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Stayed
Tensile structures
Suspended
Anticlastic
Copyright Prof Schierle 2011
Pneumatic
Cable truss
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Stayed
Tensile structures
McCormick exhibit hall Chicago Architect/Engineer: SOM To span railroad trucks underneath, the truss roof is suspended by stay cables from concrete pylons. 1 Axon 2 Section 3 Center joint 4 Exterior joint A Pylon top B Stay cable C Truss web bar D Stay bracket E Edge stay, resists wind uplift
Tensile structures
Tensile structures
Patscenter Princeton Architect: Richard Rogers Engineer: Ove Arup Stays resist both gravity load and wind uplift
Design alternates
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Tensile structures
Suspended
Suspension span/sag ratios: Small sag = large stress Large sag = small stress but tall supports Optimal span/sag ratio = 10
Tensile structures
New York bridges: George Washington Bridge, top Brookline Bridge, bottom & left (diagonal hangers resist deformation)
Tensile structures
Stability issues: 1 Point load deformation 2 Wind deformation 3 Stabilizing cable to resist wind uplift 4 Dead load to resist wind uplift (increases seismic load) 6 US pavilion Expo 57, Brussels Circular compression ring is efficient to resist lateral thrust
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Oakland Coliseum (1967) Architect: SOM Engineer: Ammann and Whitney Diameter 400 ft Outer concrete compression ring Inner steel tension ring Steel strands for main support Concrete ribs resist unbalanced load X-columns resist seismic load
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Dulles Airport Terminal Washington, DC (1963) Architect: Eero Saarinen Engineer: Ammann & Whitney Initial size: 150x600 Height @ street side: 105 Height @ runway side: 65 Roof features: Concrete deck Steel strands 1 Edge beams Pylons @ ~ 50 (lean back to counteract roof thrust)
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Lufthansa aircraft hanger, Frankfurt Architect: Beckert & Beckert Engineer: Bomhard The maintenance hanger houses up to six 747 jets in a 100x270 m area Pre-stressed suspended oncrete bands Linear skylights Only 10 m sag (span/depth ratio 13.5 due to flight safety height limit) Inclined ballasts resist roof trust Straight strands restrain ballasts
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Anticlastic
Anticlastic Surface 1 Opposing strings stabilize a point in space 2 Several opposing strings stabilize several points 3 Anticlastic curvature stabilizes a membrane Membrane shear causes wrinkles in fabric Stress without wrinkles HP-surface Quadratic equation Minimal surface Differential equation
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4 5 6 7
Tensile structures
Minimal Surface
The minimal surface conditions: Minimum surface area between any boundary Equal and opposite curvature at any point Uniform stress throughout the surface f1/f2 = A/B (Schierle, 1977 *) Minimal surface equations (Schierle, 1977 *) Y= f1(X/S1)(f1+f2)/f1 + X tan Y= f2 (Z/S2)(f1+f2)/f2 * Published in Journal of Optimization Theory and Application Minimal surface vs. Hyperbolic Paraboloid 1 2 3 4 Minimal surface of square plan Hyperbolic Paraboloid of square plan Minimal surface of rhomboid plan (membrane center below mid-height) Hyperbolic Paraboloid of rhomboid plan (membrane center at mid-height)
Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 19
Tensile structures
Fiber Orientation (Schierle, 1968) 1 Orthogonal (causes shear stress) 2 Principal curvature (avoids shear stress) 3 Principal curvature vs. 4 Generating lines 5 Principal curvature orientation (small deflections) 6 Generating line orientation (large deflections) Lesson: Orient fibers in principal curvature Avoid generating line orientation
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Test model
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Edge Conditions
1, 2 Edge Cable
3, 4 Edge Arch
5, 6 Edge Frame
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Edge Cable
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Edge Arch
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Edge Frame
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Arch shapes
Wave shapes
Point shapes
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3 4
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Saddle Shapes
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Expo 64 Lausanne
Architect: Saugey / Schierle Engineer: Froadvaux et Weber 26 restaurants featured regional cuisines Symbolized sailing and mountain peaks
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Arch Shapes
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Arch Shapes
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Prismatic steel truss arch, 100 m span Anticlastic cable nets Wood slats Translucent fabric
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Wave Shapes 1 2 3 4 Ridge/valley cables, cable edge Ridge/valley cables, beam edge Ridge/valley beams, beam edge Ridge beam/valley cable beam edge
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5 6
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Wave Shapes
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Point Shapes 1 Mast punctures fabric 2 Radial cables 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ring with radial cables Loop cable Dish top Eye cable Twin mast rows Three mast rows
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Point Shapes
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German Pavilion Montreal Expo 67 Cable net of 75x75 cm meshes Translucent membrane suspended from cable net
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Retractable roof Bad Hersfeld Architect: Frei Otto Architect: Bodo Rush
Tensile structures Copyright Prof Schierle 2011
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Design Process
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Design optimization
Edge and surface curvature (Schierle, 1971) Usual optimum L/f = 10 L = span f = sag
L
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Erection
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Details
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Balance Forces
Balanced
Tensile structures Copyright Prof Schierle 2011
Unbalanced
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Balance Forces
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Olympic facilities Munich Architect: Guenter Behnisch / Frei Otto Engineer: Fritz Leonhard Design competition model
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Olympic Stadium Munich Architect: Guenter Behnisch Engineer: Leonhardt und Andrae
The roof consists of 7 saddle-shape cable nets Anticlastic curvature provides stability: Concave cables support gravity Convex cables resist wind uplift Cable net supported by: Masts at rear Ring cable Flying buttress
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Cable net of 75 cm (2.5 ft) square mesh (flat squares formed anticlastic rhomboids)
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edge cable
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Arena roof Translucent skin below cable net: Two layers of translucent fabric 4 thermal insulation between fabric
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Swim arena Point shape cable net (high and low points) Translucent skin below net consists of: Two layers of translucent fabric 4 thermal insulation between fabric
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Acrylic panels of 3x3m (10x10) with neoprene joints are supported by 75x75 cm (2.5x2.5) net of twin cables
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Cable details
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Mast details
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Pneumatic
Air Supported
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Pneumatic structure types: Left: Air inflated Right: Air supported 1 Air inflated cushion 2 Air inflated vault 3 Air inflated dome 4 Air inflated dome grid 5 Air supported dome 6 Air supported vault 7 Air supported vault with cables 8 Air supported dome grid
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US Pavilion Expo Osaka (1970) Architect: Davis Brody Engineer: Geiger, Berger Size: 465 x 265 ft Steel cables Teflon-coated fiberglass fabric
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Silverdome Pontiac, MI (1975) Architect: O'Dell Hewlett & Luckenbach Engineer: Geiger/Berger Building data: Capacity: 90,000 Size: 770 x 600 Air pressure: 5 psf 10 - 75 hp fans 15 - 100 hp fans 50 revolving doors 93 pressure balance doors
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Cable Truss
G G Schierle & UC Berkeley students
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Cable trusses 1 Lintel trusses 2 Concave trusses 3 Lintel truss with compression braces 4 Lintel truss with compression struts 5 Concave truss with tension braces 6 Concave truss with tension struts 7 Concave/lintel truss with braces 8 Concave/lintel truss with struts 9 Gable truss with radial strut 10 Gable truss with center compression struts 11 Radial brace truss 12 Flat chord truss with compression struts
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Cable truss test models Left top: Left bottom: Below: 2-way lintel truss Flat truss Truss dome
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Flat chord truss load bearing mode 1 2 3 Four-bay cable truss Polygon supporting P1, P2 Polygons supporting P1, P2, P3
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Loyola University Pavilion Architect: Kahn, Kappe, Lottery, Boccato Engineer: Reiss and Brown Consultant: Dr Schierle Spanning the long way provides openings to join outdoor seating for large events
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Stadium roof Oldenburg, Germany Engineer: Schlaich Bergermann Cable truss & anticlastic membrane panels
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