Basic Concepts of A Machine

Stator: stationary portion of the machine

Rotor: rotating portion of the machine
Shaft: the stiff rod that the rotor is mounted on
Air gap (Gap): between stator and rotor
Basic Concepts of A Machine (1)
Basic Concepts of A Machine (2)
Load current: the current that varies with load
Magnetizing current: provide magnetic field and independent of load
Armature: the winding that carries only load current
Field: the winding that carries only magnetizing current
dc machine: the input/output current is dc
ac machine: the input/output current is ac;
two categories: synchronous machine
induction machine (no field winding,
similar to transformer)
Basic Concepts of A Machine (3)
round rotor
salient pole rotor
Basic Concepts of A Machine (4)
Electrical vs Mechanical Frequency
At steady state
m e
f
P
f
2
=
N
N
N
N
S
S S
S
m
n
mechanical speed
revolution/minute (rpm)
60 60
1
m
m m
n
n f = = rev/second
Slots and Coils (1)
tooth
slot
top
top
bottom
bottom
Double Layer Lap Winding
Slots and Coils (2)
coil side
coil side
coil end
coil end
coil leads
N
c
turns, 2N
c
conductors
Slots and Coils (3)
Each slot has 2 positions: top and bottom (double layer winding)
Each coil needs to occupy 2 positions: top position of one slot
and bottom position of another slot
Number of armature coils = Number of armature slots (S)
m phase machine:
m
S
S
ph
: phase per coils of Number =
m
N S
N
ph
c
: phase per turns of Number

=
m
N S
C
ph
2
: phase per conductors of Number
c

=
On armature
Note: The above three equations are independent of the
number of poles (P). For balanced m-phase design, S
ph
should be an integer.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Slots and Coils (4)
3 phase, 24 slots
2 pole, Phase A, full-pitch
4 pole, Phase A, full-pitch
8 coils, 8N
c
turns, 16N
c
conductors per phase
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
turns 8
c
N N
ph
=
turns 4
2 /
c
N
P
N
ph
=
Slot Pitch
Slot pitch in electrical angle is defined by
m
P

2
=
where
m
is the mechanical angle between two adjacent slots:
S
m
t

2
=
S
P t
=
The slot pitch is also defined as the arc length between two
slots on stator inner circle (with diameter D):
S
D
s
t
t =
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
m

D
3 phase, 24 slots, 2 pole
Phase A, full-pitch
Pole Pitch
P P
P
t

2 360
o
= =
Pole Pitch: angular distance between two adjacent poles on a machine.
(in mechanical degree)
Regardless of the number of poles on the machine, a pole pitch is
always 180
o
or t in electrical degrees.
The pole pitch is also defined as the arc length between two adjacent
poles on stator inner circle (with diameter D) :
Number of Slots per Pole:
P
S
S
P
=
P
D
P
t
t =
(in meter or inch)
36s8p
Note: S
P
may not be an integer.
5 . 4
8
36
= =
P
S
Coil Pitch
Let S
c
be the number of slots that the coil spans.
Let
m
be the mechanical angle that the coil spans or
Coil pitch in electrical angle is defined by
P
c
P
m
S
S
= =

2
m
P
=
Full-Pitch Coil: If the armature coil stretches across the same angle as
the pole pitch, it is called a full-pitch coil. The coil spans across S
P
slots, if S
P
is an integer.
Fractional-Pitch Coil: If the armature coil stretches across an angle
smaller than a pole pitch, it is called a fractional-pitch coil (or short-
pitched coil, chorded coil) . The coil spans less than S
P
slots.
.
m

c m
S =
Fractional Pitch Coil (1)
Phase A, full-pitch
Phase A, (11/12)-pitch
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
24 slots, 2 pole, 3 phase
t
t
= =
2
2
P
o
180 = = = t
m o
165
12
11
= = = t
m
m

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
m

12 24
2 t t
= =
m
12
t
= =
m
m

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Fractional Pitch Coil (2)
Phase A, full-pitch Phase A, (5/6)-pitch
4
5
6
1
2
3
m

24 slots, 4 pole, 3 phase

2 4
2 t t
= =
P
12 24
2 t t
= =
m
6 2
4 t
= =
m
o
150
6
5
= = t
o
180 = = t
m

o
90
2
= =
t

m
o
75
12
5
2 6
5
= = =
t t

m
Group (1)
4 pole, 3 phase, 24 slot machine
Phase A, (5/6)-pitch
This groupconsists of 2 coils.
Number of coils per group:
) ( poles of Number ) ( phases of Number
) ( Slots Stator of Number
P m
S
q

=
Number of groups = Number of poles (P) for double layer winding
P
S
q
3
=
for 3 phase machine
Number of coils = Number of slots for double layer winding
Group (2)
5 . 1
4 3
18
=

= q
q can take fractional number
5 . 1
2 3
9
=

= q
4 pole, 3 phase, 18 slot 2 pole, 3 phase, 9 slot
Torque
0
R
F
T
How to understand torque:
Put the thumb in the direction of torque.
The other four fingers point to the direction of rotation.
F R T =
wrench on a nut
Torque from a Current Loop
Likewise
Define

B
loop
Note:
dmis in the same direction of B
loop
and
both are proportional to I

dm=k B
loop
B B T =
loop
k d
1
1
1 1 1
3 3 3
1
1 3
( )
1
2
1
( )
2
1

2
1
( )( )
2
1

2
x y z z y
y
y y z z y
y x
y y z z y
y x
y x
d Idx Idx B B
dy
d d dy Idx B B
dxdyIB
d d dy Idx B B
dxdyIB d
d d dxdyIB
= =
=
= =
=
= =
= =
+ =
F a B a a
R a
T R F a a a
a
T R F a a a
a T
T T a
2 4
( )
x y
z
d d dxdyIB
Idxdy Id
+ =
= =
T T a
a B S B
d Id = m S d d = T m B
Torque Property of a Machine (1)
o sin
S R
S R
B kB T
k
=
= B B T
Since
S R net
B B B + =
o sin

) (
net R
net R
R net R
B kB T
k
k
=
=
=
B B
B B B T
Torque Property of a Machine (2)
B
R
B
net
6 pole synchronous machine
Torque Property of a Machine (3)
motor
generator
e
e
S R
k B B T =