AMRUTVAHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SANGAMNER

ELEX/AVE Experiment No.: 08

Study of PA system with chord less microphone

Page Rev.: 00

1/4 Date: 03-07-10

Semester II

Aim:- Study of PA system with chord less microphone THEORY:Theory:- The intensity of sound decrease with distance, hence when large gathering is to be addressed, sound need to be amplified so that people at a distance from the stage may receive good intensity of sound for comfortable listening. The system fulfills this function called as Public Address System. It is used in sports meets, public meeting, auditorium, functions etc. It is also used to convey information to isolated locations as at railway stations, airports, hospitals, factories etc. PA System: It is an electroacoustic system in which sound is converted into electrical signal by a microphone. The electrical audio signal are amplified, processed & fed to another transducer, the loudspeaker, which converts audio signals into sound waves. Block Diagram:

Functions of each block:

1] Microphone: It picks up sound waves & converts them into electrical variations called audio signals. Generally, amplifiers have provision of 2 or more microphone & in addition have auxiliary input for tape/record player. 2] Mixer: the output of microphone is fed to a mixer stage. The function mixer stage is to effectively isolate different channel from each other before feeding to the main amplifier. It can be either a built in unit or a separate pluggable unit. There are three type of mixer .the simplest one is not use preamplifier and amplifier, but using only gain control (also called faders ) and isolating series resister .a little more sophisticated one ,use common pre amplifier after isolating resistance .it has P1 to P3as gain control and R1 to R5 are isolating resistor .the most sophisticated one has separate pre amplifier ,for separate channel and then after gain control potentiometer and isolated resistor ,there is a common amplifier and an emitter follower .low impedance of emitter

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AMRUTVAHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SANGAMNER

ELEX/AVE Experiment No.: 08
Study of PA system with chord less microphone

Page Rev.: 00

2/4 Date: 03-07-10

Semester II

follower matches the input impedance of the voltage amplifier of the P.A. system .the function of the separate preamplifier and common amplifier in the mixer stage is to amplify the week signals. Voltage amplifier: It further amplifies the output of the mixer. Processing circuit: This circuit has maximum gain control and tone controls (bass/treble control). Drive Amplifier:It gives voltage amplification to the signal to such that an extent that when fed to the next stage. (Power amplifier stage). The internal resistance of that stage is reduced. Thus it drives the power amplifier to give more power. Power Amplifier:It gives desired power amplification to the signal .it uses push-pull type of circuit in general so that the even harmonics are eliminated from the o/p, and the transformer core does not get saturated .the o/p of power amplifier is connected to the loud speaker through matching transformer for max. transfer of power .in same ckt .the design is such that a separate matching transformer is not needed. Loudspeaker:It converts electrical audio signal into pressure variation resulting in sound.

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AMRUTVAHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SANGAMNER

ELEX/AVE Experiment No.: 08
Study of PA system with chord less microphone

Page Rev.: 00

3/4 Date: 03-07-10

Semester II

REQUIREMENT OF P.A. SYSTEM:The following precautions should be taken while installing P.A system. Acoustic Feedback: - Sound from the loud speaker should not reach microphone as the acoustic f/b will result in loud sound. Distribution of sound intensity:Loudness of sound is contained in low notes & the intelligibility in high notes. High notes suffer greater attenuation with distance than low notes; intelligibility suffers at further distance notes. PA system should be uniformly distributed amongst audience. This means that instead of one or two powerful amplifiers near the stage alone audio power should be divided between several loudspeakers to spread it right upto the further point so that each one covers specified area. It should be noted that number & wattage of loudspeaker is sufficient to handle maximum power of amplifier. Reverberation:- In reverberation medium intelligibility is poor. This is due to overlapping sound waves. PA system should through additional power in those areas where direct sound get submerged in the echoes. The problem of reverberates can be solved by lowering several small power loudspeakers or various points of auditorium rather than using single high power unit. Orientation of loudspeakers:-The available power of PA system to make the best sound loudspeaker so oriented towards walls. It should place at meters of about the height of ears of the seated listeners. Dynamic range limitation:-The amplifiers of good PA system is equipped with level emitter keep the o/p level contrast where the i/p levels exceeds certain predetermined. This provision take care of the speaker drawbacks [mouth is too much close to microphone] i.e. shouting. Selection of microphones:Microphones for PA system should preferably be cardidiode type so that speaker has to speak from the microphones, sharply directive microphones. Phase delay:- Sound from nearest loudspeaker may be heard along with the sound from time difference. A delayed sound impairs intelligibility where delay is 45ms or more.

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AMRUTVAHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SANGAMNER

ELEX/AVE Experiment No.: 08
Study of PA system with chord less microphone

Page Rev.: 00

4/4 Date: 03-07-10

Semester II

This delay corrupts to about 10m. Hence loudspeaker should not locate more than 10mtrs. Matching:-Matching of the loudspeaker impedance with o/p impedance of the amplifier is necessary. The max transfer of energy from amplifier to loudspeaker should be used to ensure max power transfer. Grounding:-Chassis & shield of equipment & coaxial cable should be properly earthed through water pipe. Choice of loudspeaker:-They should withstand the o/p of the power amplifier. Suppose we have 100w amplification & loudspeakers are 50w each then we most have at least 4 loudspeakers. Closed ring connections of loudspeakers:-For better reliability, loudspeaker should form closed ring. If the load is broken at any point it will not make loudspeaker inoperative.

Placement of microphone:-It is made in such way that they give total coverage for all source of programme sound & at the same time not respond to unwanted sound. Also the path difference between microphones is /2 for sound from particular source. RF pick up:-Due to poor grounding cold or dry solder joints are defective by pass capacity, local radio broadcast stations & RF transmissions are picked up & detected by amplifiers. Quick remedy for this problem is to connect RF bypass filter capacitor at i/p terminal of amplifier.

Conclusion:Thus we have performed detail study of PA system & have sequentially gained as insight into various factors & segments & have analyzed its shortcomings & their remedies as well.

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