Teenage Birthrates and

Pregnancy
A Spatial Analysis
4/9/2013
University of the Philippines
ARANDIA, Precious Marie D.
CRUZ, Clemence Fatima R.
LARANJO, Jade R.
SILVA, Sheryl Lyn B.

Statistics 276: Statistics for Geographic Information Systems

Joel Bancolita
Instructor

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Proportion of Mothers Who Gave Birth in Their Teens ....................................................................... 8
Figure 2. Proportion of Teens Who Are Currently Pregnant ................................................................................. 9
Figure 3. Scree Plot ............................................................................................................................................................... 10

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Eigenvalues of the Correlation Matrix ......................................................................................................... 11
Table 2. Summary of Coefficients for Retained PCs ................................................................................................ 11
Table 3. GWR Output - Teen Births ................................................................................................................................ 13
Table 4. GWR Output - Reduced Model ........................................................................................................................ 14
Table 5. GWR Output - Teen Pregnancy ....................................................................................................................... 14
Table 6. GWR Output - Final Model ................................................................................................................................ 15

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Review of Related Literature .............................................................................................................................................. 6
Methodology .............................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Mapping .................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Principal Components Analysis .................................................................................................................................... 7
Regression ............................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Results and Discussion .......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Spatial Distribution: Maps .............................................................................................................................................. 8
Principal Components Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 10
Geographically Weighted Regression ...................................................................................................................... 13
Proportion of Teen Births ........................................................................................................................................ 13
Proportion of Pregnant Teens ................................................................................................................................ 14
Recommendations................................................................................................................................................................. 16
References ................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
Appendices ............................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Codes ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Mapping ........................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Determinants ................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Stata Output ........................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Principal Components Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 19
Geographically Weighted Regression .................................................................................................................. 24

ABSTRACT
This paper focuses on the spatial analysis and distribution of teen pregnancy and birth rates in the
Philippines. The study conducted aims to determine the factors that would affect teen pregnancy
and teen birth rates. For this purpose, data from the 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey
was used. Principal components analysis was performed on the dependent variables in order to
address correlation among the aforementioned variables; after which geographically weighted
regression was used in order to ascertain determinants, under the assumption that location would
have an effect on the variables. Maps were then generated in order to describe the spatial
distribution of teen birth and teen pregnancy rates.

Keywords: Teen births, teen pregnancies, GWR, spatial analysis

INTRODUCTION
With the recent approval of the heavily debated Reproductive Health (RH) Law, various issues with
regard to maternal health have been steadily cropping up. Issues on maternal health, reproduction,
and contraception have been at the forefront of the RH discussions, and as a result, there had been a
renewal of interest to study these topics.
While the RH Law would be the gateway for addressing these issues, the recent 120-day temporary
restraining order issued by the Supreme Court would also spell delays on the possible help that the
law could offer. The implementation of the policy, after all, is just one of the many steps the
government has to take in order to meet the one of the Millennium Development Goals set forth by
the United Nations: cutting maternal deaths. One way of reducing maternal mortality is to address
teenage pregnancy and teenage births.
There is still much to be done in order to alleviate maternal deaths in the country. Apart from
implementing a policy for accessible health care for mothers and those who wish to become
mothers, it also important to find out other factors that would affect maternal health, and in turn,
plan out policies that would address these factors.
This study aims to, first, determine the factors that would may have an effect on teenage pregnancy
and birth; second, describe the spatial distribution of teenage pregnancy and births. Such a result
may help in the future implementation of the RH Law, since it will be at work at the local
government level.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In todays world, teenage pregnancy is seen as a major social issue, especially in developing and
more developed countries. Aside from encountering a relatively large opportunity cost (time that
could be spent studying in school is instead used in taking care of children), teenage pregnancy and
birth also presents certain perils to the young mother since the body is not yet ready for such an
undertaking. As such, it is necessary to be able to find out what factors contribute to the rise of
teenage pregnancy and teenage birth rates.
At the top of the long list of possible determinants for teenage pregnancy is education. According to
the New Mexico Teen Pregnancy Coalition, teenage parents tend to be less educated compared to
those who are not teen parents. As a result, they are more likely to be impoverished, and have
lesser resources to take care of their children. On top of that, teens whose mothers have a high
educational background give more concern when it comes to teenage pregnancy compared to those
whose mothers have a lower educational background (Henly, 1993).
Also, teens that have poorer access to education tend to have less knowledge of and access to
contraceptive methods, and are therefore more likely to become pregnant. Sex education, in itself, is
also a factor. Teens who have had exposure to the repercussions of teenage pregnancies and
premarital intercourse would be less likely to engage in the act.
Another contributing factor to a higher teen pregnancy and child birth is income. Teens that come
from a low income family are, after all, less likely to use contraceptives (since these may be viewed
as an extravagance). Poorer families also tend to have limited access to good health care services,
and thus less access to pre- and post-natal healthcare.
A teens environment could also play a role in teen pregnancy. Family background, social
interactions, and neighborhood composition are some considerations when talking about teen
pregnancy. The urbanity of an area is also considered. While more urban locations are expected to
have better access to contraceptives, it may also happen that these places may have a higher teen
pregnancy and birth rates since the urban poor reside here.
Lastly, access to contraceptives is also considered. A better knowledge of the different
contraceptive methods and their use would lead to a lesser chance of being pregnant early on.

METHODOLOGY
The data used was obtained from the 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS)
conducted by the National Statistics Office. The survey conducted in 2008 consists of roughly
13,000 women respondents from 15 to 49 years of age. The level of the data disaggregation is up to
the household level; however, for the purposes of this study, provincial-level estimates were
obtained.

MAPPING
Several statistical and geographic packages are available for mapping. For this particular study,
Stata was used in order to facilitate ease in of use once principal components and regression
analyses have to be conducted.
The commands spmap and shp2dta need to be installed in order to generate maps in Stata. Shp2dta
allows Stata to read and convert shape files (.shp extension) into Stata data files (.dta extension).
Spmap, on the other hand, generates the map for a specified variable of interest.

PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS

The independent variables considered for this study are mostly demographic ones, with the
inclusion of some health-related indicators (knowledge of contraception methods, prenatal
assistance from medical staff, and the like). Apart from the expectation that these variables may be
correlated, it is also very much possible that some form of duplication occurs when it comes to the
information from the variables. It is important that the independent variables are uncorrelated, and
as such, principal components analysis was used in order to create uncorrelated variables and
reduce their number.

REGRESSION
Since location is expected to have an effect on the variables, using ordinary least squares would be
incorrect, as the assumption of stationarity is violated. Geographically weighted regression is then
used in order to account for the effect of the location. For all testing procedures, a level of
significance of 10 percent was used.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION: MAPS
In order to describe the spatial distribution of the variables of interest, maps were generated from
Stata.

FIGURE 1. PROPORTION OF MOTHERS WHO GAVE BIRTH IN THEIR TEENS

A deeper shade of blue indicates a higher proportion of mothers who gave birth to their first child
during their teen years. While this color does not seem to be concentrated in a particular area, we
can see that most of the provinces in Mindanao and those in the southern parts of Luzon tend to
have a higher proportion of teen births.

FIGURE 2. PROPORTION OF TEENS WHO ARE CURRENTLY PREGNANT

While the highest class of proportions for teenage pregnancy runs from 1.1 percent to 2.8 percent
only, it is very noticeable that a considerable number of provinces in the map are coolored a deep
shade of red. In addition, only a few provinces registered a relatively lower proportion (0 to .5
percent) of teens that are currently pregnant.

PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS

The principal components analysis procedure led to the creation of a total 19 principal components
(PCs). Each of the PCs is a linear combination of all 19 independent variables, the interpretation of
which is dependent on the coefficients of the variables under consideration.
A scree plot was generated in order to determine how many PCs should be retained for analyses.

FIGURE 3. SCREE PLOT

4
0

Eigenvalues

Scree plot of eigenvalues after pca

10
Number

15

20

The elbow or cusp of the graph appears at 4 principal components. As such, using four PCs would
be sufficient for the analysis. However, the proportion of variability explained by each principal
component suggests otherwise. For this indicator, the cumulative proportion of variability
explained is taken into account in order to determine how many PCs should be retained. By
convention, the benchmark is set at 0.7. While it is acceptable to choose a higher benchmark, it is
best to keep in mind that as the cumulative proportion increases, the number of principal
components needed for analysis also increases. This would be very cumbersome as PCs become
harder to interpret as its numbers go up the scale. A parsimonious setup is, then, desirable.
The number of PCs to be retained increases by one, when the cumulative proportion is considered.
As such, instead of having four PCs, there are now five.

TABLE 1. EIGENVALUES OF THE CORRELATION MATRIX

Component
Comp1
Comp2
Comp3
Comp4
Comp5
Comp6
Comp7

Eigenvalue
7.04
2.84
2.15
1.34
1.20
0.91
0.88

Difference
4.20
0.69
0.81
0.14
0.29
0.03
0.17

Proportion
0.35
0.14
0.11
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04

Cumulative
0.35
0.49
0.60
0.67
0.73
0.77
0.82

The following table summarizes the loadings or coefficients of each variable with respect to each
principal component.

TABLE 2. SUMMARY OF COEFFICIENTS FOR RETAINED PCS

Variable

Comp1 Comp2 Comp3 Comp4 Comp5

Don't use contraception (prop.) (0.14)

(0.36)

0.31

0.12

(0.17)

(0.30)

(0.19)

0.38

0.14

Don't know ovulation cycle (prop.) (0.05)

(0.26)

0.22

(0.20)

0.35

Don't know contraception methods (prop.) (0.20)

Had prenatal doctor (prop.)

0.15

(0.26)

0.39

0.14

0.04

Had prenatal nurse (prop.)

0.09

(0.24)

(0.40)

0.39

0.12

Urban (prop.)

0.25

(0.17)

0.02

0.18

0.26

Age of household head

0.11

(0.14)

0.00

(0.39)

(0.51)

Has television (prop.)

0.31

(0.08)

(0.00)

0.05

(0.05)

Had education higher than secondary (prop.)

0.34

(0.02)

0.18

(0.06)

0.18

Able to finish education higher than secondary (prop.)

0.34

(0.02)

0.18

(0.06)

0.18

Partner able to finish education higher than secondary (prop.)

0.31

0.01

0.21

(0.01)

0.06

Number of years of education

0.36

0.05

0.08

(0.13)

0.04

Number of years of education (partner)

0.28

0.10

0.17

(0.10)

0.06

Able to read sentences (prop.)

0.32

0.11

(0.16)

(0.20)

(0.09)

Male household heads (prop.) (0.15)

0.18

0.19

(0.07)

0.34

First intercourse during teenage years (prop.) (0.16)

0.19

(0.27)

(0.19)

0.32

0.25

0.30

0.41

(0.19)

0.32

0.26

0.04

0.26

Age (partner)

0.09

Married (prop.) (0.15)

Working (prop.)

0.12

0.34

(0.22)

0.11

0.11

Age (respondent)

0.04

0.40

0.14

0.38

(0.28)

Majority of the variables in the first principal component have positive coefficients. Those with
negative coefficients are knowledge of contraception method, knowledge of ovulation cycle, use of
contraception methods, gender of household heads, age at first intercourse, and marital status. This
particular principal component may be interpreted as a contrast between factors that would have a
direct influence on a womans tendency to give birth earlier.
The third and fourth principal components may be characterized as information channel
components, with the third PC pertaining to ways of getting information on birthing, and the fourth
pertaining to education.

GEOGRAPHICALLY WEIGHTED REGRESSION

The principal components generated were then extracted for use in the geographically weighted
regression model.

PROPORTION OF TEEN BIRTHS

TABLE 3. GWR OUTPUT - TEEN BIRTHS

Global Model
Source |
SS
df
MS
-------------+-----------------------------Model | .248089648
5
.04961793
Residual | .120115626
74 .001623184
-------------+-----------------------------Total | .368205274
79 .004660826

Number of obs
F( 5,
74)
Prob > F
R-squared
Adj R-squared
Root MSE

=
=
=
=
=
=

80
30.57
0.0000
0.6738
0.6517
.04029

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------teenfirstb~h |
Coef.
Std. Err.
t
P>|t|
[95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------pc1 | -.0198665
.001708
-11.63
0.000
-.0232698
-.0164632
pc2 |
.0053151
.0026879
1.98
0.052
-.0000406
.0106709
pc3 | -.0064189
.0030901
-2.08
0.041
-.0125761
-.0002616
pc4 |
.0061397
.0039164
1.57
0.121
-.0016639
.0139432
pc5 |
.0108252
.00413
2.62
0.011
.002596
.0190544
_cons |
.2255583
.0045044
50.07
0.000
.2165831
.2345336
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Note that the p-value of the F-stat tells us that the model would be a good one since it can account
for the variability found in the proportion of teenage birth rates. Moreover, it can account for 67.38
percent of the variability found in the dependent variable.
Almost all of the principal components may be treated as significant determinants of teenage birth
rates, apart from the fourth PC. This component is then removed, and another regression is run.
Once the fourth PC had been removed, all of the variables listed become significant at =0.10. Not
much difference in the coefficient of determination was observed.

TABLE 4. GWR OUTPUT - REDUCED MODEL

Global Model
Source |
SS
df
MS
-------------+-----------------------------Model | .244100425
4 .061025106
Residual | .124104849
75 .001654731
-------------+-----------------------------Total | .368205274
79 .004660826

Number of obs
F( 4,
75)
Prob > F
R-squared
Adj R-squared
Root MSE

=
=
=
=
=
=

80
36.88
0.0000
0.6629
0.6450
.04068

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------teenfirstb~h |
Coef.
Std. Err.
t
P>|t|
[95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------pc1 | -.0198665
.0017245
-11.52
0.000
-.0233019
-.0164311
pc2 |
.0053151
.0027139
1.96
0.054
-.0000912
.0107214
pc3 | -.0064189
.00312
-2.06
0.043
-.0126343
-.0002035
pc5 |
.0108252
.00417
2.60
0.011
.0025182
.0191322
_cons |
.2255583
.004548
49.60
0.000
.2164983
.2346184
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PROPORTION OF PREGNANT TEENS

For the proportion of pregnant teens, only a selected number of the nineteen variables were
considered, as not all of the nineteen variables may affect teenage pregnancy. The output of the run
of the full model is given in the following table.

TABLE 5. GWR OUTPUT - TEEN PREGNANCY

Global Model
Source |
SS
df
MS
-------------+-----------------------------Model | .000496575
6 .000082763
Residual | .003117925
73 .000042711
-------------+-----------------------------Total |
.0036145
79 .000045753

Number of obs
F( 6,
73)
Prob > F
R-squared
Adj R-squared
Root MSE

=
=
=
=
=
=

80
1.94
0.0860
0.1374
0.0665
.00654

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------teenpregnant |
Coef.
Std. Err.
t
P>|t|
[95% Conf. Interval]
------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------yearseduc |
-.001851
.000942
-1.97
0.053
-.0037283
.0000263
literacy |
.0135036
.0195336
0.69
0.492
-.0254268
.052434
ovulatory |
.0070179
.0123884
0.57
0.573
-.017672
.0317079
dkcontraception | -.0408975
.0184779
-2.21
0.030
-.0777239
-.0040712
dontusemethod |
.0116103
.008453
1.37
0.174
-.0052366
.0284572
age1stintercourse |
.0025252
.0106529
0.24
0.813
-.0187059
.0237563
_cons |
.0077138
.0147514
0.52
0.603
-.0216858
.0371134
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

While the model is still useful for teenage pregnancy, the R-squared is very low. This implies that
the variables included in the model may not be enough to help explain teenage pregnancy. A
manual selection procedure was used for coming up with the final model.

TABLE 6. GWR OUTPUT - FINAL MODEL

Global Model
Source |
SS
df
MS
-------------+-----------------------------Model | .000382247
2 .000191123
Residual | .003232253
77 .000041977
-------------+-----------------------------Total |
.0036145
79 .000045753

Number of obs
F( 2,
77)
Prob > F
R-squared
Adj R-squared
Root MSE

=
=
=
=
=
=

80
4.55
0.0135
0.1058
0.0825
.00648

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------teenpregnant |
Coef.
Std. Err.
t
P>|t|
[95% Conf. Interval]
----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------yearseduc | -.0013602
.0005136
-2.65
0.010
-.0023829
-.0003376
dkcontraception | -.0308081
.0118472
-2.60
0.011
-.054399
-.0072172
_cons |
.0215266
.0055013
3.91
0.000
.0105721
.0324811
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The model now consists of only two variables: average number of years of education and the
proportion of people who do not know any contraception methods. Note that the coefficient for
average number of years of education is aligned with expectations, since it is a generally accepted
thought that as a person completes more years in school, the less likely for that person to be
pregnant earlier. The same cannot be said, however, for knowledge of contraception methods.

RECOMMENDATIONS
The study focuses on the teenage birth and pregnancy rates in the Philippines through the use of
the 2008 NDHS. As a means of improving the study, future researchers may want to use a more
recent data set, such as that of the Family Health Survey (also conducted by the National Statistics
Office). Also, in order to improve the models, the inclusion of other variables (such as access to
internet connectivity) should be considered. Another way of improving the modeling procedure
would be to use factor analysis.

REFERENCES
(2010). Teen pregnancy and education. The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned
Pregnancy: United States.
Donkor, F. (2001). Spatial analysis of teen births in north central texas. United States: University of
North Texas. Retrieved on February 20, 2013 from
http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3056/m2/1/high_res_d/thesis.pdf
Fowler, C. (2011). Geographically weighted regression. University of Washington: United States.
Retrieved on March 22, 2013, from
http://csde.washington.edu/services/gis/workshops/Resources/GWR_Presentation.pdf.
National Statistics Office (NSO) [Philippines], and ICF Macro. (2009). National demographic and
health survey 2008. Calverton, Maryland: National Statistics Office and ICF Macro.
Pisati, M. (2012). Spatial data analysis in Stata: An overview. Bologna, Italy. Retrieved on April 9,
2013, from http://www.stata.com/meeting/italy12/abstracts/materials/it12_pisati.pdf
Shoff, C. (n.d.). Residence and teenage birth rates: A potential non-stationary process in US counties.
United States: The Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved on March 20, 2013, from
http://paa2012.princeton.edu/papers/121856
Slowinski, K. (2001). Unplanned teenage pregnancies and the support needs of young mothers.
Australia: Department of Human Services.

APPENDICES
CODES
MAPPING
shp2dta using "Dir\prov-population.shp", database(philprov) coordinates(provcoord) genid(id)
use philprov
sort NAMEJN2002
merge NAMEJN2002 using "Dir\NDHS_final.dta"
spmap teenfirstbirth using provcoord, id(id) fcolor(Blues)
spmap teenpregnant using provcoord, id(id) fcolor(Reds)
spmap pc1 using provcoord, id(id) fcolor(Greens)
spmap pc2 using provcoord, id(id) fcolor(Blues2)
spmap pc3 using provcoord, id(id) fcolor(Greys)
spmap pc4 using provcoord, id(id) fcolor(Pastel1)
spmap pc5 using provcoord, id(id) fcolor(Pastel2)
spmap age1stintercourse using provcoord, id(id) fcolor(BuGn)
spmap dkcontraception using provcoord, id(id) fcolor(BuPu)
spmap dontusemethod using provcoord, id(id) fcolor(PuRd)

DETERMINANTS
pca age urban higheduc television yearseduc educattain sexhhh agehhh literacy ovulatory
dkcontraception dontusemethod prenataldoc prenatalnurse maritalstatus age1stintercourse
partnereduclevel working partneryearseduc agepartner
screeplot
predict pc1 pc2 pc3 pc4 pc5
gwrgrid teenfirstbirth pc1 pc2 pc3 pc4 pc5, east(easting) north(northing)
gwrgrid teenpregnant yearseduc literacy ovulatory dkcontraception dontusemethod age1stintercourse,
east(easting) north(northing)

STATA OUTPUT
PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS
Principal components/correlation

Rotation: (unrotated = principal)

Number of obs
Number of comp.
Trace
Rho

=
=
=
=

80
19
20
1.0000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------Component |
Eigenvalue
Difference
Proportion
Cumulative
-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------Comp1 |
7.04302
4.19909
0.3522
0.3522
Comp2 |
2.84393
.692205
0.1422
0.4943
Comp3 |
2.15173
.812131
0.1076
0.6019
Comp4 |
1.33959
.135007
0.0670
0.6689
Comp5 |
1.20459
.291878
0.0602
0.7291
Comp6 |
.91271
.0333902
0.0456
0.7748
Comp7 |
.87932
.174404
0.0440
0.8187
Comp8 |
.704916
.0722976
0.0352
0.8540
Comp9 |
.632618
.0860096
0.0316
0.8856
Comp10 |
.546609
.0596308
0.0273
0.9130
Comp11 |
.486978
.204263
0.0243
0.9373
Comp12 |
.282715
.0311078
0.0141
0.9514
Comp13 |
.251607
.041987
0.0126
0.9640
Comp14 |
.20962
.0419636
0.0105
0.9745
Comp15 |
.167657
.0346788
0.0084
0.9829
Comp16 |
.132978
.0244387
0.0066
0.9895
Comp17 |
.108539
.0234954
0.0054
0.9950
Comp18 |
.0850436
.0692137
0.0043
0.9992
Comp19 |
.0158299
.0158299
0.0008
1.0000
Comp20 |
0
.
0.0000
1.0000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Principal components (eigenvectors)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Variable |
Comp1
Comp2
Comp3
Comp4
Comp5
Comp6
Comp7
Comp8
Comp9
-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------age |
0.0394
0.3980
0.1364
0.3840
-0.2751
0.0988
-0.3398
-0.0256
0.2015
urban |
0.2492
-0.1746
0.0183
0.1836
0.2562
-0.3690
0.0511
0.0625
-0.1171
higheduc |
0.3360
-0.0229
0.1777
-0.0595
0.1776
-0.1224
-0.0307
0.1503
-0.0067
television |
0.3142
-0.0834
-0.0026
0.0475
-0.0538
0.2497
0.0027
-0.3098
-0.1921
yearseduc |
0.3619
0.0483
0.0755
-0.1314
0.0378
0.0227
-0.0464
-0.0135
-0.0100
educattain |
0.3360
-0.0229
0.1777
-0.0595
0.1776
-0.1224
-0.0307
0.1503
-0.0067
sexhhh | -0.1536
0.1827
0.1867
-0.0715
0.3397
0.3270
0.5572
0.2564
-0.2595
agehhh |
0.1082
-0.1360
0.0026
-0.3921
-0.5095
0.2324
0.1025
0.4582
0.3336
literacy |
0.3190
0.1070
-0.1607
-0.1950
-0.0852
0.1207
0.0569
-0.1024
-0.1571
ovulatory | -0.0526
-0.2580
0.2229
-0.1961
0.3462
0.3054
-0.5098
0.1076
-0.0083
dkcontrace~n | -0.2024
-0.2566
0.3887
0.1358
0.0378
-0.2076
0.0162
0.0008
0.2497
dontusemet~d | -0.1355
-0.3613
0.3096
0.1205
-0.1650
-0.0561
0.1114
0.2557
-0.0570
prenataldoc |
0.1499
-0.3048
-0.1909
0.3823
0.1400
0.3375
-0.0124
0.1530
0.2190
prenatalnu~e |
0.0894
-0.2410
-0.4010
0.3886
0.1172
0.2410
0.1588
0.0407
0.1855
maritalsta~s | -0.1530
0.3228
0.2628
0.0391
0.2637
0.3711
-0.1599
-0.0430
0.1759
age1stinte~e | -0.1633
0.1883
-0.2698
-0.1921
0.3228
-0.2367
0.1777
-0.0252
0.5545
partneredu~l |
0.3136
0.0080
0.2130
-0.0110
0.0552
-0.1563
0.0333
-0.1060
0.3681
working |
0.1201
0.3370
-0.2244
0.1118
0.1110
-0.1470
-0.2338
0.6524
-0.1119
partneryea~c |
0.2821
0.0968
0.1723
-0.0957
0.0613
0.1838
0.2387
-0.1426
0.2648
agepartner |
0.0942
0.2465
0.3007
0.4081
-0.1852
-0.0272
0.2930
0.0789
-0.0251
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Variable |
Comp10
Comp11
Comp12
Comp13
Comp14
Comp15
Comp16
Comp17
Comp18
-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------age | -0.1072
-0.1051
0.0743
0.1591
-0.1888
0.4233
-0.1925
0.1337
0.3293
urban |
0.2682
-0.4904
-0.1011
0.0475
0.4306
0.1694
-0.0594
0.1073
0.2992
higheduc | -0.2319
0.0462
0.2300
0.0035
-0.1465
-0.1194
-0.0231
-0.2456
0.1838
television |
0.0589
0.0991
0.4083
0.0108
0.2922
0.4846
0.2493
-0.1634
-0.3092
yearseduc | -0.0815
0.1128
0.0836
0.1069
-0.0859
-0.0639
-0.0963
0.0744
-0.0691
educattain | -0.2319
0.0462
0.2300
0.0035
-0.1465
-0.1194
-0.0231
-0.2456
0.1838
sexhhh | -0.0893
-0.2027
0.0148
0.1368
-0.2381
0.3023
-0.0545
0.1314
-0.0300
agehhh |
0.1210
-0.3243
0.1289
0.0076
0.1209
0.0335
0.0875
-0.0813
0.0637
literacy | -0.0628
0.1466
0.0180
0.1940
0.0720
-0.2180
0.2193
0.6959
0.2505
ovulatory |
0.5243
0.0899
0.0506
0.0162
-0.1996
0.0499
-0.0545
0.1445
0.0474

dkcontrace~n | -0.1766
0.0019
0.0394
-0.0234
-0.1251
0.1093
0.7046
0.1979
0.0444
dontusemet~d | -0.1699
0.4567
0.1074
-0.0503
0.3359
0.1139
-0.4325
0.2537
0.0129
prenataldoc | -0.1515
0.0539
-0.2984
0.5743
0.0699
-0.1102
0.0576
-0.1373
-0.1083
prenatalnu~e |
0.0090
-0.0586
0.2965
-0.5426
-0.2072
-0.0716
-0.0496
0.1700
0.1314
maritalsta~s | -0.2222
-0.1809
0.1241
-0.1748
0.5400
-0.3370
0.0257
0.0193
-0.0150
age1stinte~e |
0.1598
0.2629
0.3321
0.2691
0.1296
0.1595
-0.0623
0.0246
0.0641
partneredu~l | -0.0291
-0.2310
-0.1183
-0.0897
-0.1459
0.0048
-0.2433
0.3197
-0.6143
working |
0.0043
0.2134
-0.1312
-0.2070
0.1130
0.1580
0.2480
0.0733
-0.2685
partneryea~c |
0.1254
0.3293
-0.5524
-0.3308
0.0805
0.1998
0.0553
-0.1554
0.2729
agepartner |
0.5682
0.1474
0.1815
0.1164
-0.0401
-0.3688
0.0875
-0.0679
-0.0683
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Variable |
Comp19 | Unexplained
-------------+----------+------------age | -0.0163 |
0
urban |
0.0878 |
0
higheduc | -0.2054 |
0
television | -0.0953 |
0
yearseduc |
0.8778 |
0
educattain | -0.2054 |
0
sexhhh |
0.0127 |
0
agehhh |
0.0117 |
0
literacy | -0.2266 |
0
ovulatory | -0.0609 |
0
dkcontrace~n |
0.1341 |
0
dontusemet~d | -0.0205 |
0
prenataldoc | -0.0362 |
0
prenatalnu~e |
0.0802 |
0
maritalsta~s |
0.0409 |
0
age1stinte~e | -0.0040 |
0
partneredu~l | -0.2106 |
0
working | -0.0035 |
0
partneryea~c | -0.0193 |
0
agepartner | -0.0105 |
0
--------------------------------------

Scoring coefficients
sum of squares(column-loading) = 1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Variable |
Comp1
Comp2
Comp3
Comp4
Comp5
Comp6
Comp7
Comp8
Comp9
-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------age |
0.0394
0.3980
0.1364
0.3840
-0.2751
0.0988
-0.3398
-0.0256
0.2015
urban |
0.2492
-0.1746
0.0183
0.1836
0.2562
-0.3690
0.0511
0.0625
-0.1171
higheduc |
0.3360
-0.0229
0.1777
-0.0595
0.1776
-0.1224
-0.0307
0.1503
-0.0067
television |
0.3142
-0.0834
-0.0026
0.0475
-0.0538
0.2497
0.0027
-0.3098
-0.1921
yearseduc |
0.3619
0.0483
0.0755
-0.1314
0.0378
0.0227
-0.0464
-0.0135
-0.0100
educattain |
0.3360
-0.0229
0.1777
-0.0595
0.1776
-0.1224
-0.0307
0.1503
-0.0067
sexhhh | -0.1536
0.1827
0.1867
-0.0715
0.3397
0.3270
0.5572
0.2564
-0.2595
agehhh |
0.1082
-0.1360
0.0026
-0.3921
-0.5095
0.2324
0.1025
0.4582
0.3336
literacy |
0.3190
0.1070
-0.1607
-0.1950
-0.0852
0.1207
0.0569
-0.1024
-0.1571
ovulatory | -0.0526
-0.2580
0.2229
-0.1961
0.3462
0.3054
-0.5098
0.1076
-0.0083
dkcontrace~n | -0.2024
-0.2566
0.3887
0.1358
0.0378
-0.2076
0.0162
0.0008
0.2497
dontusemet~d | -0.1355
-0.3613
0.3096
0.1205
-0.1650
-0.0561
0.1114
0.2557
-0.0570
prenataldoc |
0.1499
-0.3048
-0.1909
0.3823
0.1400
0.3375
-0.0124
0.1530
0.2190
prenatalnu~e |
0.0894
-0.2410
-0.4010
0.3886
0.1172
0.2410
0.1588
0.0407
0.1855
maritalsta~s | -0.1530
0.3228
0.2628
0.0391
0.2637
0.3711
-0.1599
-0.0430
0.1759
age1stinte~e | -0.1633
0.1883
-0.2698
-0.1921
0.3228
-0.2367
0.1777
-0.0252
0.5545
partneredu~l |
0.3136
0.0080
0.2130
-0.0110
0.0552
-0.1563
0.0333
-0.1060
0.3681
working |
0.1201
0.3370
-0.2244
0.1118
0.1110
-0.1470
-0.2338
0.6524
-0.1119
partneryea~c |
0.2821
0.0968
0.1723
-0.0957
0.0613
0.1838
0.2387
-0.1426
0.2648
agepartner |
0.0942
0.2465
0.3007
0.4081
-0.1852
-0.0272
0.2930
0.0789
-0.0251
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Variable |
Comp10
Comp11
Comp12
Comp13
Comp14
Comp15
Comp16
Comp17
Comp18
-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------age | -0.1072
-0.1051
0.0743
0.1591
-0.1888
0.4233
-0.1925
0.1337
0.3293
urban |
0.2682
-0.4904
-0.1011
0.0475
0.4306
0.1694
-0.0594
0.1073
0.2992
higheduc | -0.2319
0.0462
0.2300
0.0035
-0.1465
-0.1194
-0.0231
-0.2456
0.1838
television |
0.0589
0.0991
0.4083
0.0108
0.2922
0.4846
0.2493
-0.1634
-0.3092
yearseduc | -0.0815
0.1128
0.0836
0.1069
-0.0859
-0.0639
-0.0963
0.0744
-0.0691
educattain | -0.2319
0.0462
0.2300
0.0035
-0.1465
-0.1194
-0.0231
-0.2456
0.1838
sexhhh | -0.0893
-0.2027
0.0148
0.1368
-0.2381
0.3023
-0.0545
0.1314
-0.0300
agehhh |
0.1210
-0.3243
0.1289
0.0076
0.1209
0.0335
0.0875
-0.0813
0.0637
literacy | -0.0628
0.1466
0.0180
0.1940
0.0720
-0.2180
0.2193
0.6959
0.2505

ovulatory |
0.5243
0.0899
0.0506
0.0162
-0.1996
0.0499
-0.0545
0.1445
0.0474
dkcontrace~n | -0.1766
0.0019
0.0394
-0.0234
-0.1251
0.1093
0.7046
0.1979
0.0444
dontusemet~d | -0.1699
0.4567
0.1074
-0.0503
0.3359
0.1139
-0.4325
0.2537
0.0129
prenataldoc | -0.1515
0.0539
-0.2984
0.5743
0.0699
-0.1102
0.0576
-0.1373
-0.1083
prenatalnu~e |
0.0090
-0.0586
0.2965
-0.5426
-0.2072
-0.0716
-0.0496
0.1700
0.1314
maritalsta~s | -0.2222
-0.1809
0.1241
-0.1748
0.5400
-0.3370
0.0257
0.0193
-0.0150
age1stinte~e |
0.1598
0.2629
0.3321
0.2691
0.1296
0.1595
-0.0623
0.0246
0.0641
partneredu~l | -0.0291
-0.2310
-0.1183
-0.0897
-0.1459
0.0048
-0.2433
0.3197
-0.6143
working |
0.0043
0.2134
-0.1312
-0.2070
0.1130
0.1580
0.2480
0.0733
-0.2685
partneryea~c |
0.1254
0.3293
-0.5524
-0.3308
0.0805
0.1998
0.0553
-0.1554
0.2729
agepartner |
0.5682
0.1474
0.1815
0.1164
-0.0401
-0.3688
0.0875
-0.0679
-0.0683
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Variable |
Comp19
-------------+---------age | -0.0163
urban |
0.0878
higheduc | -0.2054
television | -0.0953
yearseduc |
0.8778
educattain | -0.2054
sexhhh |
0.0127
agehhh |
0.0117
literacy | -0.2266
ovulatory | -0.0609
dkcontrace~n |
0.1341
dontusemet~d | -0.0205
prenataldoc | -0.0362
prenatalnu~e |
0.0802
maritalsta~s |
0.0409
age1stinte~e | -0.0040
partneredu~l | -0.2106
working | -0.0035
partneryea~c | -0.0193
agepartner | -0.0105
------------------------

GEOGRAPHICALLY WEIGHTED REGRESSION

Global Model
Source |
SS
df
MS
-------------+-----------------------------Model | .248089648
5
.04961793
Residual | .120115626
74 .001623184
-------------+-----------------------------Total | .368205274
79 .004660826

Number of obs
F( 5,
74)
Prob > F
R-squared
Adj R-squared
Root MSE

=
=
=
=
=
=

80
30.57
0.0000
0.6738
0.6517
.04029

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------teenfirstb~h |
Coef.
Std. Err.
t
P>|t|
[95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------pc1 | -.0198665
.001708
-11.63
0.000
-.0232698
-.0164632
pc2 |
.0053151
.0026879
1.98
0.052
-.0000406
.0106709
pc3 | -.0064189
.0030901
-2.08
0.041
-.0125761
-.0002616
pc4 |
.0061397
.0039164
1.57
0.121
-.0016639
.0139432
pc5 |
.0108252
.00413
2.62
0.011
.002596
.0190544
_cons |
.2255583
.0045044
50.07
0.000
.2165831
.2345336
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Bandwidth =
Bandwidth =
Bandwidth =
Bandwidth =
Convergence

250867.9
405507.52
501080.07
405507.52
: Bandwidth = 375973.98

Score
Score
Score
Score

=
=
=
=

.04580025
.04393009
.04396161
.04393009

Monte Carlo

GWR

Significance Tests for Non-Stationarity

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Variable
Si
P-Value
------------------------------------------------------------------------------Constant
0.0087
1.000
pc1
0.0043
1.000
pc2
0.0047
1.000
pc3
0.0054
1.000
pc4
0.0067
1.000
pc5
0.0056
1.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Global Model
Source |
SS
df
MS
-------------+-----------------------------Model | .000496575
6 .000082763
Residual | .003117925
73 .000042711
-------------+-----------------------------Total |
.0036145
79 .000045753

Number of obs
F( 6,
73)
Prob > F
R-squared
Adj R-squared
Root MSE

=
=
=
=
=
=

80
1.94
0.0860
0.1374
0.0665
.00654

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------teenpregnant |
Coef.
Std. Err.
t
P>|t|
[95% Conf. Interval]
------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------yearseduc |
-.001851
.000942
-1.97
0.053
-.0037283
.0000263
literacy |
.0135036
.0195336
0.69
0.492
-.0254268
.052434
ovulatory |
.0070179
.0123884
0.57
0.573
-.017672
.0317079
dkcontraception | -.0408975
.0184779
-2.21
0.030
-.0777239
-.0040712
dontusemethod |
.0116103
.008453
1.37
0.174
-.0052366
.0284572
age1stintercourse |
.0025252
.0106529
0.24
0.813
-.0187059
.0237563
_cons |
.0077138
.0147514
0.52
0.603
-.0216858
.0371134
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Bandwidth

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

250867.9
405507.52
501080.07
560147.15
596652.62
619214.24
633158.08
641775.85
647101.93
650393.62
652428
653685.32
654462.38
654942.64
655239.45
655422.89
655536.26
655606.33
655649.63
655676.4
655692.94
655703.16
655709.48
655713.38
655715.8
655717.29
655718.21
655718.78
655719.13
655719.35
655719.48
655719.57
655719.62
655719.65

Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

.00745417
.00711878
.00706069
.00703661
.00702379
.00701632
.00701181
.00700906
.00700737
.00700633
.00700569
.0070053
.00700505
.0070049
.00700481
.00700475
.00700471
.00700469
.00700468
.00700467
.00700466
.00700466
.00700466
.00700466
.00700466
.00700466
.00700466
.00700466
.00700466
.00700466
.00700466
.00700466
.00700466
.00700466

Bandwidth =
Bandwidth =
Bandwidth =
Bandwidth =
Bandwidth =
Bandwidth =
Convergence

655719.67
655719.68
655719.69
655719.69
655719.7
655719.69
: Bandwidth = 655719.69

Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score

=
=
=
=
=
=

.00700466
.00700466
.00700466
.00700466
.00700466
.00700466

Monte Carlo

GWR

Significance Tests for Non-Stationarity

------------------------------------------------------------------------------Variable
Si
P-Value
------------------------------------------------------------------------------Constant
0.0098
1.000
yearseduc
0.0002
1.000
literacy
0.0036
1.000
ovulatory
0.0071
1.000
dkcontraception
0.0047
1.000
dontusemethod
0.0022
1.000
age1stintercourse 0.0110
1.000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------.