Cycle I

PSS Laboratory Manual
CYCLE I Exercise 01 Aim: A) To familiarize with General Purpose MATLAB Commands. 1. Write a program to determine vector X for the matrix equation AX=B.
2. Find the Eigen values of matrix A 3. Evaluate the following function V= ZC cosh( g) + sinh (g/ZC), where ZC = 200+ j300 and g= 0.02+ j1.5. 4. In the circuit shown below, determine the node voltages V1 and V2 and the power delivered by the each source.
5. Find the roots of the following polynomial.
6. The roots of a polynomial are -1,-2, -3j4. Determine the polynomial equation. 7. Determine the roots of the characteristic equation of the following matrix.
8. Create a linear X-Y plot for the following variables. x y 0 10 0.5 10 1 16 1.5 24 2 30 2.5 38 3 52 3.5 68 4 82 4.5 96 5 123
9. Given A=
and B=
Find C= A+B and D= A-B by writing a program . And Comment on Matrix Type of C and D.
10. Given A=
and B=
Department of E & EE, NIEIT, Mysore-18
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Determine C=AB, D=BA and E= ATBT. What is the relationship between E and D. 11. Given A= and B= . Determine
a) C= BT. A. B b) D=C-1 c) E= C. C-1 What type of matrix C is? What type of matrix E is?12. Given A=
Determine B=0.1A + 0.5 U. What type of matrix A is? Show that B is orthogonal matrix. 13. Given A= and B= and C= . Determine D=A- CT. B. C
14. Given A=
Determine B= A1- A2. A4-1. A3 15. Given A= . Show that A is a singular matrix. And Determine its Rank.
16. Given A= that inverse of C is
where A1=
and A4=
and A2 and A3 are null matrix. Show
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17. Given A =1 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 2 1 0 3 7 4 6 6 2 0 0 3 3 5 0 2 1 2 3 7 3 0 0 2 4 2 0 5 3 6 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 2 5 2 8 4 1 4 1 5 1 5
and B= 1 4 3 4 2 7
Find C= A.B by Method of matrix partitioning.
18. A =
Determine a) B= (A*)T. What type of matrix A is?
19. Given A=
, B=
and y=
Determine X from (A+jB) X* =y. What type of matrices are A and B.
20. Given the partitioned matrix A=
Determine B= A-1 using the formula for the inverse of the partitioned matrix.
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21. Given the matrix.
Determine A2.
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B) To Familiarize Plotting Curves in MATLAB 1. Plot y= Sinx, 0 x 2. Taking 200 linearly spaced points in the given interval. 2. Plot y=e-0.4xSinx, 0 x 4, taking 10, 50 and 100 points in the interval. 3. Plot y= Cos(x) and z=1-(x2/2) +-(x4/24) for 0 x on the same plot. Function File and Script File Solve the following Linear Equation.
Soln: Script File: File name solvex.m A= [5 2*r r; 3 6 2*r-1;2 r-1 3*r]; B= [2;3;5]; det_A=det(A); inv_A=inv(A); [E, V]=eig(A); x=A\B; >> r=1; >>solvex Function File: File name solvexf.m function(det_A, x)=solvexf(r) A= [5 2*r r; 3 6 2*r-1;2 r-1 3*r]; B= [2;3;5]; det_A=det(A); x=A\B; >>[det_A, y]=solvexf(1);
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Exercise 2: Aim: To determine ABCD parameters for a given problem to: i) ii) iii) Form symmetric /T configuration Verify AD-BC = 1, Determine co-efficient & regulation.
Software Used: MATLAB ver. R2010a Theory: The Transmission System can also be assumed to be a four terminal network with two input terminals where power enters the network and two output terminals where power leaves the network. Let Vs= Sending End Voltage; Is= Sending end current; Vr= Receiving End Voltage; Ir= Receiving end current; The sending end parameters can be expressed in terms of receiving end parameters through the set of parameters known as transmission line parameters or ABCD parameters. Thus, Vs= AVr + BIr; Is= C Vr + DIr The transmission network should be linear, passive and bilateral. The parameters A, B, C and D are complex numbers and are called as generalized circuit constants. The method which is used for analysis of transmission line has influence on these constants. Performance calculation of the line can be done using these constants. Terms Related to Performance of Transmission Line: i) Voltage Regulation: % VR= 100* (VNL VFL)/ VFL But VNL= Vs (as there is no drop) and VFL = VR(on load) , hence percentage voltage regulation equation becomes % VR= 100* (Vs VR)/ VR. ii) Transmission Efficiency: % Transmission efficiency, = receiving end power= VrIrcos(r) sending end power= VsIscos(s) cos(r)= receiving end power factor cos(s)=sending end power factor
* 100
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Case A: To find constants in medium transmission line represented by Nominal circuit. In nominal T method of analysis of medium transmission line the total line capacitance is assumed to be lumped or concentrated at the center point of the line whereas the half of the line resistance and reactance are lumped on either side of the line. The constants are: A=1+(Y*Z)/2 B=Z*(1+Y*Z/4) C=Y D= (1+Y*Z/2) Case B: To find constants in medium transmission line represented by Nominal T circuit. in nominal method, the total capacitance is divided into two halves with one half at the receiving end and the other half at the sending end. The constants are: A=1+(Y*Z)/2 B=Z C=Y*(1+Y*Z/4) D= (1+Y*Z/2) Problems: 1.A 200km long 3-phase overhead line has a resistance of 48.7 ohms per phase , inductive reactance of 80.20 ohms per phase and capacitance (line to neutral) 8.42pF per km. It supplies a load of 13.5 MW at a voltage of 88kV and power factor 0.9 lagging. Using nominal and nominal T circuit, find the sending end voltage, current, regulation. 2. A 3 phase 50Hz 100km long overhead line has the following line constants, R=0.153/phase/km, L=1.21mH/phase/km and C=0.00958microfarad/phase/km. The line supplies a load of 20MW at 0.9pf lagging at a line voltage of 110kV at the receiving end. Using nominal and nominal T representation calculate sending end voltage, current, power factor, regulation and efficiency. 3. A 345kV, three phase transmission line is 130km long has the line constants, R=0.036/phase/km, L=0.8mH/phase/km and C=0.0112microfarad/phase/km. The receiving end load is 270 MVA with 0.8pf lagging at 325kV. Use the medium line model to find the voltage and power at the sending end and the voltage regulation. 4. A 345kV, three phase transmission line is 130km long. The series impedance is z=0.036 +j0.3 ohms per phase per km, and shunt admittance is y=j4.22x10 -6 seimens per phase per km. The sending end voltage is 345kV, and the sending end current is 400A at 0.95 pf lagging. Use the medium line model to find the voltage and power at the recieving end and the voltage regulation. Input required: Line Type, Line length, line impedance, shunt admittance, (Vs, Is) or ( Vr , Ir). Output Expected: % Voltage Regulation, % efficiency, A, B, C and D,
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MATLAB CODE: % abcd parameter clc zreal=input('enter impedance(real)/phase/km:') zimag=input('enter impedance(imag)/phase/km:') z=zreal+i*zimag yreal=input('enter shunt(real)admittance/phase/km:') yimag=input('enter shunt(imag)admittance/phase/km:') y=yreal+i*yimag k1=input('enter 1-for short line 2-for medium line 3-for long line:') switch(k1) case 1, length=input('enter length of short transmission line:') Z=z*length; Y=y*length; A=1 B=Z C=0 D=1 case 2, length=input('enter length of medium transmission line:') Z=z*length; Y=y*length; A=1+(Y*Z)/2 B=Z*(1+Y*Z/4) C=Y D=(1+Y*Z/2) case 3, length=input('enter length of long transmission line:') zc=sqrt(z/y); gam=sqrt((z*y)*length); A=cosh(gam) D=A C=1/zc*sinh(gam) B=zc*sinh(gam) otherwise disp('wrong choice of transmission line') end fprintf('\n the product AD-BC=%f',A*D-B*C') k2=input('\n enter 1-to read Vr Ir and compute Vs Is 2-to read Vs Is and compute Vr Ir:'); switch(k2) case 1, vr=input('enterreceiving end voltage in KV:'); Vr=vr*1e3/sqrt(3);
Department of E & EE, NIEIT, Mysore-18 Page 8
ir=input('receiving end current in KA:'); Ir=ir*1e3; Vs=(A*Vr+B*Ir) Is=(C*Vr+D*Ir) case 2, vs=input('enter sending end voltage in KV:'); Vs=vs*1e3/sqrt(3); is=input('sending end current in KA:'); Is=is*1e3; Vr=(D*Vs-B*Is) Ir=(-C*Vs)+(D*Is) otherwise disp('wrong choice') end rp=3*real(Vr*conj(Ir))/1e6; sp=3*real(Vs*conj(Is))/1e6; eff=(rp/sp)*100; reg=((abs(Vs)-abs(Vr))/abs(Vr))*100; %fprintf('\n receiving end power=%0.2fMW',rp) %fprintf('\n sending end power=%0.2fMW',sp) %fprintf('\n efficiency=%0.2f',eff) %fprintf('\n regulation=%0.2f',reg) reg eff rp sp
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Exercise 3: Aim: To draw the power angle diagrams for salient and non-salient pole synchronous machines and to determine reluctance power, excitation emf & regulation. Software: MATLAB ver. R2010a or MiPower Theory: The equation relating the electrical power generated to the angular displacement of the rotor is called as the power angle equation. A graphical Plot showing the variation pf electrical power E against the load angle for fixed values of E, V and reactance is called power-angle curve. The power- angle relationship plays a vital role in the solution of the swing equation. Non-Salient Pole Machines: This type of machines has approximately equal magnetic reluctance, regardless of the angular position of the rotor, with respect to the armature mmf. P= (3*E*V*sin)/Xd P=Electrical power; E=Generator EMF; V=Terminal Voltage; = Machine Angle; Xd=Machine Direct axis reactance; Salient Pole Machines: P= 3*{(E*V*sin)/Xd + ( V2 * (Xd-Xq) * sin2)/(2*Xd*Xq)} The First term in the above equation constitutes major power which is similar to non- salient pole machines with Xs = Xd. The second term is known as reluctance power, which does not depend on the excitation and makes the maximum power greater than in the classical model. Here, because of the salient poles, the reluctance of the magnetic circuit in which flows the flux produced by an armature mmf in line with the quadrature axis is higher than that of the magnetic circuit in which flows the flux produced by the armature mmf in line with the direct axis. Reluctance Power=3* ( V2 * (Xd-Xq) * sin2)/(2*Xd*Xq)} Xd=Machine Direct axis reactance; Xq=Machine quadrature axis reactance; Excitation EMF: |E|=|Eq|+(Xd-Xq)*|Id| Id=|I| * sin(-) = Power Factor Angle Eq=V + j* Xq* I I=MVA/(1.731 * V)
% Regulation=100 * (|E|-|V|)/|V| Problems: 1. A 34.64 kV,60 MVA synchronous generator has a direct axis reactance of 13.5 ohms and quadrature axis reactance of 9.333 ohms is operating at 0.8 p.f determine the excitation e.m.f, regulation, reluctance power and also plot the power angle diagram. Input required: 1. Power in MW 2. Power factor 3. Line to Line Voltage level in kV 4. Xd in ohms 5. Xq in ohms Output Expected: 1. Excitation e.m.f in kV 2. Regulation in % 3. Plot of Delta v/s Reluctance Power for Salient pole & Non salient pole m/cs. A) Determination of power angle diagrams using MATLAB CODE: P=input('Power in MW ='); pf=input('Power Factor ='); Vt=input('Line to Line Voltage in kV ='); Xd=input('Xd in Ohms ='); Xq=input('Xq in Ohms ='); Vtph=Vt*1000/sqrt(3); % Per phase Voltage pf_a=acos(pf); Q=P*tan(pf_a); I=(P-j*Q)*1000000/(3*Vtph); % Current in Amps delta=0:1:180; delta_rad=delta*(pi/180); if Xd~=Xq %Salient Pole Synchronous Motor Eq=Vtph+(j*I*Xq); Id_mag=abs(I)*sin(angle(Eq)-angle(I)); Ef_mag=abs(Eq)+((Xd-Xq)*Id_mag); Exitation_emf=Ef_mag Reg=(Ef_mag-abs(Vtph))*100/abs(Vtph) PP=Ef_mag*Vtph*sin(delta_rad)/Xd; Reluct_Power=Vtph^2*(Xd-Xq)*sin(2*delta_rad)/(2*Xd*Xq); Net_Reluct_Power=3*Reluct_Power/1000000; Power_sal=PP+Reluct_Power; Net_Power_sal=3*Power_sal/1000000; plot(delta,Net_Reluct_Power,'K'); hold on plot(delta,Net_Power_sal,'r'); xlabel('\Delta(deg)-------->'); ylabel('Three Phase Power(pu)-------->'); title('Plot:Power Angle Curve for Salient Synchronous M/c');
legend('Reluct Power','Salient Power'); end
if Xd==Xq %Non-Salient Pole Synchronous Motor Ef=Vtph+(j*I*Xd); Exitation_emf=abs(Ef) Reg=(abs(Ef)-abs(Vtph))*100/abs(Vtph) Power_non=abs(Ef)*Vtph*sin(delta_rad)/Xd; Net_Power=3*Power_non/1000000; plot(delta,Net_Power); xlabel('\Delta(deg)-------->'); ylabel('Three Phase Power(MW)-------->'); title('Plot:Power Angle Curve for Non-Salient Synchronous M/c'); legend('Non-Salient Power'); end grid; B) Determination of power angle diagrams using MiPower package: Procedure to enter the data for performing power angle diagram studies using MiPower: 1. To solve power angle curve by using MiPower Package, invoke Tools in the MiPower main screen and select Power Angle Curve. 2. Select the Save option. 3. Select the location to save the file and give the file name. 4. Enter the values of Terminal Voltage, Terminal Angle, Transient Reactance, Resistance, Reactance, Susceptance & Infinite bus voltage magnitude, angle. 5. Click on Execute. Output file will appear. 6. To plot the graph, select Graph. 7. In the graph tool bar go to Window, click on Show 2nd Pane. 8. Select angle as X-axis parameter & Power as Y-axis parameter & click on Plot to plot the curve.
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Exercise 4: Aim: To Plot Swing Curve and To determine Critical Clearing time for SMIB through a pair of identical transmission lines for a 3-phase fault on one of the lines for variation of inertia constant/Line Parameters/Fault Location/Clearing Time/Pre-Fault Electrical Output. Software: MATLAB ver. R2010a Theory: Swing Equation describes the relative motion of the rotor (load angle or torque angle or power angle ) with respect to the stator field as a function of time. It is the fundamental equation governing the rotor dynamics of the synchronous machine. The solution of swing equation gives the relation between rotor angle as a function of time t. Normally, it is solved in digital computers using step-by- step method or employing numerical solution techniques like Eulers method or Runge-Kuttas method. The Plot of versus t is called as the swing curve. For simple systems like single machine connected to infinite bus or a two machine system, it is not necessary to solve the swing equation for finding the transient stability. It can be conveniently determined using the method known as Equal Area Criterion. Swing curves are useful in designing the protective devices for the system. Even in an SMIB system, we have to resort to a numerical technique to evaluate the variation of with time and to determine CCT. All numerical methods use the concept of discretization of the variables, over suitable time intervals. Procedure: 1. Excitation EMF E and transfer reactance X0 between line generators and infinite bus are determined for the specified output of the generator taking infinite bus voltage V as reference. 2. Pre-fault power characteristics is determined as Pa = ( |E|* |V| * sin ) / X0 Where E and V are magnitude of excitation EMF and voltage of infinite bus. 3. Pre-fault power angle is obtained as 0 = sin-1 (Pmech / Pm) where Pmech is electrical output of generator before fault. 4. For the specified fault location the new transfer reactance X1 is determined assuming constant excitation EMF and infinite bus voltage. The P- characteristics during the fault is obtained as P1 = ( |E|* |V| * sin ) / X1 = P1m sin 5. For the system configuration after the isolation of faulty line, the transfer reactance X2 and the corresponding post fault. The P- characteristics during the fault is obtained as P2 = ( |E|* |V| * sin ) / X2 = P2m sin 6. The total time of transient stability study T, time at the instant of fault clearance t c, inertia constant H of the generator and normal system frequency f are all identified from the system data.
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7. Critical clearing time is determined from the equation
8. For determining critical clearing time, solution for swing equation is obtained for sustained fault using point by point method for above equations. Critical clearing time is taken for the time corresponding to c. 9. For calculation of swing curve for sustained fault, it is enough to assume tc >T for ex: tc =T+0.01s 10. For obtaining swing curve when the fault is cleared the procedure is similar, i.e., modified Euler method is applied to equations. to obtain incremental value of rotor swing during successive time steps and the rotor swing at the end of respective slips. It is important to use Pc= P1 for intervals before fault clearance and Pc= P2. for intervals after fault clearance. 11. A plot of vs t gives the swing curve in both cases (sustained fault /fault cleared). 12. Procedure is repeated for different values of inertia constant, fault location, fault clearing time, line reactance and pre-fault electrical output to study their effect on swing curve by changing the value of one of them at a time keeping other constant. Problems: Input required: 1. Inertia constant H 2. Pre fault reactance Xpre in p.u 3. Reactance during fault Xfault in p.u 4. Post fault reactance Xpost in p.u 5. Sending end voltage E in p.u 6. Receiving end voltage V in p.u 7. MVA 8. MW 9. Initial displacement angle 10. Fault clearing time in sec Output Expected: Plot of rotor angle versus time
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1. A generator operating at 60Hz delivers 1pu power to an infinite bus through a pair of transmission lines in which resistance is ignored. A fault takes place in the system, reducing the maximum power transfer to 0.4 pu where as before the fault this power is 2.0pu. and after the clearance of the fault it is 1.5pu. By the use of equal area criterion, determine the critical clearing angle. If the machine constant is 1 and the inertia constant is 7. Obtain the swing curve step by step with the change in time of 0.05s. Repeat the same problem, when the power after the clearance of the fault is 0.5pu. 2. Find the critical clearing angle for the system shown below for a three phase fault at a point P. The generator is delivering 1.0pu power under prefault condition.
3. The figure below represents the single line diagram of a generator connected to an infinite bus through a pair of transmission lines. The transient reactance of the generator is included in the diagram . Assume a 3 phase fault when generator is delivering 1pu power. Find the critical clearing angle assuming the voltage behind transient reactance to be 1.2 pu and that of the infinite bus to be 1pu.
4. The single line diagram below shows a generator connected through parallel transmission lines to a large metropolitan system considered as an infinite bus. The machine is delivering1.0pu power and both the terminal voltage and the infinite bus voltage are 1.0 p.u. calculate the critical clearing angle and clearing time when the system is subjected to a 3 phase fault at point p on the short transmission line . Take H=5MJ/MVA.
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MATLAB CODE for solution of swing equation by point by point method:

clc swdat=[2 20 50 18 2.52 0.35 0 0.02 1.25 1.1 1 2.5 .025 .5]; ckt=swdat(1); mva=swdat(2); f=swdat(3); mw=swdat(4); h=swdat(5); xdd=swdat(6); r=swdat(7); x=swdat(8); xdur=swdat(9); ed=swdat(10); v=swdat(11); fclear=swdat(12); delta_t=swdat(13); tmax=swdat(14) m=h/(180*f); xpre=xdd+x/ckt; xpost=xdd+x; tclr=fclear*1/f %tclr=tmax+0.01 pm=mw/mva ppre=ed*v/xpre pfault=ed*v/xdur ppost=ed*v/xpost delta(1)=asin(pm/ppre)*180/pi; i=1; del_delta=0; for t=0:delta_t:(tmax-delta_t) if t==0, paa=0; pab=pm-pfault*sin(delta(i)*pi/180); pa=(paa+pab)/2; elseif t==tclr, paa=pm-pfault*sin(delta(i)*pi/180); pab=pm-ppost*sin(delta(i)*pi/180); pa=(paa+pab)/2; elseif t>tclr, pa=pm-ppost*sin(delta(i)*pi/180); else pa=pm-pfault*sin(delta(i)*pi/180); end del_delta=del_delta+pa*delta_t^2/m; delta(i+1)=delta(i)+del_delta; i=i+1; end t=[0:delta_t:tmax]; plot(t,delta) xlabel('time in seconds'); ylabel('delta in degrees'); [t,'delta'] delta_max=pi-asin(pm/ppost); delta_0=delta(1)*pi/180; pcr1=pm*(delta_max-delta_0); pcr2=pfault*cos(delta_0); pcr3=ppost*cos(delta_max);
delta_crt=(acos(pcr1-pcr2+pcr3)/(ppost-pfault))*180/pi;
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Exercise 5: Aim: To determine fault currents and voltages in a single transmission line systems with star-delta transformers at a specified location for SLGF, DLGF. Software: MATLAB ver. R2010a Theory: A fault in a circuit is any failure, which interferes with the normal flow of control. the faults occurs in power system due to insulation failure of equipments, flashover of lines initiated by a lightning stroke, due to permanent damage to conductors and towers or due to accidental faulty operations. The faults can be broadly classified into shunt faults and series fault. The shunt type of faults involves short circuit between conductor and ground or short circuit between two or more conductors. The shunt faults are characterized by increase in current and fall in voltage and frequency. The shunt faults can be classified as shown below. 1. Line to ground fault 2. Line to line fault 3. Double line to ground fault 4. Three phase fault The Series fault may occur with one or two broken conductors, which create open circuits. It also happens in circuits controlled by fuses or breakers, which do not open all the three phases, i.e., one or two phases of the circuit may open and the other phases may be closed. The series faults are characterized by increase in voltage and frequency and fall in current. The series faults can be classified as one conductor fault and two open conductor fault. Problems: 1. Three phase generator with an open circuit voltage of 400V is subjected to an LG fault through a fault impedance of j2 ohms. Determine the fault current if Z 1= j4 ohms, Z2=j*2 ohms and Z0=j1 ohms. Repeat the problem for LL and LLG fault. 2. A double line to ground fault occurs at point p on the transmission line. Determine the fault current such that both machines are rated 1250KVA, 600V at UPF with X 1= X2=10% and X0 =4% . Each 3 phase transformer is rated 1250KVA, 600/4160V -Y with leakage reactance of 5%. The reactances of transmission line are X1= X2=15% and X0 =50% on a base of 1250kVA and 4.16kV. Neglect the pre-fault current. 3. A synchronous motor is receiving 10MW of power at 0.8pf lag at 6kV. An LG fault takes place at the middle point of the transmission line as shown in fig. Find the fault current. The ratings of the generator, motor and transformer are as under: Generator: 20MVA, 11kV, X1= 0.2pu, X2=0.1 pu , X0=0.1 pu. Transformer T1: 18MVA, 11.5/34.5kV Y-Y, X=0.1pu Transformer T2: 15MVA, 6.9/34.5kV Y-Y, X=0.1pu Transmission line: X1=X2=5 ohms, X0=10ohms Motor: 15MVA, 6.9kV, X1= 0.2pu, X2=0.1 pu , X0=0.1 pu.
Input required: Generator, transformers and motor rating. Output Expected: Fault current. MATLAB CODE for Ex 3
data=[20 6 10 .8 0 20 18 15 20 15 11.5 34.5 6.9 34.5 6.9 .2i .1i .1i .1i .1i .1i .1i .1i .1i 5i 5i 10i .2i .1i .1i 11 6.6 33]; mva_base=data(1); vm_actual=data(2); pm=data(3); pf=data(4); zf=data(5); mva_base_old_g=data(6); mva_base_old_t1=data(7); mva_base_old_t2=data(8); mva_base_old_tl=data(9); mva_base_old_m=data(10); kv_base_lv_t1=data(11); kv_base_hv_t1=data(12); kv_base_lv_t2=data(13); kv_base_hv_t2=data(14); kv_base_old_m=data(15); xg1=data(16); xg2=data(17); xg0=data(18); xt11=data(19); xt12=data(20); xt10=data(21); xt21=data(22); xt22=data(23); xt20=data(24); xtl1=data(25); xtl2=data(26); xtl0=data(27); xm1=data(28); xm2=data(29); xm0=data(30); kv_base_new_g=data(31); kv_base_new_m=data(32); kv_base_new_tl=data(33); % seq reactaces of TL xtl1=data(25)*mva_base/(kv_base_new_tl*kv_base_new_tl); xtl2=xtl1; xtl0=data(27)*mva_base/(kv_base_new_tl*kv_base_new_tl); % seq reactaces of tr1 xt11=xt11*(mva_base/mva_base_old_t1)*((kv_base_lv_t1/kv_base_new_g)^2); xt12=xt11; xt10=xt12; % seq reactaces of tr2 xt21=xt21*(mva_base/mva_base_old_t2)*((kv_base_lv_t2/kv_base_new_m)^2); xt22=xt21; xt20=xt22; % seq reactaces of motor xm1=xm1*(mva_base/mva_base_old_m)*((kv_base_old_m/kv_base_new_m)^2); xm2=xm2*(mva_base/mva_base_old_m)*((kv_base_old_m/kv_base_new_m)^2); xm0=xm0*(mva_base/mva_base_old_m)*((kv_base_old_m/kv_base_new_m)^2); %psr, nsr and zsr of system z1=((xg1+xt11+(xtl1)/2)*((xtl1)/2+xt21+xm1))/(xg1+xt11+(xtl1)/2+(xtl1)/2+xt21+xm1); z2=((xg2+xt12+(xtl2)/2)*((xtl2)/2+xt22+xm2))/(xg2+xt12+(xtl2)/2+(xtl2)/2+xt22+xm2); z0=((xg0+xt10+(xtl0)/2)*((xtl0)/2+xt20+xm0))/(xg0+xt10+(xtl0)/2+(xtl0)/2+xt20+xm0); im=(pm*1e6/(1.73*vm_actual*1e3*pf))*exp(i*-acos(pf)); im_pu=im/(mva_base*1e6/(1.73*6.6*1e3));
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vm_pu=vm_actual/kv_base_new_m; va1=vm_pu+im_pu*((xtl1)/2+xt21); fault_type=input(' 1-SLGF and 2-DLGF'); switch(fault_type) case 1 ia0=va1/(z1+z2+z0+3*zf); ia1=ia0; ia2=ia1; If=3*abs(ia0); case 2 ia1=(va1/(sqrt(3)))/(z1+(z2(3*zf+z0)/(z2+3*zf+z0))); ia2=-ia1*(z0+3*zf)/(z2+3*zf+z0); ia0=-ia1*z2/(z2+3*zf+z0); If=-3*abs(ia0); end
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CYCLE II Exercise 6(a): Aim: Formation of Y Bus for a given power system without having line charging admittances by inspection method. Theory: The formulation of a suitable mathematical model is the first step in the analysis of an electrical network. A network matrix equation provides a convenient mathematical model for a numerical solution. The elements of a network matrix will be either impedance or admittance, depending on the selection of the independent variables, which can be either currents or voltages. Inspection Method: In this method the admittance matrix may be assembled as follows: 1. The diagonal element of each node is the sum of admittances connected to it. 2. The off-diagonal element is the negated admittances between the nodes. This method is applicable only if there is no mutual coupling between elements. Input Required: System Specification data: no. of buses no. of series elements no. of shunt admittances
Element Data: For Each Series Element From Bus no. To Bus no. resistance in pu reactance in pu shunt admittance B/2 in pu For each shunt element Bus number resistance in pu reactance in pu
Output Expected: YBUS Matrix
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Power system network:
Power System data: Bus Code p-q 1-2 1-3 1-4 2-3 4-3 Impedance (zpq) in pu 0.25+j1.0 0.2+j0.8 0.3+j1.2 0.2+j0.8 0.15+j0.6
MATLAB program for formation of Ybus for a given power system without having line charging admittances by inspection method: clc clear all data=[4 5 0 0; 1 2 0.25 1; 1 3 0.2 0.8; 1 4 0.3 1.2; 2 3 0.2 0.8; 4 3 0.15 0.6]; nb=data(1,1); nl=data(1,2); for i=1:nl sb(i)=data(i+1,1); eb(i)=data(i+1,2); serz(i)=complex(data(i+1,3),data(i+1,4)); end for j=1:nb for k=1:nb ybus(j,k)=0;
end end for i=1:nl j=sb(i); k=eb(i); ybus(j,j)=ybus(j,j)+1/serz(i); ybus(k,k)=ybus(k,k)+1/serz(i); ybus(j,k)=ybus(j,k)-1/serz(i); ybus(k,j)=ybus(j,k); end ybus
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Exercise 6(b): Aim: Formation of Y Bus for a given power system with having line charging admittances by inspection method.
Power System data: Bus code 1-2 1-3 2-3 Impedance 0.06+j0.18 0.02+j0.06 0.04+j0.12 Line charging admittances (ypr/2) j0.05 j0.06 j0.05
MATLAB program for formation of Ybus for a given power system with having line charging admittances by inspection method: clc clear all data=[1 2 0.06 0.18 0.05; 1 3 0.02 0.06 0.06; 2 3 0.04 0.12 0.05]; sb=data(:,1); eb=data(:,2); nl=max(size(sb)); nb=max(max(sb,eb)); serz=complex(data(:,3),data(:,4)); shty=complex(0,data(:,5)); ybus=zeros(nb,nb); for i=1:nl
j=sb(i); k=eb(i); ybus(j,j)=ybus(j,j)+1/serz(i)+shty(i); ybus(k,k)=ybus(k,k)+1/serz(i)+shty(i); ybus(j,k)=-1/serz(i); ybus(k,j)=ybus(j,k); end ybus
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Exercise 7 Aim: Formation of Ybus for a given power system with having mutual coupling impedances by singular transformation method. Theory The electrical characteristics of the individual network components can be represented conveniently in the form of a primitive network matrix. It is necessary therefore to transform primitive network matrix that describes the performance of the interconnected network. The form of the network matrix used in the performance equation depends on the frame of reference namely bus or loop. Normally the bus frame of reference is employed. If mutual coupling is present in any system, the bus admittance matrix has to be obtained by suitable transformation of the primitive network matrices. YBUS=A.[y].A where A is the Bus incidence matrix and [y] is the primitive admittance matrix. Input Required: System Specification data: no. of buses no. of series elements no. of shunt admittances
Element Data: For Each Series Element From Bus no. To Bus no. resistance in pu reactance in pu shunt admittance B/2 in pu For each shunt element Bus number resistance in pu reactance in pu
Output Expected: YBUS Matrix
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Power System data: Element number Self Bus code p-q 1-2(1) 1-3 3-4 1-2(2) 2-4 Impedance zpq,pq 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 Mutual Bus code r-s --1-2(1) --1-2(1) --Impedance zpq,rs --0.1 --0.2 ---
1 2 3 4 5
Consider bus 1 as reference bus. MATLAB program for formation of Ybus for a given power system with having mutual coupling impedances by singular transformation method: clc clear all data=[1 2 0.6 0 0; 1 3 0.5 1 0.1; 3 4 0.5 0 0; 1 2 0.4 1 0.2; 2 4 0.2 0 0]; fb=data(:,1); tb=data(:,2); z=data(:,3); mc=data(:,4);
mz=data(:,5); nnode=max(max(fb),max(tb)); nbus=max(max(fb),max(tb))-1; nline=length(fb); zpr=zeros(nline,nline); for k=1:nline zpr(k,k)=z(k); if mc(k)~=0 zpr(k,mc(k))=mz(k); zpr(mc(k),k)=mz(k); end end ypr=inv(zpr); Acap=zeros(nline,nnode); for k=1:nline Acap(k,fb(k))=1; Acap(k,tb(k))=-1; end A=Acap(:,2:nnode); ybus=A'*ypr*A; ybus
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Exercise 8 Aim: Determination of bus currents, bus power, line flows and line losses for a specified power system network.
Theory: IBUS=YBUS. EBUS ; Bus Currents
Iik=Yik.(Vi-Vk) ; Line Currents Sik=Vi.(Iik)* ; Line Flows SLik= Sik+ Ski ; Line Losses
SBUS= VBus. (IBUS)* ; Bus Powers
Power system data: Line Impedance Bus code 1-2 1-3 2-3 Impedance 0.02+j0.04 0.01+j0.03 0.0125+j0.025 Bus No 1 2 3 Bus Voltage Voltage 1.05+j0.00 0.98-j0.06 1.00-j0.05
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MATLAB program for determination of bus currents, bus power, line flows and line losses for a specified power system network: clc clear all data=[1 2 0.02+0.04i; 1 3 0.01+0.03i; 2 3 0.0125+0.025i]; vb=[1.05+0.00i; 0.98-0.06i; 1-0.05i]; fb=data(:,1); tb=data(:,2); z=data(:,3); nl=max(size(fb)); y=1./z; for k=1:nl il(fb(k),tb(k))=y(k)*(vb(fb(k))-vb(tb(k))); il(tb(k),fb(k))=-il(fb(k),tb(k)); end fprintf('The line currents\n') il for k=1:nl lf(fb(k),tb(k))=vb(fb(k))*conj(il(fb(k),tb(k))); lf(tb(k),fb(k))=vb(tb(k))*conj(il(tb(k),fb(k))); ll(k)=lf(fb(k),tb(k))+lf(tb(k),fb(k)); end fprintf('The line flows\n') lf fprintf('The line losses\n') ll for k=1:nl bp(k)=sum(lf(k,:)); ibus(k)=conj(bp(k)/vb(k)); end fprintf('The bus power\n') bp fprintf('The bus currents\n') ibus
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Exercise 9 Aim: To determine i) swing curve ii) critical clearing time for a single machine connected to infinite bus through a pair of identical transmission lines, for a 3 sustained fault on one of the lines. Power system network:
System data: Mechanical power input, Ps Induced emf of the machine, E Terminal voltage of the infinite bus, V Angular momentum of the machine, M Transient reactance of the machine, Xt Series reactance of transmission lines, Xe 0.9 pu 1.1 pu 1 pu 0.00028 pu 0.35 pu 0.2 pu
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MATLAB program to determine i) swing curve ii) critical clearing time for a single machine connected to infinite bus through a pair of identical transmission lines, for a 3 sustained fault on one of the lines. clc clear all ps=0.9;e=1.1;v=1;m=0.00028;xt=0.35;xe=0.2; x1=xt+xe/2; ch=input('enter 1 for fault at the beginning & 2-for fault at the middle: '); switch(ch) case 1, x2=inf; case 2, x2=(xt*xe+xt*xe/2+xe*xe/2)/(xe/2); otherwise disp('wrong input'); end dt=0.05; it=1; t(it)=0; del_d=0; pm1=e*v/x1; del(it)=asin(ps/pm1); pm2=e*v/x2; pe=pm2*sin(del(it)); pa=(ps-pe)/2; while(t(it)<=1) del_d=del_d+(pa*(dt^2/m)); it=it+1; t(it)=t(it-1)+dt; del(it)=del(it-1)+del_d*(pi/180); time=t(it); delta=del(it)*(180/pi); time delta pe=pm2*sin(del(it)); pa=ps-pe; end plot(t,del*(180/pi),'r') title('Swing curve') xlabel('time in seconds') ylabel('\delta in degrees') x3=xt+xe; pm3=e*v/x3;
delm=pi-del(1); cdc=(ps*(delm-del(1))+pm3*cos(delm)-pm2*cos(del(1)))/(pm3-pm2); delc=acos(cdc); D=delc*(180/pi); it=1; while(t(it)<1) if(del(it)>=delc) break; end it=it+1; end T=t(it); fprintf('critical clearing angle=%f degree\n',D) fprintf('critical clearing time=%f sec\n',T)
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5. Find the roots of the following polynomial.

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16. Given A= that inverse of C is

and A2 and A3 are null matrix. Show

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Find C= A.B by Method of matrix partitioning.

Determine a) B= (A*)T. What type of matrix A is?

Determine X from (A+jB) X* =y. What type of matrices are A and B.

20. Given the partitioned matrix A=

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21. Given the matrix.

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PSS Laboratory Manual

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legend('Reluct Power','Salient Power'); end

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7. Critical clearing time is determined from the equation

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MATLAB CODE for solution of swing equation by point by point method:

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PSS Laboratory Manual

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Output Expected: YBUS Matrix

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Power system network:

PSS Laboratory Manual

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PSS Laboratory Manual

Power system network:

PSS Laboratory Manual

j=sb(i); k=eb(i); ybus(j,j)=ybus(j,j)+1/serz(i)+shty(i); ybus(k,k)=ybus(k,k)+1/serz(i)+shty(i); ybus(j,k)=-1/serz(i); ybus(k,j)=ybus(j,k); end ybus

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Output Expected: YBUS Matrix

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Power system network:

PSS Laboratory Manual