HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

Structured Questions Chapter 63 Detecting the presence of chemical species Sections 63.163.3 1. An aqueous solution X contains one of the following cations: Pb2+, Zn2+, Al3+ A student carried out the following tests to identify the cation. Test (1) Add sodium sulphate solution to X (2) Add a little and then excess sodium hydroxide solution to X Result No observable change A white precipitate formed and then redissolved to give a clear solution

(a) Based on the results of test (1), deduce which of the above listed cations is NOT likely to be present in X. Explain your answer with the aid of an appropriate equation. (b) (i) Do you think that the student could identify the cation by the results of test (2)? Explain your answer. (ii) If appropriate, give a suggestion to the student so that he could identify the cation. Explain your answer. [9M] 2. A, B and C are aqueous solutions each containing one of the following cations: potassium ions, calcium ions, zinc ions The following experiments were carried out to identify the cations present in the solutions: A 1. Adding a little ammonia solution 2. Performing a flame test (a) (i) No observable change Lilac flame is observed B White precipitate is formed / C No observable change Brick-red flame is observed

Suggest what cations are present in solution B.

(ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved. (b) Suggest what cations are present in solutions A and C respectively. Explain your answer briefly. [6M]

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

3. Look at the following flow chart:

(a) (i)

Identify compound A.

(ii) State the colour of compound A. (b) (i) Identify solution B. (ii) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between compound A and dilute sulphuric acid. (c) (i) Identify metal C, solution D and solid E. (ii) Name the reaction between solution B and metal C. (d) Identify precipitate F. [9M]

4. You are provided with four solutions each containing a kind of metal ions. The four metal ions are calcium ions, magnesium ions, aluminium ions and zinc ions. Describe briefly how to identify the unknown solutions by using sodium hydroxide solution and ammonia solution. [9M]

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

Section 63.4 5. For each of the following substances: (i) describe briefly how to identify the ions present in the solution; (ii) If appropriate, write the equations for the reactions involved. (a) Ammonium chloride salt (b) Sodium hypochlorite solution [14M] 6. Potassium carbonate salt is white in colour. It is soluble in water. (a) (i) If potassium carbonate solution was mixed with iron(II) nitrate solution, what would be observed? (ii) If appropriate, write the equation for the reaction involved in (i). (b) A student X stated that if potassium carbonate salt was heated, a gas which turns limewater milky would be evolved. Comment on his statement. (c) A student Y stated that if sodium hydroxide solution was added to potassium carbonate solution, a white precipitate would be observed. Comment on his statement. [6M] 7. There are three unlabelled bottles each containing a solution. The three solutions are sodium sulphate solution, magnesium chloride solution and aluminium chloride solution. Describe briefly how to identify the unknown solutions using simple chemical tests. If appropriate, write the balanced equations for the reactions involved in the tests. [11M] Section 63.5 8. Solution X contains one of the following cations: Ca2+, Zn2+, NH 4 + When excess ammonia solution is added to solution X, it remains a clear solution. When solution X is warmed with sodium hydroxide solution, gas Y with a characteristic pungent smell is evolved. When gas Y is placed near concentrated hydrochloric acid, an observable change is shown. (a) Identify the cation in solution X. Explain your answer with the aid of an appropriate equation. (b) (i) Identify gas Y. (ii) State the observation when gas Y is tested with a moist red litmus paper. (c) (i) Write the equation for the reaction between gas Y and concentrated hydrochloric acid. (ii) State the observable change. [7M]
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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

9. Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to each of the following substances. In each case, (i) state the gaseous product formed; (ii) write an equation for the reaction involved; (iii) suggest a test for the gaseous product and state the observable change. (a) Bleach (b) Calcium carbonate (c) Sodium sulphite solution (d) Magnesium [16M] 10. A, B and C are aqueous solutions each containing one of the following anions: sulphite ions, bromide ions, hypochlorite ions The following experiments were carried out to identify the anions present in the solutions: A 1. Adding acidified silver nitrate solution 2. Adding dilute hydrochloric acid (a) (i) (ii) (b) (i) (ii) No precipitate forms Colourless gas with a choking smell is evolved. B Pale yellow precipitate is formed / C No precipitate forms

Pale yellowish green gas with pungent and choking smell is evolved

Suggest what anions are present in solution B. Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved. Suggest what anions are present in solution A. Write a chemical equation for the reaction between the anions and dilute hydrochloric acid. (iii) Suggest a test for the colourless gas formed. (c) (i) Suggest what anions are present in solution C. (ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between the anions and dilute hydrochloric acid. (iii) Suggest a test for the pale yellowish green gas formed. [8M]

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

11. A gas jar contains one of the following gases: NH 3 , SO 2 , HCl Two tests are performed on the gas, and the results are tabulated below: Test (1) Test with moist red litmus paper (2) Test with ammonia gas Result No observable change A white fume is observed

(a) Based on the results of test (1) only, deduce which of the above listed gases is NOT likely to be the gas in the jar. Explain your answer with the aid of an appropriate equation. (b) Based on the results of test (2) only, deduce which of the above listed gases is likely to be the gas in the jar. Explain your answer with the aid of an appropriate equation. [7M] Section 63.6 12. There are four unlabelled bottles each containing one of the following compounds: methylpropanal, methylpropan-1-ol, methylpropan-2-ol and methylpropene (a) Write the structural formula for each of the four compounds. (b) Describe briefly how to identify each of them using simple chemical tests. [11M] 13. Ethanol reacts with acidified potassium dichromate solution to give a carboxylic acid. [O] [O] CH 3 CH 2 OH intermediate A a carboxylic acid (a) Give an observation for the above reaction. (b) (i) Name the carboxylic acid formed. (ii) Suggest a test for the carboxylic acid. (iii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved in the test. (c) (i) Identify intermediate A. (ii) Suggest a test for intermediate A and state the observation. [8M] 14. There are four unlabelled bottles each containing a pure organic compound. They are 3-methylpent-1-ene, pentan-3-one, propan-2-ol and pentanal. (a) Write the structural formula for each of the four compounds. (b) Describe briefly how you could identify the unknown compounds using simple chemical tests. [12M]
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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

15. Oleic acid, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CH=CH(CH 2 ) 7 COOH, is a fatty acid. It can be obtained from olive oil or peanut oil. (a) What is the molecular formula of oleic acid? (b) State the functional groups present in oleic acid. (c) For each of the functional groups stated in (b), (i) suggest a test for it; (ii) state the observable change in the test; (iii) write the equation for the reaction involved in the test. [9M] 16. (a) Suggest a test to distinguish between propanone and propanal. Explain briefly. (b) Write a balanced equation for the reaction involved. [4M] 17. The following experiments were carried out. In each case, (i) state the observation; (ii) write the equation for the reaction involved. (a) Adding Tollens reagent to propanal. (b) Adding sodium sulphite solution to acidified potassium dichromate solution. (c) Placing ammonia gas near concentrated hydrochloric acid. (d) Bubbling carbon dioxide through calcium hydroxide solution. [8M] 18. There are three unlabelled bottles A, B and C. Each contains a pure organic compound. The molecular formulae of three compounds are C 3 H 6 , C 3 H 8 O and C 4 H 10 O. The following tests were carried out to identify the unknown compounds. Bottle A (1) Adding the compound to acidified potassium dichromate solution (2) Adding the compound to acidified potassium permanganate solution (a) (i) No observable change The solution was decolorized Bottle B No observable change No observable change Bottle C The solution changed from orange to green The solution was decolorized

Based on the above results, identify the compound present in bottle A. Explain

your answer briefly. (ii) Write the equation for the reaction involved.
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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

(b) Based on the above results, identify the compound present in bottle B. Explain your answer briefly. (c) (i) Based on the above results, state the possible compounds present in bottle C. Explain your answer briefly. (ii) Write the equation for the reaction involved. [10M] Section 63.7 19. There is a sample mixture containing aluminium ions, zinc ions and iron (II) ions. You are provided with dilute sodium hydroxide solution, ammonia solution and dilute sulphuric acid. Outline the procedure to separate the ions in the mixture. [9M] 20. You are provided with a sample mixture that contains iron(III) ions, aluminium ions, barium ions, silver ions and potassium ions. Work out a scheme to separate them in the mixture and outline the procedure for the separation. The following reagents are provided for separation: sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide solution, ammonia solution, hydrochloric acid [21M] 21. You are provided with a sample mixture that contains ammonium ions, copper(II) ions, calcium ions and silver ions. Outline the procedure for the separation of them. If appropriate, write the balanced equations for the reactions involved. [10M] 22. Tests were performed on salt Y. The table below summarizes the results of the tests. Test (1) Appearance of salt Y (2) Add a little and then excess ammonia solution to salt Y (3) Heat salt Y White solid A white precipitate formed and then redissolved Observation

A gas which turns limewater milky was evolved

(a) What does test (1) tell you about Y? (b) (c) (d) (e) What does test (2) tell you about Y? What does test (3) tell you about Y? Suggest the identity of Y. (i) If dilute sulphuric acid is added to Y, state the observations. (ii) Write the equation for the reaction involved. [8M]
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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

Section 63.8 23. You are going to perform an experiment to test for chlorine gas by using moist blue litmus paper. (a) State the observation. (b) Write the equations for the reactions involved. (c) State the hazardous nature of chlorine gas and the corresponding safety precautions for handling it. [7M] Chapter 64 Separation and purification methods Sections 64.164.2 24. There are two basic methods of crystallization from solution. One method is crystallization by cooling a hot concentrated solution. (a) State the other method. (b) State the underlying principle of the method mentioned in (a). (c) Explain why the weight of the crystals obtained is less than that of the original sample. (d) Explain why the crystals obtained should be washed with cold distilled water. [6M] 25. The following steps were carried out to prepare zinc sulphate crystal. 1. Add excess zinc carbonate to dilute sulphuric acid. 2. Remove unreacted zinc carbonate from the solution. 3. Leave the solution at room temperature in order to obtain zinc sulphate crystals. (a) (i) Write the equation for the reaction involved. (ii) Suggest a test for the gaseous product and state the observable change. (b) How do you know that the reaction is complete? (c) Briefly describe how to remove unreacted zinc carbonate from the solution. (d) (i) Explain why zinc sulphate crystals can be formed in step 3. (ii) Outline the procedure for obtaining dry zinc sulphate crystals in step 3. [12M]

26. A sample of magnesium sulphate is contaminated with lead(II) sulphate. Outline the procedure for obtaining magnesium sulphate crystals from the sample. [8M]

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

27. Crystals can be obtained by either cooling a hot concentrated solution or slow evaporation of a solution. (a) Compare the size, shape and purity of the crystals obtained by these two methods. (b) Which method can give a more pure crystal? Explain briefly. (c) Briefly describe how to separate the crystals from the saturated solution in order to obtain pure and dry crystals. [8M] Section 64.3 28. The following set-up is used to separate a mixture of two miscible liquids A and B. The boiling points of A and B are 90C and 110C respectively.

water out apparatus Y

water in apparatus X

a mixture of liquid A and liquid B heat (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Name the kind of separation method. State the working principle of this separation method. Name the apparatus X and Y. The apparatus X is packed with glass beads. State the function of the beads. Which liquids will distill out first? Suggest another use of this separation method. [8M]

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

Section 64.4 29. There is a mixture of sand, sodium chloride salt and iodine solid. You are provided with water and heptane. Outline the procedure for separating the mixture to obtain sodium chloride crystals and iodine solid. Explain briefly. [15M] 30. Heptane can be used to extract iodine from 20 cm3 aqueous solution of iodine. (a) Name this type of separation method. (b) Outline the experimental procedure for the separation. (c) Which layer, upper or lower, contains most of iodine after shaking? Explain briefly. [12M] Section 64.5 31. There are three common types of chromatography. (a) State all the three types. (b) (i) Which types are used for separation and identification? (ii) Which type is mainly used to separate substances in a mixture for further use? (c) A student wanted to identify the pigments in a brand of ink. Two spots (red and blue) can be seen in the chromatogram after the experiment. The following data were obtained from the experiment. Distance travelled by the solvent from the baseline = 5.0 cm Distance travelled by the red spot from the baseline = 2.4 cm Distance travelled by the blue spot from the baseline = 1.8 cm (i) Suggest the chromatographic method the student should use. (ii) Calculate the R f value of the red spot. [8M] 32. The following chromatogram shows the spots from three compounds. A

Spot C 6.3 cm 5.2 cm 3.8 cm 2.6 cm B Spot D Spot E

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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

(a) Name A and B. (b) Calculate the R f values of spots C, D and E. (c) State whether they are the same compound. Explain briefly. [7M] Section 64.6 33. The following set-up is applied to determine a certain physical property of propan-2-ol.

water out B

water in propan-2-ol A heat

distillate

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

State the physical property that can be determined by the above set-up. State ONE mistake of the above set-up. Name A and B. Explain why a water bath is used. How do we determine whether propan-2-ol is pure or not? [7M]

34. You are provided with a sample of white phosphorus pentoxide solid. (a) Write the molecular formula of phosphorus pentoxide. (b) Describe briefly how to determine the melting point of phosphorus pentoxide by using an oil-bath. (c) How do we determine whether the white phosphorus pentoxide solid is pure or not? Explain briefly. [8M]

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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

35. Both methanol (b.p. = 65.0C) and ethanol (b.p. = 78.0C) are flammable liquids. (a) Suggest a method to test for their purities. (b) How do we know that they are pure? (c) Suggest a method to separate a mixture of methanol and ethanol. Explain briefly. (d) State the hazardous nature of methanol (besides flammable). [5M] Section 64.7 36. X and Y are chain isomers having the molecular formula C 3 H 7 CHO. The boiling points of X and Y are 75C and 63C respectively. (a) Deduce the structures of X and Y. (b) Give the IUPAC names of X and Y. (c) Explain why the boiling point of X is higher than that of Y. (d) Suggest a separation method to separate a mixture of X and Y. Explain your answer. [10M] 37. In each of the following cases, briefly explain how to perform the task. (a) Obtain potassium chloride crystals from a mixture of potassium chloride solution and magnesium chloride solution. (b) Separate a mixture of hexane (b.p. = 98C) and heptane (b.p. = 69C). [7M] 38. W and Z are structural isomers with the molecular formula C 4 H 8 O 2 . The boiling points of W and Z are 164C and 77.1C respectively. When W is heated with ethanol in the presence of an acid, a product P with a characteristic sweet fruity smell is formed. P is a pleasant-smelling liquid. (a) Identify W and Z. (b) What types of structural isomers are they? (c) Explain why W has a much higher boiling than Z. (d) Suggest a separation method to separate W and Z. Explain briefly. [8M] 39. A student wanted to test 3 brands of chocolate beans, A, B and C to see whether their coatings contained a banned pigment. (a) Suggest a kind of separation method the student should use. (b) Outline the experimental procedure for the separation. (c) The results were shown in the following chromatogram.

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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

5.0 cm 2.8 cm

banned pigment (i)

Which brand of chocolate beans coatings contains the banned pigment? Explain briefly. (ii) Calculate the R f value of the banned pigment in the corresponding brand. [13M] 40. A student is going to separate a mixture of two pigments, A and B. It is known that pigment B is more soluble in the running solvent than pigment A. Besides, their adsorption characteristics are the same. (a) Suggest a type of separation method the student should use. (b) State the underlying principle of the separation method suggested in (a). (c) Which pigment will have a larger R f value? Explain briefly. [5M] Chapter 65 Quantitative methods of analysis Section 65.1 41. Gravimetric analysis usually involves four steps: 1. Precipitation 2. Filtration 3. Drying 4. Weighing (a) Suggest a way to speed up simple filtration. (b) Name the equipment for drying the precipitate. (c) (i) State the function of the desiccator. (ii) Give ONE drying agent commonly used in the desiccator. (d) State the precaution before weighing the precipitate. Explain why. (e) Name the electronic balance used to measure weights with an accuracy of four or five decimal places. [7M]
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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

42. A 500.0 cm3 of sample solution contains a certain amount of copper(II) ions. Outline a procedure to determine the mass of copper in 500.0 cm3 of the sample solution by gravimetric analysis. You have to state the chemicals and apparatus used clearly. [8M] Section 65.2 43. 0.450 g sample of magnesium chloride was dissolved in water and treated with an excess of acidified silver nitrate solution. The precipitate formed was filtered, washed and dried. The mass of the precipitate obtained was found to be 0.840 g. (a) Write a chemical equation for the precipitation reaction. (b) Calculate the percentage purity of magnesium chloride in the original sample. [5M] 44. Hard water contains considerable amounts of calcium and/or magnesium ions. (a) (i) Briefly describe how to determine the calcium content in water by using a gravimetric method. (ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved. (b) How do we know whether a water sample is hard water or not? (c) A student followed the procedure that you mentioned in (a)(i) to determine the calcium content in a 500.0 cm3 of water sample. 0.0548 g precipitate was obtained. (i) Calculate the concentration of calcium ions in the water sample (in mg dm3). (ii) Determine whether the water sample is hard water or not. [8M] 45. The calcium content of a natural water sample (25.0 cm3) can be determined by using oxalic acid. The following results were obtained: Mass of filter paper disc with the precipitate = 0.3500 g Mass of filter paper disc = 0.3400 g (a) Suggest an instrument for measuring both masses. (b) State ONE precaution for using the instrument suggested in (a). (c) Calculate the mass of precipitate formed. (d) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved. (e) Calculate the concentration of calcium ions in the natural water sample (in mol cm3). (f) Water can be classified as hard water if its calcium content is over 20 mg dm3. Determine whether the natural water is hard water or not. [8M]

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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

46. The phosphorus content in a fertilizer can be determined by the following procedure: 1. Weigh about 3 g of fertilizer sample. 2. Dissolve it in 50 cm3 distilled water. 3. Filter the solution to remove any insoluble materials. 4. Add about 5 g magnesium sulphate-7-hydrate and 150 cm3 ammonia solution to the filtrate. Stir the reaction mixture. 5. Filter, wash and dry the precipitate formed. 6. Weigh the precipitate formed. (a) (i) Write the equation for the reaction in step 4. (ii) State the observation in step 4. (iii) Name the precipitate formed in step 4. (b) The exact mass of the fertilizer sample and the precipitate formed were 3.01 g and 0.97 g respectively. Calculate the percentage by mass of P and P 2 O 5 in the fertilizer sample. [6M] Sections 65.365.4 47. 1.20 g of impure sodium carbonate were dissolved in water and made up to 250.0 cm3 solution. 25.0 cm3 of the solution was transferred into a conical flask and titrated with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. It required 20.00 cm3 of hydrochloric acid for complete reaction. (a) Name the apparatus used to transfer 25.0 cm3 of sodium carbonate solution. (b) (i) Suggest a suitable indicator used for this titration. (ii) State the observable change at the end point of the titration. (c) Calculate the percentage by mass of the impurities in the original sample. [8M] 48. 1.80 g of a solid acid (H n A) was dissolved in water and made up to 250.0 cm3. 25.0 cm3 of this solution required 28.60 cm3 of 0.14 M sodium hydroxide solution for complete reaction. The relative molecular mass of the acid is 90.0. (a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved. (b) Calculate the basicity of the acid. [5M] 49. Acidified potassium permanganate solution oxidizes oxalic acid (H 2 C 2 O 4 ) to carbon dioxide and water. A certain amount of oxalic acid was dissolved in distilled water and the solution was made up to 250.0 cm3 by adding distilled water. 25.0 cm3 of the solution required 23.00 cm3 of 0.034 M potassium permanganate solution for complete reaction.
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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

(a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between oxalic acid and potassium permanganate solution. (b) State the observation at the end point of the titration. (c) Calculate the mass of oxalic acid present in 250.0 cm3 of the solution. [6M] 50. 2.24 g of sodium hydroxide were dissolved in water and made up to a 250.0 cm3 solution. 25.0 cm3 of the solution required 28.00 cm3 of a hydrochloric acid solution for complete reaction. A suitable indicator was added to detect the end point of the titration. (a) Name the apparatus used to deliver the hydrochloric acid solution. (b) Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration. (c) State the colour change at the end point of the titration. (d) Calculate the molarity of the hydrochloric acid solution. [8M] 51. A certain amount of sodium sulphite salt was dissolved in distilled water and the solution was made up to 250.0 cm3 by adding distilled water. 25.0 cm3 of the salt solution required 15.25 cm3 of 0.01 M acidified potassium permanganate solution for complete reaction. (a) Write a balanced ionic equation for the redox reaction involved. (b) State the colour change at the end point of the titration. (c) Calculate the molarity of sulphite ions in the solution. (d) Calculate the molarity of sodium ions in the solution. [8M] 52. A certain amount of calcium chloride was dissolved in distilled water and made up to 250.0 cm3 calcium chloride solution. 25.0 cm3 of the solution required 25.60 cm3 of 0.150 M silver nitrate solution for complete reaction. (a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved. (b) Calculate the mass of calcium chloride present in 250.0 cm3 calcium chloride solution. [5M] 53. The concentration of chloride ions in an unknown water sample was determined by Mohrs method. 25.0 cm3 of the unknown water sample required 20.60 cm3 of 0.105 M silver nitrate solution to reach the end point of the titration. (a) Name the indicator used. (b) State the observation at the end point of the titration. (c) Write the chemical equation for the reaction associated with the observation in (b). (d) Calculate the molarity of chloride ions in the unknown water sample. [6M]
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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

54. The molarity of barium hydroxide solution can be determined by titrating with a standard solution of sodium sulphate solution. 25.0 cm3 of barium hydroxide solution required 30.00 cm3 of 0.02 M sodium sulphate solution for complete reaction. (a) Name this type of titration. (b) Write a balanced equation for the reaction involved. (c) Suggest a method to detect the end point of the titration. (d) Describe briefly how to use the method you suggested in (c) to detect the end point of the titration. (e) Calculate the molarity of barium hydroxide solution. [9M] 55. The molarity of a sodium hydroxide solution can be found by titrating with a standard solution of hydrochloric acid. 25.0 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution required 27.90 cm3 of 0.050 M hydrochloric acid for complete reaction. (a) State the meaning of a standard solution. (b) Suggest an indicator for the titration. (c) State the colour change at the end point of the titration. (d) Calculate the molarity of sodium hydroxide solution. [6M] 56. The concentration of chloride ions in a sample solution was determined by Mohrs method. 25.0 cm3 of the sample solution required 14.50 cm3 of 0.85 M silver nitrate solution to reach the end point of the titration. (a) State the observation at the end point of the titration. (b) Mohrs method should be carried out in pH 6.59. Explain why. (c) Calculate the concentration of chloride ions in the sample solution. [7M] Section 65.5 57. In redox titrations, the reagents involved are oxidizing agents and reducing agents. (a) Give ONE example of (i) a commonly used standard solution of oxidizing agent and (ii) a commonly used standard solution of reducing agent respectively. (b) 2.90 g of an iron tablet was dissolved in excess dilute sulphuric acid and the solution was made up to 250.0 cm3 by adding distilled water. 25.0 cm3 of the iron tablet solution required 32.50 cm3 of 0.02 M potassium dichromate solution for complete reaction. (i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction involved. (ii) Calculate the molarity of Fe2+ ions in the iron tablet solution. (iii) Calculate the percentage by mass of Fe in the tablet. [8M]
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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

58. The molarity of hypochlorite ions in a commercial bleach can be determined by the following procedure: 1. Transfer 25.0 cm3 of a commercial bleach into a 250.0 cm3 volumetric flask. 2. Add distilled water to the volumetric flask to make up to 250.0 cm3 bleach solution. 3. Transfer 25.0 cm3 of diluted bleach solution into a conical flask for titration. 4. Add about 10.0 cm3 of 0.5 M sulphuric acid and about 10.0 cm3 of 0.5 M potassium iodide solution to the conical flask. 5. Swirl the flask to mix the contents well. 6. Titrate the reaction mixture with a standard solution of sodium thiosulphate. (a) Name the apparatus used to transfer 25.0 cm3 of diluted bleach solution into a conical flask. (b) Write the equation for the reaction when sulphuric acid is added to the bleach. (c) (i) State the observation when potassium iodide solution is added to the bleach. (ii) Write the equation for the reaction involved. (d) (i) Suggest an indicator for the titration. (ii) Explain why the indicator should be added after the reaction mixture becomes pale yellow. (e) 25.0 cm3 of diluted bleach solution required 20.12 cm3 of 0.05 M sodium thiosulphate solution for complete reaction. (i) Write the equation for the reaction involved. (ii) Calculate the molarity of hypochlorite ions in the original bleach. [14M] 59. Wines and fruit juices usually contain sulphur dioxide. The content of sulphur dioxide in a brand of wine can be determined by the following procedure: 1. Transfer 25.0 cm3 of a brand of wine into a conical flask. 2. Add 15.0 cm3 of 1.0 M sodium hydroxide solution to the flask to convert SO 2 (aq) to SO 3 2(aq). 3. Add 15.0 cm3 of 2.0 M sulphuric acid to the flask to convert SO 3 2(aq) to SO 2 (aq). 4. Add a suitable indicator to the reaction mixture. 5. Titrate the reaction mixture with 0.006 M I 2 (aq) in potassium iodide solution. (a) Write the equations for the reactions involved in steps 2 and 3 respectively. (b) (i) Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration. (ii) State the observation at the end point of the titration. (c) 25.0 cm3 of the wine required 6.85 cm3 of 0.006 M iodine in potassium iodide solution for complete reaction. (i) Write the equation for the reaction involved. (ii) Calculate the concentration of sulphur dioxide in the wine (in mg dm3). [8M]
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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

60. The quality of a water sample can be determined by permanganate index. A 50.0 cm3 water sample was acidified with dilute sulphuric acid and mixed with 25.0 cm3 of 0.00200 M potassium permanganate solution. 25.0 cm3 of 0.00500 M sodium oxalate solution was added to react with excess potassium permanganate solution. By performing titration, 6.05 cm3 of 0.00200 M potassium permanganate solution was required to remove all the remaining sodium oxalate. (a) Define permanganate index. (b) Write an equation for the reaction between oxalate and permanganate. (c) State the observation at the end point of titration. (d) Calculate the permanganate index of the water sample. (e) According to the national standard, the permanganate index for consumable raw water should not exceed 4 mg dm3. Determine if the water sample should be used as consumable raw water. [12M] 61. The mass of iron in commercial iron tablets can be determined by redox titration with acidified potassium permanganate solution. (a) Outline an experimental procedure to determine the mass of iron in commercial iron tablets. (b) 25.0 cm3 of the iron tablet solution required 12.60 cm3 of 0.005 M potassium permanganate solution for complete reaction. (i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved. (ii) State whether an indicator is required in the titration or not. Explain briefly. (iii) Calculate the molarity of iron(II) ions in the iron tablet solution. [13M] Chapter 66 Instrumental analytical methods Sections 66.166.2 62. Riboflavin is also known as vitamin B 2 . It dissolves in water to form a yellow solution. It can be found in certain food such as eggs, nuts, milk, meat and green vegetables. It is essential for maintaining healthy hair and skin, boosting immune system, slowing down aging, etc. A set of standard riboflavin solutions was used to construct a calibration curve. Their absorbances were recorded as follows: Concentration of riboflavin ( 105 M) 0 1.0 2.1 Absorbance 0.000 0.200 0.400
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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

3.1 4.3 5.4

0.600 0.800 1.000

(a) What is the relationship between the colour intensity of the riboflavin solution and the absorbance? (b) By using the information in the above table, plot a calibration curve of riboflavin solutions. (c) What would be the concentration of the riboflavin solution if it had an absorbance of 0.680? [6M] 63. A set of standard copper(II) sulphate solutions was used to construct a calibration curve. The absorbances of different concentrations of copper(II) sulphate solutions were recorded as follows: Concentration of copper(II) sulphate solution (mg dm3) 0 0.125 0.250 0.500 1.00 Absorbance 0.000 0.120 0.250 0.510 0.970

(a) By using the information in the above table, plot a calibration curve of copper(II) sulphate solutions. (b) What would be the concentration of copper(II) sulphate solution if it had an absorbance of 0.400? [5M] 64. A set of standard iron(II) solutions was used to construct a calibration curve. Their absorbances were recorded as follows: Concentration of Fe2+(aq) (mg dm3) 0.00 0.40 0.80 2.00 4.00 Absorbance 0.000 0.080 0.170 0.400 0.807

(a) By using the information in the above table, plot a calibration curve of iron(II)
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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

solutions. (b) What would be the concentration of iron(II) solution if it had an absorbance of 0.300? [5M] 65. Sunset yellow is a food dye commonly added to soft drinks. It may cause hyperactivity in young children. You were provided with a brand of soft drink and asked to determine the concentration of sunset yellow in the soft drink. A set of standard sunset yellow solutions was used to construct a calibration curve. The absorbances of different concentrations of sunset yellow solutions were recorded as follows: Concentration of sunset yellow solution (mg dm3) 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 Absorbance 0.000 0.186 0.358 0.537 0.710 0.897

(a) By using the above information, plot a calibration curve for sunset yellow solutions. (b) If a 25 cm3 of test sample from the soft drink has an absorbance of 0.790, what is the concentration of sunset yellow in the sample? (c) European food safety authority suggests that the maximum acceptable daily intake of sunset yellow should be 1.0 mg kg1 bodyweight. Based on this standard, is it safe for a 23.0 kg child to drink a can of soft drink (375 ml) per day? [8M] Section 66.3 66. An unknown compound A can turn acidified potassium dichromate solution from orange to green. It has the following composition by mass: C 60.0%, H 13.3%, O 26.7% (a) Determine the empirical formula of compound A. (b) If the molecular mass of compound A is 60.0, determine its molecular formula. (c) (i) Determine and draw TWO possible structures of compound A. (ii) Which type of isomers are they? (d) State ONE characteristic absorption band that could be observed in the IR spectrum of compound A. Explain why. [10M]
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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

67. The molecular formula of an unknown compound X is C 4 H 10 O. There is no observable change when it is tested with 2,4-nitrophenylhydrazine solution or Tollens reagent. The mass spectrum of compound X is shown below.

Relative abundance (%)

m/e (a) By using the above information, deduce the possible structure of compound X. (b) (i) Which types of isomerism does compound X exhibit? Explain why. (ii) Is it possible to distinguish between the pair of isomers of compound X by mass spectrometry? Explain briefly. [11M] 68. Ethanol is manufactured by reacting ethene with steam. CH 2 =CH 2 (g) + H 2 O(g) CH 3 CH 2 OH(g) The reaction mixture is analysed by an infrared spectrophotometer. (a) By interpreting the infrared spectrum obtained, what information from the spectrum shows that the reaction is completed? (b) If ethanol is exposed to air for a long time, it smells sour. (i) Identify the compound that contributes to the sour smell. (ii) If the compound is analysed by an infrared spectrophotometer, which two characteristic peaks would you expect to observe in the infrared spectrum? Explain why. [7M]

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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

69. Three infrared spectra are provided. Each spectrum corresponds to one of the following compounds. Identify each spectrum and explain how the peaks in the spectrum correspond to the structure you have chosen. ethanoic acid, ethanal, ethanol (a)

Transmittance

Wavenumber (b)

Transmittance

Wavenumber (c)

Transmittance

Wavenumber [7M]
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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

Section 66.4 70. In mass spectrometry, the sample will go through five processes in the mass spectrometer. (a) State and briefly describe the five processes. (b) The mass spectrum of 1,1-dichloroethane is shown below.

Relative abundance

m/e Interpret the peaks at m/e = 100, 98, 65 and 63 respectively. [15M] 71. The following diagram shows the mass spectrum of compound Y. The relative molecular mass of compound Y is 100. Compound Y reacts with Tollens reagent to give a silver mirror. The compound Y has the following composition by mass: C 72.0%, H 12.0%, O 16.0%

Relative abundance

m/e
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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Determine the empirical formula of the unknown compound Y. Determine the molecular formula of compound Y. Identify compound Y. What ion does the peak at m/e = 29 represent? [7M]

72. The diagram below shows the mass spectrum of 1,2-dichloroethane.

Relative abundance (%)

m/e (a) State two common isotopes of chlorine. (b) State the relative abundance of these two isotopes respectively. (c) What ions do the peaks at m/e = 102, 100 and 98 represent? [7M]

73. Aspirin is a painkiller. It is used to relieve pains and fever. The structure and IR spectrum of aspirin are shown below:

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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

Transmittance (%)

Wavenumber (cm1) (a) By interpreting the IR spectrum, identify TWO functional groups of aspirin. (b) Is it possible to deduce the structure of aspirin by interpreting IR spectrum only? Explain briefly. [5M]

74. In a mass spectrometer, the sample has to go through five processes. (a) State the five processes in correct sequence. (b) Bromine has two common isotopes, 79Br and 81Br. The relative abundances of and 81Br are 50.7% and 49.3% respectively. The mass spectrum of dibromomethane is shown below:

79

Br

Relative abundance (%)

m/e (i) Interpret the peaks at m/e = 176, 174, 172, 95 and 93 respectively.

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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

(ii) Explain why the peak height ratio of the peak at m/e = 176 : the peak at m/e = 172 is close to 1 : 1. [11M] 75. An unknown compound Z has the following composition by mass: C 37.5%, H 7.80%, Cl 54.7% The relative molecular mass of compound Z is 64. The mass spectrum of compound Z is shown below:

Relative abundance

m/e (a) (b) (c) (d) Determine the empirical formula of compound Z. Determine the molecular formula of compound Z. Interpret the peaks at m/e = 66, 64, 51 and 49 respectively. Compound Z reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to form compound W. (i) Identify compound W. (ii) State ONE characteristic absorption peak that is observed in the IR spectrum of compound W. Explain why. [12M]

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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

76. The following diagram shows a mass spectrum of compound X. Compound X reacts with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution to give an orange-yellow precipitate. There is no observable change when compound X is tested with Tollens reagent.

Relative abundance

m/e Compound X has the following composition by mass: C 66.7%, H 11.1%, O 22.2% (a) Determine the empirical formula of compound X. (b) By analysing the mass spectrum, determine the molecular mass of compound X. (c) Identify compound X. Explain your answer. (d) Interpret the peaks at m/e = 57, 43 and 29 respectively. [11M]

77. The following shows the mass spectra of two isomers: pentan-3-one and methylbutanone.

Relative abundance (%)

m/e

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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

Mass spectrum A

Relative abundance (%)

m/e Mass spectrum B (a) Which type of isomers are they? (b) Identify the spectrum of each isomer and explain briefly. [9M]

78. An unknown compound X has the following composition by mass: C 60.0%, H 13.3%, O 26.7% The relative molecular mass of compound X is 60.0. The infrared spectrum of compound X is shown below.

Transmittance (%)

Wavenumber (cm1)
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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

Compound X reacts with acidified potassium dichromate solution to give compound Y. When compound Y is tested with Tollens reagent, there is no observable change. (a) Determine the empirical formula of compound X. (b) Determine the molecular formula of compound X. (c) By using the information above, determine what compound X is. (d) Identify compound Y. [9M] Section 66.5 79. An unknown compound Z has a benzene ring. It has the following composition by mass: C 81.1%, H 8.1%, O 10.8% The infrared and mass spectra of compound Z are shown below. IR spectrum

Transmittance (%)

Wavenumber (cm1) Mass spectrum

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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

Relative abundance (%)

m/e (a) Determine the empirical formula of compound Z. (b) By analysing the mass spectrum, determine the molecular mass of compound Z. (c) By analysing both the mass and IR spectra, deduce the possible structure of compound Z. [11M]

80. An unknown compound A has the following composition by mass: C 69.8%, H 11.6%, O 18.6% The infrared and mass spectra of compound A are shown below. IR spectrum

Transmittance (%)

Wavenumber (cm1) Mass spectrum

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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

Relative abundance (%)

m/e (a) Determine the empirical formula of compound A. (b) By analysing the mass spectrum, determine the molecular mass of compound A. (c) By analysing both the mass and IR spectra, identify compound A. Explain briefly. [10M]

81. An unknown compound X has the following composition by mass: C 48.7%, H 8.1%, O 43.2% The infrared and mass spectra of compound X are shown below. IR spectrum

Transmittance (%)

Wavenumber (cm1)

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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

Mass spectrum

Relative abundance (%)

m/e (a) Determine the empirical formula of compound X. (b) By analysing the mass spectrum, determine the molecular mass of compound X. (c) By analysing both the mass and IR spectra, deduce one possible structure of compound X. [12M]

82. An unknown compound Y has the following composition by mass: C 54.5%, H 9.1%, O 36.4% The infrared and mass spectra of compound Y are shown below. IR spectrum

Transmittance (%)

Wavenumber (cm1)
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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

Mass spectrum

Relative abundance (%)

m/e (a) (b) (c) (d) Determine the empirical formula of compound Y. By analysing the mass spectrum, determine the molecular mass of compound Y. Determine the molecular formula of compound Y. By analysing both the mass and IR spectra, deduce ONE possible structure of compound Y. [14M]

Chapter 67 Contribution of analytical chemistry to our society Sections 67.167.2 83. Sulphur dioxide is commonly added to wine as an antioxidant. Since it is toxic, limit is set on its amount in wine. The limit of its amount stated in the Hong Kong Preservatives in Food Regulations is 450 mg dm3. The amount of sulphur dioxide in a sample of wine can be found out by the following procedure: Step 1: The free sulphur dioxide in wine is first converted to sulphite ion by alkali. Step 2: All of the sulphur dioxide is then liberated by adding excess acid. Step 3: The mixture is then titrated with iodine solution, using a suitable indicator. 25.0 cm3 of the wine sample was titrated with 0.00180 M iodine solution. 10.5 cm3 of iodine solution was used for complete reaction. (a) Write the equations for the reactions involved in steps 1, 2 and 3 respectively. (b) (i) Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration. (ii) State the observation at the end point of titration.
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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

(c) Calculate the concentration of sulphur dioxide in the wine (in mg dm3). (d) Explain whether the amount of sulphur dioxide in the wine sample exceeds the limit stated. [9M]

84. You are provided with four samples of drugs. They are claimed to contain the active ingredient compound A. The following table summarizes the result of the preliminary test. Sample Pure compound A Sample from drug 1 Sample from drug 2 Sample from drug 3 Sample from drug 4 (a) Name the preliminary test used. (b) Do you think the samples collected are fake drugs or not? Explain why. (c) Suggest ONE modern analytical method to further analyse the samples. [7M] R f value 0.37 0.27 0.45 0.25 0.37

85. Renshen () is a well-known Chinese medicine. It contains five active ingredients A, B, C, D and E. You are a chemist of a commercial laboratory. A client asked you to qualitatively analyse two commercial products, 1 and 2 of Renshen to see which one is better to buy. The two products cost the same per gram. You performed thin-layer chromatography as the preliminary test. The chromatogram obtained was shown below.

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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

8.2 cm

4.5 cm 3.6 cm 2.3 cm A B C D E 1 2

(a) Calculate the R f values of the spots from active ingredients A, B and C. (b) Which product contains both active ingredients A and B. (c) What conclusion would you report to the client? (d) Suggest ONE modern analytical method to further analyse the products. [6M] 86. Sulphur dioxide is commonly added to wine. The limit of its amount stated in the Hong Kong Preservatives in Food Regulations is 450 mg dm3. The amount of sulphur dioxide in a sample of wine can be found out by the following procedure: Step 1: The free sulphur dioxide in wine is first converted to sulphite ion by alkali. Step 2: All of the sulphur dioxide is then liberated by adding excess acid. Step 3: The mixture is then titrated with iodine solution, using starch as indicator. 25.0 cm3 of the wine sample was titrated with 0.00200 M iodine solution. The results were shown below: Titration Volume (in cm ) Initial burette reading Final burette reading Volume of iodine solution used
3

1 0.40 11.35 10.95

2 11.35 21.70 10.35

3 21.70 32.00 10.30

4 32.00 42.40 10.40

(a) What is the function of sulphur dioxide? (b) Why the amount of sulphur dioxide should be checked and limited? (c) Calculate a reasonable average for the volume of 0.00200 M iodine solution required to neutralize 25.0 cm3 of the wine sample.
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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

(d) Calculate the concentration of sulphur dioxide in the wine (in mg dm3). (e) Explain whether the amount of sulphur dioxide in the wine sample exceeds the limit stated. [8M] Section 67.3 87. In 2008, many pigs of a country were contaminated with dioxins. All meats from pigs of that country were banned from eating, selling and exporting. (a) State ONE example of dioxins. (b) Draw the structure of dioxin stated in (a). (c) State the source of dioxins. (d) State ONE harmful effect of dioxins on humans. (e) Suggest ONE analytical method to determine the dioxin level. [5M] 88. Carbon monoxide and formaldehyde are two common air pollutants. (a) The concentration of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere can be measured by TWO analytical methods. (i) Name the TWO analytical methods. (ii) Describe briefly how these two methods could measure the concentration of carbon monoxide. (b) (i) What is the major source of indoor formaldehyde? (ii) Name TWO analytical methods to measure the concentration of formaldehyde in the indoor environment? [9M] 89. Formaldehyde is a common indoor air pollutant. (a) Write the molecular formula of formaldehyde. (b) Why is formaldehyde added in wood furniture? (c) State TWO analytical methods to determine the formaldehyde level. (d) State TWO adverse effects of high formaldehyde level on human health. [7M] Section 67.4 90. The manufacture of a brand of fruit juice X claims that it is 100% natural, organic and free of additives. (a) How can you justify it by (i) thin-layer chromatography for colourings,
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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

(ii) mass spectrometry for pesticides. (b) In these years, melamine is added illegally to some milk powder for babies. Suggest a modern analytical method to identify it. [7M] 91. In an investigation of a car accident, the driver was suspected of drink-driving. (a) Suggest an instrument to measure the alcohol content in the drivers body. (b) State the working principle of the instrument suggested in (a). (c) After investigation, the police officers suspected the drunk person in the car was a passenger only. The driver involved might leave the scene before the police had arrived. (i) If you were the police officer, which evidence would you collect to find out the driver involved? (ii) How could you identify the evidence mentioned in (i)? [6M] 92. A breathalyser is used to measure the ethanol content in the breath of drivers. (a) Name the chemical commonly used in the conventional breathalyser. (b) Using the breathalyser in (a), how can you determine whether the drivers breath contains ethanol? (c) Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved. (d) Name the type of reaction involved. Explain your answer. (e) State ONE characteristic absorption peak present in the IR spectrum of ethanol. Explain briefly. [7M] 93. Cocaine, heroin and ketamine are common illegal drugs taken by drug abusers. (a) State the samples commonly taken from the bodies of drug abusers for analysis. (b) (i) Suggest a preliminary test for the analysis of the illegal drugs. (ii) Based on the results obtained from the preliminary test, how can you determine whether a person took illegal drugs or not? (c) Suggest an analytical method to further analyse the sample taken from the bodies of drug abusers. [8M] 94. A fingerprint is unique to everyone. (a) Describe how a fingerprint is formed on an object. (b) Suggest an analytical method to identify fingerprints. (c) Describe how we can make the fingerprint visible. (d) Suggest a chemical to prevent the visible fingerprint from fading. [7M]
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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part XV Analytical Chemistry

Section 67.5 95. Analytical chemistry can be applied in the clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases. (a) State THREE analytical methods commonly applied in the clinical diagnosis and ONE application of each method. (b) (i) Name ONE protein drug. (ii) Name ONE analytical chemical method to separate and purify the protein drug during its production. (iii) Name ONE analytical chemical method to identify the protein drug. [9M] 96. In each of the following cases, suggest an analytical method to identify the presence of the chemical(s) in the corresponding substance. (a) The colourings in a brand of soft drink (b) Dioxins in the soil sample from a construction site (c) Formaldehyde in a toy car (d) The colourings in a brand of ink (e) Melamine in a brand of milk powder (f) Volatile organic compounds in a brand of paint [6M]

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