FrontiersinGeotechnicalEngineering(FGE)Volume2Issue1,March2013www.seipub.

org/fge

16

PropagationofRayleighWavesina
PrestressedLayeroveraPrestressedHalf
space
InderSinghGupta
DepartmentofMathematicsJ.V.M.G.R.R(P.G)College,CharkhiDadri,Haryana,India
is_gupta@yahoo.com

Abstract
ThispaperdealswiththepropagationofRayleighwavesin
a homogeneous, prestressed elastic layer of finite thickness
over a homogeneous, prestressed elastic halfspace. The
dispersionequationhasbeenderivedforalayeroverahalf
space, when both media are considered as prestressed and
theeffectofinitialstressshowninearlierinvestigators,isin
general not applicable to the case of prestressed media, as
well as the problem of Rayleigh waves has been solved by
other method without introducing the displacement
potentials.
ThevelocityequationsforRayleighwavesareobtainedfor
twocases:
(I)inahomogeneous,prestressedelastichalfspacewithout
anysuperficiallayer.
(II)inahomogeneous,elasticandfinitelayerovera
homogeneouselastichalfspace.
Keywords
RayleighWaves;PrestressedMedia;OrthotropicMedia;
AnisotropicMedia
I nt r oduc t i on
During earthquakes, the Rayleigh waves play more
drastic role than other seismic waves in damages to
humanbeingsandbuildingsatthesurfaceoftheEarth.
Therefore,itisofgreatimportancetotheseismologist
to study the effect of initial stress on the propagation
of Rayleigh waves. After the pioneering work of
Rayleigh,manyinvestigatorshavesolvedtheRayleigh
problem for a halfspace and one or more superficial
layers situated over a halfspace in homogeneous and
nonhomogeneousmedia.Mostoftheworksrelatedto
the Rayleigh waves is well summarized in various
books i.e. Achenbach, Ewing et al., Miklowitz, Ben
Menahem and Singh. However, all these studies have
ignored the initial stress of the involved media. The
model of the Earth is supposed to be composed of
several layer of different thickness and inner layer of
the Earth under immense stress owing to different
physical causes i.e. presence of overlying layers,
variation in temperature and gravitational field.
Fortunately, Biot developed the incremental
deformationtheoryforprestressedmedium.Adapting
the same theory of initial stress, Dey and Mukherjee
solvedtheRayleighproblemforaprestressedlayerof
compressible material and of finite thickness lying
over an incompressible halfspace under hydrostatic
compressive stresses caused by gravity. The author
solved this problem by introducing potential method,
which is, in general, not applicable in prestressed
mediaasshownbySidhuandSingh.Thesameapplies
totheresultsobtainedbyChattopadhyayetal.forthe
Rayleigh waves problems. In the present paper, our
aim is to solve the problem firstly by direct method
then potential method. The frequency equation of
Rayleigh waves is derived from a homogeneous
prestressedelasticlayeroverahomogeneousstressed
elastic halfspace. Here authors deduced two
particular cases from this main frequency equation.
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17

Firstly we obtain a frequency equation for Rayleigh

waves in a prestressed halfspace, which showed that
this result is similar to the result obtained by Singh
and Singh for equation of Rayleigh waves
homogeneous. Secondly we deduced the expression
for frequency equation of Rayleigh waves in a finite
homogeneouselasticlayeroverahomogeneouselastic
halfspace from our main frequency equation by
putting initial stress equal to zero. The derived result
issimilartotheresultgivenbyEwingetal.
Basi c Equat i ons
Consider a homogeneous prestressed elastic layer of
thickness H lying over a homogeneous, prestressed
elastic halfspace. The system is referred to a
rectangular coordinate system with zaxis directed
normallydownwardsandtheoriginattheinterfaceas
shown in FIG. 1. Let the principal directions of initial
stress be chosen to coincide with the directions of
elasticsymmetryandthecoordinateaxes.Thestateof
initial stress is, therefore, defined by the principal
componentsS
11
, S
22
onJ S
33
oftheinitialstress.We
restrictouranalysistoplanestrainparalleltothex -z
plane with displacements u win the x z directions,
respectively. The third principal stressS
22
= S
33
does
not enter explicitly into the equations of motion. Its
influenceis,however,includedindirectlyinthevalues
of the incremental elastic coefficients which appear in
the equations of motion. LetS
11
onJS
33
be the initial
stresses along the xz directions, respectively in the
halfspace and S
11

onJ S
33

be the corresponding
quantities in the layer. The equations of motion for
incremental deformations in the halfspace are given
byBiot.
B
11
o
2
u
ox
2
+ A
3
o
2
w
oxoz
+ A
1
o
2
u
oz
2
= p
o
2
u
ot
2

B
22
o
2
w
oz
2
+ A
3
o
2
u
oxoz
+ A
2
o
2
w
ox
2
= p
o
2
w
ot
2
, (1)
WhereA
1
= +
P
2
, A
2
= -
P
2
,
A
3
= B
12
+ -
P
2
, P = S
33
-
S
11
.
(2)
Forthelayer,wedenotethedisplacementby
(u

, :

, w

)thedensitybyp

andtheincrementalelastic
coefficientsby(B
11

, B
22

, B
12

). Thenwecanwritethe
equationsofmotionforthelayersimilartoequation
(1).
Boundar y Condi t i ons

FIG.1GEOMETRYOFTHEPROBLEM
Foralayerwithfreesurfaceatz=H,theboundary
conditionsare

x

=0,
z

=0atz=H.(3)
Attheinterfacebetweenlayerandhalfspaceatz=0,
theboundaryconditionsare
u = u

, w = w

, Atz=0(4)

x
=
x

onJ
z
=
z

onJ
z

are the incremental boundary forces per
unit initial area for the upper layer and the same for
the halfspace being
x
onJ
z
. The explicit
expressionsfor
x

,
z

,
x
and
z
orc

= S
31

+S
33
,

- S
11

c
zx

,(5)

= S
33

+S
33

c
xx

,(6)

FrontiersinGeotechnicalEngineering(FGE)Volume2Issue1,March2013www.seipub.org/fge

18

z
= S
31
+ S
33

-S
11
c
zx
, (7)
and

z
= S
33
+S
33
c
xx
. S
31

, S
33

, S
31
, S
33
are
incremental stresses, c
zx

, c
xx

, c
zx
, c
xx
are incremental
strainsand

are the incremental rotation

components parallel to the xzplane. Explicit
expressions of these quantities in terms of u andw
are
S
33

= (B
12

- P

)
u

x
+B
22

z
,(8)
S
31
i
=
i
[
u
|
z
+
w
|
x
,(9)
c
xx
i
=
ou
i
ox
,
c
zx
i
=
1
2
_
ou
i
ox
+
ow
i
oz
_ , (1u)

i
=
1
2
[
u
|
x
-
w
|
z
, (11)
withsimilarexpressionforS
33
etc.
Pr opagat i on of Sur f ac e Waves
For Rayleigh waves of circular frequency , wave
numberkand phase velocityC
R
propagating in the x
direction through the halfspace, we may assume the
solutionofequation(1)
u = u

c
-kqz
c
k(C
R
t-x)
,(12)
w = w

c
-kqz
c
k(C
R
t-x)
, (1S)
where u

onJ w

are the amplitude factors and qis

assumedtoberealandpositive.Insertingthevaluesof
thedisplacementsinequation(1),weget
(pC
R
2
- B
11
+A
1
q
2
)u
R
+iqA
3
w

= u ,(14)
iqA
3
u

+ (pC
R
2
+B
22
q
2
-A
2
)w

= u . (1S)
Thevaluesofqmaybeobtainedfrom
_
(pC
R
2
-B
11
+A
1
q
2
) iqA
3
iqA
3
(pC
R
2
+ B
22
q
2
- A
2
)
_
= u (16)
Onwhichexpansiontakestheform
q
1
2
, q
2
2
=
- |A
3
2
+ pC
R
2
(A
1
+B
22
) -B
11
B
22
-A
1
A
2
] +
|{A
3
2
+pC
R
2
(A
1
+ B
22
) - B
11
B
22
-A
1
A
2
]
2
-
4{A
1
B
22
(A
2
B
11
+ p
2
C
R
4
-pC
R
2
A
2
- pC
R
2
B
11
]]
1
2
,
2A
1
B
22
(17)
thereforethesolution(13)canbewrittenas
u = (u

1
c
-q
1
kz
+u

2
c
-q
2
kz
)c
k(C
R
t-x)
,(18)
w
= (w

1
c
-q
1
kz
+ w

2
c
-q
2
kz
)c
k(C
R
t-x)
. (19)
In the solution (13) of the equation of motion (1) for
thehalfspace,wehaveconsideredonlyc
-q
1
kz
sothat
the radiation condition is satisfied. However, for the
layer we must take bothc
-kq

z
and c
kq

z
terms. For
c
-kq

z
thesolutioninlayerissimilartoequation(19).
However,for c
kq

z
,wemayassume
u

= u
t

c
kq

z
c
k(C
R
t-x)
, (2u)
w

= w
t

c
kq

z
c
k(C
R
t-x)
. (21)
Insertingthevaluesofthedisplacementsinequation
(1),weget
[p

C
R
2
-B
11

+A
1

2
u
t

-iq

A
3

w
t

= u,(22)
-iq

A
3

u
t

+(p

C
R
2
+ q

2
B
22

-A
2

)w
t

= u. (2S)
Thevaluesofq

maybeobtainedfrom
www.seipub.org/fgeFrontiersinGeotechnicalEngineering(FGE)Volume2Issue1,March2013

19

_
p
i
C
R
2
- B
11
i
+ A
1
i
q
i
2
-iq
i
A
3
i
-iq
i
A
3
i
p
i
C
R
2
+ q
i
2
B
22
i
- A
2
i
_ = u (24)
and
q
4
A
1
B
22
+q
2
(A
3
2
+ pC
R
2
A
1
+pC
R
2
B
22
- B
11
B
22
-
A
1
A
2
) + (A
2
B
11
+ p
2
C
R
4
pC
R
2
A
2
-pC
R
2
B
11
) = u .(25)
Thisisaquadraticequationinq
2
onJ whoserootsare
q
1

2
, q
2

2
similartothevaluesofq
1
2
onJ q
2
2
asin
equation(17).Thereforethesolution(19)canbe
writtenas
u
i
= (u
t
1
i
c
kq
1
|
z
+ u
t
2
i
c
kq
1
|
z
)c
k(C
R
t-x)
, (26)
w
i
= (w
t
1
i
c
kq
1
|
z
+ w
t
2
i
c
kq
1
|
z
)c
k(C
R
t-x)
. (27 )
Sur f ac e f or t he upper l ayer

Wemay,therefore,assumethetotaldisplacementfield
tobetheforminthelayer
u
i
=
(u
t
1
i
c
kq
1
|
z
+u
t
2
i
c
kq
1
|
z
+u

1
i
c
-kq
1
|
z
+
u

2
i
c
-kq
2
|
z
)c
k(C
R
t-x)
, (28)
w
i
= (w
t
1
i
c
kq
1
|
z
+w
t
2
i
c
kq
1
|
z
+ w

1
i
c
-kq
1
|
z
+ w

2
i
c
-kq
2
|
z
)c
k(C
R
t-x)
, (29)
(u
t
1
i
, u
t
2
i
) , (w
t
1
i
, w
t
2
i
) , (u

1
i
, u

2
i
) , (w

1
i
, w

2
i
),
C
R
onJ k bo:cconventional
meaninginthelayer. q
1

, q
2

arerealandpositive
quantities.
(u
t
1

, u
t
2

) onJ (w
t
1

, w
t
2

)arenotindependentbut
connectedbyequation(23)forq

= q
1

onJ q
2

.
Similarly(u

, u

) onJ (w

, w

)arealsoconnected
byequation(15)forq

= q
1

andq
2

.Takingsecond
memberofequations(23)and(15),weget
-iq
1

A
3

u
t
1

+
[p

C
R
2
+q
1

2
B
22

- A
2

w
t
1

= u ,(30)
-iq
2
i
A
3
i
u
t
2
i
+
(p
i
C
R
2
+q
2
i
2
B
22
i
- A
2
i
)w
t
2
i
= u ,(31)
iq
1
i
A
3
i
u

1
i
+(p
i
C
R
2
+q
1
i
2
B
22
i
- A
2
i
)w

1
i
= u ,(32)
iq
2
i
A
3
i
u

2
i
+ (p
i
C
R
2
+q
2
i
2
B
22
i
-A
2
i
)w

2
i
= u,(33)
Equation(33)maybewrittenas
u

1
i
= m
1
i
w

1
i
, u

2
i
= -m
2
i
w

i
,(34)

u
t
1
i
= m
1
i
w
t
1
i
, u
t
2
i
= -m
2
i
w
t
2
i
,(35)
where
m
1
i
= iH
1
i
, m
2
i
= iH
2
i
, (S6)
and
H
1
i
=
p
i
C
R
2
+q
1
i
2
B
22
i
- A
2
i
q
1
i
A
3
i
,
H
1
i
=
p
i
C
R
2
+q
2
i
2
B
22
i
- A
2
i
q
2
i
A
3
i
. (S7)
Sol ut i on f or t he hal f -l ayer
Thedisplacementfieldinthehalfspacemaybe
writtenintheformequation(11).
u
= (u

c
-kq
1
z
+ u

c
-kq
2
z
)c
k(C
R
t-x)
, (S8)
w
= (w

c
-kq
1
z
+ w

c
-kq
2
z
)c
k(C
R
t-x)
. (S9 )

FrontiersinGeotechnicalEngineering(FGE)Volume2Issue1,March2013www.seipub.org/fge

20

(u

1
, u

2
) onJ (w

1
, w

2
) arenotindependentbut
connectedbyequation(15)forq = q
1
andq
2
. Taking
secondmemberofequation(15),weget
iq
1
A
3
u

1
+(pC
R
2
+ q
1
2
B
22
-A
2
)w

1
= u ,(40)
iq
2
A
3
u

2
+(pC
R
2
+ q
2
2
B
22
-A
2
)w

2
= u . (41)
Equation(41)maybewrittenas
u

1
= m
1
w

1
, u

2
= m
2
w

2
, (42)
where
m
1
= iH
1
, m
2
= iH
1
(4S)
and
H
1
=
pC
R
2
+q
1
2
B
22
-A
2
q
1
A
3
,
H
2
=
pC
R
2
+q
2
2
B
22
-A
2
q
2
A
3
. (44)
(u

1
, u

2
, w

1
, w

2
), C
R
onJ k haveconventional
meaninginthehalfspace. q
1
, q
2
arerealandpositive
quantitiesdefinedinequation(17).Thetotal
displacementfieldgiveninequations(29)and(39)
mustsatisfytheboundaryconditionsequations(3)
and(4).Makinguseofequation(34)and(42),we
obtain
oc
-kq
1

H
w
t
1

+ bc
-kq
2

H
w
t
2

+oc
-kq
1

H
w

+
bc
-kq
1

H
w

+ uw

+ uw

= u ,(45)
c
-kq
1

H
w
t
1

+ gc
-kq
2

H
w
t
2

-c
-kq
1

H
w

-
gc
-kq
1

H
w

+uw

+uw

= u, (46)
ow
t
1
i
+bw
t
2
i
+ow

1
i
+ bw

2
i
+ lw

1
+mw

2
= u , (47)
w
t
1
i
+ gw
t
2
i
- w

1
i
-gw

2
i
+ nw

1
+ rw

2
= u , (48)
-m
1
i
w
t
1
i
-m
2
i
w
t
2
i
+ m
1
i
w

1
i
+ m
2
i
w

2
i
- m
1
w

1
- m
2
w

2
=
u , (49)
w
t
1
i
+ w
t
2
i
+ w

1
i
+ w

2
i
-w

1
- w

2
= u , (Su)
where
o = -__
i
+
P
i
2
_m
1
i
q
1
i
+_
i
-
R
i
2
_i_,
= -__
i
+
P
i
2
_m
2
i
q
2
i
+_
i
-
R
i
2
_i_,
= (B
12
,
+S
11
,
)m
1
i
i + B
22
i
q
1
i
,
g = (B
12
,
+ S
11
,
)m
2
i
i + B
22
i
q
2
i
,
l = __ +
P
2
] m
1
q
1
+ _ -
R
2
] i_,
m = __ +
P
2
] m
2
q
2
+ _ -
R
2
] i_,
= (B
12
+S
11
)m
1
i + B
22
q
1
,
r = (B
12
+S
11
)m
1
i + B
22
q
1
(S1)
Eliminatingw
t
1

, w
t
2

, w

, w
2

, w

1
onJ w

2
, weobtain
thefollowingfrequencyequationforRayleighwaves
inprestressedmedia.
Bet A
= u (S2)
whereA
ct A
=
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
oc
-kq
1
|
H
bc
-kq
2
|
H
oc
kq
1
|
H
bc
kq
2
|
H
u u
c
-kq
1
|
H
gc
-kq
2
|
H
- c
kq
1
|
H
- gc
kq
2
|
H
u u
o b o b l m
g - - g n r
-m
1
i
- m
2
i
m
1
i
m
2
i
- m
1
- m
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Par t i c ul ar Cases
Iftheinitialstateisunstressed,theelasticcoefficients
forthehalfspacewillbecome
B
11
= B
22
= z +2p, A
1
= A
2
= = p ,
www.seipub.org/fgeFrontiersinGeotechnicalEngineering(FGE)Volume2Issue1,March2013

21

B
12
= z , A
3
= z + p , R = P = 0 . (SS)
Fromequations(44)and(17),weget
H
1
= q
1
, H
2
=
1
q
2
, (S4)
q
1
2
= _1 -
C
R
2
[
2
_ , q
2
2
= _1 -
C
R
2
o
2
_, (SS)
respectively,where
o
2
=
z +2p
p
onJ [
2
=
p
p
. (S6)
z onJ p areLamesconstantforthehalfspacein
unstressedmedia.Similarlyforthelayer,
correspondingquantitiesbecomes
B
11

= B
22

= z

+ 2p

, A
1

= A
2

= p

B
12

= z

, A
3

= z

+ p

, R

= P

= u , (S7)
and
H
1

= q
1

, H
2

=
1
q
2

, (S8)
where
q
1

2
= _1 -
C
R
2
[

2
_ , q
1

2
= _1 -
C
R
2
[

2
_ . (S9)
Usingequations(53)(59)inequation(51)becomes
o = -i _2 -
C
R
2
[

2
_p

, b = -2ip

,
= 2_1 -
C
R
2
[

2
_
1
2
,
p

, g =
_2 -
C
R
2
[

2
] p

_1 -
C
R
2
[

2
]
1
2
,
,
l = i _2 -
C
R
2
[
2
_p , m = 2ip ,
n = 2_1 -
C
R
2
[

2
]
1
2
,
p,r =
_2-
C
R
2

2
_
_1-
C
R
2

2
_
1
2
,
.(60)
Rayl ei gh Waves i n Pr est r essed Hal f -spac e
Intheabsenceofanyprestressedlayer,onlytwo
boundaryconditionswillbesatisfiedbythesolution
ofthehalfspace.Theseare
x
=
z
= u.Eliminating
w

1
andw

2
, thefrequencyequationmaybewrittenas

l m
n r
= u ,
Whichaftersimplificationofwhichtheformcanbe
obtained
__ +
P
2
] m
1
q
1
+ i _ -
R
2
]_ |i(B
12
+ S
11
)m
2
+ B
22
q
2
] -
|i(B
12
+ S
11
)m
1
+B
22
q
1
] __ +
P
2
] m
2
q
2
+i _ -
R
2
]_
= u (61)
Thisresultisequivalenttothecorrespondingresultof
SinghandSinghforthefrequencyequationof
Rayleighwavesintheprestressed,homogeneous
elastichalfspace.
Rayl ei gh Wave i n Unst r essed Medi a
whenbothmediaareunstressedi.e.P = R = P

= R

=
u.Makinguseofequations(53)(36),theequation(52)
takestheform
Bet B = u (62)
whereBis
whichisthefrequencyequationofRayleighwavesin
alayeroverahalfspaceintheunstressedmedia.
TheseresultscoincidewiththeresultsgivenbyEwing
etal..
Conc l usi ons
For a prestressed layer lying over a prestressed half
space, the propagation of Rayleigh waves is
considered. It is noted that the frequency equation of
Rayleigh waves are effected due to the initial stresses
present in the equation. The particular result is
comparedwiththestandardresult

FrontiersinGeotechnicalEngineering(FGE)Volume2Issue1,March2013www.seipub.org/fge

22

ct B
=
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
_2 -
C
R
2
[
i
2
_c
-kH_1-
C
R
o
|
2
]
1
2
,
_2 -
C
R
2
o
i
2
_c
-kH_1-
C
R
o
|
2
]
1
2
,
-_2 -
C
R
2
[
i
2
_c
kH_1-
C
R
o
|
2
]
1
2
,
-_2 -
C
R
2
[
i
2
_c
kH_1-
C
R

|
2
_
1
2
,
u u
_2 -
C
R
2
o
i
2
_
1
2
,
c
-kH_1-
C
R
o
|
2
]
1
2
,
_2 -
C
R
2
[
i
2
_
1
2
,
c
-kH_1-
C
R

|
2
_
1
2
,
_2 -
C
R
2
o
i
2
_
1
2
,
c
kH_1-
C
R
o
|
2
]
1
2
,
_2 -
C
R
2
[
i
2
_c
kH_1-
C
R

|
2
_
1
2
,
u u
1 (1 -
C
R
2
[
i
2
)
1
2
,
-1 -(1 -
C
R
2
[
i
2
)
1
2
,
1 (1 -
C
R
2
[
i
2
)
1
2
,
_1 -
C
R
2
o
i
2
_ 1 (1 -
C
R
2
o
i
2
)
1
2
,
1 -(1 -
C
R
2
o
i
2
)
1
2
,
-1
2(1 -
C
R
2
o
i
2
) (2 -
C
R
2
[
i
2
) 2(1 -
C
R
2
o
i
2
)
1
2
,
(2 -
C
R
2
[
i
2
) -2
p
p
i
(2 -
C
R
2
o
i
2
)
1
2
,
-
p
p
i
(2 -
C
R
2
[
i
2
)
(2 -
C
R
2
[
i
2
) (2 -
C
R
2
[
i
2
)
1
2
,
-(2 -
C
R
2
[
i
2
) -(2 -
C
R
2
[
i
2
)
1
2
,
p
p
i
(2 -
C
R
2
[
i
2
) 2
p
p
i
(2 -
C
R
2
[
i
2
)
1
2
,
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

obtainedbySinghandSinghforfrequencyequationin
prestress halfspace. The frequency equation of
Rayleigh waves for homogeneous elastic layer over a
homogeneous elastic halfspace is obtained and
compared with the result without stresses given by
Ewingetal..
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authoris deeply grateful to Dr. SarvaJit Singh for
helpful comments and discussion. Author is also
thankfultoU.G.Cforprovidingminorresearchproject
No.F.No.8.3(121)/2011(Mrp/NRCB)
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