Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
3. There are many fields of study in physics, including ………., ………….., ……, ……….., …
……, ………………, ……………….,
2. Base quantities are ……………. ………………. that cannot be defined in terms of other …
….. ……………..
Mass …ilo…ram
Time …econd
Temperature …elvin
Table 1
4. Derived quantities as well as their units are expressed in terms of base quantities and S.I. units
as follows:
Volume
(V)
Density
(ρ)
Speed
(v)
Work or Energy
(W or E)
Power
(P)
Velocity s m
(v) v= Unit v =
t s
= m s −1
(read as metre per second)
Acceleration v-u ms −1
(a) a= Unit a =
t s
u = initial velocity = m s −2
v = final velocity
(read as metre per second per second)
t = time taken
Force F = ma Unit F = kg x m s −2
(F) m = mass
= kg m s −2
a = acceleration
=N
(read as newton)
3
Impulse Ft = change of momentum Unit Ft = kg x m s −1
(Ft) = mv – mu
= kg m s −1
m = mass
u = initial velocity =Ns
v = final velocity (read as newton second)
Momentum p = mv Unit p = kg x ms −1
(p) m = mass = kg m s −1
v = velocity
=Ns
(read as newton second)
Pressure F N
(P) P= Unit P =
A m2
F = force = N m −2
A = area = Pa
(read as pascal)
Specific heat Q J
capacity c= Unit c =
mθ kg oC
(c) Q = heat energy = J kg −1 0C −1
m = mass
J
θ = change in temperature =
kgK
= J kg −1 K −1
(read as joule per kilogram per kelvin)
Frequency 1 1
(f) f= Unit f =
T s
T = period of swing; unit: = s −1
second (s) = Hz
(read as hertz)
Electrical charges Q = It Unit Q = A s
(Q) I = electric current =C
t = time (read as coulomb)
Resistance V V
(R) R= Unit R =
I A
V = voltage; unit: volt (V) = V A −1
I = electric current =Ω
(read as ohm)
Table 2
4
5. Prefixes are used to express some physical quantities that are either very big or very small.
Giga
Mega
kilo
deci
centi
mili
micro
nano
pico
Table 3
2. Vector quantities are quantities that have both ………………… and ………………….
3. Example :
Distance(s) Displacement(s)
Speed Velocity
of …………………. of …………………..
• Speed = • Velocity =
4. Annie the ant is traveling down the road to buy an umbrella for these rainy days. She
walks from her nest, A to B, B to C in 10 minutes’ time as shown in the picture below:
(a) What is the distance she traveled?
(b) What is her displacement from A?
(c) What is her speed?
(d) What is her velocity?
4m
C
B 3m
Solution:
= …………….
tan θ =
∴θ = …………. o
∴ The displacement of the ant is ………….. in the direction of ……………… from …...
(c) Speed =
=
7
(d) Velocity =
4. Figure 1.4.1 shows the result for four shooters A, B, C and D in a tournament. Every shooter shot five
times.
:
Shooter Consistency Accuracy
A
Figure 1
Table 1
Parallax errors
Definition:
A parallax error is an………… in reading an instrument because the observer’s eyes and pointer are not
………………………………………….. to the plane of the scale.
(b) When taking reading from an ammeter, we must make sure that the eyes are exactly in front
of the pointer, so that the………………… of the pointer in the mirror is ……………. ……
……………. the pointer. In other words, the reflection of the pointer on the mirror could not
be seen by the observer, then it is free from………………… ……………..
9
Current
Mass
Temperature
Time
Voltage
wire
0 1 2 3 4
Ruler B
5
10
Figure 5
2. Vernier Calipers
The same wire is measured by a vernier caliper. The reading is as follows:
4 5
Sensitivity
Accuracy
Length of wire
Figure 6
0 5 10
Sensitivity
0 5 25 Accuracy
Diameter of wire
20
Figure 7
Vernier Calipers
1) How to read from a vernier caliper?
Figure 9
11
Positive zero error = + 0.08 cm
All measurements taken with this vernier calipers
must be corrected by subtracting 0.08 cm from the
readings.
Eample Example
Exercise:
1 Write down the readings shown by the following
(a) 7
8
0 5 10
Answer: ……………..
4 5
A B
(b)
P Q
0 5 10 Answer: ……………..
(c)
6 7
Answer: ……………..
0 5 10
12
(d) 0 1
Answer: ……………..
0 5 10
2. (a) The following diagram shows the scale of a vernier calliper when the jaws are closed.
0 1
0 5 10
0 5 10
Figure 13
Figure 13 shows the use of a micrometer screw gauge to measure the size of a spherical object.
Main scale reading = 5.5 mm
Thimble scale reading = 12 x 0.01
= 0.12 mm
Final reading = 5.5 + 0.12
= 5.62 mm
Figure 15
Figure 14
Positive zero error = + 0.04 mm Negative zero error = - 0.04 mm
All measurements taken with this micrometer All measurements taken with this micrometer
screw gauge must be corrected by subtracting screw gauge must be corrected by subtracting -
0.04 mm from the readings 0.04 mm, which is adding 0.04 mm from the
readings
Example Example
Figure 17
Figure 16 Zero error = - 0.03 mm
Zero error = + 0.01 mm micrometer screw gauge reading
micrometer screw gauge reading = 6.0 + 0.08
= 2.5 + 0.35 = 6.08 mm
= 2.85 mm Corrected reading
Corrected reading = micrometer screw gauge reading – zero error
= micrometer screw gauge reading – zero error = 6.08 – (-0.03)
= 2.85 – 0.01 = 6.08 + 0.03
= 2.84 mm = 6.11 mm
Exercise:
1. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.
15
(a) (b)
4
0 5 30 5 1 15 5
0
4
25 0
0 10 0 5 35
5 30
Answer:………………………… Answer:…………………….
0 0 5
0
45 0
5 0 5 20
0
0
15
Figure 18
Figure 19
Miliamm
eter………
……………
……..
Sensitivity =…
……………
Accuracy = ………………
Reading =………………..
Figure 20
17
Figure 21
Accuracy = …………..
Mechanical Stopwatch
Accuracy =…………..
Reading =……………
Digital Stopwatch
Accuracy =………………
Reading = ………………..
Clone of SPM Trial Exam of the Perak State year 2003: Paper 3 / Section B/ Question 2
Notes: MV -manipulated variable; RV-responding variable; C- constant
Keywords to indicate RV
is time of making a Keywords to
complete swing indicate C is Keywords to indicate
mass MV is length
Two twin brothers, Micheal and Jackson, of the same size, are swinging happily on the swings at a
playground as shown in the figure above.
However, the ropes that is holding the swing where Micheal is sitting is longer than Jackson’s. And,
Micheal notices that his swing is swinging slower than his brother, Jackson.
Using this information;
(a) make a suitable inference, [1 mark]
(b) state one appropriate hypothesis that could be investigated, [1 mark]
(c) describe how you would design an experiment to test your hypothesis using a bob, strings and other
apparatus. experiment
Answer:
(a) Inference: …………………. influences ………………………………….
(b) Hypothesis: When the ………………… increases, the …………………………… increases.
(c)
Marks
1st mark Aim
1 To investigate the relationship between …………………..
/
and ……………………….
2nd mark MV: RV:
2
/
3rd mark C
3
/
4th mark List of
4 apparatus & ………………, ............., bob, string, retort stand and clamp,
/ materials split cork.
5th mark Arrangement
5 of apparatus
/
8th mark Repetition : Repeat the experiment with l = ………………………..using the same ……
8 …………
/
9 10
9th mark / : Tabulate data 10th mark / : Analyze data
Plot graph ………..against ……………
……
…………