Pintu R Shah

Analog and digital signals Transmission impairment Data rate limits Guided and unguided media Structured cabling

Pintu R Shah MPSTME SVKM's NMIMS

Pintu R Shah MPSTME SVKM's NMIMS

Pintu R Shah MPSTME SVKM's NMIMS

Analog signal Digital signal Periodic signal Non periodic signal

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Simple or composite Period and frequency Phase wavelength

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 Frequency

is the rate of change with respect to time. Change in a short span of time means high frequency. Change over a long span of time means low frequency. a signal does not change at all, its frequency is zero. If a signal changes instantaneously, its frequency is infinite. describes the position of the waveform relative to time zero.
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If

Phase

Wavelength = propagation speed x period = c/f

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An analog signal is best represented in the frequency domain

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The bandwidth is a property of a medium: It is the difference between the highest and the lowest frequencies that the medium can satisfactorily pass. For CS: BW implies information carrying capacity in bits per sec

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Bit length = propagation speed x bit duration

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Transmission delay
TD = Message length / BW

Propagation delay
PD = length / speed of signal

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Data rate depends on

The BW available
BW limits the rate of transitions

The level of the signals used The quality of the channel (the level of noise)

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Noiseless Channel: Nyquist bit rate

Bit Rate =2xBWxlog2L

Noisy channel : shannon capacity

Capacity = BW x log2(1+SNR)

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Co axial cables (coax) Twisted pair Fiber optic cable

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Bandwidth Maximum segment length Maximum number of segments per internetwork Maximum number of devices per segment Interference susceptibility Cable hardware Cable grade Bend radius Material cost Installation cost
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Thinnet Thicknet

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Characteristics Max. cable length BW

Thinnet 185 m 10 Mbps

Thicknet 500m 10 Mbps

Bend radius
Installation/ maintenance

360 deg/ft
Easy to install and reroute; flexible cheapest BNC Good: lower than thicknet, higher than TP
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30 deg/ft
Hard to install and reroute; rigid More expensive BNC Good

Cost Connector type Interference rating

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Cat 1. applies to traditional UTP telephone cabling, which is designed to carry voice but not data. Cat 2. certifies UTP cabling for BW up to 4Mbps Cat 3. certifies UTP cabling for BW up to 10Mbps Cat 4. certifies UTP cabling for BW up to 16Mbps Cat 5. certifies UTP cabling for BW up to 100Mbps Cat 6. certifies UTP cabling for BW up to 1Gbps
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First, the shielding layers must be properly grounded in order to minimize signal degradation. If there is a difference in ground potential at different parts of the network, perhaps because problems exist with the ground system, or different areas are fed from different power sources, the shields will conduct these ground differences. These currents are called ground loops. Ground loops can become sources of interference, and they can even become shock hazards. Second, care must be taken while pulling the cable not to flex the cable so as to bunch or cut the shield. If it is damaged, it may subject the cable pairs to increased interference. Third, STP is more expensive than UTP due to the extra shielding. Fourth, STP is less flexible than UTP because of the shielding and is more difficult to install. Finally, extra time is required to ground each end of every cable. STP requires that the ground wire be attached to the metallic band around every RJ-45 connector. Patch panels, hubs and other appliances make contact with this band and short it to ground. This process is very time consuming and thus translates to increased labor costs.

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Electromagnetic immunity including nonconductivity Security considerations Decreased attenuation and increased transmission distance Increased bandwidth potential Small diameter and weight Long term economics

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Higher initial cost than copper Fiber can be less forgiving of abuse than copper cable Fiber connectors are less forgiving of abuse than copper connectors It takes a higher level of training and skill to terminate fiber The installation tools and meters are still more expensive

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(a) Three examples of a light ray from inside a silica fiber impinging on the air/silica boundary at different angles. (b) Light trapped by total internal reflection.
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A fiber optic ring with active repeaters.

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A passive star connection in a fiber optics network.

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Bandwidth Budget Capacity Environmental considerations Placements Scope Span

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Type UTP STP 10Base2 10Base5 Fiber

Max. length 100m 100m 185m 500m 2-100km

BW

Installatio n

Interferen ce High Moderate Moderate Low None

cost Cheapest Moderate cheap Expensive Most expensive

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10Easy 1000Mbps 16Moderate 1000Mbps 10Mbps 10Mbps Easy Hard

100Mbps- Very hard 10 Gbps

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Radio Waves Microwaves Infrared and Millimeter Waves The ISM Bands The optical light and Free Space Optics

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104 to 108 Hz Frequency is less and waves are long Travel in all directions (omnidirectional) Passing through obstacles Travels a long distance Poor candidates for data transmissions

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Subdivided into VLF, LF, MF , HF , and VHF VLF, LF, and MF waves are known as ground

waves

HF and VHF travel in straight line HF and VHF refracted back by ionosphere

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108 to 1011 Hz Travel straighter and not in all directions The line of sight (LoS) requirement. Get more and more focused as the wavelength decreases

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Parabolic antennas Do not penetrate through the walls; have a tendency to bounce off the obstacles Waves above 4 GHz absorbed by raindrops.

multipath fading

No wiring between the sender and receiver

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Relatively inexpensive Licensing is required FCC (Federal Communications Commission) in US does this job. In India, this is done by DoT

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Infrared (TV remote control) Millimeter waves ISM bands

902 to 928 MHz 2.4 to 2.48 GHz 5.736 to 5.860 GHz

Only the middle is available in India Free Space Optics using visible light

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A structured cabling system is a complete system of cabling and associated hardware, which provides a comprehensive telecommunications infrastructure. The structured cabling system begins at the point where the service provider (SP) terminates. For example, in a telephone system installation, the SP furnishes one or more service lines (per customer requirements). The SP connects the service lines at the point of demarcation.
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This point is the point of demarcation (demarc) or Network Interface Device (NID).

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Consistency of design and installation; Conformance to physical and transmission line requirements; A basis for examining a proposed system expansion and other changes; and Uniform documentation.

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Entrance facilities Backbone cabling Horizontal cabling Work Area Telecommunications rooms and enclosures. Equipment rooms

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Entrance Facility

Service Provider

The entrance facility is the point where outside cabling and services interface with backbone cabling. (The electrical equivalent would be the meter socket/main disconnect switch.)

Equipment Room

The equipment room is the area of the building where incoming cabling interfaces with electronic equipment. It is also the main cross-connect (MC) to the backbone cabling. (The electrical equivalent would be the Main Distribution Panel.)

Telecommunications Room

Telecommunications Room is the area within a building that houses telecommunications/networking equipment, as well as the crossconnection (patch panels) between backbone and horizontal cabling. I.e. Horizontal Cross-connect (HC) (The electrical equivalent would be the circuit breaker panel.)

Backbone

The function of the backbone cabling is to provide interconnections between telecommunications closets, equipment rooms, and entrance facilities in the telecommunications cabling system structure. Backbone cabling consists of the backbone cables, intermediate and main crossconnects, mechanical terminations, and patch cords or jumpers used for backbone-to-backbone cross-connection. Backbone cabling also includes cabling between buildings.(The electrical equivalent would be electrical feeders.)

Horizontal

Horizontal consists of the pathway and cabling that extends between the Telecommunications Room and the Work Area. (The electrical equivalent would be a branch circuit.)

Work Area

Work Area is where personal computers, telephones, printers, etc are located. It also includes equipment cords that connect the device to the horizontal cable.