Advanced Power System Analysis Line Modeling

Frequency Dependent Transmission Line Modeling Utilizing Transposed Conditions

IEEE 2002 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 17, NO. 3, JULY 2002

Author: Bjrn Gustavsen, Member, IEEE SINTEF Energy Research, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

Presented By : Nikhil Mundra 07/PS/2010 MTech 1st Semester Power Systems

Introduction: This paper utilizes the existing phase-domain line modeling technique, which is considered to be highly accurate and efficient both for Overhead as well as Underground lines. It aims to reduce the computation time involved in the technique without compromising on the accuracy. This is done by introducing a hybrid line model and considering one or many of the lines to be continuously transposed. For this, a constant transformation matrix is utilized, along with a regular phase-domain line model and multiple single line models. The results show an increase in the computation speed, and if the circuits are untransposed, the single line model becomes a full phase model. Detailed Analysis: Phase-domain models, though more accurate than the frequency domain ones, are extremely slow in their progress. In case of EMTP programs, we have options of assigning lines as continuously transposed. This helps in usage of a continuous transformation matrix, leading to diagonal and fewer off-diagonal elements. Though zero sequence coupling can be employed, it leads to frequency analysis. Therefore, with a hybrid model, with a small phase block is ideal for taking coupling into consideration. The transmission line equations are:

, Here Z,Y are square symmetrical matrices. With the principle of continuous transposition, all conductors within a circuit get the same coupling with conductors outside the circuit. The Z and Y matrices can be viewed as having individual 3x3 blocks, and can be further modified by averaging the terms. The paper stresses that pure untransposed terms are left unchanged, while those terms that are either a combination of transposed and untransposed or are purely transposed, are averaged. As an example, the paper presents the following:

The aim is to finally obtain elements only on the diagonal terms, and this is done using Clarkes transformation. The modified matrix is given as:

, where T is based on Clarkes matrix, given as:

After applying various guidelines, the paper arrives at the fact that the method is applicable to any generalized system, such that with m transposed and n untransposed lines, the number of modes is 2m and size of phase block is m+3n. Following the above conclusions, it can be seen that a model can be made with a phase block with several modes in parallel, and the interfacing can be done using T matrix. The phase block is modeled using a frequency dependent phasedomain model, while trapezoidal integration leads to a time-domain conductance matrix in parallel with a current source. This is also done for each of the modes, iterated from 1 to n.

Thus, a line model can be adapted by the main program using the Nortons equivalent. The current and voltage vectors can be calculated as above, using the Clarkes transformation matrix and the value of voltage Vk specified in the problem.

The paper then puts this theory to practice, and tests the hybrid model on 3 different line models 1 transposed, 2 transposed and 3 transposed circuits. The Z, Y and H (propagation) matrices are all fitted using a 12 th order approximation vector fitting technique. The efficiency of the hybrid model can be determined based on the number of flops (floating point operations) consumed by the models. The results in the case of a regular phase model and the hybrid model are tabulated as follows: Phase model 1-tranposed 2-transposed 3-transposed 1 9.57 24.89 Hybrid model 0.28 1.32 2.70 Ratio 3.57 6.95 9.21

Thus, we see a marked increase in efficiency in the use of the Hybrid model. Conclusions: Though comparisons have been made with a higher degree of fitting than needed by the phase-model, it is observed that even with a lower order, the hybrid model is 3-4 times more efficient than its counterpart. It is assumed that the length of each transposition cycle is extremely small, lending it negligible. Here, the reflections occurring in each cycle are unaccounted. Even then, this is not a problem in low-frequency cases. The method works well with continuous or arbitrary phase-numbering, so that is not a constraint. Thus, the hybrid line model uses the computational accuracy of the phasedomain model and adds the efficiency factor to it. The increase in efficiency may seem small for a single line, but when applied to a large system, its effects will be easily appreciated. Drawbacks: This model is specifically designed only for the continuous transposed lines, a feature available in programs dealing in power systems.