Page 1 Introduction

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J
avaScrIpt
T
utorIal
What Is JavaScrIpt :
FIrst, JavaScrIpt Is not same as Java. t Is generally used wIth HT|L to create
InteractIve web pages. JavaScrIpt Is one of the pIllars of web desIgnIng to
create dynamIc webpages. JavaScrIpt Is not a general programmIng language,
Infact It Is a scrIptIng language. A scrIptIng language Is the one whIch
provIdes access to prebuIlt components. n the case of JavaScrIpt, those
prebuIlt components are the buIldIng blocks that make up a Web page (lInks,
Images, plugIns, HT|L form elements, browser confIguratIon detaIls, and so
on). JavaScrIpt provIdes programmatIc control over objects of Its
envIronment.
JavaScrIpt Is a clIentsIde scrIpt I.e. It Is executed InsIde the browser and not
at the server. t extends the core language by supplyIng objects to control a
browser and Its 0ocument Dbject |odel(0D|).
What do you need to start It :
You don't need heavy hardware or software requIrements for JavaScrIpt. An
updated browser and a faIrly good 0E wIll do. For 0E, would suggest
php0esIgner 8. Although It sounds lIke It Is a php 0E, but It supports
JavaScrIpt, CSS and many other languages too. t acts lIke a complete
package to develop a web sIte.
ClIck here to download php0esIgner 8
Page 2 Introduction
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A lIttle hIstory
JavaScrIpt, not to be confused wIth Java, was created In 10 days In |ay 1995
by 8rendan EIch, then workIng at Netscape and now of |ozIlla. JavaScrIpt
was not always known as JavaScrIpt: the orIgInal name was |ocha, a name
chosen by |arc Andreessen, founder of Netscape. n September of 1995 the
name was changed to LIveScrIpt, then In 0ecember of the same year, upon
receIvIng a trademark lIcense from Sun, the name JavaScrIpt was adopted.
ThIs was somewhat of a marketIng move at the tIme, wIth Java beIng very
popular around then.
JavaScrIpt and Java
Page 3 Introduction
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Page 1 JavaScript and HTML
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Page 2 JavaScript and HTML
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page loads then Include It under head tags. f you want that some
partIcular event lIke mouse clIck should trIgger your scrIpt then Include
It In the body tags. DbvIously, we want to Include our external scrIpt fIle as
soon as page loads so we Included It In head tags.
0ocument Dbject |odel
Another Important aspect assocIated wIth JavaScrIpt and HT|L Is 0ocument
Dbject |odel otherwIse known as 0D|. The 0D| Is an AP for HT|L
documents. t provIdes a structural representatIons of the document,
enablIng the developer to modIfy Its contents and vIsual presentatIon.
EssentIally, It connects web pages to scrIpts or programmIng languages. The
0D| provIdes a standard framework for descrIbIng the organIzatIon of
elements In a HT|L document. The basIc functIon of 0D| Is to represent the
HT|L webpage as a tree of nodes. A 0D| document Node can be addressed
by begInnIng at the document root and lIstIng the descendant nodes. So
where does JavaScrIpt comes Into play: JavaScrIpt lets you manIpulate those
nodes. All of the propertIes, methods, events avaIlable to the web developer
for manIpulatIng and creatIng web pages are organIzed Into nodes of the
0D|. JavaScrIpt lets you access and manIpulate those nodes by usIng the
getElement8yd(), getElement8yName(), getElement8yTagName() methods.
For example, If you have a textbox whose 0 Is txt1 In your HT|L document
then you can access It In JavaScrIpt usIng getElement8yd(txt1) and you can
change Its propertIes. ClIck here to vIew an example
f you check the source code of the pevIous example, you wIll see that have
used the method getElement8yd() and passed the value txt1 as Its argument
and then used the value property to change the value In the textbox. Also,
If you have notIced, have used an onclIck attrIbute of HT|L Input tag. The
value of thIs attrIbute Is the name of the functIon whIch should be called
once user clIcks at the button and thIs functIon resIdes In the scrIpt.
n the prevIous example, once the value of textfIeld has changed, clIckIng on
the button wIll produce no effect. 8ut what If you want to toggle between
the 2 values of textbox: ClIck here to see. 0on't forget to look for the source
code.
Page 3 JavaScript and HTML
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Page 1 Values, Variables and Literals
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Page 3 Values, Variables and Literals
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Page 4 Values, Variables and Literals
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Page 6 Values, Variables and Literals
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Page 2 Values, Variables and Literals
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Page 4 Values, Variables and Literals
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Page 5 Values, Variables and Literals
7/12/2013 3:20:59 AM http://prtkcse.byethost31.com/vvl.htm
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Page 6 Values, Variables and Literals
7/12/2013 3:21:31 AM http://prtkcse.byethost31.com/vvl.htm
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Page 1 JavaScript and HTML
7/12/2013 10:29:46 PM http://prtkcse.byethost31.com/eo.htm
HD|E
Save thIs page as pdf
J
avaScrIpt
T
utorIal
ExpressIons
An expressIon Is a pIece of code that gIves you a value. There are two types
of expressIons. Those who assIgn a value to a varIable and those who don't.
For example, x = 7 belongs to fIrst type and just J + 4 belongs to second type.
CategorIes of ExpressIons
1) ArIthmetIc ExpressIon : evaluates to a number.
2) StrIng ExpressIon : evaluates to a strIng.
J) LogIcal ExpressIon : evaluates to true or false.
4) Dbject ExpressIon : evaluates to an object.
Dperators
Dperators are used to manIpulate values. JavaScrIpt supports both bInary and
unary operators and one ternary operator called condItIonal operator.
A 8Inary Dperator requIres two operands, one before the operator and the
one after :
rrrrrrr rrrrrrrr rrrrrrrr
For example, 2+5, 2*5 etc.
A Unary Dperator requIres a sIngle operand, eIther before or after the
operator :
rrrrrrrr rrrrrrr or rrrrrrr rrrrrrrr
For example, y++(post Incrementor), ++y(pre Incrementor) etc.
Page 2 JavaScript and HTML
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CategorIes of Dperators
1) AssIgnment Dperator
2) ComparIson Dperators
J) ArIthmetIc Dperators
4) 8ItwIse Dperators
5) LogIcal Dperators
6) StrIng Dperators
7) SpecIal Dperators
rrrrrrrrrr rrrrrrrr
An AssIgnment operator assIgn values to Its left operand based on the value
of Its rIght operand. That Is, x = y assIgns the value of y to x. There are some
shorthands for assIgnment operators. The below table lIsts them.
srrrrrrrrr rrrrrrrrr
The ComparIson operator compares Its operands and returns a logIcal value.
The operands can be anythIng. f the operands are not of same type then
JavaScrIpt attempts to convert them to an approprIate type for comparIson.
The sole exceptIon to thIs rule are the === and !== operators.
For example, var var1 = J, var2 = 4; then the followIng table lIsts results of
varIous comparIson operators:
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rrrrsrrrrs rrrrrrrrr
The ArIthmetIc operators take theIr operand as numerIcal values and return
a sIngle numerIcal value. The standard ArIthmetIc operators are AddItIon(+),
SubtractIon(), |ultIplIcatIon(*) and 0IvIsIon(/). n addItIon to these,
JavaScrIpt provIdes followIng ArIthmetIc Dperators :
Page 4 JavaScript and HTML
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srrsrrr rrrrrrrrr
The 8ItwIse operators treat theIr operands as a set of J2 bIts (bInary). For
example, decImal number 7 has bInary representatIon as 111. They perform
operatIons on these bInary representatIons but return standard JavaScrIpt
numerIcal values. The followIng table summarIzes JavaScrIpt's bItwIse
operators :
srrrsrs rrrrrrrrr
The LogIcal operators are used wIth boolean(logIcal) values; when they are,
they return a boolean value. However, the EE and operators actually
return the value of one of the specIfIed operands, so If these operands are
used wIth non8oolean values, they may return a non8oolean value. The
logIcal operators are descrIbed In the followIng table :
srrrrr rrrrrrrrr
n addItIon to the comparIson operators, whIch can be used on strIng values,
the concatenatIon operator(+) concatenates two strIng values together,
returnIng another strIng. For example, Prateek + Sharma returns Prateek
Sharma.
Page 5 JavaScript and HTML
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srrsrrs rrrrrrrrr
JavaScrIpt provIdes the followIng specIal operators :
) CondItIonal Dperator
) Comma Dperator
) delete
7) In
7) Instanceof
7) new
7) thIs
7) typeof
X) voId
srrrrrrrrrs rrrrrrrr
The CondItIonal operator Is the only JavaScrIpt operator that takes J
operands. The operator evaluates the condItIon and based on that return one
of the two values. The syntax Is :
2rrr2r2rr 2 2r22 2 2r22
f condItIon Is true, the operator has the value of val1, else val2. For
example,
var status = (age=18) : adult : mInor;
srrrr rrrrrrrr
The Comma operator (,) sImply evaluates both of Its operands and returns
the value of the second operand. ThIs operator Is prImarIly used InsIde a for
loop, to allow multIple varIables to be updated each tIme through the loop.
For example,
)rr)2rr 2 ) ))) ) ))2 ))))2)))))))
rrsrrr
The delete operator deletes an object, an object's property, or an element
at a specIfIed Index In an array. The syntax Is :
delete objectName;
delete objectName.property;
delete objectName[Index];
delete property; (can be used only wIthIn a wIth statement)
You cannot use delete operator to delete varIables whIch are declared wIth
var keyword.
f the delete operatIon Is successful then It sets the property or element to
Page 6 JavaScript and HTML
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be undefIned return true.
When you delete an array element, the array length Is not affected because
the deleted value just becomes undefIned.
rr
The In operator returns true If the specIfIed property Is In specIfIed object.
The syntax Is :
rrrrererrreeeerr 2r re)r2rerer
where propNameDrNumber Is a strIng or numerIc expressIon representIng a
property name or array Index, and objectName Is the name of an object. For
example,
var names = [prateek,john,pattrIck,neal];
If(prateek In names)[do somethIng;]
rrrrrrsrrf
The Instanceof operator returns true If the specIfIed object Is of the
specIfIed object type. The syntax Is :
re)r2rerer 2rerrr2rr) re)r2reerr
For example,
var the0ay = new 0ate;
If(the0ay Instanceof 0ate) [ do somethIng; ]
rrs
t Is used to create an Instance of userdefIned object type or one of the
predefIned object types ,rrre) ,rr2rrr) ,rrr) ,er2r2rr) ,er,r) eeeerr)
re)r2r) gr,ggr) rr grr2r,. For example,
var abc = new Array(17,12,19,22);
rsrr
Use the thIs keyword to refer to the current object. n general, thIs refers to
the callIng object In a method.
For example, there Is a textbox In your webpage lIke :
:rrrr r r:r:rr :rrsrrr :: rrr :: : Input type=text name=age
onchange=valIdate(thIs,18,99);
Page 7 JavaScript and HTML
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Now under your scrIpt tags, you would wrIte :
functIon valIdate(obj,lowval,hIghval) [
If((obj.value lowval obj.value hIghval))
alert(nvalId value);
]
alert() creates a wIndow popup whIch dIsplays a message whIch you provIde
as argument.
ClIck the button to see alert wIndow s:rrrr
rfrrrf
The typeof operator Is used to get the data type (returns a strIng) of Its
operand. The operator can be a lIteral or a data structure.
ts syntax Is typeof operand or typeof(operand)
The followIng table summarIzes the possIble values returned by the typeof
operator.
typeof(4+7), returns number
typeof(4 + 7), returns strIng
typeof new 0ate(), returns object
drrr
The voId operator Is used to evaluate a JavaScrIpt expressIon wIthout
returnIng a value. ts syntax Is :
voId expressIon or voId (expressIon)
The followIng code creates a hypertext lInk that does nothIng when the user
clIcks It.
Page 8 JavaScript and HTML
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a href=javascrIpt:voId(0)ClIck here to do nothIng/a
voId(0) evaluates to undefIned whIch has no effect.
The followIng code creates a hypertext lInk that submIts a form when the
user clIcks It.
a href=javascrIpt:voId(document.form.submIt())ClIck here to submIta
Dperator Precedence E AssocIatIvIty
Dperator precedence refers to the order In whIch operators are evaluated
when more than one type Is used In an expressIon. For example,
a+b*c=20;
n the aboce expressIon, fIrst multIplIcatIon Is done, then addItIon and then
assIgnment due to theIr respectIve precedence.
Dperator assocIatIvIty refers to the order In whIch operator wIth same
precedence are evaluated when they appear alongsIde one another. There Is
left to rIght and rIght to left assocIatIvIty.
8elow table lIsts precedence and assocIatIvIty of varIous operators :
Page 9 JavaScript and HTML
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Page 10 JavaScript and HTML
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Top Next PrevIous
Page 1 Functions
7/15/2013 5:26:05 AM http://prtkcse.byethost31.com/Iun.htm
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Page 2 Functions
7/15/2013 5:26:05 AM http://prtkcse.byethost31.com/Iun.htm
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Page 3 Functions
7/15/2013 5:26:05 AM http://prtkcse.byethost31.com/Iun.htm
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fsfftffff fff fsff lf fffftfflt sll sfssf lff fl tlstff sf.ff. Tffff sfs fs
fff flt lllf fff f fsffflfrff ff . fsf slf . .ftlfff fff sf.ff flt
tlstfffsfffls ffftff ftl. ftfl.fsffr.r. slt f:f.flf, ff sll slllf lff :
nnnn{n{; ;;;;{{n{{;;;;){n;n{;;;)n{n;;;;n{nn;{
fffs ff slllf tfflts dtffff. Jft.ff Jlfs ff.ls.
snnsnnnnns nnnnnnnns
......fffl
......ffsfsfff
......ffNfN
......fftffasf fsf fftffsllff
......Nl..ft fsf fftfsf
......fstlfftsa, fftlfftsa, fstlfftsall.flsfsf, fsf fftlfftsall.flsfsf
nlnn
Tff fffl!f flstffls fffllffff lt f:ftlfff fs ftfl.fsf. af fff ftfl.fsf ff fs
f:ftffffls, fffl!f f:ftlfff fff f:ftffffls. af fff ftfl.fsf ff lsf lt .ltf
Jffffttfff fffff.fsff, fffl!f f:ftlfff fff fffff.fsff.
slt f:f.flf,
{;{;{;;;;;;;2;;nnn{{nn;{{nn{{;;;{;{; 22{{nn{n; ;;
{;{;{;;;{; 22 {{nn{n; 2
nsnnnnnn
Page 4 Functions
7/15/2013 5:26:05 AM http://prtkcse.byethost31.com/Iun.htm
af tfft.f fff ftfl.fsf fl fffft.fsf sffffft ff ff f ffsfff sl..ft. Tff
fssff: ff :
n;)nnnn{{nn{{{{{
sfftf fff nn{{{{ ff fff sl..ft fl fffllfff. af fff ftfl.fsf ff fl.ffffsf
lffft fffs sl..ft fffs ffff .ffflf tffltsf n{;;{;
nsNnN
NfN fffsff flt Nlf f Nl..ft. fl ffNfN flstffls fffft.fsff ff fff ftfl.fsf ff
Nlf f Nl..ft. af tffltsf ftlf ff fff ftfl.fsf ff Nlf f Nl..ft. slt f:f.flf,
;{{ n{;n ; ;;{nn{nn;;;
nn{n;}{n{n{;n{{ { ;n ;n{{n{nn{; }
tnnsntnn nns tnnsnnnnnn
Tffff fsl flstfflsf tffltsf f sl.ftft ffllf sffs ffffs f fftfsf ff fs
ftfl.fsf. Tff fssff: lf fftffsllff ff :
{{{;{);n{n{;n{{;
af ffff.fff fl tfflts f fllfffsfaflfsf sl..ft. af ff fstllsfftf f tfftftfft
lffft fffs f fffs !, lt af, f sl.ftfl !.a,f, f fftf.fl flfsf, lt fs f:flsfsf,
fffs ff tffltsf fff ffllf lf fl ffff flfsf fsf ffsltff ffff tfftftfft fsf fll
flttffffsf tfftftfftf. af fff fftff tfftftfft tfsslf .f tlsfftfff fl f
sl..ft, ff tffltsf NfN.
Tff fssff: lf fftffasf ff :
{{{;{;nn{;n{; ]{{;n;]{;
af ffff.fff fl tlsfftf fff fftfsf fsfl fff fsfffft lf tfff: !.ffff ffftfffff .s
fff {{;n; lffflsfl ftfl.fsf. af fff tfff: ff .., ff tlsfftff fff fftfsf fl
fftf.fl fsfffft. sfff: . .ffsf ltffl fsf fl ls.
Nnssnn nns snnnns nnnnnnnns
Tffff flstfflsf lff sll tlsfftf fs l.aftf fl f sl..ft lt f fftfsf. slt
f:f.flf,
;{{ n{{;{n;
n{{;{n ; }n{{{{{n{{;{n{;
n{{;{n ; ;n{nn{{n{{;{n{;
sfftf n{{;{n ff fs l.aftf tffftfstf.
Tff fllllsfsf f:f.flf tlsfftff fff e{n{ l.aftf fl f tffff.lf fftfsf. ;{{ e
; n{{ e{n{{2;;;12;;;;;1{; 22 {n;;n;{nnn;; ;nnn{ ;11;2;;2;;
;{{ ; ; ;n{nn{{e{;
af sll ftfsf :, fffs ff sfll tfflts Tfl elf .. .3:.3:y. tTl,.3.. .,..
Page 5 Functions
7/15/2013 5:26:05 AM http://prtkcse.byethost31.com/Iun.htm
Tff fllllsfsf f:f.flf tlsfftff fff fftfsf fl Nl..ft l.aftf.
;{{ ;n{ ; ;;1;;
;{{ nn{ ; }n{{{{{;n{{;
nsnntn nns nnnsnntn nnnnnnnns ))ssnnnnns nsnln )nlnsnnntn ))))
Tff {;n{{{ fsf nn{;n{{{ flstfflsf lff sll fstlff fsf fftlff fftfsff. Tff
{;n{{{ flstffls tffltsf fff ff:ffftf.fl fstlffsf lf fs ftfl.fsf fs fff afE
efffs tfftftfft fff. Tff nn{;n{{{ flstffls tffltsf fff eflaa fftfsf flt fff
ffftfffff ff:ffftf.fl fstlffsf ffllf. Tff fssff: lf fffff flstfflsf ff :
{;n{{{{;n{nn{{;
nn{;n{{{{;n{nn{{;
Tff fftfff fsf lsfftfff flstfflsf fl slf slt. ftlfftls flt slsaeflaa
tfftftfftf fsf ffff .ffs ffftftffff. as Jffffttfff ..3 fsf lffft, lff
dddddddddd dddddddddd ddddddddddddddddddd ddd
dddddddddddddddddd. Tffff flstfflsf ftf slf ffff f.fltffsf fl sll fl sll
tfs f.ff fff..
Page 1 Functions
7/17/2013 7:01:38 AM http://prtkcse.byethost31.com/st.htm
ffff ffff ffff ff fff
J
ffffttfff
T
lfltffl
fffff)f)ff ))l)ftll )ll))
Tffff f)tllff rrr rrrrr rrrrrrr rrrrrr rrr fftn nll ffff fff) fff) f)
fftfllf fff)flff f) ffff flfltffl f)f fll )lff ff ffff)f )ltf fffftff)tf lf
fff) f) lffft ftlftf))f)f lf)flffff lfhf )h)hhn flh h )fll )lf ffff )ltf
fftfff l) ffff flfft f)f ff fll lfhf fff) fll tf) fltflf fhff fff)n
)l)ffffl)fl fffff)f)ff
l tl)ffffl)fl fffff)f)f ff f fff lf tl))f)ff ffff ffftlfff ff f llfftfl
tl)ffffl) ff ftlfn Jffffttfff flffltff f)l fffff lf tl)ffffl)fl fffff)f)ff :
eeeeeeeee f)f ehehhh
ffnnnflff fffff)f)f
nll fll ftf ff)flfft )fff fffff fffff)f)ffn hf fff llfftfl tl)ffffl) ff ftlfh
fff) ee fllth ff ffftlfffh lffft)fff eeee fllth ff ffftlfffn
ee )h)))ehe)))
111111eh1he1e)h11
eeee
111111eh1he1e)h12
)l)ffffl) tf) ff f)f ffftffffl) ffff tf) fffllfff fl ftlf lt fflffn Tff
fllll)f)f ffllff fffllffff fl fflff:
eeeeeefflff
eeeeeel)ffff)ff
eeeeee)lll
eeeeee0
eeeeeeNfN
eeeeeefff f)fff fftf)f)) ))
Page 2 Functions
7/17/2013 7:01:38 AM http://prtkcse.byethost31.com/st.htm
f)fftf fffff)f)f
l ehehhh fffff)f)f flll)f f ftlftf) fl fffllfff f) ffftffffl) f)f ffff)ff
fl )fftf fff ffftffffl)ef ffllf fl f tfff lfffln hf f )fftf ff fll)fh fff
ftlftf) ffftlfff fff fffltfffff fffff)f)fn
ehehhh )e{{{eeee))) {
111h1ee e1:ee11:
111111eh1he1e)he11;
111111:{e1;;
111h1ee e1:ee12:
111111eh1he1e)he12;
111111:{e1;;
111eee
111)ee1;eh: 111111eh1he1e)he1)ee;
111111:{e1;;
}
hf ffftf ff )l )fftff)f tfff fff) fff ftlftf) ffftlfff )ee1;eh fllthn
k{e1; tl))f)f ff )ftfffftf fffft ffftf fllth fl ftfff)f ffllf)fffl
ffftlffl) lf fll tffffn
)lt fff)flf :
ehehhh )e{;eh) {
111h1ee ""{1)"ee":
111111))h;1e)heh{ehe)""{1)"ee");
111111:{e1;;
111h1ee ""{{eee":
111111))h;1e)heh{ehe)""{{eee");
111111:{e1;;
111h1ee ""1)")ee":
111111))h;1e)heh{ehe)""1)")ee");
111111:{e1;;
111)ee1;eh:
111111))h;1e)heh{ehe)";) e{;eh ee eeeehhe)");
111111:{e1;;
}
Page 3 Functions
7/17/2013 7:01:38 AM http://prtkcse.byethost31.com/st.htm
sllf fffff)f)ff
l lllf ff f fff lf fffff)f)ff ffff ftf ffftlfff tffffffflf l)ffl f ffftfffff
tl)ffffl) ff )ffn
flt fffff)f)f
Aftffff fff )lff flfllft lllf tlflff )fftf fll lff ffff)fffflfn l e){ lllf
tffffff l)ffl f ffftfffff tl)ffffl) fffllffff fl fflffn
e){ ))e)ehe1e){{{eeee)));)h)))ehe)));)e)h{e1e)h){{{eeee))))
111111{eh1he1e)he}
flnnn)fflf fffff)f)f
Tff ))eeehheee fffff)f)ff tffffff fffflf l)ffl f ffftfffff tl)ffffl)
fffllffff fl fflffn
))
111eh1he1e)h
hheee )h)))ehe)));
Tff l)lflfl fff)f ffllf ))eeehheee ff eh1he1e)h ffftlfff l)tf fffltf fff
tl)ffffl) ff tffthffn
)fflf fffff)f)f
l hheee fffff)f)f ffftlfff fff fffff)f)ff ff ll)f ff f ffftfffff tl)ffffl)
fffllffff fl ftlfn
hheee )h)))ehe)))
1111eh1he1e)h
lfffl fffff)f)f
l lfffl ftlfffff f fffff)f)f )fff f) fff)ffffft ffff lfff fll tffft fl ff
flff)fftf f) fllt ftlftf)n )lt ffh fll tf) lff f lfffl fl fff)ffff f lllfn
11{;e1:ee:
hheee )h)))ehe)))
1111eh1he1e)h;
ftffh fffff)f)f
eff fff :{e1; fffff)f)f fl fft)f)fff f lllfh f)fftfh lt f) tl)hl)tffl) )fff
Page 4 Functions
7/17/2013 7:01:38 AM http://prtkcse.byethost31.com/st.htm
f lfffl fffff)f)fn
eeeee eff) fll lff :{e1; )fffllf f lffflh ff fft)f)ffff fff f))ft)lff
f)tllff)f hheee, )),hheee, e){, lt 1111ehehhh f))fffffflf f)f ftf)ffftf
tl)ftll fl fff fllll)f)f fffff)f)fn
eeeee eff) fll lff :{e1; )fff f lffflh ff fft)f)ffff fff ffftfffff lffflff
fffff)f)fn
tl)ff)lf fffff)f)f
Tff h))he);e fffff)f)f tf) ff lfff fl tfffftf f hheee, )),hheee, e){,
){ e1:ee eh1he1e)h eeeeeee eff) fll lff h))he);e )fffllf f lffflh ff
fft)f)ffff fff tlttf)f ffftfffl) lf fff f))ft)lff f)tllff)f hheee, )),
hheee ){ e){ fffff)f)f f)f tl)ff)lff ffftlffl) lf fff lllf )fff fff )fff
ffftfffl)n h) tl)ftfff fl fff :{e1; fffff)f)fh h))he);e flff )lf fft)f)fff
fff ffftlffl) lf lllf f)fftflfn
eeeeeee eff) fll lff h))he);e )fff f lffflh ff ffflfff fl fff lllff)f
fffff)f)f fff)ffffff )fff ffff lfffln
Tff ff)fff lf fff h))he);e fffff)f)f :
eeeeee.n h))he);e
eeeeee.n h))he);e lllll
sfhftf sf)ffllfffl) fffff)f)ff
Jffffttfff lfff fff e){eeee), e){ e1hheeee), f)f hehh fffff)f)ff fl
)f)ffllfff lfhftffn
fltnnnf) fffff)f)f
Tff e){eeee) fffff)f)f ffftffff f ffftfffff fftffflf lfft fll fff ftlfftffff
lf f) lfhftfn )lt fftf fffff)tf ftlfftffh Jffffttfff ffftlfff fff ffftfffff
fffff)f)ffn l e){eeee) fffff)f)f lllhf ff fllll)f:
e){ ){1{e1:ee e) ):{ehh) {
Page 5 Functions
7/17/2013 7:01:38 AM http://prtkcse.byethost31.com/st.htm
1111eh1he1e)he
}
,ff)flfh
e;)hhe)) {{e)h1{{){e{heee)):{,):{;11e) {
1111{1{ {ee;eh ; "";
1111e){ ){1{ e e) ):{) {
11111111{ee;eh ;; ):{;11e ; "e" ; e ; ";" ; ):{)e) ; ";:{ ;;";
}
1111{ee;eh ; ";h{ ;;";
1111{eh;{) {ee;eh;
}
flt fftfnnnf) fffff)f)f
hf ff ff)flft fl e){eeee)h flf ffftffff lfft fff ffllff lf lfhftfef ftlfftffffh
)lf fffft )f)ffn
,ff)flf :
{1{ e;1 ; ;;
{1{ ):{ ; {{{){1: ;,{{){2: 1;,{{){;: 12};
e){ e1hh ){1{ e e) ):{) {
1111e;1 ;; e;
}
{{e)h)e;1);
Tlfeeee Nfffeeee Atfffllf