA 'worm'.
235. 'to fall, subside': Ural. kulA- 'to fall out, fall, wear out'
Alt. k'ulA- 'fall, collapse'.
236. 'plait, tie, bind': IE. 'build, Ural.
kurA-/korA- 'plait, tack together, fasten' - Drav. kurA- 'plait, tie,
spin' -Alt. KurA- 'adjust (to), build, arrange'.
237. ? 'blood': IE. kreuH- 'coagulated blood, bloody meat'- Drav.
kuruti 'blood'
238. 'wolf, dog': ? AA. k(j)n/k(j)l, k(w)l 'dog, wolf' -IE.
Kuon!Kun- Ural. klijna 'wolf'.
239. 'community, clan': AA. [q(w)l 'tribe' 1 -IE. 'clan,
family' Ural. kula 'agricultural community, village; dwelling, house'
Drav. [kul 'family, crowd' 1 -Alt. [Kula 'house, house servants'].
240. 'boil, swell up': IE. keup-/keuHp- 'boil, evaporate' -Alt.
'swell up, foam'.
241. 'woven basket': ? AA. 'woven basket' -IE.
'woven basket, woven article' - Ural. kuca-/kocA 'birch basket, birch
vessel'.
242. 'swallow, devour': AA. q(w)m 'devour, eat' -IE.
'swallow, gulp down'.
243. 'pile, heap': IE. keup-/keub- 'pile' - Drav. kupp(a)-/kuvA-
'pile, to pile up'.
244. 'short': AA. q(w)r/kr 'short' - Drav. kur 'short, small'-
Alt. 'short, to lessen'.
245. directive particle: AA. k(//q ?>, directive particle- Ural.
-kkA/-kA, suffix of lative, a postpositional directive particle - Drav.
-kkA/-kA, suffix of dative-lative - Alt. -kA, postpositional directive
- {/1-

particle, suffix of dative-lative.
246. ? -1/a/, suffix of collective nouns: ? Ural. -la, collective suffix-
Drav. -1, plural suffix Alt. -l(a), collective suffix.
247. (Onomatopoetic) 'lick': AA. lq 'lick' -Kart.
'lick' - IE. lak- 'lick, lap' -Ural. lakka- 'lick, lap' - Drav. nakk-/
nak- I 1 ick I o
248. -lA, suffix of denominative verbs: Ural. -lA, 'id' -Alt. -la/-la
I id I o
249. lAsA 'rub, damage': Kart. les- 'rub, damage' -IE. les- 'weak,
destroyed, bad' - Drav. nac- 'wear out; cause disease, weaken'.
250.? 1/e/pA 'spleen': AA. lp 'id'- Ural. 1/e/ppa 'id'.
251.? lewda 'search, find': Ural. Lewoa- 'find'- Drav. lnet-/nat-
'search for'].
252. lipa 'sticky': AA. lP- 'smear with grease/fat, fat'- Kart. lap-/
lP- 'dirt, clay'- IE. leip- 'stick to, sticky, smear with grease/fat'
Ural. Lipa- 'slippery, sticky' - Drav. niv- 'smear with grease/fat,
stroke'- Alt. lipa- 'stick to, sticky, viscous'.
253. -lA, adjectival suffix: Kart. -1-/-el-/-il-, suffix of participles
and deverbative nouns; -il-1-ol- diminutive suffix - IE. -1-, suffix of
denominative and deverbative adjectives - Ural. -la-1-la, suffix of
adjectives, nouns, and diminutives -Alt. -1, suffix of deverbative nouns.
254. (Onomatopoetic) l'ama 'knead, mash, soften': AA. lm 'soft, tender'
IE. lem- 'break; weak' - Ural. l'ama 'knead, mash, crush; weak' - Drav.
namA- 'squeeze, knead, mash, break'.
255. 'leg': AA. lq-/lk- 'leg, foot' -IE. lek- 'leg' -?Ural.
'leg' -? Drav. tak 'walk'.
256. 'flat': ? AA. lP- 'flat, palm' -IE. lep- 'palm, paw'
Ural. 'flat, paw, shoulder blade' -Alt. lapA- 'flat, leaf'.
257. locative particle: AA. 1, locative-directive particle - ? Kart.
-la, locative affix - Ural. locative suffix - ? Drav. -u},
locative suffix- Alt. l-la/-la, locative suffix].
258. 'soft, weak': AA. ljn 'soft, weak'- IE. lei- 'soft, weak,
thin'- Ural. lejna 'weak'.
259. 'mud, silt': IE. leu(H) 'mud, silt'- Ural. 'mud, sand,
bog'.
260. 'bend': IE lenk- 'bend' -Ural. 'bend, chip off;
droop, dangle' - Drav. tonk- 'bend, dangle' - Alt. lo9a- 'bend, incline,
bow'.
261. 'pierce, insert': Ural. 'pierce, insert, push'- Drav.
{tukk- 'insert, push']- Alt. llika- 'pierce'.
I;--
262. LabA 'seize, acquire': AA. lb- 'seize, acquire' -IE. 1/e,bh-
'seize, acquire' -Alt. (labA- 'drag in one's teeth').
263. LaHm/u/ 'swamp': ? Kart. (lam- 'silt, dampness']- IE. lehm-
'swamp, puddle' - Ural. Lampe 'swamp, small lake' -Alt. lamu 'swamp,
sea'.
264. Lamd/i/ 'low, depression': IE. lendh- 'valley, plain' -Ural.
Lamte 'low, depression'.
265. 'damp': Kart. 'moisten' -IE. lat- 'damp, moist soil'.
266. 'weak, limp': IE. leus- 'id'- Ural. 'id'.
267. L/a/jA 'water, pour': AA. lj 'water'- IE. leiH- 'pour'
LajA 'liquid, river'.
? Ural.
268. ? LopA 'peeled bark (rind), thin layer of plant material': AA. lp-
'peeled - IE. leup-/leub-/lep-, 'peel: peeled bark, leaf' - Ural.
LopA 'skinned bark, leaf'.
269. LubA 'to thirst': AA. lwb 'thirst'- IE. leubh- 'desire passionately'.
270. 'small carnivore': Kart. 'young of carnivore, puppy' -
IE. 'lynx' -Ural. LuKA 'fox, marten' -Alt. loka/luka 'lynx,
fox, dog'.
354. lunge 'snow': Ural. lu6e 'snow' -Alt. 'wet snow' 1.
271. LAga 'lie': Kart. lag-/lg- 'lay, to plant'- IE. legh- 'lie, lie
down'.
272. ? LAQA 'be ill': AA. 1/Q/ 'ill'- Kart. [le/x/- 'be ill'].
273. (Onomatopoetic) 'lick': AA. 'lick', 'tongue' -Kart.
'lip', 'lick'.
274. ? la/mH/u 'bird cherry': Ural. bo'me 'bird cherry' -Alt. /d/imu
'bird cherry, buckthorn'.
275. magu 'bad': AA. mgw/mwg 'id' -Alt. [magu 'id'].
355. maHj/e/ 'rock, wave': IE. mehCi)- 'rock, shake: wave, nod',
(fig.) 'lure, summon, show' - Drav. maya 'sway, reel (physically
and emotionally)' -Alt. maji 'rock, shake, sway, bend; wave'.
356. maHjA- 'lose strength, weaken; disappear, perish': IE. meHi-
<> ma(j) or m6Ci)-) 'to tire' - Drav. majA- 'disappear, perish,-be
finished, die; destroy, finish'- Alt. majA- 'weaken, be lost'.
276. majAA 'honey, sweet juice from trees': IE. mel- 'honey' -Ural.
majO'A 'sweet tree juice' - Drav. 'honey, sweet tree
juice'-? Alt. [/m/alA 'honey'].
277. majrA 'young male': AA. m(j)r 'man, young male animal (cub, whelp,
etc.)' -IE. mer- (mer-!o-) 'young man' - Drav. mar-/mar- 'young male
__ //_--
animal' -Alt. lmiara- 'to marry'].
278. malA 'numerous, abundant': ? AA. ml- 'good' -IE. mel- 'numerous,
abundant' Drav. mal 'abundant'.
279. ? mana 'stop, detain': AA [mnr 'detain, hinder')- Drav. man-
'stop' -Alt. [mana- 'finish, destroy'].
280. manga 'strong': AA. [mA(n)g- 'strong, heavy, abundant']-? Kart.
[mag- 'strong']- IE. mengh-/m{e)negh- 'abundant, numerous'- Alt.
lma9a 'hard, strong, stable').
281. manu 'think': AA. mn- 'think, understand, desire, count'- IE. men-
'think, recall, mention' - Alt. manA/monA << *mano-) 'guess, conjure, say'
-? Drav. manA- 'request, word'.
282. marja 'berry': Kart. 'strawberry' -IE. mor- 'blackberry,
mulberry'- Ural. marja 'berry' -?Alt. [mlirA 'berry').
283. marA 'tree': Ural. m/a/re 'id'- Drav. mara(m) 'id'.
284. rnA, formant with nominal function in relative constructions: AA. m-
(ma-, mi-)/-m, derivational nominal formant - Kart. me-/m-/ma-,
derivational nominal prefix - IE. -mo, derivational nominal suffix -
Ural. -ma/-ma, derivational nominal suffix - Drav. -mai, derivational
nominal suffix - Alt. -ma/-ma, derivational nominal suffix.
285. -rnA, suffixal formant of the marked direct object: IE. -m, suffix
of accusative sg. of animate nouns- Ural. -m, suffix of definite object
Drav. -m, suffix of marked object - Alt. l-ba/-ba, suffix of markedt
definite object).
286. mALA 'mountain': IE mel- 'mountain, elevation'- Drav. mal-
'mountain'.
287. mAnA 'remain in place, stand firmly': AA. mn 'remain, be firm'-
IE. men- 'remain in place'- Drav. man- 'remain in place, stand fircly'.
288. mArA 'spot, dirty': IE. mer- 'dirty, dark' - Drav. 'dark
spot'.
289. rna, 1st ps. pl. inclusive pers. pronoun: AA. [m(n), 1st pl. incl.)
- Kart. m-, marker of object of pl. incl. - IE. me-s, 1st pl. -
Ural. ma-/-me-, 1st pl. - Drav. rna, stem of 1st pl. pronoun- Alt. bE
(oblique mE-n), 1st pl. exclusive (secondary function).
290. rna, prohibitive particle: AA. m(j), prohibitive and negative particle
- Kart. malmo, prohibitive and negative particle - IE. me, prohibitive
particle - Drav. ma-, stem of prohibitive and negative elements - Alt.
ma/ba-, prohibitive and negatiye particle.
291. ? malgi 'breast, udder': AA mlg 'breast, udder, suck'- ?melg-
'to milk'- Ural. malye 'breast, chest cavity'.
292. manA 'man, male': AA. mn- 'male, man, person' IE. m/o/n- 'man'-
Ural. *ma66e 'man, person'- Drav. 'husband, lord'.
293. m/a/rA 'be ill, die': AA. mr- 'be ill' -IE. mer- 'die' - Cral.
m/e/rA 'wound, pain'.
294. mafa 'moisture, damp': AA. mr 'damp; rain, reservoir' -Kart.
*mar-(ei) 'lake, moist soil; cloud' << 'damp') -IE. mor- 'swamp,
reservoir'- Drav. [mar-ai 'rain']- Alt. moRa-/mliRa- 'sea, river;
water'.
..
295.? mene 'step': IE. men- 'trample, step on, crumple'- Ural. mene-
'go'.
357. ? menA 'to miss, pass by; be futile, in vain; reckless; false': IE.
'be futile, useless; false, to lie' - Ural. menta 'pass by,
miss the mark, be mistaken'- Alt. mun-u- 'get lost; go insane', men-
'become blunt, dull; become cloudy (consciouness), me9-de- 'be shocked,
be lost, become confused'.
296.? mefA 'fat, smear with grease/fat': AA (mr- 'greasy, smear with
grease/fat']- Drav. mesA- 'to smear with grease, to coat'.
297. metA 'feel, realize': IE med- 'think over, ponder'- Alt. meda-
'feel, know'.
298. mEwA 'water, moisture': AA. mw 'water, moisture'- IE. meu- 'moist,
moisten' -Alt. [mol 'water'.
299. mi, 1st ps. sg. pers. pronoun 'I' (oblique mi-nA): Kart. me/mi 'I'
(stem of oblique cases *me-n-) - IE. me- 'I' (oblq. stem: gen. me-ne-) -
Ural. mi 'I' (oblique stem mi-nA-) -Alt. bi 'I' (oblique stem minA-).
300. mi 'what': AA. m(j) 'what, who'- Kart. maj 'what'- IE. mo-, stem of
interrogative adverbs- Ural. mi 'what' -Alt. [mi- 'what', interrogative
particle].
301. mina 'woman, woman relative': AA. m(j)n 'woman, woman relative'
Ural. mina 'daughter/sister-in-law' - Drav. 'female, woman;
wanton woman'.
302. moLA 'smash': AA. [ml- 'smash, break, dismember' 1- IE. mel-
'smash, grind' -Ural. *moL/a/- 'break, break up'.
303. mu, demonstrative pronoun ('this, that'): Kart. m(a)-, demon.
'this, he'- Ural. mu/mo 'other'- Alt. bu (oblique mu-n) 'this'.
304. muyA 'wash': AA. 'wash' -IE. mesg- 'wash, dive' -Ural.
musA, muske- 'wash'- Drav. muc(c)- 'wash'.
305. 'spoilage, shortage': Ural. 'shortage, fault, illness' -
Drav. mucc- 'spoil; lose consciousness, weaken'.
306. muda 'end': AA. [md 'end')- Drav. 'end' -Alt. [muda- 'end'].
358. ? munE 'shortage, defect, deformity': IE. men-d- 'defect, shortage,
deformity'- Alt. munE 'shortcoming, defect, shortage'.
307. ? mufia 'egg': Ural. mufia 'egg; testicles' - Drav.
'egg'].
308. 'heavy, difficult': Kart. 'heavy'- Drav. mukk-
'exert oneself'-? Alt. [/m/uQ-1/m/ukA- 'torment, suffering'.
309. muri 'twist': AA. mr- 'rotate, twist, turn' Ural. murA- 'turn,
dislocate'- Drav. muri- 'twist, revolve, bend'; murA 'twist, rotate'
Alt. muri- 'turn, twist, bend'.
310. murA 'break, smash': AA. m(w)r 'crumble, smash, cut' -IE. mer-
'smash, grind, crumble' - Ural. mura 'fragile, brittle, fragment' -
Drav. 'break, cut' -Alt. [murA/morA 'fragile, brittle'].
311. ? mUdA 'think': AA. m(w)d 'understand, think, say' -IE. meudh-
'think, say'.
312. ? 'worm': Kart. 'worm' -IE. *mot- 'worm, insect
larva'.
313. 'light, bright, sun': AA. 'sun, morning, fire'- Kart.
mz
1
-e 'sun'.
314. -n, suffix of oblique form of nouns and pronouns: Kart. -n, suffix
of oblique form of nouns and pronouns- IE. -(e)n, suffix of oblique
form of nouns - Ural. -n, suffix of oblique form of nouns and pronouns
<> suffix of genitive) Drav. suffix of oblique form of nouns
<> suffix of genitive) -Alt. -n, suffix of oblique form of nouns and
pronouns.
315. nat/o/ 'female relative': Ural. nato 'sister-in-law' - Drav. natt-/
natA- 'sister's husband, brother's wife'.
316. ne/rH/i 'front of head, forehead': AA. [njr(H) 'forehead']- Ural.
nere 'front of head, cheek, snout' - Drav. 'forehead, front'.
y
317. nimi 'name': IE. nom- 'id' -Ural. nime 'id'.
318. 6atrA 'young, newborn': AA. [ntr 'young, youth']- IE.
'spring, year' -Ural. nore 'young, newborn, spring' - Drav.
'young plant, geminate'- Alt. na/r/A- 'young, newborn; spring'.
319. namA 'squeeze, seize': IE. iem- 'hold tightly, bridle' -Ural.
nomA-/(?)namA- 'squeeze, seize': Drav. namA 'squeeze, press'.
320. nara 'fire, blaze': AA. [nr 'fire, blaze, sparkle']- Drav. fiarA-
'fire, blaze' -Alt. [NaRa- 'sun'].
I
321. (Onomatopoetic) namA 'soft': Ural. namAkA/nimAkA 'id' -Alt.
nimA/namA 'id'.
322. ? na/wH/a 'hair': Ural. nawa 'hair, down' - Drav. [navir 'hair').
323. ? 6a1A 'moist, damp': AA ng- 'moist, ooze out, splash'- Ural.
'moist, damp'.
324. nida 'to tie, bind': IE. nedh- 'tie, bind'- Ural. ni8a- 'tie,
tack together, join'.
325. (Onomatopoetic) 6ila 'slippery and moist (inner layer of rind, skin>:
Ural. nila 'inner layer of rind'- Alt. nila 'slimy (surface)'.
326. nohrA 'moist, to flow': AA. [nhr 'river, flow'] -Ural. norA/norA
'moist, swamp, to flow' - ? Drav. nir 'moisture, water' - Alt.
noru 'moist, swamp, get soaked'.
327. nowda 'move quickly': AA. nwd 'move quickly' -IE. ieudh- 'move
quickly, do battle'- Ural. nowoa- 'pursue, follow'.
328. ? nlikA 'shake, pull at': Ural. nlikA 'pull at, jerk'- Drav.
[nuk- 'shake'].
329. nulA- 'tear out, scrape off': Ural. nlilke- 'to skin, tear out hair'
- ? Drav. null- 'pinch, pinch off, tear off' -Alt. *nlili-/noli-
'strip, tear out, scrape off'.
359. najgu- 'bow, bend, hang': IE. 'bow, bend'- Ural.
/n/ik/u/- << *najgu- ?> 'bow, bend' - Alt. 9ajgu- 'bend, hang,
droop, rock'.
330. 'neck vertebra, neck': Ural. nika 'vertebra, joint,
neck, nape of neck' -Alt. nika- 'neck vertebra, neck, collar'.
331. NajRA 'man, male': IE. ner- 'man, male, male strength' -Alt. [niarA
'man, person'].
332. NA, demonstrative pronoun: AA. n(j), demon. pron.- Kart. -n,
marker of 3rd sg. subject- IE. ne-tno-, stem of demon. pron. -Ural.
nA-, stem of demon. pron. - Drav. na, demon. pronoun.
333. -NA, suffix of plural animate nouns: AA. -an, suffix of plural
animate nouns - Kart. -en/-n, suffix of plural nouns (originally animate)
in direct case - ? Ural. -NA, suffix of plural nouns -Alt. -na/-na,
suffix of plural animate nouns.
334. NEgA 'stab': AA. ng- 'stab, pierce' -IE. neigh- 'stab, pierce'.
360. Nuq/U/ 'bend, rock, lower': AA. nwx 'bend, lower, lay' -Kart.
nqw 'bring down, overturn' - IE. 'bend, bow, rock' - ? Drav. [nukA
'bend, bow']- Alt. nugu/nlikli 'bend, bow'.
335. NliqA 'now': IE. nuH- 'id'- Ural. NlikA 'id'.
336. ? palA 'swamp': IE. bolH-/pelH- 'id'- Alt. [pal- 'id'].
361. 'foot': Kart. <> perq-/berq-) 'leg, foot, step'
Ural. 'foot'- Alt. 'leg, foot, step'.
362. p/a/r/a/ 'nail': AA. 'nail, finger'- Kart. pr/c/xa
'nail, claw' - ? IE. per-, ferst- 'finger' -? Drav. ver-a} (<
'finger'- Alt. para-(9a)/p ara-C9a) (< *parE-C9a)) 'thumb'.
363. /piasA 'root': Kart. pasw- 'root' - Drav. [vaca C< 'type
-zo-
of edible Alt. P/a/sA 'trunk, stem; handle'.
337. pelHi 'shake, fear': IE. pelH-/pleH-. 'shake, Ural. pele-
'fear' Drav. [piA- 'shake, Alt. peli- 'be frightened'.
364. perle/ 'rind, skin, peel': AA. 'rind, skin, peel' pere
'skin, rind, film' Drav. p
1
erA 'rind, skin, peel'.
365. 'body hair': Kart. 'body hair' 1
pus-, pous- '(body) hair', Ural. 'down,
Drav. 'hair, down'.
366. /p/u/n/a 'hair, fur, feathers': Ural. puna 'hair, fur, feathers'
Drav. 'hair, fur, down, small feathers' - Alt. PunA 'hair,
fur, feathers'.
338.? 'flea': AA.
'flea, mosquito' IE. bhlus-/plus- 'flea'
'flea'
367. 'fall': AA. [pdH 'fall, lie IE. ped- Drav.
patA 'fall, lower (oneself), sit, lie down'.
368. 'fortified settlement' : AA. bl /H/ ? ) 'settlement,
dwelling' - IE. PlH- 'fortified settlement, fortress, city' - Ural.
*palyA 'settlement, dwelling' - Drav. pa!!i 'settlement, building,
temple' -Alt. palagA <> Mong. balaya- 'city, fortress, building'.
369. 'palm': IE. pima << *plHma) 'palm' -Ural.
'handful, Alt. 'palm'.
370. 'tooth': Drav. palA 'tooth' [PalA '(molar) tooth'.
339. (Onomatopoetic) 'tear, break, split': AA. /p/r- 'split,
destroy, cut' - ? Kart.

'tear' - IE. (s)per- 'tear,

break' - Ural. para- 'break' (usually derived *parek 'broken off
piece')- Drav. pai-/pari- 'tear, break, split'- Alt.
'tear, smash, grind'.
371. 'membrum virile': IE. pes-, pes-os, pes-n- 'membrum
virile' p/a/se- 'penis'.
372. 'fall': AA. pl- 'fall' -IE. (s)phol- 'fall' -? Drav.
vel- << *p
1
ajl- ?> 'fly, lower oneself' PEjle- 'fly, soar; rush
downward; fall <leaves)'.
373. 'to shepherd, defend, take care of': IE. po-/pi- <<
< *pe/6/i-> 'to shepherd, defend, protect, take care of' - Ural. p1na
<< *pena ?> 'to shepherd, defend, maintain, take care of' - Drav. peQA-
'defend, take care of'.
374. 'ask': AA. brk (< ?> 'ask, pray, bless'
'ask' -Alt. 'ask, pray (for, against), bless, damn, inquire of
divinity, conjure'.
340. (Onomatopoetic) 'splash': Kart. ps- 'urinate'- Ural. piSa-
-21-
'drip, drizzle' - Drav. picA- 'drizzle, rain' - Alt.
' splash' .
375. 'cattle': AA. bkr (< 'large horned cattle, bull'-
IE. '(small> cattle' Alt. pcoke-r 'bull, large horned cattle'.
341. 'hip': AA. pAxd/pAxg/xpd << *pAdx/pAgx- with metathes1sl
'hip' -IE. bhe/dh/- 'hip' -Ural.

'hip, calf, meaty bulge'.

Doubtful correspondences in Kart. and Alt.
342. ? P/a/Hja 'pain': IE. pehi- 'cause pain, scold'- Alt. [Poja
'wound' 1.
376. ? qamA 'seize': AA. xm- 'seize, take, gather', m- 'take'
hem-, meH- 'seize, take' Drav. am- 'squeeze'.

343. 'ignite, fire': AA. 'ignite, blaze IE. Het-
'fire, hearth' -? Drav. [otA Alt. oti 'spark, fire'.
377. qowe 'opening': AA. xw 'opening, door' owe- 'door' Drav.
av- 'gape, yawn; to open mouth'.
378. qurE 'to love': Kart. qwar- 'love' Drav. kurA 'love, desire'
Alt. 'desire intensely, love'.
344. qurA 'edge, tip, cut': AA. qwr 'cut, dig, Kart. qwer
Ural. kurA Drav. [kur Alt.
'sharp' 1.
345. ? qA, particle with collective meaning: Kart. [-qe, marker of plural
of 2nd/3rd ps. oblique object] - ? IE. -kA, suffix of collective- Ural.
-k, suffix of plural (in pronominal markers of 1st and 2nd plural)
Drav. -k(k)A, suffix of noun plural.
346. ? 'daylight': AA. 'sun, daylight' [r/h/- 'to dawn,
shine'].
347. SAlA 'favorable': AA. 'favorable, AA. selh-/sleh-
'favorable'.
348. 'be awake': AA. 'be awake']- IE. se/Hr/- 'guard
Ural. 'be Alt. Sera- 'be awake,
awaken, notice'.
349. (Onomatopoetic) tapQa 'beat': AA. tPQ 'beat, trample, break'
IE. tep- 'beat, crush' - Ural. tappa- 'beat, trample, kick' - Drav. tabb-
'beat'- Alt. beat, hammer' 'beat, kick'.
350. wola 'big': ? AA. w/1/- 'big'
surplus' Drav. val 'big, strong'
IE. uel- 'big' - Ural. wola 'many,
Alt.-ola 'many'.
351. wota 'get, obtain, overtake': Ural. wotta- 'to bag game, overtake
(when hunting)' Drav. ott- 'extract, bring'.
352. 'take into one's hands, hold': IE. sep- 'hold, be occupied with
something'- Alt. 'take into one's hands, make, arrange'
.., .., -
353. ita/nA 'fetus, fruit, pregnancy, descendents': AA. gn- 'get pregnant,
descendents; brother, sister' - ? Kart. z
1
m-a 'brother' Drav. can-ai
'fetus, pregnancy'.
-23-
A =
c =
c" =
=
E =
H =
I =
K =
rs
=
L =
N =
0 =
p
=
R =
s =
T =
u
=
1\ =
a or a
c or r;
" " "
c, r;, or
or 9
a, e, or i
SYMBOLS and ABBREVIATIONS
undetermined laryngeal or post-velar
e or i
g, k, or a
or 9:
1 or + in initial position, 1, +, or 1" in medial position.
n, n, or ii
o or u
p or J?
r or r
s, s, or or z
t or t-
o, u, or ii
vowel of indeterminable quality
Slanted brackets I I around phoneme(s) indicate that those phoneme(s) are
the best, but not the only possible reconstruction. See #4.
Round brackets ( ) indicate optional phoneme(s). See #22.
Square brackets [ 1 around a reconstructed form indicate the reconstruction
is based on the data of one language family. See #1.
= Altaic aspirated k.
= A glottalic consonant, except Dravidian retroflex consonants.
C" = A palatal consonant.
? = Glottal stop.
r = Voiced pharyngeal.
Q = Voiceless pharyngeal.
9 ::: v,j,eJ pos+-v.&.,. s+Dp.
V. M.
1971 Opyt sravnenija jazykov (semitoxamitskij,
kartvel'skij, indoevropejskij, ural'skij, dravidijskij,
altajskij). Vvedenie. Sravnitel'nyj slovar' (b-K' ). Moscow:
Nauka. [#1 - #2451
1976 Opyt sravnenija jazykov (semitoxamitskij,
kartvel'skij, indoevropejskij, ural'skij, dravidijskij,
altajskij). Sravnitel'nyj slovar' (1-1>. Moscow: Nauka.
[#246 - #3531
1984 Opyt sravnenija jazykov (semitoxamitskij,
kartvel'skij, indoevropejskij, ural'skij, dravidijskij,
altajskij). Sravnitel'nyj slovar' (p-q). Moscow: Nauka.
[#354 - #378]
-24-