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SEISMIC HAZARD RISK ASSESSMENT OF BAGO, TAUNGOO AND SAGAING CITIES, MYANMAR
16 July 2013
Contents
Background ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Objectives and Scope of the Project ....................................................................................................... 2 Methodology of the Project .......................................................................................................................... 5 Seismic Hazard Assessment .................................................................................................................... 5 Task 1. Seismic sources identification and characterization ............................................................. 5 Task 2. Estimating the temporal occurrence of earthquake and maximum magnitude ................... 6 Task 3. Attenuation relationship selection ........................................................................................ 6 Task 4. Calculation of the seismic hazards ........................................................................................ 6 Generation of Microzonation Map (Amplification Map or Map of Amplification Factor)...................... 6
Fault. There has been no systematic research on seismic hazard and present study intends to fill the gap in present day development work of the country.
Specifically, the seismic hazard assessment will include i. ii. iii. iv. The seismic sources identification and characterization The seismicity or temporal distribution of earthquake recurrence characterization The site characterization The seismic hazard calculation
Figure 1. Tectonic Map of Myanmar (Soe Thura Tun and Maung Thein 2012)
Figure 2.
Hypothetical earthquake segments of active faults threatening Sagaing City and central Myanmar region.
Figure 3.
Map showing the relation of earthquake and surface fault trace of the part of Central Myanmar.
related with the previous historical events and by using the image and air photo interpretation, especially for the active fault sources. Task 2. Estimating the temporal occurrence of earthquake and maximum magnitude The paleoseismological investigation such as trenching are tended to carry out to obtain the reasonable geological data related to those such as fault slip rate, fault geometry, and activity rate, especially for Sagaing Fault. Instrumental earthquake catalog and historical records of the previous earthquakes will be analyzed to estimate the seismicity parameters such as estimation of a- and b- values for each seismic source. The estimation of occurrence rate of the earthquake with the function of a magnitude for each seismic source, and the maximum magnitude of the earthquake potential for each seismic source is required to carry out with the cooperation of their uncertainty. Task 3. Attenuation relationship selection The attenuation relationships have been developed for various region and different sort of tectonic setting. In Myanmar, there are no enough strong ground motion records to develop and even to validate which one should be suitable for a certain region. Therefore, we will make comparative study on several attenuation relations of the same tectonic setting by utilizing the seismic sources and site parameters for Bago, Taungoo and Sagaing areas. Normally the attenuation relations of Boore et al. (1997) and Takahashi et al. (2000) were applied in seismic hazard assessment for other areas or regions (even national seismic hazard assessment of Myanmar). Task 4. Calculation of the seismic hazards The seismic hazards will be calculated by applying the EZFRISK computer program for firm rock condition. The results will be represented in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA) in g, peak ground velocity (PGV) in cms-1 and spectral acceleration (SA) in g at the periods of 0.2s, 0.3s and 1.0s for 10%, 39%, 63%, 86% and 99% of probabilities of exceedance of 50 years. Generation of Microzonation Map (Amplification Map or Map of Amplification Factor) It is also need to account the effect of local site condition on the seismic hazards since the amplification characteristics (site effect) of local soil has a great influence on the damage intensity during an earthquake. To understand the amplification characteristics of underlying soil deposit, linear or nonlinear response analysis has to be conducted. 1D dynamic response analysis which is based on equivalent linear method will be performed in this project by using DYNEQ program coded by Nozomu Yoshida, 2004. A first level seismic microzonation map of three cities have been produced with a GIS platform using the themes, viz, Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA), Shear wave velocity at 30 m, Geology, Ground water fluctuation and bed rock depth. For that purpose, the following measurements and data collection will be carried out. Geotechnical site investigation: Drilling at least 30m depth will be conducted in three cities together with Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and samplings. The number of proposed boreholes was presented in
figures 5 to 7 and Appendix 1. 2-D soil profile of each borehole will be constructed based on drilled log, SPT values and laboratory results. Shear wave velocity structure of each borehole will be estimated based on SPT data. The delineation of bedrock profile, the mapping of subsoil strata, and the associated soil structure, fluctuations of ground water table, determination of soil properties, and understanding of siteeffects represent routine elements of the microzoning exercise. Soil-foundation-structure interaction, which turns crucial during an earthquake, depends in a big way on the quality of soil characterization. Microtremors survey: It will be conducted for a number of sites (100 or more) including drilling sites to determine horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (H/V ratio) which is mainly related to sediment thickness and average shear wave velocity at upper 30m (vs30). Earthquake effects are usually quantified on the basis of degree of damage and the recorded ground motions at a site. Beside the building quality and desing, the local soil conditions dominate the damage and loss of life in earthquakes. Therefore, it is needed to investigate the site condition of the three cities. In this project, we conducted the microtremor survey before borehole logging. Microtremor survey method is rapid, cost effective and efficient method for delineating the site condition by estimating the average shear wave velocity of the soil layers occurred at the site, especially for the upper 30m, Vs30. Construction of Subsurface soil Model and S-wave velocity structure: Based on S-wave velocity structures from SPT results, and microtremors survey, final S-wave velocity structure of each site (drilled site, microtremors site) will be constructed. Moreover, 2-D soil profiles of each site (drilled site, microtremors site) will be constructed based on S-wave velocity structure, soil profiles of boreholes, laboratory results, and H/V ratios from microtremors survey. Generation of Synthetic Bedrock Motion: The required bedrock motion will be generated based on earthquake source parameters for a point source (historical earthquake) or a line source (Sagaing fault segment). 1D Equivalent Linear Seismic Response Analysis: Based on 2-D soil profile, engineering properties and Swave velocity of each soil layer, and synthetic bedrock motion, response analysis will be performed for all investigated sites. Amplification map, PGA map, PGV map, maps of fundamental frequency and predominant period, and map of sediment thickness above engineering bedrock (vs = 500 m/s) will be final outcomes.
Figure 4.
The map of proposed Borehole locations for Bago city (across those locations microtremor survey to be carried out).
Figure 5.
The map of proposed Borehole locations for Taungoo city (across those locations microtremor survey to be carried out).
Figure 6.
The map of proposed Borehole locations for Sagaing city (across those locations microtremor survey to be carried out) Activity for Seismic Hazard Assessment at 3 Cities in Central Myanmar
Activity Sub-Activity Air Photo Purchase Image/ Photo Interpretation Field Survey Trenching Data Analysis and Reporting Area Source Classification Line Source Classification Seismic Hazard Analysis Spectral Analysis PSHA Map Output 1 2 3 4 Month 5 6 7 8 9
Table 1.
Sr. 1
Data Analysis and Reporting 55 mm Drilling up to 30m Microtremor Survey Data Analysis and Reporting
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