International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4 Issue6- June 2013

Implementation and Evaluation of ANN Assisted Turbo Coding for use with OFDM Signals in Wireless Channels
1 Mr Mallikarjun.G.Ganachari, 2 Prof Basavaraj.D Department of ECE, Vishwanathrao Deshpande Rural Institute of Technology, Haliyal, Visvesvaraya Technical University, Belgaum, Karnataka, India

Abstract- This project deals OFDM signal for transmission in the wireless channel. Wireless channel coding improves the performance of OFDM signal, but the system design becomes complex due to the iterative decoding technique. ANN Assisted Turbo Coding for use with OFDM the system design can be simplified and made faster by the use of ANN in the coding and decoding process. To analyses the BER performance Simulation is done in MATLAB. Keywords- ANN, Turbo Code, OFDMr.

I. INTRODUCTION
The main advantage of using OFDM for transmitting data over a dispersive channel is that the output symbols at the OFDM receiver are free from Inter symbol Interference (ISI). The performance of an OFDM system in a multipath fading environment can be further improved by using a channel coding technique to do away with the effects of the channel. However, the improvement in BER comes at a cost of design complexity in the encoder and decoder. The system design can be simplified by the use of soft computing methods like Artificial Neural Network (ANN). This work deals with an ANN assisted system for encoding and decoding applications with OFDM signal in a wireless channel. The BER performance in AWGN, Rayleigh and Rician fading channels are considered for Turbo coded signal for transmission using OFDM. In modern communication system, orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an important

wide band transmission scheme which uses parallel frequency channels to transmit modulated data. OFDM has received appreciation in many applications due to its high data rate and robustness to time dispersion in multipath fading and simple equalization at the receiver. OFDM allows many users to transmit in an allocated band by subdividing the entire bandwidth into several narrow band channels. The sub-channels are generated such that they are orthogonal to each other, thus allowing the sub-channels to be closely spaced in the spectrum. The overlapping sub-channels make the OFDM system more spectrum efficient than the standard frequency division multiplexing (FDM) system.

II. ANN ASSISTED TURBO CODED OFDM

SYSTEM MODEL Figure1 shows the block diagram of the ANN assisted Turbo coded OFDM system of Turbo coded OFDM system which consists of a simple transmitter/receiver pair and the propagation channel, clearly showing how the ANN would fit into the system. The information data is encoded using ANN assisted Turbo coder and then modulated using digital modulation schemes like M- PSK or M-QAM. The modulated symbols are allotted to parallel subcarriers before transmission through the channel. At the receiver end, the received symbols are OFDM demodulated, demapped and then decoded to recover the transmitted data. The decoding process is performed by ANN to reduce design complexity. A
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4 Issue6- June 2013

brief overview of each of the components in the system is presented next ANN assisted Turbo coded OFDM system.

Figure1. ANN assisted Turbo coded OFDM system

A. OFDM System In the OFDM modulator, digitally modulated information symbols are allotted to parallel carriers by the serial to parallel converter. The Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) is performed to convert the time domain signal to frequency domain before transmission. IFFT ensures that the carriers are orthogonal to each other. The parallel output streams from the IFFT block are converted to serial form and a cyclic prefix is added to mitigate the dispersive effects of the channel. At the receiver, the cyclic prefix is removed before converting the data into parallel stream. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) block transforms the signal back to time domain signal. The serial data is then demapped before applying it to the decoder.

B. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) ANN is an excellent mathematical tool that is composed of simple elements, called neurons that can perform parallel operations. It is a network inspired by Biological nervous systems, which can establish a relationship between the input and output data by adjusting its weights through a learning process. From the structural point of view a Neural Network may be single layered or it may be multilayered. Each neuron of one layer is connected to each and every neuron of the next layer.

C. ANN training and testing: The learning process used in the work is of supervised kind and the specific network type is the Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) which is a feed forward structure. The MLP is composed of input layer, hidden layer and a output layer (Figure5).

Figure 3.Multi-Layer Perceptron

Figure2. DM block diagram

D. Turbo Encoder The conventional Turbo encoder consists of two Recursive Systematic Convolution (RSC) encoders (Figure4). The input message bits are fed directly to one of the encoders while an interleaved sequence of the same is fed to the second encoder. The encoded sequence consists of the information bits concatenated with the parity bits from the two encoders. The encoder can be designed to be either

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4 Issue6- June 2013

punctured or unpunctured. In the system model under consideration in this work, rate codes have been generated by puncturing the parity bits from the two RSC encoders. The conventional encoder is then replaced by an ANN that is trained to perform the encoding process.

Figure5. Iterative decoding scheme

Figure4. Turbo Encoder

E. Turbo Decoder For a Turbo decoder that uses concatenated codes, soft decision decoding is used rather than hard decision decoding. In the decoder being used for our simulation, where there are two component codes, the soft decision of one decoder is passed to the input of the other decoder, and the process is iterated so as to arrive at a reliable decision. Here we have considered a Log Map decoder with 10 iterations to achieve a BER of 10 at around 10 db for faded channel. The complexity -4 of implementing several iterations to arrive at a reliable decision can be reduced by implementing ANN to perform the decoding performance.

F. Wireless Channel In wireless communication multipath propagation is a common instance. Fading effect takes place due to reception of two or more number of signals at a slightly different time, leading to change in amplitude, phase and multipath delays of the transmitted signal, called as fading. Out of the several kinds of faded channel, the Rayleigh and Rician faded channel are used in this work. Rayleigh Faded Channel: The Rayleigh distribution is given by p(r) as below, where the 1 is the time average power 2 of the received signal. P(r) = e(A2/2 0,
2)

for(0r) for(r<0)

Rician Faded Channel: The Rician distribution that is used for LOS communication, can be described as p(r), P(r) = e-(r2+A2/2 0, K=A2/2
2
2)

I0(A

for(A0,r0) for(r<0)

Where, the Rician distribution is described in terms of parameter K, known as Rician factor,

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which is the ratio between the deterministic signal power and the variance of the multipath.

Figure 7.BER plot for PSK OFDM signals in Rayleigh Faded channel

III.SIMULATION RESULTS
The performance of the designed system is evaluated through MATLAB simulation considering BER as the performance parameter. The detail of the signal and system characteristics has been elaborated in this section. OFDM signal is generated using IFFT technique which provides an easy method to generate orthogonal sub-carriers.

In AWGN as well as faded channel, the BER performance is as follows: BER BPSK < BER QPSK < BER 8PSK < BER 16 PSK Similar variation is observed in case of MQAM modulated signals. The details of the conventional Turbo encoder used are tabulated in form of Table I. Rate Type 2 RSC Generator polynomial Decoder type No of iterations SNR 10dB Encoders; punctured G=[1 1 1;1 0 1] LogMap decoder 10

Table I. Specification of turbo encoder/decoder

Figure6. Spectrum of OFDM signal generated

The BER performance has been observed for the ODFM signal for M-PSK and M-QAM digitally modulated signals (M=2, 4, 8, 16) signals in AWGN, Rayleigh and Rician fading channel (Figure7).

The Turbo coded OFDM has been compared with the uncoded OFDM signal in Rayleigh channel in Figure8 and in Rician channel in Figure9. In wireless faded channel, use of Turbo coding in OFDM signal improves the BER for higher value of SNR, for both Rayleigh and Rician fading channel.

Figure8. BER plot for OFDM signal and Turbo coded OFDM signal in Rayleigh faded channel.

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Figure10. Performance plot for ANN decoder Figure9. BER plot for OFDM signal and Turbo coded OFDM signal in Rician faded channel.

Two separate ANNs have been trained and tested to perform the encoding and the decoding process of Turbo code to be used with the OFDM signal. Table III shows the details performance graph of ANN training for the decoder is shown in Figure10. An improvement in the BER is observed when the Turbo encoding/decoding is performed using ANN as compared to iterative decoding technique (Figure11).

Figure11. BER plot for Turbo coded OFDM signal in Rayleigh faded channel using iterative decoder and ANN based decoder

ANN type Number of Layers Hidden layer size Input layer size SNR consideration Transfer function combination Convergence limit Training type

Feed forward One input, one hidden, one output 1.5 times of input Size of the signal sample at the receiver end 10dB Logsig-tansig-tansig-logsig 104 Back propagation with adaptive learning rate

IV. CONCLUSION
The performance of the ANN assisted Turbo coded OFDM is found to be superior compared to the Turbo coded OFDM with iterative decoding in terms of BER as well as design complexity and time of operation. The outcome of ANN based decoder is more reliable as it can be trained to mitigate the effect of the faded channel to arrive at an optimum BER value.

Table II. ANN parameters used for training

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Acknowledgment
I owe a debt of gratitude to our guide Prof Basavaraj D VDRIT haliyal who stood as assets in completion of this project. I thank for their valuable time and resources. REFERENCE [1]Aradhana Misra and Kandarpa Kumar Sarma Dept. of Electronics and Communication Technology Gauhati University ANN Assisted Turbo Coding for use with OFD Signals in Wireless Channels in Proceedings of of International Conference on ETNCC-2011 pages:65-69. [2] J.N. Patel and U.D Dalal: "A Comparative Performance Analysis of OFDM Using MATLAB Simulation with M-PSK and M-QAM Mapping," in Proceedings of International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications, 2007, vol.4, pp.406-410, Dec. 2007 [3] R. Annauth and H.C.S. Rughooputh; Neural Network Decoding of Turbo Codes, in Proceedings of IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 1999, vol 5,pp 3336-3341.,1999 [4] B. Sklar and P.K. Ray; Digital Communications-Fundamentals and applications, 2nd Edition, Pearson,New Delhi,2001 [5] T. .Rappaport; Wireless CommunicationsPrinciples and Practice,2nd Edition, PHI, 2002 [ 6] S. Haykin: Neural Networks- A Comprehensive Foundation, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2003.

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