International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND ISSN 0976

6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJECET)

ISSN 0976 6464(Print) ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August, 2013, pp. 79-85 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijecet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.8896 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJECET
IAEME

POWER-GATING SCHEME FOR IMPROVRED CAL CIRCUITS

R.GUNA SEKHAR1 Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, SVPCET, puttur. C.MANIKANTA3 Assistant professor, Department of ECE SVPCET, puttur. K.D.MOHANA SUNDARAM2 Assistant professor, Department of ECE SVPCET, puttur. K.SARITHA4 Assistant professor, Department of ECE SVPCET, puttur.

ABSTRACT This paper presents a power gating technique for improved CAL (clocked adiabatic logic) circuits to minimise the energy loss of adiabatic circuits during idle periods. Transmission gate is used as power gating switch, which is inserted between single phase power clock and virtual power clock. Power gating switch disconnects the power gated cal logic blocks from single phase power clocks during idle periods. 8-bit carry-look ahead adder based on improved CAL circuits used to verify power gating technique. It consists of a power gating CAL AND gate, power gating CAL OR gate, power gating CAL XOR gate. The energy dissipation is greatly reduced by shutting down the idle power gating CAL blocks. With the help of Mentor Graphics simulations, the energy dissipation is analyzed. INDEX TERM: Power Gating Switch, CAL (clocked adiabatic logic), and Energy Dissipation. 1. INTRODUCTION Reducing power dissipation is design objective for any VLSI device. Since excessive power dissipation results in increased packaging and cooling costs as well as potential reliability problems [2] adiabatic logic uses AC voltage supplies to recycle the energy of the circuits instead of being dissipated as heat. There are many adiabatic logics which uses multi phase power clock those are ECRL (Efficient Charge Recovery Logic), PAL-2N (Pass Transistor Adiabatic Logic with NMOS pull down configuration), etc., The problems with these techniques are power clock tree, clock skew and addition of multi phase power clock generator that increases the power dissipation, the multiphase power clock tree results in extra area over head and increases the complexity of layout place and route. A few adiabatic logic families have been reported which uses single phase power clock[1]. These have simple clock generator than the multi phase schemes TSEL(True Single Phase Energy
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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME

Recovery Logic) and SCAL(Source Coupled Adiabatic Logic )use single phase power clock. The CAL circuits also use a single phase power clock by introducing a auxiliary clock signal. CAL [3] has a simple structure so complicated circuits can be realized easily. In adiabatic circuits energy dissipation happens even for constant input signal because output nodes are always change and discharged by power clocks. This limits the energy saving of adiabatic circuits. 2. CAL (CLOCKED ADIABATIC LOGIC) The basic CAL [3] circuit is as shown in the figure it consists of 2 main parts: logic evolution circuit (N5 and N6) and the energy recovery circuit (P1 and P2). In order to realize an adiabatic logic functions with a single phase power clock, auxiliary timing clock Cx has been introduced. This signal controls transistor (N3and N4) which are in series with logic tree represented by N5and N6.The Cx enable device N3 and N4 allow operation with single phase power clock.N5 and N6 NMOS transistor can be replaced with NMOS logic trees to realize any logic function. Conventional CAL logic buffer which uses square wave for auxiliary clocks are shown in figure.

Fig .1 Basic CAL Buffer

Fig .2 Operation Waveform of CAL Buffer

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August July August (2013), IAEME

3. IMPROVED CAL CIRCUITS Auxiliary clock [1] Cx and Cxb use square wave in conventional CAL circuits as shown in figure. Thus operation for gates of the transistors (N3 and N4) does not work in an adiabatic manner. For large functional block, transistors (N3 and N4) will cause an increase in the energy dissipa dissipation due to large switching capacitance on auxiliary clock lines.In lines.In improved CAL circuits non nonoverlapping sinusoidal signals are used for the auxiliary clocks Cx and Cxb as shown in figure. Hence it is possible to recycle the charge of auxiliary clock generator generator are shown in figure. The clock uses the same sinusoidal power clock. The charge of auxiliary clock nodes are well recycled in improved CAL circuits by using non overlapping sinusoidal clocks. However auxiliary clock generators introduce additional energy ergy dissipation which should minimize.

Fig .3 Auxiliary Clock Generators

Fig .4 . Simulation Waveform

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME

4. POWER GATING TECHNIQUE FOR IMPROVED CAL CIRCUITS In order to reduce the energy loss during idle periods, the power gating technique is introduced to adiabatic circuit by switching of their power clocks. A transmission gate is used as the power gating switch [5] which is inserted between single phase and virtual power clock. It disconnects the power gated CAL [3] logic block and auxiliary clock generator from the single phase power clock during the idle periods. NMOS transistor (NC) prevents the floating state of virtual power clock in sleep mode. When power gating control signal (Active) is high, clk signal follows the power clock(PC), this mode of operation is called active mode. In sleep mode, active is low, clk signal goes to low level, so that the power gated CAL [6] logic blocks and auxiliary clock generator disconnected from the PC to reduce the energy dissipation. Power gating switches introduce additional energy loss that should be analyzed and minimized. 4.1. 8-BIT CARRY LOOK ADDER BASED ON IMPROVED CAL CIRCUITS WITH POWER GATING SCHEME 8-bit Carry Look Adder Based on improved CAL circuits with power gating scheme is shown in figure. 8-bit consists of six pipeline stages. Six Power Gating switches [4] are inserted between power clock and virtual power clocks. The logic gates are realized in CAL logic by replacing (N5 and N6) transistor with NMOS pass transistor logic block in CAL buffer. To achieve proper power gating timing, 6 auxiliary clock generators are used to generate auxiliary clocks for the 6 pipeline stages as shown in figure 4(a)shows energy dissipation per cycle of the improved CAL 8-bit carry look ahead adder without and with power gating technique.

Fig .5 Realization of AND gate based on CAL

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME

Fig .6 Realization of OR gate based on CAL

Fig .7 Realization of XOR gate based on CAL

Fig .8 8-bit Carry Look Ahead Adder based on Improved CAL circuits with Power Gating Scheme

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August July August (2013), IAEME

5. RESULTS

Fig .9 Energy dissipation ssipation of Improved 8 8-bit CAL Adder with and without power gating

6. CONCLUSION In this paper by y introducing power gating scheme for CAL adiabatic logic, energy dissipation is reduced in large extent. In this paper power gating technique is introduced for the improved CAL circuits. Since it is easy to switch of single phase power clock than multi phase power clock, power gating schemes attains greater energy saving. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] S.Kim and M. C. Papaefthymiou. True single-phase single adiabatic circuitry, , IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration. S. Kim, C. H. Ziesler and M. C. Papaefthymiou, A true single-phase single phase energy energy-recovery multiplier. D. Maksimovic, V. G. Oklobdzija, B. Nikolic, and K. W Current,Clocked CMOS adiabatic logic with integrated single- phase power clock supply, IEEE Trans. VLSI System. Low-Voltage Voltage SOI CMOS VLSI Devices & Circuits James B.Kuo and Shin-Chia Lin. W. C. Athas, J. G. Koller, and L. J. Svensson, An energy efficient CMOS line driver using adiabatic switching, Proc. Fourth Great LakesSymp. VLSI Design, pp. 196196-199, Mar.1994. W. C. Athas, L.J. Svensson, J.G. Koller, N. Tzartzanis, Tzart and E.Chou,Low Chou,Low power digital systems based on adiabatic-switching switching principles,IEEE IEEE Trans. VLSI Systems, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 398-407, Dec. 1994. R. T. Hinman and M. F. Schlecht, Power dissipation Measurements on recovered energy logic, in IEEE Symp.VLSI VLSI Circuits Dig. Tech.Papers, pp. 1920, 20, June 1994. Low-Power Power Electronics Design by Christian Piguet. Minimizing Power Consumption by chandrakasan. P.Sreenivasulu, Krishnna veni ,Dr. K.Srinivasa Rao,Dr.A.VinayaBabu Rao,Dr.A.VinayaBabu, Low Low Power Design Techniques Of Cmos Digital Circuits Circuits International Journal urnal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), Volume 3, Issue 2, , 2012, pp. 199 208, ISSN Print: 0976- 6464, ISSN Online: 0976 6472. Prabodh Kumar Khampariya, Asfaque Khan, Dr.Amita Mahore, Mahore The The Design and Implementation of a Single-Phase Phase Power Factor Correction Circuit Circuit International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET) Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 204 - 209, ISSN Print: 0976-6545, , ISSN Online: 0976-6553.
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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME

[13]

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A.Andamuthu,R. Shankar and J. Vinoth Kumar Design Of Power Efficient 4x4 Array Multiplier Using Adiabatic Logic International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), Volume 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 14 - 21, ISSN Print: 0976- 6464, ISSN Online: 0976 6472. Praveer Saxena, Swati Dhamani, Dinesh Chandra, Sampath Kumar V, Modified Two Phase Drive Adiabatic Dynamic Cmos Logic International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 141 147 , ISSN Print: 0976- 6464, ISSN Online: 0976 6472.

AUTHORS PROFILE 1. GUNA SEKHAR R GUNA SEKHAR obtained a B.Tech. degree in Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering from Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupathi, India, in 2009, and the M.Tech. degree in VLSI Design engineering from the VIT University at Vellore, India in 2012. Currently, he is working as Assistant professor in SVPCET College at Puttur.

2. K.D. MOHANA SUNDARAM Mohana Sundaram received his B.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering and Technology, Chittoor, India in 2008, and M.Tech Degree in VLSI Design Engineering from SIETK, PUTTUR, 2012. Currently he is working as Asst.Professor in SVPCET, Puttur, India.

3. CHINTALA MANIKANTA CHINTALA MANIKANTA received M.Tech degree with specialization of embedded systems from SIETK, PUTTUR under JNTUA. Presently he is working in SVPCET, puttur he is joined this institution in 2013 as Assistant Professor in the department of ECE.

4. K SARITHA K SARITHA obtained B Tech in the college of sree vidyanikethan engineering college and M Tech in VLSI Design from SIETK, PUTTUR, 2011.presently she is working in svpcet ,Puttur with working experience of 3 years.

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