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1- PETROBRAS DISTRIBUIDORA S.A. 2010 Long thought to be inexhaustible, fossil fuels have been used extensively since the Industrial Revolution. 25 However, many believe that the world is using fossil fuels at an unsustainable rate. Some experts believe that the world has already reached its peak for oil extraction and production, and that it is only a matter of time before natural gas and coal follow suit. These near-term 30 concerns about oil supply have led to increasing focus on, and exploration of, alternative sources of petroleum, such as in tar sands and oil shale.

Paragraph 3 (lines 23-32) introduces the idea that (A) oil reached the maximum volume of sales last century. (B) alternative sources of fuel are being employed at their peak capacity. (C) the world consumption of fossil fuels has been growing uncontrollably. (D) natural gas and coal are not suitable as replacements of oil in industrial settings. (E) fossil fuels emerged as the major energy source long before the Industrial Revolution.

2- PETROBRAS DISTRIBUIDORA S.A. 2010 To release their stored energy, fossil fuels must be burned. It is during this combustion process that a 35 variety of emissions and particulates, including ash, are released into the atmosphere. Primary releases are sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon, which can be harmful to the environment. They can combine with water vapor in the air to form acidic compounds that create acid rain, and 40 burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that scientists believe is key factor in global climate change.

According to paragraph 4 (lines 33-42), all the elements below result from the burning of fossil fuels, EXCEPT (A) acid rain (B) water vapor (C) ash emissions (D) greenhouse gas (E) sulfur, nitrogen and carbon releases

3- PETROBRAS DISTRIBUIDORA S.A. 2010 I would see this as less of an anniversary to note for celebration and more of an anniversary to note how far weve come and the serious moment that were at 15 right now, said Brian Black, an energy historian at Pennsylvania State University. Energy transitions happen and I argue that were in one right now. Thus, we need to aggressively look to the future to whats going to happen after petroleum. 70 What is required is to operate without fear and to take energy transitions on as a developmental opportunity, Black said.

According to Brian Black in paragraphs 3 (lines 12-19) and 13 (lines 70-72), energy transitions should be (A) understood as phases of uncertainty when historians become more serious and aggressive. (B) celebrated as a special event that represents the end of nonlucrative periods in oil production. (C) seen as opportunities to reflect on past achievements and evaluate the right investments for the future. (D) taken as fearful periods in which people feel hopeless about the unstable supply and distribution of energy. (E) considered serious moments in history since they always bring unexpected and dangerous consequences.

4- PETROBRAS DISTRIBUIDORA S.A. 2010 50 Yet humans with an economic incentive to be optimistic become optimists, and the harder we look, the more possible alternatives we find. The big question now is whether the cure for our oil addiction will come with a heavy carbon side effect.

In paragraph 9 (lines 50-54), Alexis Madrigal shows concern for the (A) convenient implications of oil addiction to the ecological balance. (B) choice of heavy carbon as an easy alternative fuel to substitute oil. (C) few alternative sources of energy that would effectively replace oil. (D) environmental impact of the sources of energy that might replace oil. (E) optimistic human beings who pay incentives to choose alternatives to oil.

5- PETROBRAS BRASILEIRO 2010 Good news flowing from drilling campaigns in 10 Brazils deep water continued Tuesday when Petrobras said its Guara prospect in the Santos Basin holds between 1.1 billion and 2 billion barrels of oil equivalent. Other big discoveries in the area include Tupi, which was the Western Hemispheres largest discovery in more 15 than 30 years. The oil lies under more than 2,000 meters of water and a further 5,000 meters under sand, rock and a shifting layer of salt.

In paragraph 2 (lines 9-17), the author suggests that Tupi is (A) a region in the Western Hemisphere that will produce up to 1.1 billion barrels of oil. (B) as poor in oil prospects as Guara has been found to be. (C) the most promising oil source in the world discovered in the 30s. (D) solely responsible for all the good news about oil finds in Brazil. (E) included, along with Guara, among the very favorable oil reserves in the Santos Basin.

6- PETROBRAS DISTRIBUIDORA S.A. 2010

35 Two successful wellsCaramba and Guara have already been drilled in the Sugar Loaf field by Petrobras in association with Portuguese Galp Energy in the first case, and with BG and Spanish Repsol in the second. Projected initial production at Tupi is estimated 40 at 100,000 barrels/day under a pilot project scheduled to start next year. In the medium term, production from Tupi alone is expected to reach around 1m b/d by 2012. With oil production averaging 1.9m b/d in 2008, the extra capacity might lift Brazils output to levels similar 45 to Latin Americas two main oil producers, Venezuela and Mexico, who both produce 2.5-3m b/d.

Venezuela and Mexico are mentioned in paragraph 5 (lines 35-46) because they (A) announced output levels similar to those of Brazil for 2012. (B) will associate with Petrobras in exploring the Santos Basin. (C) are currently known as the main oil producers in Latin America. (D) rival with Brazil in terms of projected initial production for their new oil reserves. (E) struggle to be Latin Americas two most productive nations in energy capacity.

7- PETROBRAS 2008 Sugar cane and canebased ethanol became a more important energy source than hydroelectric power plants in Brazils overall energy complex last year, topped only by petroleum and oil products. Based on Paragraph 1, it is correct to say that (A) petroleum and oil products are the most significant energy sources in Brazil, followed by sugar-cane ethanol and hydroelectric power. (B) petroleum and oil products must be the top priority of the Brazilian government. (C) ethanol derived from sugar-cane has surpassed all other forms of power generation in Brazil. (D) hydroelectric plants have always been the most efficient source of energy in Brazil. (E) hydroelectric plants and cane-based ethanol are, nowadays, the most productive sources of energy in Brazil.

8- PETROBRAS BIOCOMBUSTVEL 2010 Dr Oliver Inderwildi, Head of the Low Carbon Mobility centre at the Smith School, said: The common belief that alternative fuels such as biofuels could 20 mitigate oil supply shortages and eventually replace fossil fuels is pie in the sky. There is not sufficient land to cater for both food and fuel demand. Instead of relying on those silver bullet solutions, we have to make better use of the remaining resources by improving 25 energy efficiency. Alternatives such as a hydrogen economy and electric transportation are not mature and will only play a major role in the medium to long term.

Dr. Oliver Inderwildi supports all of the following statements EXCEPT (A) Alternative energy sources, like hydrogen, are still not foreseen as productive in the immediate future. (B) It is illusory to believe that the production of alternative fuels will make up for the decline in oil supply. (C) There is enough soil available in the world for the production of agricultural products to meet the needs of both food and energy. (D) It is more advisable to start using energy more efficiently than to depend on alternative solutions that are not yet entirely developed. (E) Using electricity for transportation and reducing the dependence on oil are unripe strategies that still have a minor impact in the current scenario.

9- PETROBRAS BIOCOMBUSTVEL 2010 Nick Owen, from the Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, added: Significant oil supply 30 challenges will be compounded in the near future by rising demand and strengthening environmental policy. Mitigating the oil effect without using lower grade resources such as tar sands is the key to maintaining energy stability and a low carbon future. 35 The Smith School paper also highlights that in the past, political and financial objectives have led to misreporting of oil reserves, which has led to contradictory estimates of oil reserve data available in the public domain.

Nick Owen believes that: (A) stricter environmental regulations will impose even more restrictions on the already heavy challenges in oil supply. (B) more demand for oil will certainly not interfere with the current support for ecological programs to reduce carbon emissions. (C) further investments in newly found oil reserves will be the only alternative to help maintain future energy stability in the world. (D) shifting to fuel production from tar sands can reduce the oil problems, since tar sands are more abundant and less expensive to drill. (E) the exploration of lower grade resources seems to be the best solution to conform to the environmental policies in favor of low carbon emissions.

10- PETROBRAS BIOCOMBUSTVEL 2010 40 Sir David King, Director of the Smith School, commented: We have to face up to a future of oil uncertainty much like the global economic uncertainty we have faced during the past two years. This challenge will have a longer term effect on our economies unless 45 swift action is taken by governments and business. We all recognise that oil is a finite resource. We need to look at other low carbon alternatives and make the necessary funding available for research, development 50 and deployment today if we are to mitigate the tipping point.

In paragraph 7 (lines 40-50), Sir David Kings main comment is that: (A) other low carbon alternatives are not available to replace the finite oil resources. (B) the tipping point in oil production will not affect the underdeveloped economies of the world. (C) business and governments are not expected to take quick measures to face the world economic problems. (D) more money has to be spent on financing new fuel technologies that produce low carbon emissions. (E) research, development and deployment of low carbon alternatives are the sole responsibility of university researchers.

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