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Steel structure
Engineering structure are required to support loads and resist force and to transfer these loads and forces to the foundations of the structure Structures are usually 3-D in their extent, but sometimes are 2-D (plates and shells)or even1-D (lines and cables) What is structural steel members? May consist of beam, column (1-D), plate (2-D)etc.
Structural steel members maybe connected together at joints in a numbers of ways and by using a variety of connectors Pin, rivets, bolts and welds
Why steel? Economical for tall building and large span buildings and bridge due to its large strength to weight ratio Steel structure are ductile and robust (can withstand severe loading such as earthquake). Can easily repaired and retrofitted to carry higher loads Steel structures, which have bolt connections, can also be reused to some extent after dismantling Higher reliability and safety (quality control in production)
Advantages High strength/weight ratio ductility Isotropic behaviour Rapid construction Repetitive use Easy to fabricate
Steel productions
Steel production can be divided into three stage: 1) Iron production 2)Steel production 3)Rolling process Steel manufacturing
Steel section
Standard section Open section Identified by nominal size, depth x breadth x mass per unit length x shape.
Steel section
Hollow section i.e. circular, square, rectangle Efficient compression members Hot finished (Hot rolled section) Hot rolling done at recrystallization temperature, or the temperature at which the grain structure of the metal can be altered produce products like sheet metal or simple cross sections, such as rail tracks and I-beams. Cold formed (Cold formed section) Cold rolling, done often at room temperature, has the added effect of work hardening and strengthening the material thus further improving the materials mechanical properties cold-rolled products often include similar hot rolled products like sheets and bars, but are usually smaller
SHS
CHS
RHS
Mechanical properties Tensile test Modulus of elasticity = 205 000MPa Tangent modulus at the onset of Strain hardening roughly 1/30 of the value 6700Mpa For high strength steels, due to their specific microstructure, the stress-strain curve do not show a sharp yield point but rather they yield continuously
80
100
R2 0
300
60
500
400
Stress (N/mm2)
300
100
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Strain (mm) 12 14 16 18
Nominal yield strength fy and ultimate tensile strength fu depend on the steel grade and thickness of the element of the section cross-section (Table 3.1 of BS EN1993-1-1) Material properties are taken from product standards (EN10025-2) Young modulus of steel ,E = 210 000N/mm2 Other steel material coefficient to be used in steel design (Clause 3.2.6 of EN 1993-1-1) E Shear modulus, G 81 000N / mm 2 2(1 v)
Poissons ratio, v = 0.3 Coefficient of thermal expansion, = 12 x 10-6/0C ( for temperature below 1000C)
Basis of Structural Design Action on Structure Design of Concrete Design Design of Steel Structures Design of Composite Steel and Structures Design of Timber Structures Design of Masonry Structures Geotechnical Design Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance Design of Aluminum Structures
Terminology and symbols Common terms use in Eurocode: Action = loads, imposed displacement, thermal strains Effect = internal bending moments, axial forces etc Resistance = capacity of a structural element to resist bending moment Verification = check Execution = construction ( Fabrication, erection, etc ) Eurocode symbols
Eurocode Subscript Ed Rd El pl Definition Design value of an effect Design resistance Elastic property Plastic property Example MEd MRd Wel Wpl Design bending moment Design resistance for bending Elastic section modulus Plastic section modulus
Geometrical Axes
Major axis Minor axis Longitudinal axis of Element y-y z-z x-x
G,g Q,q A
Classification of Action
Design load Probable maximum load Factoring the applied load upwards Design resistance represent a probable minimum resistance also estimated by factoring resistance downward. Dividing the characteristics resistances by appropriate partial safety factors The design value before factoring loading and resistance. Load obtained by multiplying the characteristic value by the appropriate partial safety factor Design value of an Action, Fd is defined in Clause 6.3 of BS EN 1990
Fk Frep f
characteristic value of action relevant representative value of the action partial factor of action Either 1.00 or 0, 1 or 2
Combination of load
Must determined which combination is the most critical for the structure. Is discussed in clause 6.4.3 of EN 1990 (Combination of actions fatigue verifications exclude) a different and more logical method of combining loads is used in EC3 limit state method. Strength design is usually carried out for the most severe combination of action for normal ( termed persistent) or temporary (termed transition) conditions using
Approach is applied to the following forms of Ultimate limit state; EQU = loss of static equilibrium of the structure of any part of it STR = failure by excessive deformation, transformation of the structure or any part of it into a mechanism, rupture or loss of stability of the structure or any part of it GEO = failure of excessive deformation of the ground FAT = fatigue failure For the most common set of design situation is given in Table below
Ultimate limit state EQU STR/GEO Permanent actions G Unfavourable 1.1 1.35 Favourable 0.9 1.0 Variable actions Q Unfavourable 1.5 1.5 favourable 0 0