Writing MATLAB Programs: Mike Renfro

Outlines
Writing MATLAB Programs

Mike Renfro September 14, 2004
Mike Renfro
Outlines
Part I: Review of Previous Lecture Part II: Writing MATLAB Programs
Review of Previous Lecture
Mike Renfro
Outlines
Part I: Review of Previous Lecture Part II: Writing MATLAB Programs

Control Structures
If/Then/Else For Loops While Loops Vectorized Loops
Working with Data and Graphics

Loading and Saving Data with Text Files Loading and Saving Data with MATLAB Binary Files X-Y Plots
Homework
Mike Renfro
Part I Review of Previous Lecture
Mike Renfro
Review of Previous Lecture
Starting MATLAB, exiting MATLAB, getting help Major elements of the MATLAB environment
Command window Workspace Command history Current directory selector
MATLAB as a calculator Writing functions
Mike Renfro
Control Structures Working with Data and Graphics Homework
Part II Writing MATLAB Programs
Mike Renfro
Introduction
In their simplest form, MATLAB programs are like functions without the function header line. They are simple text les that contain several MATLAB commands to be run in a consistent fashion. For example:
% Calculate projectile positions at a given time initialVelocity =5; % m / s launchAngle =45*( pi /180); % radians time =2; % seconds [ xPosition , yPosition ]=... c o m p u t e p r o j e c t i l e p o s i t i o n ( initialVelocity ,... launchAngle , time )
Mike Renfro
Control Structures
Control structures are ways of making programs do something other than simply execute lines of the program in order. Control structures allow programs to make decisions, and to repeat calculations while certain conditions are met.
Mike Renfro
If/Then/Else Structures
If/Then/Else structures allow your program to make decisions based on calculations or other information. Their general form is if a condition is met, do this. Otherwise, do something else. Youve already used this type of logic in previous homework problems. For example, on the bisection method, one of the steps reads if sgn(f (a)) = sgn(f (b )), stop, the program is set up wrong. Otherwise, continue on.
Mike Renfro
MATLAB If/Then/Else Example
width =0; height =5; depth =3; density =10; volume = width * height * depth ; if ( volume <=0) error ( How did I get a non - positive volume ? ); else weight = density * volume ; end
Mike Renfro
For Loops
For loops are used when you want to repeat a calculation a specic number of times. Your rst programming assignment used a construct like that: loop 100000 times, adding 1.0/3.0 to result each time.
Mike Renfro
For Loop Example
result =9; for n =1:100000 result = result +1.0/3.0; end for n =1:100000 result = result -1.0/3.0; end fprintf ( result =%.15 f \ n , result );
Mike Renfro
While Loops
While loops are used when you want to repeat a calculation until a particular criteria is met. Normally, you dont know exactly how many loops will be required to meet that criteria beforehand. The incremental search method used constructs like that: repeat the previous steps as long as sgn(f (x )) = sgn(f (x + x )).
Mike Renfro
While Loop Example
x =0; dx =0.1; while ( sign ( myfunction ( x )) == sign ( myfunction ( x + dx ))) x = x + dx ; end fprintf ( Found a root on the interval (% f ,% f )\ n ,... x , x + dx );
Mike Renfro
Vectorized Loops
One of MATLABs advantages over other languages is that it does not require you to predene every variable with a type and a size before using it. You can add extra elements to an array or vector anytime during the variables lifetime. However, this exibility comes at a price. When MATLAB has to resize an array, it has to
nd new memory for the larger array, allocate that memory, copy the existing array into the new memory location, and add the new array element onto the end.
All these operations add on to your total time required to solve a problem. When you repeat this operation tens or hundreds of thousands of times, it can really slow things down.
Mike Renfro Writing MATLAB Programs
Non-Vectorized Loop Example
clear all tic for n =1:100000 x ( n )= log ( n ); end toc
This code required 196 seconds to run on a Pentium 4 Xeon 2.8 GHz system, and would probably require even more time on a normal PC.
Mike Renfro
Better Non-Vectorized Loop Example

How much dierence would it make if we preallocated the memory for the x variable rather than resizing it on each run through the loop?
clear all tic x = zeros (1 ,100000); for n =1:100000 x ( n )= log ( n ); end toc
This code required only 0.29 seconds to run on the same 2.8 GHz Xeon system, required 0.40 seconds to run on a normal PC, and yields identical results compared to the rst example.
Vectorized Loop Example
Whats the code for and the eect of a vectorized loop?

clear all tic n =1:100000; x = log ( n ); toc
This version of the loop required only 0.02 seconds to run on the Xeon, and only 0.05 seconds to run on a more typical PC.
Mike Renfro
Other Vectorized Examples
n =1; while (n <=1999) x ( n )=( n *5)+5; y ( n )= x ( n )^2; n = n +1; end for n =1:1999 x ( n )=( n *5)+5; y ( n )= x ( n )^2; end
x =10:5:10000; y = x .^2;
Mike Renfro
Vectorized Loop Warning
Since vectors in MATLAB are actually single-row or single-column matrices, MATLAB treats them according to the rules of matrix algebra. The most common problem with vector calculations are with multiplication or division operations, since matrix algebra rules require that matrices multiplied or divided together must be of a particular size. Plus, the required sizes almost never show up in vectorized loops.
Mike Renfro
Vectorized Loop Solution

Put a period before any multiplication, division, or power symbol in a vectorized calculation:
>> x =0:5:25 x = 0 5 10 15 20 25 >> y = x ^2 ??? Error using == > ^ Matrix must be square . >> >> x =0:5:25 x = 0 5 10 15 20 25 >> y = x .^2 y = 0 25 100 225 400 625 >>
Mike Renfro
Saving Data to a Text File
If you need to save the results of some MATLAB calculations to avoid the need to repeat the same calculations over and over, you can save any MATLAB variable into a text le:
>> x =0:10; >> y = x .^2; >> save - ascii parabola . txt y
Mike Renfro
Loading Data from a Text File

Similarly, you can load previously-calculated results from a text le. It doesnt matter whether the text le contains results from MATLAB or from another program, as long as its formatted properly:
>> clear all >> load - ascii parabola . txt >> whos Name Size Bytes Class parabola 1 x11 88 double array Grand total is 11 elements using 88 bytes >> parabola parabola = 0 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 >> y = parabola ;
Text File Advantages
Very easy to exchange data between MATLAB and other applications, such as Excel, LabVIEW, Tecplot, etc. Very easy to exchange data between MATLAB and custom C, C++, or FORTRAN programs. Data can be examined, created, or modied with a text editor such as Notepad.
Mike Renfro
Text File Disadvantages
Only one variable may be stored per text le. Only 8 digits of precision are stored in the text le. Slow performance on loading or saving very large data sets.
Mike Renfro
Saving Data to a MATLAB Binary File
>> x =0:10; >> y = x .^2; >> save parabola . mat
Mike Renfro
Loading Data from a MATLAB Binary File
>> clear all >> load parabola >> whos Name Size Bytes Class x 1 x11 88 double array y 1 x11 88 double array Grand total is 22 elements using 176 bytes
Mike Renfro
MATLAB Binary File Advantages
Multiple variables may be stored in a single .mat le, even the entire MATLAB workspace. No precision is lost in the transfer. Variables are not truncated at the eighth decimal place. Fast performance on loading or saving very large data sets.
Mike Renfro
MATLAB Binary File Disadvantages
More dicult to exchange data between MATLAB and other applications, such as Excel, LabVIEW, Tecplot, etc. More dicult to exchange data between MATLAB and custom C, C++, or FORTRAN programs.
Mike Renfro
Basic X-Y Plots
Assuming you already have a set of x and y data (or x and t data, etc.), the plot command can plot them against each other.
>> t =0:0.01:1; >> x = exp ( - t ).* sin (5* pi * t ); >> plot (t , x )
Mike Renfro
X-Y Plot Result
Mike Renfro
Multiple Traces on One Graph
>> >> >> >> >>
t =0:0.01:1; x = exp ( - t ).* sin (5* pi * t ); plot (t , x ) x2 = exp ( -2* t ).* sin (4* pi * t ); plot (t ,x ,t , x2 )
Mike Renfro
X-Y Plot Result
Mike Renfro
Graph Labels, Titles, and Legends
>> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >>
t =0:0.01:1; x = exp ( - t ).* sin (5* pi * t ); plot (t , x ) x2 = exp ( -2* t ).* sin (4* pi * t ); plot (t ,x ,t , x2 ) xlabel ( Time ( s ) ); ylabel ( Displacement ( mm ) ); title ( Motion Observed at Tip of Beam ); legend ( Beam 1 , Beam 2 );
Mike Renfro
X-Y Plot Result
Mike Renfro
Homework
Update your projectile motion calculators to accept a vector of times, rather than a single value. For example, the following code should calculate a series of (x , y ) values:
>> >> >> >> v0 =5; theta = pi /4; t =0:0.01:1; [x , y ]= c o m p u t e p r o j e c t i l e p o s it i o n ( v0 , theta , t );
Plot the (x , y ) position of a projectile launched with the above v0 and parameters. Label the axes, title the graph, and place a legend on it.
Mike Renfro

Writing MATLAB Programs: Mike Renfro

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Outlines

Writing MATLAB Programs

Writing MATLAB Programs

Part I: Review of Previous Lecture Part II: Writing MATLAB Programs

Review of Previous Lecture

Writing MATLAB Programs

Part I: Review of Previous Lecture Part II: Writing MATLAB Programs

Writing MATLAB Programs

Working with Data and Graphics

Writing MATLAB Programs

Part I Review of Previous Lecture

Writing MATLAB Programs

Review of Previous Lecture

MATLAB as a calculator Writing functions

Writing MATLAB Programs

Control Structures Working with Data and Graphics Homework

Part II Writing MATLAB Programs

Writing MATLAB Programs

Control Structures Working with Data and Graphics Homework

Writing MATLAB Programs

Control Structures Working with Data and Graphics Homework

If/Then/Else For Loops While Loops Vectorized Loops

Writing MATLAB Programs

Control Structures Working with Data and Graphics Homework

If/Then/Else For Loops While Loops Vectorized Loops

Writing MATLAB Programs

Control Structures Working with Data and Graphics Homework

If/Then/Else For Loops While Loops Vectorized Loops

MATLAB If/Then/Else Example

Writing MATLAB Programs

Control Structures Working with Data and Graphics Homework

If/Then/Else For Loops While Loops Vectorized Loops

Writing MATLAB Programs

Control Structures Working with Data and Graphics Homework

If/Then/Else For Loops While Loops Vectorized Loops

For Loop Example

Writing MATLAB Programs

Control Structures Working with Data and Graphics Homework

If/Then/Else For Loops While Loops Vectorized Loops

Writing MATLAB Programs

Control Structures Working with Data and Graphics Homework

If/Then/Else For Loops While Loops Vectorized Loops

While Loop Example

Writing MATLAB Programs

Control Structures Working with Data and Graphics Homework

If/Then/Else For Loops While Loops Vectorized Loops

Control Structures Working with Data and Graphics Homework

If/Then/Else For Loops While Loops Vectorized Loops

Non-Vectorized Loop Example

clear all tic for n =1:100000 x ( n )= log ( n ); end toc

Writing MATLAB Programs

Control Structures Working with Data and Graphics Homework

If/Then/Else For Loops While Loops Vectorized Loops

Better Non-Vectorized Loop Example

Control Structures Working with Data and Graphics Homework

If/Then/Else For Loops While Loops Vectorized Loops

Vectorized Loop Example

Whats the code for and the eect of a vectorized loop?

Writing MATLAB Programs

Control Structures Working with Data and Graphics Homework

If/Then/Else For Loops While Loops Vectorized Loops

Other Vectorized Examples